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Liu S, Anderson PJ, Rajagopal S, Lefkowitz RJ, Rockman HA. G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Century of Research and Discovery. Circ Res 2024; 135:174-197. [PMID: 38900852 PMCID: PMC11192237 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors), also known as 7 transmembrane domain receptors, are the largest receptor family in the human genome, with ≈800 members. GPCRs regulate nearly every aspect of human physiology and disease, thus serving as important drug targets in cardiovascular disease. Sharing a conserved structure comprised of 7 transmembrane α-helices, GPCRs couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins, GPCR kinases, and β-arrestins, promoting downstream signaling through second messengers and other intracellular signaling pathways. GPCR drug development has led to important cardiovascular therapies, such as antagonists of β-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptors for heart failure and hypertension, and agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor for reducing adverse cardiovascular events and other emerging indications. There continues to be a major interest in GPCR drug development in cardiovascular and cardiometabolic disease, driven by advances in GPCR mechanistic studies and structure-based drug design. This review recounts the rich history of GPCR research, including the current state of clinically used GPCR drugs, and highlights newly discovered aspects of GPCR biology and promising directions for future investigation. As additional mechanisms for regulating GPCR signaling are uncovered, new strategies for targeting these ubiquitous receptors hold tremendous promise for the field of cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
| | - Preston J. Anderson
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University,
Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
- Deparment of Biochemistry Duke University, Durham, NC,
27710, USA
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Deparment of Biochemistry Duke University, Durham, NC,
27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Howard A. Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
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2
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Ye Z, Okamoto R, Ito H, Ito R, Moriwaki K, Ichikawa M, Kimena L, Ali Y, Ito M, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Dohi K. Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase Plays an Important Role in Cardiac Fibrosis in a Model of Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Associated Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032828. [PMID: 38420846 PMCID: PMC10944028 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 2 (MYPT2) is an important subunit of cardiac MLC (myosin light chain) phosphatase, which plays a crucial role in regulating the phosphorylation of MLC to phospho-MLC (p-MLC). A recent study demonstrated mineralocorticoid receptor-related hypertension is associated with RhoA/Rho-associated kinase/MYPT1 signaling upregulation in smooth muscle cells. Our purpose is to investigate the effect of MYPT2 on cardiac function and fibrosis in mineralocorticoid receptor-related hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS HL-1 murine cardiomyocytes were incubated with different concentrations or durations of aldosterone. After 24-hour stimulation, aldosterone increased CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) and MYPT2 and decreased p-MLC in a dose-dependent manner. MYPT2 knockdown decreased CTGF. Cardiac-specific MYPT2-knockout (c-MYPT2-/-) mice exhibited decreased type 1 phosphatase catalytic subunit β and increased p-MLC. A disease model of mouse was induced by subcutaneous aldosterone and 8% NaCl food for 4 weeks after uninephrectomy. Blood pressure elevation and left ventricular hypertrophy were observed in both c-MYPT2-/- and MYPT2+/+ mice, with no difference in heart weights or nuclear localization of mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiomyocytes. However, c-MYPT2-/- mice had higher ejection fraction and fractional shortening on echocardiography after aldosterone treatment. Histopathology revealed less fibrosis, reduced CTGF, and increased p-MLC in c-MYPT2-/- mice. Basal global radial strain and global longitudinal strain were higher in c-MYPT2-/- than in MYPT2+/+ mice. After aldosterone treatment, both global radial strain and global longitudinal strain remained higher in c-MYPT2-/- mice compared with MYPT2+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac-specific MYPT2 knockout leads to decreased myosin light chain phosphatase and increased p-MLC. MYPT2 deletion prevented cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in a model of mineralocorticoid receptor-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ye
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Ryuji Okamoto
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
- Regional Medical Support Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
- Department of Clinical Training and Career Support Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Keishi Moriwaki
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Mizuki Ichikawa
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Lupiya Kimena
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
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Mathieu NM, Nakagawa P, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. Insights Into the Role of Angiotensin-II AT 1 Receptor-Dependent β-Arrestin Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension 2024; 81:6-16. [PMID: 37449411 PMCID: PMC10787814 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
β-arrestins are a family of intracellular signaling proteins that play a key role in regulating the activity of G protein-coupled receptors. The angiotensin-II type 1 receptor is an important G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and has been implicated in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to canonical G protein signaling, G protein-coupled receptors including the angiotensin-II type 1 receptor can signal via β-arrestin. Dysregulation of β-arrestin signaling has been linked to several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Understanding the role of β-arrestins in these conditions is critical to provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will discuss the beneficial and maladaptive physiological outcomes of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor-dependent β-arrestin activation in different cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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4
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Wess J, Oteng AB, Rivera-Gonzalez O, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. β-Arrestins: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Pharmacological Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:854-884. [PMID: 37028945 PMCID: PMC10441628 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and -2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and -3, respectively), are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of cellular signaling pathways and physiologic functions. The two proteins were discovered for their ability to disrupt signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via binding to the activated receptors. However, it is now well recognized that both β-arrestins can also act as direct modulators of numerous cellular processes via either GPCR-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recent structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies have provided novel insights into how β-arrestins bind to activated GPCRs and downstream effector proteins. Studies with β-arrestin mutant mice have identified numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes regulated by β-arrestin-1 and/or -2. Following a short summary of recent structural studies, this review primarily focuses on β-arrestin-regulated physiologic functions, with particular focus on the central nervous system and the roles of β-arrestins in carcinogenesis and key metabolic processes including the maintenance of glucose and energy homeostasis. This review also highlights potential therapeutic implications of these studies and discusses strategies that could prove useful for targeting specific β-arrestin-regulated signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The two β-arrestins, structurally closely related intracellular proteins that are evolutionarily highly conserved, have emerged as multifunctional proteins able to regulate a vast array of cellular and physiological functions. The outcome of studies with β-arrestin mutant mice and cultured cells, complemented by novel insights into β-arrestin structure and function, should pave the way for the development of novel classes of therapeutically useful drugs capable of regulating specific β-arrestin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Osvaldo Rivera-Gonzalez
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
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5
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Grogan A, Lucero EY, Jiang H, Rockman HA. Pathophysiology and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1117-1129. [PMID: 36534965 PMCID: PMC10202650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), comprising the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors, serve as fundamental modulators of cardiac health and disease owing to their key roles in the regulation of heart rate, contractile dynamics, and cardiac function. Accordingly, GPCRs are heavily pursued as drug targets for a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases ranging from heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia to hypertension and coronary artery disease. Recent advancements in understanding the signalling mechanisms, regulation, and pharmacological properties of GPCRs have provided valuable insights that will guide the development of novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the cellular signalling mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and pharmacological developments of the major GPCRs in the heart, highlighting the β-adrenergic, muscarinic, and angiotensin receptors as exemplar subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emilio Y Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, 12 Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Ren H, Liu Y, Tan Z, Luo G, Zhang M, Li S, Tang T, Zhao L. A Common Variant of ARRB2 Promoter Region Associated with the Prognosis of Heart Failure. Hum Hered 2023; 88:68-78. [PMID: 37100034 DOI: 10.1159/000530827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of ARRB2 in cardiovascular disease has recently gained increasing attention. However, the association between ARRB2 polymorphisms and heart failure (HF) has not yet been investigated. METHODS A total of 2,386 hospitalized patients with chronic HF were enrolled as the first cohort and followed up for a mean period of 20.2 months. Meanwhile, ethnically and geographically matched 3,000 individuals without evidence of HF were included as healthy controls. We genotyped the common variant in ARRB2 gene to identify the association between variant and HF. A replicated independent cohort enrolling 837 patients with chronic HF was applied to validate the observed association. A series of function analyses were conducted to illuminate the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We identified a common variant rs75428611 associated with the prognosis of HF in two-stage population: adjusted p = 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31 (1.11-1.54) in additive model and adjusted p = 0.001, HR = 1.39 (1.14-1.69) in dominant model in first-stage population; adjusted p = 0.04, HR = 1.41 (1.02-1.95) in additive model and adjusted p = 0.03, HR = 1.51 (1.03-2.20) in dominant model in replicated stage. However, rs75428611 did not significantly associate with the risk of HF. Functional analysis indicated that rs75428611-G allele increased the promoter activity and the mRNA expression level of ARRB2 by facilitating transcription factor SRF binding but not the A allele. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that rs75428611 in promoter of ARRB2 was associated with the risk of HF mortality. It is a promising potential treatment target for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Ren
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China,
| | - Yijun Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Guiquan Luo
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Tingwei Tang
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
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Gaitonde SA, Bouvier M. Enhanced Bystander BRET (ebBRET) Biosensors as Biophysical Tools to Map the Signaling Profile of Neuropsychiatric Drugs Targeting GPCRs. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2687:15-30. [PMID: 37464159 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3307-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a non-radiative energy transfer between a bioluminescent donor and a fluorescent acceptor with far-reaching applications in detecting physiologically relevant protein-protein interactions. The recently developed enhanced bystander BRET (ebBRET) biosensors have made it possible to rapidly determine the signaling profile of a series of ligands across a large number of GPCRs and their signaling repertoires, which has tremendous implications in the drug discovery process. Here we describe BRET and the ebBRET biosensors as investigational tools in establishing functional selectivity downstream of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya A Gaitonde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Philippe A, Kleinau G, Gruner JJ, Wu S, Postpieszala D, Speck D, Heidecke H, Dowell SJ, Riemekasten G, Hildebrand PW, Kamhieh-Milz J, Catar R, Szczepek M, Dragun D, Scheerer P. Molecular Effects of Auto-Antibodies on Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Signaling and Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073984. [PMID: 35409344 PMCID: PMC8999261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is involved in the regulation of blood pressure (through vasoconstriction) and water and ion homeostasis (mediated by interaction with the endogenous agonist). AT1R can also be activated by auto-antibodies (AT1R-Abs), which are associated with manifold diseases, such as obliterative vasculopathy, preeclampsia and systemic sclerosis. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to AT1R-Abs binding and associated signaling cascade (dys-)regulation remains fragmentary. The goal of this study was, therefore, to investigate details of the effects of AT1R-Abs on G-protein signaling and subsequent cell proliferation, as well as the putative contribution of the three extracellular receptor loops (ELs) to Abs-AT1R signaling. AT1R-Abs induced nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling, which reflects Gq/11 and Gi activation. The impact on cell proliferation was tested in different cell systems, as well as activation-triggered receptor internalization. Blockwise alanine substitutions were designed to potentially investigate the role of ELs in AT1R-Abs-mediated effects. First, we demonstrate that Ang II-mediated internalization of AT1R is impeded by binding of AT1R-Abs. Secondly, exclusive AT1R-Abs-induced Gq/11 activation is most significant for NFAT stimulation and mediates cell proliferation. Interestingly, our studies also reveal that ligand-independent, baseline AT1R activation of Gi signaling has, in turn, a negative effect on cell proliferation. Indeed, inhibition of Gi basal activity potentiates proliferation triggered by AT1R-Abs. Finally, although AT1R containing EL1 and EL3 blockwise alanine mutations were not expressed on the human embryonic kidney293T (HEK293T) cell surface, we at least confirmed that parts of EL2 are involved in interactions between AT1R and Abs. This current study thus provides extended insights into the molecular action of AT1R-Abs and associated mechanisms of interrelated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Philippe
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.S.); Tel.: +49-30450559318 (A.P.); +49-30450524178 (P.S.)
