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Inflammatory gene silencing in activated monocytes by a cholesterol tagged-miRNA/siRNA: a novel approach to ameliorate diabetes induced inflammation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:219-240. [PMID: 35604451 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There is a major unmet need for the development of effective therapies for diabetes induced inflammation. Increased adenosine-uridine rich elements (AREs) containing mRNAs of inflammatory molecules are reported in inflamed monocytes. Destabilizing these inflammatory mRNAs by the miR-16 could reduce inflammation. DNA microarrays and in vitro cell studies showed that exogenous miR16 and its mimic treatment, in LPS/PMA induced monocytes, significantly downregulated several ARE containing inflammatory cytokine mRNAs similar to those seen in the normal monocytes. Ingenuity pathway analyses showed exogenous miR-16 or its synthetic mimic treatment alleviates inflammatory responses. To selectively target uptake, especially to inflamed cells, one of the CD36 substrate cholesterol was tagged to miR16/siRNA. Cholesterol tagged miR-16/ARE-siRNA showed enhanced uptake in CD36 expressing inflamed cells. In LPS or PMA, treated monocytes, candidate genes expressions levels such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12β, IP-10, and TNF-α mRNA were increased, as measured by RT-qPCR as seen in primary monocytes of diabetes patients. Exogenous miR16 or ARE-siRNA transfection reduced mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in monocyte, and its adhesion. Increased uptake of cholesterol tagged miR-16 through the CD36 receptor was observed. This destabilizes numerous inflammatory ARE containing mRNAs and alleviates inflammatory responses. Cholesterol-tagged miR-16 and its mimic are novel anti-inflammatory molecules that can be specifically targeted to, via through CD36 expressing, "inflamed" cells and thus serve as therapeutic candidates to alleviate inflammatory diseases.
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Chen J, Zhang X, Millican R, Lynd T, Gangasani M, Malhotra S, Sherwood J, Hwang PT, Cho Y, Brott BC, Qin G, Jo H, Yoon YS, Jun HW. Recent Progress in in vitro Models for Atherosclerosis Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:790529. [PMID: 35155603 PMCID: PMC8829969 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.790529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of hardening and narrowing arteries, leading to cardiovascular disease accounting for the high mortality in the United States. For developing effective treatments for atherosclerosis, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing in vitro models. Compared to animal models, in vitro models can provide great opportunities to obtain data more efficiently, economically. Therefore, this review discusses the recent progress in in vitro models for atherosclerosis studies, including traditional two-dimensional (2D) systems cultured on the tissue culture plate, 2D cell sheets, and recently emerged microfluidic chip models with 2D culture. In addition, advanced in vitro three-dimensional models such as spheroids, cell-laden hydrogel constructs, tissue-engineered blood vessels, and vessel-on-a-chip will also be covered. Moreover, the functions of these models are also summarized along with model discussion. Lastly, the future perspectives of this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Manas Gangasani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shubh Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Younghye Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Center and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Brigitta C. Brott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ho-Wook Jun
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Cheng M, Su X, Liu D, Tian X, Yan C, Zhang X, Han Y. Role of Neutrophil-Derived S100B in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients From the Han Chinese Population. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:595446. [PMID: 33796567 PMCID: PMC8008063 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.595446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to clarify the novel role of homeostatic calmodulin S100B and determined whether S100B genetic variants affected atherosclerosis progression in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Methods: Plasma levels of S100B were measured systemically in AMI patients, stable angina pectoris patients, and control subjects. S100B was obtained from the human coronary artery thrombi using a thrombectomy catheter and quantified via immunohistochemical analysis, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyse. We also screened for S100B variations (rs9722, rs9984765, rs2839356, rs1051169, and rs2186358) via direct sequencing, and investigated the relationship between these variants and AMI patients in the Chinese Han population. Results: Plasma S100B levels increased significantly in AMI patients compared to the levels in stable angina pectoris patients and control subjects (119.45 ± 62.46, 161.96 ± 73.30, and 312.91 ± 127.59 pg/ml, respectively). Immunohistochemical staining results showed that S100B expression was increased in the neutrophils of coronary artery thrombi obtained from AMI patients, as compared to that in normal blood clot, and S100B expression was significantly increased in fresh thrombi tissues, as compared to that in organized thrombi tissues. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed that S100B expression increased in coronary artery thrombi, as compared to that in normal blood clots. After pre-treating the neutrophils with siRAGE, the neutrophils migration induced by S100B were abolished through the NFκB-IL1β/IL6 signaling pathway. Compared to their corresponding wild-type genotypes, the S100B rs9722 variant was associated with increased susceptibility to AMI (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.12–1.65, P = 0.02). Individuals with the S100B 9722 A allele had higher plasma S100B levels than those with the G allele in control subjects and AMI patients (141.70 ± 76.69 vs. 107.31 ± 56.05 and 347.13 ± 148.94 vs. 273.05 ± 133.62, respectively). Conclusions: Levels of neutrophil-derived S100B, a novel homeostatic calmodulin, were elevated in the early stages of myocardial infarction. The S100B rs9722 allele was independently associated with AMI patients in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cheng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Su