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (G.K.); (D.S.); (P.W.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Jason Jannis Gruner
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Department of Urology, D-13509 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumin Wu
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Postpieszala
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Speck
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (G.K.); (D.S.); (P.W.H.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-23845 Borstel, Germany;
- University of Lübeck, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter W. Hildebrand
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (G.K.); (D.S.); (P.W.H.); (M.S.)
- Leipzig University, Medical Faculty Leipzig, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Transfusion Medicine, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Rusan Catar
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (G.K.); (D.S.); (P.W.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Duska Dragun
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.J.G.); (S.W.); (D.P.); (R.C.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (G.K.); (D.S.); (P.W.H.); (M.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.S.); Tel.: +49-30450559318 (A.P.); +49-30450524178 (P.S.)
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9
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Monasky MM, Micaglio E, D'Imperio S, Pappone C. The Mechanism of Ajmaline and Thus Brugada Syndrome: Not Only the Sodium Channel! Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:782596. [PMID: 35004896 PMCID: PMC8733296 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.782596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajmaline is an anti-arrhythmic drug that is used to unmask the type-1 Brugada syndrome (BrS) electrocardiogram pattern to diagnose the syndrome. Thus, the disease is defined at its core as a particular response to this or other drugs. Ajmaline is usually described as a sodium-channel blocker, and most research into the mechanism of BrS has centered around this idea that the sodium channel is somehow impaired in BrS, and thus the genetics research has placed much emphasis on sodium channel gene mutations, especially the gene SCN5A, to the point that it has even been suggested that only the SCN5A gene should be screened in BrS patients. However, pathogenic rare variants in SCN5A are identified in only 20–30% of cases, and recent data indicates that SCN5A variants are actually, in many cases, prognostic rather than diagnostic, resulting in a more severe phenotype. Furthermore, the misconception by some that ajmaline only influences the sodium current is flawed, in that ajmaline actually acts additionally on potassium and calcium currents, as well as mitochondria and metabolic pathways. Clinical studies have implicated several candidate genes in BrS, encoding not only for sodium, potassium, and calcium channel proteins, but also for signaling-related, scaffolding-related, sarcomeric, and mitochondrial proteins. Thus, these proteins, as well as any proteins that act upon them, could prove absolutely relevant in the mechanism of BrS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Monasky
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Micaglio
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara D'Imperio
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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10
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Lino CA, Barreto-Chaves ML. Beta-arrestins in the context of cardiovascular diseases: Focusing on type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1R). Cell Signal 2022; 92:110253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Identification and characterization of an atypical Gαs-biased β 2AR agonist that fails to evoke airway smooth muscle cell tachyphylaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026668118. [PMID: 34857633 PMCID: PMC8670521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026668118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought β2AR agonists for treating obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, in which this receptor relaxes airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and opens airways. Agonists favoring Gs coupling (leads to airway relaxation) compared with activating β-arrestin (limits effectiveness due to receptor desensitization) were pursued in a 40-million-compound screening library. Of several agonists identified, one was apparently biased away from β-arrestin. Agonist–receptor–G protein modeling revealed different receptor interactions compared with other agonists. The favorable effects of the apparent biasing with this agonist were demonstrated in a physiologic system (ASM relaxation). These studies point to a different structural class of β-agonists that might be used to treat obstructive lung diseases without the adverse effects associated with tachyphylaxis. G protein–coupled receptors display multifunctional signaling, offering the potential for agonist structures to promote conformational selectivity for biased outputs. For β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR), unbiased agonists stabilize conformation(s) that evoke coupling to Gαs (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] production/human airway smooth muscle [HASM] cell relaxation) and β-arrestin engagement, the latter acting to quench Gαs signaling, contributing to receptor desensitization/tachyphylaxis. We screened a 40-million-compound scaffold ranking library, revealing unanticipated agonists with dihydroimidazolyl-butyl-cyclic urea scaffolds. The S-stereoisomer of compound C1 shows no detectable β-arrestin engagement/signaling by four methods. However, C1-S retained Gαs signaling—a divergence of the outputs favorable for treating asthma. Functional studies with two models confirmed the biasing: β2AR-mediated cAMP signaling underwent desensitization to the unbiased agonist albuterol but not to C1-S, and desensitization of HASM cell relaxation was observed with albuterol but not with C1-S. These HASM results indicate biologically pertinent biasing of C1-S, in the context of the relevant physiologic response, in the human cell type of interest. Thus, C1-S was apparently strongly biased away from β-arrestin, in contrast to albuterol and C5-S. C1-S structural modeling and simulations revealed binding differences compared with unbiased epinephrine at transmembrane (TM) segments 3,5,6,7 and ECL2. C1-S (R2 = cyclohexane) was repositioned in the pocket such that it lost a TM6 interaction and gained a TM7 interaction compared with the analogous unbiased C5-S (R2 = benzene group), which appears to contribute to C1-S biasing away from β-arrestin. Thus, an agnostic large chemical-space library identified agonists with receptor interactions that resulted in relevant signal splitting of β2AR actions favorable for treating obstructive lung disease.
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12
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Ma Z, Viswanathan G, Sellig M, Jassal C, Choi I, Garikipati A, Xiong X, Nazo N, Rajagopal S. β-Arrestin–Mediated Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Activation Promotes Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:854-869. [PMID: 34869949 PMCID: PMC8617598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effects of a β-arrestin–biased agonist (TRV023) of the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R), which acts as a vasodilator while not blocking cellular proliferation, compared to a balanced agonist, AngII, and an antagonist, losartan, in PAH. In acute infusion, AngII increased right ventricular pressures while TRV023 and losartan did not. However, in chronic infusion in monocrotaline PAH rats, both TRV023 and AngII had significantly worse survival than losartan. Both TRV023 and AngII enhanced proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with PAH. β-arrestin-mediated AT1R signaling promotes vascular remodeling and worsens PAH, and suggests that the benefit of current PAH therapies is primarily through pulmonary vascular reverse remodeling.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of abnormal pulmonary vascular remodeling whose medical therapies are thought to primarily act as vasodilators but also may have effects on pulmonary vascular remodeling. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a G protein–coupled receptor that promotes vasoconstriction through heterotrimeric G proteins but also signals via β-arrestins, which promote cardioprotective effects and vasodilation through promoting cell survival. We found that an AT1R β-arrestin-biased agonist promoted vascular remodeling and worsened PAH, suggesting that the primary benefit of current PAH therapies is through pulmonary vascular reverse remodeling in addition to their vasodilation.
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13
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Capote AE, Batra A, Warren CM, Chowdhury SAK, Wolska BM, Solaro RJ, Rosas PC. B-arrestin-2 Signaling Is Important to Preserve Cardiac Function During Aging. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696852. [PMID: 34512376 PMCID: PMC8430342 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments reported here tested the hypothesis that β-arrestin-2 is an important element in the preservation of cardiac function during aging. We tested this hypothesis by aging β-arrestin-2 knock-out (KO) mice, and wild-type equivalent (WT) to 12-16months. We developed the rationale for these experiments on the basis that angiotensin II (ang II) signaling at ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R), which is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) promotes both G-protein signaling as well as β-arrestin-2 signaling. β-arrestin-2 participates in GPCR desensitization, internalization, but also acts as a scaffold for adaptive signal transduction that may occur independently or in parallel to G-protein signaling. We have previously reported that biased ligands acting at the AT1R promote β-arrestin-2 signaling increasing cardiac contractility and reducing maladaptations in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Although there is evidence that ang II induces maladaptive senescence in the cardiovascular system, a role for β-arrestin-2 signaling has not been studied in aging. By echocardiography, we found that compared to controls aged KO mice exhibited enlarged left atria and left ventricular diameters as well as depressed contractility parameters with preserved ejection fraction. Aged KO also exhibited depressed relaxation parameters when compared to WT controls at the same age. Moreover, cardiac dysfunction in aged KO mice was correlated with alterations in the phosphorylation of myofilament proteins, such as cardiac myosin binding protein-C, and myosin regulatory light chain. Our evidence provides novel insights into a role for β-arrestin-2 as an important signaling mechanism that preserves cardiac function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrielle E. Capote
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ashley Batra
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chad M. Warren
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shamim A. K. Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Beata M. Wolska
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - R. John Solaro
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paola C. Rosas
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Delaitre C, Boisbrun M, Lecat S, Dupuis F. Targeting the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biased Signaling Raises New Hopes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136738. [PMID: 34201646 PMCID: PMC8269339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological relevance of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) G protein-coupled receptor no longer needs to be proven in the cardiovascular system. The renin–angiotensin system and the AT1 receptor are the targets of several classes of therapeutics (such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs) used as first-line treatments in cardiovascular diseases. The importance of AT1 in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system is also acknowledged. However, despite numerous beneficial effects in preclinical experiments, ARBs do not induce satisfactory curative results in clinical stroke studies. A better understanding of AT1 signaling and the development of biased AT1 agonists, able to selectively activate the β-arrestin transduction pathway rather than the Gq pathway, have led to new therapeutic strategies to target detrimental effects of AT1 activation. In this paper, we review the involvement of AT1 in cerebrovascular diseases as well as recent advances in the understanding of its molecular dynamics and biased or non-biased signaling. We also describe why these alternative signaling pathways induced by β-arrestin biased AT1 agonists could be considered as new therapeutic avenues for cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delaitre
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, CEDEX, 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France;
| | | | - Sandra Lecat
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, CEDEX, 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France;
| | - François Dupuis
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372747272
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15
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Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060838
expr 929824082 + 956151497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complicated clinical syndrome that is considered an increasingly frequent reason for hospitalization, characterized by a complex therapeutic regimen, reduced quality of life, and high morbidity. Long-standing hypertension ultimately paves the way for HF. Recently, there have been improvements in the treatment of hypertension and overall management not limited to only conventional medications, but several novel pathways and their pharmacological alteration are also conducive to the treatment of hypertension. Beta-arrestin (β-arrestin), a protein responsible for beta-adrenergic receptors’ (β-AR) functioning and trafficking, has recently been discovered as a potential regulator in hypertension. β-arrestin isoforms, namely β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, mainly regulate cardiac function. However, there have been some controversies regarding the function of the two β-arrestins in hypertension regarding HF. In the present review, we try to figure out the paradox between the roles of two isoforms of β-arrestin in the treatment of HF.
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16
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Rakib A, Eva TA, Sami SA, Mitra S, Nafiz IH, Das A, Tareq AM, Nainu F, Dhama K, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060838. [PMID: 34198801 PMCID: PMC8228839 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complicated clinical syndrome that is considered an increasingly frequent reason for hospitalization, characterized by a complex therapeutic regimen, reduced quality of life, and high morbidity. Long-standing hypertension ultimately paves the way for HF. Recently, there have been improvements in the treatment of hypertension and overall management not limited to only conventional medications, but several novel pathways and their pharmacological alteration are also conducive to the treatment of hypertension. Beta-arrestin (β-arrestin), a protein responsible for beta-adrenergic receptors’ (β-AR) functioning and trafficking, has recently been discovered as a potential regulator in hypertension. β-arrestin isoforms, namely β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, mainly regulate cardiac function. However, there have been some controversies regarding the function of the two β-arrestins in hypertension regarding HF. In the present review, we try to figure out the paradox between the roles of two isoforms of β-arrestin in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Taslima Akter Eva
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (I.H.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (I.H.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387-000 (J.S.G.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387-000 (J.S.G.)
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17
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Lino CA, de Bortoli Teixeira L, Capelupe Simões S, de Oliveira Silva T, Diniz GP, da Costa-Neto CM, Barreto-Chaves MLM. Beta-arrestin 2 mediates cardiac hypertrophy induced by thyroid hormones via AT1R. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4640-4654. [PMID: 33345322 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) contributes to the hypertrophic effects of thyroid hormones (TH) in cardiac cells. Even though evidence indicates crosstalks between TH and AT1R, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Beta-arrestin (ARRB) signaling has been described as noncanonical signal transduction pathway that exerts important effects in the cardiovascular system through G-protein-coupled receptors, as AT1R. Herein, we investigated the contribution of ARRB signaling in TH-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Primary cardiomyocyte cultures were treated with Triiodothyronine (T3) to induce cell hypertrophy. T3 rapidly activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling, which was partially inhibited by AT1R blockade. Also, ERK1/2 inhibition attenuated the hypertrophic effects of T3. ARRB2 was upregulated by T3, and small interfering RNA assays revealed the role of ARRB2-but not ARRB1-on ERK1/2 activation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Corroborating these findings, the ARRB2-overexpressed cells showed increased expression of hypertrophic markers, which were attenuated by ERK1/2 inhibition. Immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation assays revealed the increased expression of nuclear AT1R after T3 stimulation and the increased interaction of AT1R/ARRB2. The inhibition of endocytosis also attenuated the T3 effects on cardiac cells. Our results evidence the contribution of ARRB2 on ERK1/2 activation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by T3 via AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Antunes Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Bortoli Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Capelupe Simões
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Placoná Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Miguel da Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Wu F, Niu X, Hu X, Duan X, Fu X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Ao Y. β-Arrestin2 Inhibits the Apoptosis and Facilitates the Proliferation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes in Diffuse-type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:461-470. [PMID: 33994368 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare benign proliferative synovial neoplasm of uncertain etiology, and the efficacy of surgical resection is not satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets for TGCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synovial tissues were collected from patients with TGCT and osteoarthritis (OA). Differences of mRNA expression between TGCT and OA were explored using mRNA-seq. In addition, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or adenovirus in order to knockdown or overexpress β-arrestin2 (Arrb2), respectively. FLS proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using the MTT assay and the caspase 3 activity assay, respectively. RESULTS The expression of Arrb2 in TGCT was significantly higher than that in OA. The overexpression of Arrb2 promoted the proliferation of FLS and inhibited its apoptosis, while knocking down Arrb2 had the opposite effect. Further studies showed that Arrb2 can activate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, leading to increased proliferation of TGCT. CONCLUSION Arrb2 facilitates the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of TGCT FLS through activating the PI3K-Akt cell survival pathway, providing new insight into the molecular mechanism of TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Cao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xingyue Niu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Duan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China; .,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China; .,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, P.R. China
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19
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GRK2 mediates β-arrestin interactions with 5-HT 2 receptors for JC polyomavirus endocytosis. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02139-20. [PMID: 33441347 PMCID: PMC8092707 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02139-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects the majority of the population, establishing a lifelong, asymptomatic infection in the kidney of healthy individuals. People that become severely immunocompromised may experience JCPyV reactivation, which can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a neurodegenerative disease. Due to a lack of therapeutic options, PML results in fatality or significant debilitation among affected individuals. Cellular internalization of JCPyV is mediated by serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subfamily 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The JCPyV entry process requires the clathrin-scaffolding proteins β-arrestin, adaptor protein 2 (AP2), and dynamin. Further, a β-arrestin interacting domain, the Ala-Ser-Lys (ASK) motif, within the C-terminus of 5-HT2AR is important for JCPyV internalization and infection. Interestingly, 5-HT2R subtypes A, B, and C equally support JCPyV entry and infection, and all subtypes contain an ASK motif, suggesting a conserved mechanism for viral entry. However, the role of the 5-HT2R ASK motifs and the activation of β-arrestin-associated proteins during internalization has not been fully elucidated. Through mutagenesis, the ASK motifs within 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR were identified as critical for JCPyV internalization and infectivity. Further, utilizing biochemical pulldown techniques, mutagenesis of the ASK motifs in 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR resulted in reduced β-arrestin binding. Utilizing small-molecule chemical inhibitors and RNA interference, G-protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was determined to be required for JCPyV internalization and infection by mediating interactions between β-arrestin and the ASK motif of 5-HT2Rs. These findings demonstrate that GRK2 and β-arrestin interactions with 5-HT2Rs are critical for JCPyV entry by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and resultant infection.IMPORTANCE As intracellular parasites, viruses require a host cell to replicate and cause disease. Therefore, virus-host interactions contribute to viral pathogenesis. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects most of the population, establishing a lifelong asymptomatic infection within the kidney. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression JCPyV may spread to the central nervous system, causing the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Individuals living with HIV or undergoing immunomodulatory therapies are at risk for developing PML. The mechanisms of how JCPyV uses specific receptors on the surface of host cells to initiate internalization and infection is a poorly understood process. We have further identified cellular proteins involved in JCPyV internalization and infection and elucidated their specific interactions that are responsible for activation of receptors. Collectively, these findings illuminate how viruses usurp cellular receptors during infection, contributing to current development efforts for therapeutic options for the treatment or prevention of PML.