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Li H, Zou J, Yu XH, Ou X, Tang CK. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and atherosclerosis: New insights and therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4216-4230. [PMID: 33275290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor belonging to the ZEB family, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression required for both normal physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that ZEB1 participates in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that ZEB1 protects against atherosclerosis by regulation of endothelial cell angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, macrophage lipid accumulation, macrophage polarization, monocyte-vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interaction, VSMC proliferation and migration, and T cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ZEB1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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5
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Navas-Madroñal M, Castelblanco E, Camacho M, Consegal M, Ramirez-Morros A, Sarrias MR, Perez P, Alonso N, Galán M, Mauricio D. Role of the Scavenger Receptor CD36 in Accelerated Diabetic Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197360. [PMID: 33028031 PMCID: PMC7583063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus entails increased atherosclerotic burden and medial arterial calcification, but the precise mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the implication of CD36 in inflammation and calcification processes orchestrated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under hyperglycemic and atherogenic conditions. We examined the expression of CD36, pro-inflammatory cytokines, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, and mineralization-regulating enzymes by RT-PCR in human VSMCs, cultured in a medium containing normal (5 mM) or high glucose (22 mM) for 72 h with or without oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (24 h). The uptake of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-fluorescently (DiI) labeled oxLDL was quantified by flow cytometry and fluorimetry and calcification assays were performed in VSMC cultured in osteogenic medium and stained by alizarin red. We observed induction in the expression of CD36, cytokines, calcification markers, and ER stress markers under high glucose that was exacerbated by oxLDL. These results were confirmed in carotid plaques from subjects with diabetes versus non-diabetic subjects. Accordingly, the uptake of DiI-labeled oxLDL was increased after exposure to high glucose. The silencing of CD36 reduced the induction of CD36 and the expression of calcification enzymes and mineralization of VSMC. Our results indicate that CD36 signaling is partially involved in hyperglycemia and oxLDL-induced vascular calcification in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Diabetes Complications/genetics
- Diabetes Complications/metabolism
- Diabetes Complications/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Glucose/adverse effects
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Navas-Madroñal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Consegal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Anna Ramirez-Morros
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Maria Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Center for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulina Perez
- Department of Angiology & Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Health Sciences Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Nuria Alonso
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - María Galán
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
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6
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Yang T, Guo L, Chen L, Li J, Li Q, Pi Y, Zhu J, Zhang L. A novel role of FKN/CX3CR1 in promoting osteogenic transformation of VSMCs and atherosclerotic calcification. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102265. [PMID: 32814243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN) and its specific receptor CX3CR1 play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including recruitment of vascular cells and the development of inflammation. However, its contribution to regulating the development of atherosclerotic calcification has not been well documented. Osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is critical in the development of calcification in atherosclerotic lesions. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of FKN/CX3CR1 on the progression of VSMCs calcification and defined molecular signaling that is operative in the FKN/CX3CR1-induced osteogenic transformation of VSMCs. We found that high-fat diet induced atherosclerotic calcification in vivo was markedly inhibited in the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and CX3CR1 deficient (ApoE-/-/CX3CR1-/-) mice compared with their control littermates. FKN and CX3CR1 were both expressed in VSMCs and up-regulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). FKN/CX3CR1 promoted the expression of osteogenic markers, including osteopontin (OPN), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decreased VSMCs markers, including smooth muscle (SM) α-actin and SM22-α in a dose-dependent manner. The essential role of FKN/CX3CR1 in VSMCs calcification was further confirmed by lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of CX3CR1 blocked or accelerated osteogenic transformation of VSMCs. This response was associated with reciprocal up- and down-regulation of osteogenic factor, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), transcription factors in osteoclast differentiation, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RNAKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), respectively. Inhibition of FKN/CX3CR1-activated Jak2/Stat3 signaling by the Jak/Stat inhibitor AG490 blocked osteogenic transformation of VSMCs and RUNX2 induction concurrently. Taken together, our data uncovered novel roles of FKN/CX3CR1 in promoting VSMC osteogenic transformation and atherosclerotic calcification by activating RUNX2 through Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and suppressing OPG. Our findings suggest that targeting FKN/CX3CR1 may provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yan Pi