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20
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Ferraino KE, Cora N, Pollard CM, Sizova A, Maning J, Lymperopoulos A. Adrenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor biased signaling: The case for "biased" inverse agonism for effective aldosterone suppression. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109967. [PMID: 33640432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) uses two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types, AT1R and AT2R, to exert a plethora of physiologic effects in the body and to significantly affect cardiovascular homeostasis. Although not much is known about the signaling of the AT2R, AT1R signaling is known to be quite pleiotropic, mobilizing a variety of signal transducers inside cells to produce a biological outcome. When the outcome in question is aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex, the main transducers activated specifically by the adrenocortical AT1R to signal toward that cellular effect are the Gq/11 protein alpha subunits and the β-arrestins (also known as Arrestin-2 and -3). The existence of various downstream pathways the AT1R signal can travel down on has led to the ever-expanding filed of GPCR pharmacology termed "biased" signaling, which refers to a ligand preferentially activating one signaling pathway over others downstream of the same receptor in the same cell. However, "biased" signaling or "biased" agonism is therapeutically desirable only when the downstream pathways lead to different or opposite cellular outcomes, so the pathway promoting the beneficial effect can be selectively activated over the pathway that leads to detrimental consequences. In the case of the adrenal AT1R, both Gq/11 proteins and β-arrestins mediate signaling to the same end-result: aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Therefore, both pathways need to remain inactive in the adrenal cortex to fully suppress the production of aldosterone, which is one of the culprit hormones elevated in chronic heart failure, hypertension, and various other cardiovascular diseases. Variations in the effectiveness of the AT1R antagonists, which constitute the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) class of drugs (also known as sartans), at the relative blockade of these two pathways downstream of the adrenal AT1R opens the door to the flip term "biased" inverse agonism at the AT1R. ARBs that are unbiased and equipotent inverse agonists for both G proteins and β-arrestins at this receptor, like candesartan and valsartan, are the most preferred agents with the best efficacy at reducing circulating aldosterone, thereby ameliorating heart failure. In the present review, the biased signaling of the adrenal AT1R, particularly in relation to aldosterone production, is examined and the term "biased" inverse agonism at the AT1R is introduced and explained, as a means of pharmacological categorization of the various agents within the ARB drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten E Ferraino
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Celina M Pollard
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasiya Sizova
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Jennifer Maning
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Heart failure is a major source of morbidity and mortality, driven, in part, by maladaptive sympathetic hyperactivity in response to poor cardiac output. Current therapies target β-adrenergic and angiotensin II G protein-coupled receptors to reduce adverse cardiac remodeling and improve clinical outcomes; however, there is a pressing need for new therapeutic approaches to preserve cardiac function. β-arrestin is a multifunctional protein which has come under analysis in recent years as a key player in G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction and a potential therapeutic target in heart failure. β-arrestin attenuates β-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptor signaling to limit the deleterious response to excessive sympathetic stimulation while simultaneously transactivating cardioprotective signaling cascades that preserve cardiac structure and function in response to injury. β-arrestin signaling may provide unique advantages compared to classic heart failure treatment approaches, but a number of challenges currently limit clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the role and functions of β-arrestin and the current attempts to develop G protein-coupled receptor agonists biased towards β-arrestin activation. Furthermore, we examine the functional diversity of cardiac β-arrestin isotypes to explore key considerations in the promise of β-arrestin as a pharmacotherapeutic target in heart failure.
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22
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Seo K, Parikh VN, Ashley EA. Stretch-Induced Biased Signaling in Angiotensin II Type 1 and Apelin Receptors for the Mediation of Cardiac Contractility and Hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:181. [PMID: 32231588 PMCID: PMC7082839 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardium has an intrinsic ability to sense and respond to mechanical load in order to adapt to physiological demands. Primary examples are the augmentation of myocardial contractility in response to increased ventricular filling caused by either increased venous return (Frank-Starling law) or aortic resistance to ejection (the Anrep effect). Sustained mechanical overload, however, can induce pathological hypertrophy and dysfunction, resulting in heart failure and arrhythmias. It has been proposed that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and apelin receptor (APJ) are primary upstream actors in this acute myocardial autoregulation as well as the chronic maladaptive signaling program. These receptors are thought to have mechanosensing capacity through activation of intracellular signaling via G proteins and/or the multifunctional transducer protein, β-arrestin. Importantly, ligand and mechanical stimuli can selectively activate different downstream signaling pathways to promote inotropic, cardioprotective or cardiotoxic signaling. Studies to understand how AT1R and APJ integrate ligand and mechanical stimuli to bias downstream signaling are an important and novel area for the discovery of new therapeutics for heart failure. In this review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of AT1R and APJ signaling pathways activated by ligand versus mechanical stimuli, and their effects on inotropy and adaptive/maladaptive hypertrophy. We also discuss the possibility of targeting these signaling pathways for the development of novel heart failure therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Seo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Victoria N. Parikh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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23
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Pang HW, Linares A, Couling L, Santollo J, Ancheta L, Daniels D, Speth RC. Novel high molecular weight albumin-conjugated angiotensin II activates β-arrestin and G-protein pathways. Endocrine 2019; 66:349-359. [PMID: 31020463 PMCID: PMC7901354 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the ability of a novel bovine serum albumin-angiotensin II (BSA-Ang II) conjugate to effect responses of the AT1 angiotensin II receptor subtype mediated by the G-protein-coupled and the beta-arrestin pathways. METHODS Angiotensin II (Ang II) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin and compared with Ang II for competition binding to AT1 receptors, to stimulate aldosterone release from adrenocortical cells, to promote beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors, to promote calcium mobilization, and stimulate drinking of water and saline by rats. RESULTS The BSA-Ang II conjugate was less potent competing for AT1R binding, but was equally efficacious at stimulating aldosterone release from H295R adrenocortical cells. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated calcium mobilization and beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors. BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated water appetite equivalently but BSA-Ang II stimulated saline appetite more than Ang II. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II were considerably more potent at causing calcium mobilization than β-arrestin binding. CONCLUSIONS Addition of a high molecular weight molecule to Ang II reduced its AT1 receptor binding affinity, but did not significantly alter stimulation of aldosterone release or water consumption. The BSA-Ang II conjugate caused a greater saline appetite than Ang II suggesting that it may be a more efficacious agonist of this beta-arrestin-mediated response than Ang II. The higher potency calcium signaling response suggests that the G-protein-coupled responses predominate at physiological concentrations of Ang II, while the beta-arrestin response requires pathophysiological or pharmacological concentrations of Ang II to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Weng Pang
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Andrea Linares
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Leena Couling
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Jessica Santollo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Leonardo Ancheta
- Advanced Targeting Systems, 10451 Roselle St. #300, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Derek Daniels
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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24
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CCR5: Established paradigms and new frontiers for a 'celebrity' chemokine receptor. Cytokine 2019; 109:81-93. [PMID: 29903576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the level of attention it received due to its role as the principal HIV coreceptor, CCR5 has been described as a 'celebrity' chemokine receptor. Here we describe the development of CCR5 inhibitory strategies that have been developed for HIV therapy and which are now additionally being considered for use in HIV prevention and cure. The wealth of CCR5-related tools that have been developed during the intensive investigation of CCR5 as an HIV drug target can now be turned towards the study of CCR5 as a model chemokine receptor. We also summarize what is currently known about the cell biology and pharmacology of CCR5, providing an update on new areas of investigation that have emerged in recent research. Finally, we discuss the potential of CCR5 as a drug target for diseases other than HIV, discussing the evidence linking CCR5 and its natural chemokine ligands with inflammatory diseases, particularly neuroinflammation, and certain cancers. These pathologies may provide new uses for the strategies for CCR5 blockade originally developed to combat HIV/AIDS.