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Byon CH, Kim SW. Regulatory Effects of O-GlcNAcylation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Diabetic Vasculopathy. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:243-254. [PMID: 32821734 PMCID: PMC7379086 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications from uncontrolled hyperglycemia are the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous reports have shown a strong correlation between hyperglycemia and vascular calcification, which increases mortality and morbidity in individuals with diabetes. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced vascular calcification remain largely unknown. Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteoblast-like cells is a known culprit underlying the development of vascular calcification in the diabetic vasculature. Pathological conditions such as high glucose levels and oxidative stress are linked to enhanced osteogenic differentiation of VSMC both in vivo and in vitro. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a bone-related transcription factor, in VSMC is necessary and sufficient for the induction of VSMC calcification. Addition of a single O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety to the serine/threonine residues of target proteins (O-GlcNAcylation) has been observed in the arteries of diabetic patients, as well as in animal models in association with the enhanced expression of Runx2 and aggravated vascular calcification. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and tightly regulated process, that is mediated by 2 enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. Glucose is metabolized into UDP-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine, an active sugar donor of O-GlcNAcylation via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Overall increases in the O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins have been closely associated with cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, the authors provide molecular insights into cardiovascular complications, including diabetic vasculopathy, that feature increased O-GlcNAcylation in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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8
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Johar D, Ahmed SM, El Hayek S, Al-Dewik N, Bahbah EI, Omar NH, Mustafa M, Salman DO, Fahmey A, Mottawea M, Azouz RAM, Bernstein L. Diabetes-induced Proteome Changes Throughout Development. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:732-743. [PMID: 31038056 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190305153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multisystemic disease involving the homeostasis of insulin secretion by the pancreatic islet beta cells (β-cells). It is associated with hypertension, renal disease, and arterial and arteriolar vascular diseases. DISCUSSION The classification of diabetes is identified as type 1 (gene linked β-cell destruction in childhood) and type 2 (late onset associated with β-cell overload and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency, type 2 diabetes by both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. The former is a genetically programmed loss of insulin secretion whereas the latter constitutes a disruption of the homeostatic relationship between the opposing activity of β- cell insulin and alpha cell (α-cell) glucagon of the Islets of Langerhans. The condition could also occur in pregnancy, as a prenatal occurring event, possibly triggered by the hormonal changes of pregnancy combined with β-cell overload. This review discusses the molecular basis of the biomolecular changes that occur with respect to glucose homeostasis and related diseases in DM. The underlying link between pancreatic, renal, and microvascular diseases in DM is based on oxidative stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). CONCLUSION Studying proteome changes in diabetes can deepen our understanding of the biomolecular basis of disease and help us acquire more efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Biomedical Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt and Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Ain Shams University Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara M Ahmed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Qatar Medical Genetic Center, Pediatrics Department, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, P.C. 34511, Egypt
| | - Nabil H Omar
- Pharmacy Department, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Doaa O Salman
- Genetics Unit, Histology and Cell biology department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fahmey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mottawea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha A M Azouz
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Larry Bernstein
- Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, MA 01060, United States
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9
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The Role of Butyrate on Monocyte Migration and Inflammation Response in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7040074. [PMID: 31554278 PMCID: PMC6966637 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a very serious global problem. In Indonesia, this disease attacks at the most productive age; consequently, it can reduce economic status and life expectancy. The pathogenesis of T2DM is very closely related to inflammation and macrophage accumulation. However, no anti-inflammatory agent has been proven to play a role in the management of T2DM. Butyrate is a short chain fatty acid produced from resistant starch fermentation in the intestinal lumen. It is able to bind to GPR41 and GPR43 receptors on monocytes, so that it can change the pattern of cytokine expression, activation, migration and cell differentiation. Hence, it is interesting to examine the anti-inflammation effect of butyrate and the effect on monocyte migration. A total of 37 subjects were examined in this study. They were divided into two groups, with and without butyrate treatment. We analyzed two pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF-α and Interleukin IL-6) and one anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL 10. Monocytes were isolated in type 1 collagen gel for migration testing using the µ-slide chemotaxis IBIDI. Image analysis used ImageJ and Chemotaxis tool software. There was a significant difference in the TNFα/IL 10 ratio between healthy groups and T2DM. Butyrate also appears to suppress TNFα cytokine production and increase IL10 production. It also decreases the accumulation distance of monocyte migration in T2DM.