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25
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Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein [guanine nucleotide-binding protein]-coupled receptors) play a central physiological role in the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease and thus represent one of the largest class of surface receptors targeted by drugs. Several antagonists of GPCRs, such as βARs (β-adrenergic receptors) and Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, are now considered standard of therapy for a wide range of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Although the mechanism of action for GPCRs was thought to be largely worked out in the 80s and 90s, recent discoveries have brought to the fore new and previously unappreciated mechanisms for GPCR activation and subsequent downstream signaling. In this review, we focus on GPCRs most relevant to the cardiovascular system and discuss traditional components of GPCR signaling and highlight evolving concepts in the field, such as ligand bias, β-arrestin-mediated signaling, and conformational heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wang
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W., C.G., H.A.R.)
| | | | - Howard A Rockman
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W., C.G., H.A.R.).,Department of Cell Biology (H.A.R.).,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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26
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27
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Bond RA, Lucero Garcia-Rojas EY, Hegde A, Walker JKL. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting ß-Arrestin. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30894814 PMCID: PMC6414794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ß-arrestins are multifunctional proteins that modulate heptahelical 7 transmembrane receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of receptors that regulate most physiological processes. ß-arrestin modulation of GPCR function includes termination of G protein-dependent signaling, initiation of ß-arrestin-dependent signaling, receptor trafficking to degradative or recycling pathways, receptor transactivation, transcriptional regulation, and localization of second messenger regulators. The pleiotropic influence ß-arrestins exert on these receptors regulates a breadth of physiological functions, and additionally, ß-arrestins are involved in the pathophysiology of numerous and wide-ranging diseases, making them prime therapeutic targets. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms by which ß-arrestins regulate GPCR signaling, including the functional cellular mechanisms modulated by ß-arrestins and relate this to observed pathophysiological responses associated with ß-arrestins. We focus on the role for ß-arrestins in transducing cell signaling; a pathway that is complementary to the classical G protein-coupling pathway. The existence of these GPCR dual signaling pathways offers an immense therapeutic opportunity through selective targeting of one signaling pathway over the other. Finally, we will consider several mechanisms by which the potential of dual signaling pathway regulation can be harnessed and the implications for improved disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emilio Y Lucero Garcia-Rojas
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Akhil Hegde
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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28
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Smith JS, Nicholson LT, Suwanpradid J, Glenn RA, Knape NM, Alagesan P, Gundry JN, Wehrman TS, Atwater AR, Gunn MD, MacLeod AS, Rajagopal S. Biased agonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 differentially control chemotaxis and inflammation. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/555/eaaq1075. [PMID: 30401786 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 plays a central role in inflammation by mediating effector/memory T cell migration in various diseases; however, drugs targeting CXCR3 and other chemokine receptors are largely ineffective in treating inflammation. Chemokines, the endogenous peptide ligands of chemokine receptors, can exhibit so-called biased agonism by selectively activating either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling after receptor binding. Biased agonists might be used as more targeted therapeutics to differentially regulate physiological responses, such as immune cell migration. To test whether CXCR3-mediated physiological responses could be segregated by G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling, we identified and characterized small-molecule biased agonists of the receptor. In a mouse model of T cell-mediated allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS), topical application of a β-arrestin-biased, but not a G protein-biased, agonist potentiated inflammation. T cell recruitment was increased by the β-arrestin-biased agonist, and biopsies of patients with allergic CHS demonstrated coexpression of CXCR3 and β-arrestin in T cells. In mouse and human T cells, the β-arrestin-biased agonist was the most efficient at stimulating chemotaxis. Analysis of phosphorylated proteins in human lymphocytes showed that β-arrestin-biased signaling activated the kinase Akt, which promoted T cell migration. This study demonstrates that biased agonists of CXCR3 produce distinct physiological effects, suggesting discrete roles for different endogenous CXCR3 ligands and providing evidence that biased signaling can affect the clinical utility of drugs targeting CXCR3 and other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel A Glenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jaimee N Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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30
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Grisanti LA, Schumacher SM, Tilley DG, Koch WJ. Designer Approaches for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Modulation for Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:550-562. [PMID: 30175279 PMCID: PMC6115700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The new horizon for cardiac therapy may lie beneath the surface, with the downstream mediators of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) activity. Targeted approaches have shown that receptor activation may be biased toward signaling through G proteins or through GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins, with divergent functional outcomes. In addition to these canonical roles, numerous noncanonical activities of GRKs and β-arrestins have been demonstrated to modulate GPCR signaling at all levels of receptor activation and regulation. Further, research continues to identify novel GRK/effector and β-arrestin/effector complexes with distinct impacts on cardiac function in the normal heart and the diseased heart. Coupled with the identification of once orphan receptors and endogenous ligands with beneficial cardiovascular effects, this expands the repertoire of GPCR targets. Together, this research highlights the potential for focused therapeutic activation of beneficial pathways, with simultaneous exclusion or inhibition of detrimental signaling, and represents a new wave of therapeutic development.
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Key Words
- AR, adrenergic receptor
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1A receptor
- CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- G protein–coupled receptor kinases
- G protein–coupled receptors
- GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor
- GRK, G protein–coupled receptor kinase
- HF, heart failure
- ICL, intracellular loop
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- SERCA2a, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
- SII, [Sar(1), Ile (4), Ile(8)]-angiotensin II
- biased ligands
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Grisanti
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Monasky MM, Pappone C, Piccoli M, Ghiroldi A, Micaglio E, Anastasia L. Calcium in Brugada Syndrome: Questions for Future Research. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 30147658 PMCID: PMC6095984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is characterized by coved-type ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). While it is an inheritable disease, determining the true prevalence is a challenge, since patients may report no known family history of the syndrome, present with a normal spontaneous ECG pattern at the time of examination, and test negative for all known BrS-causative genes. In fact, SCD is often the first indication that a person is affected by the syndrome. Men are more likely to be symptomatic than women. Abnormal, low-voltage, fractionated electrograms have been found in the epicardium of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Ablation of this area abolishes the abnormal electrograms and helps to prevent arrhythmic recurrences. BrS patients are more likely to experience ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) during fever or during an increase in vagal tone. Isoproterenol helps to reverse the ECG BrS phenotype. In this review, we discuss roles of calcium in various conditions that are relevant to BrS, such as changes in temperature, heart rate, and vagal tone, and the effects of gender and isoproterenol on calcium handling. Studies are warranted to further investigate these mechanisms in models of BrS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piccoli
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiroldi
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Micaglio
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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32
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Wang Y, Jin L, Song Y, Zhang M, Shan D, Liu Y, Fang M, Lv F, Xiao RP, Zhang Y. β-arrestin 2 mediates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting GPCR-independent cell survival signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1615-1626. [PMID: 29016703 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although timely restoration of coronary blood flow (reperfusion) is the most effective therapeutics of myocardial infarction, reperfusion causes further cardiac damage, i.e. ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. β-arrestins (Arrbs) have been traditionally defined as negative regulators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling, but recent studies have shown that they are essential for G protein-independent, GPCR-mediated biased signalling. Several ligands have been reported to be cardioprotective via Arrbs dependent pathway. However, it is unclear whether Arrbs exert receptor-independent physiological or pathological functions in the heart. Here, we sought to determine whether and how Arrbs play a role in regulating cardiomyocyte viability and myocardial remodelling following I/R injury. Methods and results The expression of β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2), but not β-arrestin 1 (Arrb1), is upregulated in rat hearts subjected to I/R injury, or in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Deficiency of Arrb2 in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes alleviates H/R-induced cardiomyocyte death and Arrb2-/- mice are resistant to myocardial damage caused by I/R injury. In contrast, upregulation of Arrb2 triggers cardiomyocyte death and exaggerates I/R (or H/R)-induced detrimental effects. Mechanically, Arrb2 induces cardiomyocyte death by interacting with the p85 subunit of PI3K, and negatively regulating the formation of p85-PI3K/CaV3 survival complex, thus blocking activation of PI3K-Akt-GSK3β cell survival signalling pathway. Conclusion We define an upregulation of Arrb2 as a pathogenic factor in cardiac I/R injury, and also reveal a novel GPCR-independent mechanism of Arrb2-mediated cell death signalling in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fengxiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui-Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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33
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Dunn AD, Reed B, Guariglia C, Dunn AM, Hillman JM, Kreek MJ. Structurally Related Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists with Substantial Differential Signaling Bias: Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Effects in C57BL6 Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:847-857. [PMID: 29635340 PMCID: PMC6119295 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kappa opioid receptor system has been revealed as a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of addictions to substances of abuse. Kappa opioid receptor agonists have been shown to block the rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of psychostimulants. Recent investigations have profiled the in vivo effects of compounds biased towards G-protein-mediated signaling, with less potent arrestin-mediated signaling. The compounds studied here derive from a series of trialkylamines: N-substituted-N- phenylethyl-N-3-hydroxyphenylethyl-amine, with N-substituents including n-butyl (BPHA), methylcyclobutyl (MCBPHA), and methylcyclopentyl (MCPPHA). METHODS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA were characterized in vitro in a kappa opioid receptor-expressing cell line in binding assays and functional assays. We also tested the compounds in C57BL6 mice, assaying incoordination with rotarod, as well as circulating levels of the neuroendocrine kappa opioid receptor biomarker, prolactin. RESULTS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA showed full kappa opioid receptor agonism for G-protein coupling compared with the reference compound U69,593. BPHA showed no measurable β-arrestin-2 recruitment, indicating that it is extremely G-protein biased. MCBPHA and MCPPHA, however, showed submaximal efficacy for recruiting β-arrestin-2. Studies in C57BL6 mice reveal that all compounds stimulate release of prolactin, consistent with dependence on G-protein signaling. MCBPHA and MCPPHA result in rotarod incoordination, whereas BPHA does not, consistent with the reported requirement of intact kappa opioid receptor/β-arrestin-2 mediated coupling for kappa opioid receptor agonist-induced rotarod incoordination. CONCLUSIONS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA are thus novel differentially G-protein-biased kappa opioid receptor agonists. They can be used to investigate how signaling pathways mediate kappa opioid receptor effects in vitro and in vivo and to explore the effects of candidate kappa opioid receptor-targeted pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D Dunn