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Zhu J, Liu B, Wang Z, Wang D, Ni H, Zhang L, Wang Y. Exosomes from nicotine-stimulated macrophages accelerate atherosclerosis through miR-21-3p/PTEN-mediated VSMC migration and proliferation. Theranostics 2019; 9:6901-6919. [PMID: 31660076 PMCID: PMC6815950 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: During the development of atherosclerosis, macrophages secrete exosomes that regulate vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); however, whether nicotine, a major constituent of cigarettes, can modulate this communication in the context of atherogenesis remains to be further studied. In this study, we hypothesized that nicotine induces macrophages to secrete atherogenic exosomes containing microRNAs (miRNAs) to mediate cell-to-cell crosstalk and encourage proatherogenic phenotypes of VSMCs. Methods: In an in vivo study, nicotine was administered subcutaneously to 8-week-old male ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Oil red O and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) were used to stain atherosclerotic lesions. Lesion macrophages, VSMCs and exosomes were stained for CD68, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD9, and plaque exosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exosomes derived from control macrophages (M-Exos) and from nicotine-treated macrophages (NM-Exos) were isolated by ultracentrifugation, purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and characterized based on specific morphology and surface markers. The IVIS® Spectrum in vivo imaging system showed the biodistribution of NM-Exos and M-Exos in circulation. Chitosan hydrogel-incorporated exosomes were applied to simulate exosome secretion in situ. Scratch wound assay, transwell assay and EdU staining were conducted to assess the effects of NM-Exos on the migration and proliferation of mouse VSMCs. RNA-seq was performed to determine the miRNA profiles of M-Exos and NM-Exos. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to detect the expression levels of miRNAs and mRNAs. The roles of the candidate miRNA and its target gene were assessed using specific RNA inhibitors, siRNAs and miRNA mimics. Western blotting was used to detect candidate protein expression levels. A dual-luciferase reporting system was utilized to confirm the binding of a specific miRNA to its target gene. Results: Nicotine induced atherosclerotic lesion progression and resulted in plaque exosome retention in vivo. The biodistribution of NM-Exos showed that plaque-resident exosomes might be secreted in situ. VSMCs cocultured in vitro with nicotine-stimulated macrophages presented an increased capacity for migration and proliferation, which was exosome-dependent. In addition, isolated NM-Exos helped promote VSMC migration and proliferation. miRNA profiling showed that miR-21-3p was enriched in NM-Exos, and this miRNA was shown to play a key role in regulating NM-Exos-induced effects by directly targeting phosphatase and tension homologue (PTEN). Conclusion: Exosomal miR-21-3p from nicotine-treated macrophages may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by increasing VSMC migration and proliferation through its target PTEN.