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York,Correspondence: Amelia Dunn, BS, BA, 1230 York Ave, Box 243, New York, NY 10065 ()
| | - Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Guariglia
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexandra M Dunn
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Joshua M Hillman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Desimine VL, McCrink KA, Parker BM, Wertz SL, Maning J, Lymperopoulos A. Biased Agonism/Antagonism of Cardiovascular GPCRs for Heart Failure Therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:41-61. [PMID: 29776604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most important drug targets currently used in clinic, including drugs for cardiovascular indications. We now know that, in addition to activating heterotrimeric G protein-dependent signaling pathways, GPCRs can also activate G protein-independent signaling, mainly via the βarrestins. The major role of βarrestin1 and -2, also known as arrestin2 or -3, respectively, is to desensitize GPCRs, i.e., uncoupled them from G proteins, and to subsequently internalize the receptor. As the βarrestin-bound GPCR recycles inside the cell, it serves as a signalosome transducing signals in the cytoplasm. Since both G proteins and βarrestins can transduce signals from the same receptor independently of each other, any given GPCR agonist might selectively activate either pathway, which would make it a biased agonist for that receptor. Although this selectivity is always relative (never absolute), in cases where the G protein- and βarrestin-dependent signals emanating from the same GPCR result in different cellular effects, pharmacological exploitation of GPCR-biased agonism might have therapeutic potential. In this chapter, we summarize the GPCR signaling pathways and their biased agonism/antagonism examples discovered so far that can be exploited for heart failure treatment. We also highlight important issues that need to be clarified along the journey of these ligands from bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Desimine
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Katie A McCrink
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Barbara M Parker
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Shelby L Wertz
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Maning
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
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Li W, Xu J, Kou X, Zhao R, Zhou W, Fang X. Single-molecule force spectroscopy study of interactions between angiotensin II type 1 receptor and different biased ligands in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3275-3284. [PMID: 29492619 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a typical G protein-coupled receptor, plays a key role in regulating many cardiovascular functions. Different ligands can bind with AT1R to selectively activate either G protein (Gq) or β-arrestin (β-arr) pathway, or both pathways, but the molecular mechanism is not clear yet. In this work, we used, for the first time, atomic force microscopy-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to study the interactions of AT1R with three types of ligands, balanced ligand, Gq-biased ligand, and β-arr-biased ligand, in living cells. The results revealed their difference in binding force and binding stability. The complex of the Gq-biased ligand-AT1R overcame two energy barriers with an intermediate state during dissociation, whereas that of β-arr-biased ligand-AT1R complex overcame one energy barrier. This indicated that AT1R had different ligand-binding conformational substates and underwent different structural changes to activate downstream signaling pathways with variable agonist efficacies. Quantitative analysis of AT1R-ligand binding in living cells at the single-molecule level offers a new tool to study the molecular mechanism of AT1R biased activation. Graphical Abstract Single-molecule force measurement on the living cell expressing AT1R-eGFP with a ligand modified AFM tip (left), the dynamic force spectra of β-arrestin biased ligands-AT1R (middle), and Gq-biased ligands-AT1R (right). The complexes of β-arr-biased ligand-AT1R overcame one energy barrier, with one linear region in the spectra, whereas the Gq-biased ligand-AT1R complexes overcame two energy barriers with two linear regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Kou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Reiter E, Ayoub MA, Pellissier LP, Landomiel F, Musnier A, Tréfier A, Gandia J, De Pascali F, Tahir S, Yvinec R, Bruneau G, Poupon A, Crépieux P. β-arrestin signalling and bias in hormone-responsive GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:28-41. [PMID: 28174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in the ability of target organs to respond to hormonal cues. GPCRs' activation mechanisms have long been considered as a two-state process connecting the agonist-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. This view is now challenged as mounting evidence point to GPCRs being connected to large arrays of transduction mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins as well as other players. Amongst the G protein-independent transduction mechanisms, those elicited by β-arrestins upon their recruitment to the active receptors are by far the best characterized and apply to most GPCRs. These concepts, in conjunction with remarkable advances made in the field of GPCR structural biology and biophysics, have supported the notion of ligand-selective signalling also known as pharmacological bias. Interestingly, recent reports have opened intriguing prospects to the way β-arrestins control GPCR-mediated signalling in space and time within the cells. In the present paper, we review the existing evidence linking endocrine-related GPCRs to β-arrestin recruitement, signalling, pathophysiological implications and selective activation by biased ligands and/or receptor modifications. Emerging concepts surrounding β-arrestin-mediated transduction are discussed in the light of the peculiarities of endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000, Orléans, France; Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Flavie Landomiel
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélie Tréfier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandia
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Shifa Tahir
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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AT1 receptor signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:4-13. [PMID: 28527699 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology has been well described whereas the detailed molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) is one of the key players in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. The AT1 receptor promotes various intracellular signaling pathways resulting in hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling and end organ damage. Accumulating evidence shows the complex picture of AT1 receptor-mediated signaling; AT1 receptor-mediated heterotrimeric G protein-dependent signaling, transactivation of growth factor receptors, NADPH oxidase and ROS signaling, G protein-independent signaling, including the β-arrestin signals and interaction with several AT1 receptor interacting proteins. In addition, there is functional cross-talk between the AT1 receptor signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. In this review, we will summarize an up to date overview of essential AT1 receptor signaling events and their functional significances in the cardiovascular system.
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Gundry J, Glenn R, Alagesan P, Rajagopal S. A Practical Guide to Approaching Biased Agonism at G Protein Coupled Receptors. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:17. [PMID: 28174517 PMCID: PMC5258729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism, the ability of a receptor to differentially activate downstream signaling pathways depending on binding of a "biased" agonist compared to a "balanced" agonist, is a well-established paradigm for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Biased agonists have the promise to act as smarter drugs by specifically targeting pathogenic or therapeutic signaling pathways while avoiding others that could lead to side effects. A number of biased agonists targeting a wide array of GPCRs have been described, primarily based on their signaling in pharmacological assays. However, with the promise of biased agonists as novel therapeutics, comes the peril of not fully characterizing and understanding the activities of these compounds. Indeed, it is likely that some of the compounds that have been described as biased, may not be if quantitative approaches for bias assessment are used. Moreover, cell specific effects can result in "system bias" that cannot be accounted by current approaches for quantifying ligand bias. Other confounding includes kinetic effects which can alter apparent bias and differential propagation of biological signal that results in different levels of amplification of reporters downstream of the same effector. Moreover, the effects of biased agonists frequently cannot be predicted from their pharmacological profiles, and must be tested in the vivo physiological context. Thus, the development of biased agonists as drugs requires a detailed pharmacological characterization, involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and a detailed physiological characterization. With this understanding, we stand on the edge of a new era of smarter drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee Gundry
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rachel Glenn
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
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Ryba DM, Li J, Cowan CL, Russell B, Wolska BM, Solaro RJ. Long-Term Biased β-Arrestin Signaling Improves Cardiac Structure and Function in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2017; 135:1056-1070. [PMID: 28104714 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biased agonism of the angiotensin II receptor is known to promote cardiac contractility. Our laboratory indicated that these effects may be attributable to changes at the level of the myofilaments. However, these signaling mechanisms remain unknown. Because a common finding in dilated cardiomyopathy is a reduction in the myofilament-Ca2+ response, we hypothesized that β-arrestin signaling would increase myofilament-Ca2+ responsiveness in a model of familial dilated cardiomyopathy and improve cardiac function and morphology. METHODS We treated a dilated cardiomyopathy-linked mouse model expressing a mutant tropomyosin (Tm-E54K) for 3 months with either TRV120067, a β-arrestin 2-biased ligand of the angiotensin II receptor, or losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. At the end of the treatment protocol, we assessed cardiac function using echocardiography, the myofilament-Ca2+ response of detergent-extracted fiber bundles, and used proteomic approaches to understand changes in posttranslational modifications of proteins that may explain functional changes. We also assessed signaling pathways altered in vivo and by using isolated myocytes. RESULTS TRV120067- treated Tm-E54K mice showed improved cardiac structure and function, whereas losartan-treated mice had no improvement. Myofilaments of TRV120067-treated Tm-E54K mice had significantly improved myofilament-Ca2+ responsiveness, which was depressed in untreated Tm-E54K mice. We attributed these changes to increased MLC2v and MYPT1/2 phosphorylation seen only in TRV120067-treated mice. We found that the functional changes were attributable to an activation of ERK1/2-RSK3 signaling, mediated through β-arrestin, which may have a novel role in increasing MLC2v phosphorylation through a previously unrecognized interaction of β-arrestin localized to the sarcomere. CONCLUSIONS Long-term β-arrestin 2-biased agonism of the angiotensin II receptor may be a viable approach to the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy by not only preventing maladaptive signaling, but also improving cardiac function by altering the myofilament-Ca2+ response via β-arrestin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ryba
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.)
| | - Jieli Li
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.)
| | - Conrad L Cowan
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.)
| | - Brenda Russell
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.)
| | - Beata M Wolska
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.)
| | - R John Solaro
- From Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago (D.M.R., J.L., B.R., B.M.W., R.J.S.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago (B.M.W.); and Trevena, Inc. King of Prussia, PA (B.M.W.).
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40
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β-Arrestin mediates the Frank-Starling mechanism of cardiac contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14426-14431. [PMID: 27911784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609308113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Frank-Starling law of the heart is a physiological phenomenon that describes an intrinsic property of heart muscle in which increased cardiac filling leads to enhanced cardiac contractility. Identified more than a century ago, the Frank-Starling relationship is currently known to involve length-dependent enhancement of cardiac myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. However, the upstream molecular events that link cellular stretch to the length-dependent myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity are poorly understood. Because the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and the multifunctional transducer protein β-arrestin have been shown to mediate mechanosensitive cellular signaling, we tested the hypothesis that these two proteins are involved in the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart. Using invasive hemodynamics, we found that mice lacking β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, or AT1R were unable to generate a Frank-Starling force in response to changes in cardiac volume. Although wild-type mice pretreated with the conventional AT1R blocker losartan were unable to enhance cardiac contractility with volume loading, treatment with a β-arrestin-biased AT1R ligand to selectively activate β-arrestin signaling preserved the Frank-Starling relationship. Importantly, in skinned muscle fiber preparations, we found markedly impaired length-dependent myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and AT1R knockout mice. Our data reveal β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and AT1R as key regulatory molecules in the Frank-Starling mechanism, which potentially can be targeted therapeutically with β-arrestin-biased AT1R ligands.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain a major domain of pharmaceutical discovery. The identification of GPCR lead compounds and their optimization are now structure-based, thanks to advances in X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, protein engineering and biophysical techniques. In silico screening provides useful hit molecules. New pharmacological approaches to tuning the pleotropic action of GPCRs include: allosteric modulators, biased ligands, GPCR heterodimer-targeted compounds, manipulation of polypharmacology, receptor antibodies and tailoring of drug molecules to fit GPCR pharmacogenomics. Measurements of kinetics and drug efficacy are factors influencing clinical success. With the exception of inhibitors of GPCR kinases, targeting of intracellular GPCR signaling or receptor cycling for therapeutic purposes remains a futuristic concept. New assay approaches are more efficient and multidimensional: cell-based, label-free, fluorescence-based assays, and biosensors. Tailoring GPCR drugs to a patient's genetic background is now being considered. Chemoinformatic tools can predict ADME-tox properties. New imaging technology visualizes drug action in vivo. Thus, there is reason to be optimistic that new technology for GPCR ligand discovery will help reverse the current narrowing of the pharmaceutical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Carneiro de Morais CP, Polidoro JZ, Ralph DL, Pessoa TD, Oliveira-Souza M, Barauna VG, Rebouças NA, Malnic G, McDonough AA, Girardi ACC. Proximal tubule NHE3 activity is inhibited by beta-arrestin-biased angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C541-50. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00072.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physiological concentrations of angiotensin II (ANG II) upregulate the activity of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) in the renal proximal tubule through activation of the ANG II type I (AT1) receptor/G protein-coupled signaling. This effect is key for maintenance of extracellular fluid volume homeostasis and blood pressure. Recent findings have shown that selective activation of the beta-arrestin-biased AT1 receptor signaling pathway induces diuresis and natriuresis independent of G protein-mediated signaling. This study tested the hypothesis that activation of this AT1 receptor/beta-arrestin signaling inhibits NHE3 activity in proximal tubule. To this end, we determined the effects of the compound TRV120023, which binds to the AT1R, blocks G-protein coupling, and stimulates beta-arrestin signaling on NHE3 function in vivo and in vitro. NHE3 activity was measured in both native proximal tubules, by stationary microperfusion, and in opossum proximal tubule (OKP) cells, by Na+-dependent intracellular pH recovery. We found that 10−7 M TRV120023 remarkably inhibited proximal tubule NHE3 activity both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, stimulation of NHE3 by ANG II was completely suppressed by TRV120023 both in vivo as well as in vitro. Inhibition of NHE3 activity by TRV120023 was associated with a decrease in NHE3 surface expression in OKP cells and with a redistribution from the body to the base of the microvilli in the rat proximal tubule. These findings indicate that biased signaling of the beta-arrestin pathway through the AT1 receptor inhibits NHE3 activity in the proximal tubule at least in part due to changes in NHE3 subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliano Z. Polidoro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Donna L. Ralph
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Thaissa D. Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Oliveira-Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valério G. Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nancy A. Rebouças
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Malnic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia A. McDonough
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
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Hébert TE. Biasing the odds: Approaches to capturing, understanding and exploiting functional selectivity in GPCRs. Methods 2015; 92:1-4. [PMID: 26416495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant expectation in the pharmacological community that an understanding of biased signalling will lead to the development of new drugs and a better understanding of molecular targets in the in vivo context. I think it is safe to say that Pharma is withholding judgment on the promise and potential of what they view as an interesting pharmacological curiosity. That said, beyond successes of biased ligands in clinical trials and their appearance on the market, what it is need is a clear plan and the right tools and analytical methods to characterize functional selectivity from in cellulo to in vivo. In this issue of Methods, we have put together a series of articles that help lay out a methodological and analytical framework to help get us there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Canada.
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Santos GA, Duarte DA, Parreiras-E-Silva LT, Teixeira FR, Silva-Rocha R, Oliveira EB, Bouvier M, Costa-Neto CM. Comparative analyses of downstream signal transduction targets modulated after activation of the AT1 receptor by two β-arrestin-biased agonists. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:131. [PMID: 26191004 PMCID: PMC4486767 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in essentially all physiological processes in mammals. The classical GPCR signal transduction mechanism occurs by coupling to G protein, but it has recently been demonstrated that interaction with β-arrestins leads to activation of pathways that are independent of the G protein pathway. Also, it has been reported that some ligands can preferentially activate one of these signaling pathways; being therefore called biased agonists for G protein or β-arrestin pathways. The angiotensin II (AngII) AT1 receptor is a prototype GPCR in the study of biased agonism due to the existence of well-known β-arrestin-biased agonists, such as [Sar(1), Ile(4), Ile(8)]-AngII (SII), and [Sar(1), D-Ala(8)]-AngII (TRV027). The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the two above mentioned β-arrestin-biased agonists on downstream phosphorylation events and gene expression profiles. Our data reveal that activation of AT1 receptor by each ligand led to a diversity of activation profiles that is far broader than that expected from a simple dichotomy between "G protein-dependent" and "β-arrestin-dependent" signaling. We observed clusters of activation profiles common to AngII, SII, and TRV027, as well as downstream effector activation that are unique to AngII, SII, or TRV027. Analyses of β-arrestin conformational changes after AT1 receptor stimulation with SII or TRV027 suggests that the observed differences could account, at least partially, for the diversity of modulated targets observed. Our data reveal that, although the categorization "G protein-dependent" vs. "β-arrestin-dependent" signaling can be of pharmacological relevance, broader analyses of signaling pathways and downstream targets are necessary to generate an accurate activation profile for a given ligand. This may bring relevant information for drug development, as it may allow more refined comparison of drugs with similar mechanism of action and effects, but with distinct side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisa A Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego A Duarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil ; Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil ; Center for Integrative Systems Biology (CISBi), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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45
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Tarigopula M, Davis RT, Mungai PT, Ryba DM, Wieczorek DF, Cowan CL, Violin JD, Wolska BM, Solaro RJ. Cardiac myosin light chain phosphorylation and inotropic effects of a biased ligand, TRV120023, in a dilated cardiomyopathy model. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:226-34. [PMID: 26045475 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Therapeutic approaches to treat familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is characterized by depressed sarcomeric tension and susceptibility to Ca(2+)-related arrhythmias, have been generally unsuccessful. Our objective in the present work was to determine the effect of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) biased ligand, TRV120023, on contractility of hearts of a transgenic mouse model of familial DCM with mutation in tropomyosin at position 54 (TG-E54K). Our rationale is based on previous studies, which have supported the hypothesis that biased G-protein-coupled receptor ligands, signalling via β-arrestin, increase cardiac contractility with no effect on Ca(2+) transients. Our previous work demonstrated that the biased ligand TRV120023 is able to block angiotensin-induced hypertrophy, while promoting an increase in sarcomere Ca(2+) response. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the hypothesis that the depression in cardiac function associated with DCM can be offset by infusion of the AT1R biased ligand, TRV120023. We intravenously infused saline, TRV120023, or the unbiased ligand, losartan, for 15 min in TG-E54K and non-transgenic mice to obtain left ventricular pressure-volume relations. Hearts were analysed for sarcomeric protein phosphorylation. Results showed that the AT1R biased ligand increases cardiac performance in TG-E54K mice in association with increased myosin light chain-2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Treatment of mice with an AT1R biased ligand, acting via β-arrestin signalling, is able to induce an increase in cardiac contractility associated with an increase in ventricular myosin light chain-2 phosphorylation. AT1R biased ligands may prove to be a novel inotropic approach in familial DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhan Tarigopula
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - Robert T Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - Paul T Mungai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - David M Ryba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | - David F Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Beata M Wolska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
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46
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Hallberg M. Neuropeptides: metabolism to bioactive fragments and the pharmacology of their receptors. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:464-519. [PMID: 24894913 DOI: 10.1002/med.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. It focuses in particular on the efforts to identify selective drug-like agonists and antagonists mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide fragments formed. As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. Since these bioactive fragments contain a small number of amino acid residues, they provide an ideal starting point for the development of drug-like substances with ability to mimic the effects of the degradation products. Thus, these substances could provide a rich source of new pharmaceuticals. However, as discussed herein relatively few examples have so far been disclosed of successful attempts to create bioavailable, drug-like agonists or antagonists, starting from the structure of endogenous peptide fragments and applying procedures relying on stepwise manipulations and simplifications of the peptide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Angiotensin II and ischemic preconditioning synergize to improve mitochondrial function while showing additive effects on ventricular postischemic recovery. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:172-9. [PMID: 24705171 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) against sustained ischemia/reperfusion can be replicated by angiotensin II (Ang II). However, it is not clear whether IPC and Ang II-induced preconditioning (APC) act through similar mechanisms or synergize to enhance cardioprotection. In this study, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to IPC, APC, or their combination (IPC/APC) followed by ischemia/reperfusion. IPC, and less potently APC, significantly increased the percent recoveries of the left ventricular developed pressure, the first derivative of developed pressure, and the rate pressure product compared with control. Furthermore, the postischemic recovery of the heart was significantly higher for IPC/APC compared with IPC or APC. The improvements in cardiac function by IPC, APC, and IPC/APC were associated with similar reductions in lactate dehydrogenase release and infarct size. However, a significant improvement in mitochondrial respiration was observed with IPC/APC. The postischemic recovery observed with APC and IPC/APC was inhibited by treatment with losartan, an Ang II type-1 receptor blocker, during the preconditioning phase but not by chelerythrine, a pan-PKC inhibitor. Both drugs, however, abolished the enhanced mitochondrial respiration by IPC/APC. Altogether, these results indicate that APC and IPC interact through mechanisms that enhance cardioprotection by affecting cardiac function and mitochondrial respiration.
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48
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Brame AL, Maguire JJ, Yang P, Dyson A, Torella R, Cheriyan J, Singer M, Glen RC, Wilkinson IB, Davenport AP. Design, characterization, and first-in-human study of the vascular actions of a novel biased apelin receptor agonist. Hypertension 2015; 65:834-40. [PMID: 25712721 PMCID: PMC4354462 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.05099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. [Pyr1]apelin-13 is an endogenous vasodilator and inotrope but is downregulated in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, making the apelin receptor an attractive therapeutic target. Agonists acting at the same G-protein–coupled receptor can be engineered to stabilize different conformational states and function as biased ligands, selectively stimulating either G-protein or β-arrestin pathways. We used molecular dynamics simulations of apelin/receptor interactions to design cyclic analogues and identified MM07 as a biased agonist. In β-arrestin and internalization assays (G-protein–independent), MM07 was 2 orders of magnitude less potent than [Pyr1]apelin-13. In a G-protein–dependent saphenous vein contraction assay, both peptides had comparable potency (pD2:[Pyr1]apelin-13 9.93±0.24; MM07 9.54±0.42) and maximum responses with a resulting bias for MM07 of ≈350- to 1300-fold for the G-protein pathway. In rats, systemic infusions of MM07 (10-100nmol) caused a dose-dependent increase in cardiac output that was significantly greater than the response to [Pyr1]apelin-13. Similarly, in human volunteers, MM07 produced a significant dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with a maximum dilatation double that is seen with [Pyr1]apelin-13. Additionally, repeated doses of MM07 produced reproducible increases in forearm blood flow. These responses are consistent with a more efficacious action of the biased agonist. In human hand vein, both peptides reversed an established norepinephrine constrictor response and significantly increased venous flow. Our results suggest that MM07 acting as a biased agonist at the apelin receptor can preferentially stimulate the G-protein pathway, which could translate to improved efficacy in the clinic by selectively stimulating vasodilatation and inotropic actions but avoiding activating detrimental β-arrestin–dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Brame
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Alex Dyson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Rubben Torella
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Mervyn Singer
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.).
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Felker GM, Butler J, Collins SP, Cotter G, Davison BA, Ezekowitz JA, Filippatos G, Levy PD, Metra M, Ponikowski P, Soergel DG, Teerlink JR, Violin JD, Voors AA, Pang PS. Heart failure therapeutics on the basis of a biased ligand of the angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor. Rationale and design of the BLAST-AHF study (Biased Ligand of the Angiotensin Receptor Study in Acute Heart Failure). JACC-HEART FAILURE 2015; 3:193-201. [PMID: 25650371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The BLAST-AHF (Biased Ligand of the Angiotensin Receptor Study in Acute Heart Failure) study is designed to test the efficacy and safety of TRV027, a novel biased ligand of the angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor, in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). AHF remains a major public health problem, and no currently-available therapies have been shown to favorably affect outcomes. TRV027 is a novel biased ligand of the angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor that antagonizes angiotensin-stimulated G-protein activation while stimulating β-arrestin. In animal models, these effects reduce afterload while increasing cardiac performance and maintaining stroke volume. In initial human studies, TRV027 appears to be hemodynamically active primarily in patients with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a potentially attractive profile for an AHF therapeutic. BLAST-AHF is an international prospective, randomized, phase IIb, dose-ranging study that will randomize up to 500 AHF patients with systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg and ≤200 mm Hg within 24 h of initial presentation to 1 of 3 doses of intravenous TRV027 (1, 5, or 25 mg/h) or matching placebo (1:1:1:1) for at least 48 h and up to 96 h. The primary endpoint is a composite of 5 clinical endpoints (dyspnea, worsening heart failure, length of hospital stay, 30-day rehospitalization, and 30-day mortality) combined using an average z-score. Secondary endpoints will include the assessment of dyspnea and change in amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. The BLAST-AHF study will assess the efficacy and safety of a novel biased ligand of the angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor in AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Michael Felker
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Javed Butler
- Division of Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sean P Collins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gad Cotter
- Momentum Research, Inc, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Phillip D Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Clinical Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - John R Teerlink
- Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter S Pang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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50
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Foster SR, Roura E, Molenaar P, Thomas WG. G protein-coupled receptors in cardiac biology: old and new receptors. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:77-89. [PMID: 28509979 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane-spanning proteins that mediate cellular and physiological responses. They are critical for cardiovascular function and are targeted for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Nevertheless, current therapies only target a small fraction of the cardiac GPCR repertoire, indicating that there are many opportunities to investigate unappreciated aspects of heart biology. Here, we offer an update on the contemporary view of GPCRs and the complexities of their signalling, and review the roles of the 'classical' GPCRs in cardiovascular physiology and disease. We then provide insights into other GPCRs that have been less extensively studied in the heart, including orphan, odorant and taste receptors. We contend that these novel cardiac GPCRs contribute to heart function in health and disease and thereby offer exciting opportunities to therapeutically modulate heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eugeni Roura
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, 4072, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, 4072, Brisbane, Australia.
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