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Zhu Q, Zeng D, Li F. Ghrelin combined with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate pretreatment reduces apoptosis and fractalkine expression induced by high-dose glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2019; 45:36-42. [PMID: 30848111 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the regulatory role of ghrelin combined with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) pretreatment in cell apoptosis and fractalkine (FKN) expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced with high-dose glucose. METHODS HUVECs were assigned into control group, high-dose glucose group (HG group), high-dose glucose with ghrelin group (Gr+HG group), and high-dose glucose companied with ghrelin and STS group (Gr+STS+HG group). The apoptosis of HUVECs was determined by Hoechst 33258 straining and flow cytometry (FCM). Nitric oxide (NO) level was measured by total NO assay kit. The mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin, p-GSK-3β and FKN were accessed by Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. RESULTS High-dose glucose significantly accelerated apoptosis in HUVECs. The apoptotic rate was lower in Gr+HG group and much lower in Gr+STS+HG group than control group. NO level was significantly reduced in the HG group, which was partly inhibited in Gr+HG group and obviously increased in Gr+STS+HG group than controls. In addition, mRNA levels of GSK-3β and FKN in HUVECs decreased in Gr+HG group, which was more obviously decreased in Gr+STS+HG group. However, ghrelin treatment upregulated β-catenin and p-GSK-3β (Ser9), but downregulated FKN during high-dose glucose treatment, which was more obvious in Gr+STS+HG group. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of ghrelin combined with STS reduces the apoptosis rate of HUVECs induced by high glucose environment and inhibits the expression of FKN via β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dekang Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Faqi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China -
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Reddy MA, Das S, Zhuo C, Jin W, Wang M, Lanting L, Natarajan R. Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction Under Diabetic Conditions by miR-504. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:864-73. [PMID: 26941017 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus accelerates proatherogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) associated with vascular complications. Evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in VSMC functions, but their role under diabetic conditions is unclear. We profiled miRNAs in VSMC from diabetic mice and examined their role in VSMC dysfunction. APPROACH AND RESULTS High throughput small RNA-sequencing identified 135 differentially expressed miRNAs in VSMC from type 2 diabetic db/db mice (db/dbVSMC) versus nondiabetic db/+ mice. Several of these miRNAs were known to regulate VSMC functions. We further focused on miR-504, because it was highly upregulated in db/dbVSMC, and its function in VSMC is unknown. miR-504 and its host gene Fgf13 were significantly increased in db/dbVSMC and in aortas from db/db mice. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-504 targets including signaling adaptor Grb10 and transcription factor Egr2 could regulate growth factor signaling. We experimentally validated Grb10 and Egr2 as novel targets of miR-504. Overexpression of miR-504 in VSMC inhibited contractile genes and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, proliferation, and migration. These effects were blocked by miR-504 inhibitors. Grb10 knockdown mimicked miR-504 functions and increased inflammatory genes. Egr2 knockdown-inhibited anti-inflammatory Socs1 and increased proinflammatory genes. Furthermore, high glucose and palmitic acid upregulated miR-504 and inflammatory genes, but downregulated Grb10. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus misregulates several miRNAs including miR-504 that can promote VSMC dysfunction. Because changes in many of these miRNAs are sustained in diabetic VSMC even after in vitro culture, they may be involved in metabolic memory of vascular complications. Targeting such mechanisms could offer novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sadhan Das
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Chen Zhuo
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Wen Jin
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mei Wang
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Linda Lanting
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
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Byon CH, Han T, Wu J, Hui ST. Txnip ablation reduces vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation and ameliorates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:313-21. [PMID: 26062991 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is intimately linked to atherosclerosis and other vascular inflammatory disease. Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) is a key regulator of cellular sulfhydryl redox and a mediator of inflammasome activation. The goals of the present study were to examine the impact of Txnip ablation on inflammatory response to oxidative stress in VSMC and to determine the effect of Txnip ablation on atherosclerosis in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Using cultured VSMC, we showed that ablation of Txnip reduced cellular oxidative stress and increased protection from oxidative stress when challenged with oxidized phospholipids and hydrogen peroxide. Correspondingly, expression of inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules were diminished in both VSMC and macrophages from Txnip knockout mice. The blunted inflammatory response was associated with a decrease in NF-ĸB nuclear translocation. Loss of Txnip in VSMC also led to a dramatic reduction in macrophage adhesion to VSMC. In vivo data from Txnip-ApoE double knockout mice showed that Txnip ablation led to 49% reduction in atherosclerotic lesion in the aortic root and 71% reduction in the abdominal aorta, compared to control ApoE knockout mice. CONCLUSION Our data show that Txnip plays an important role in oxidative inflammatory response and atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. The atheroprotective effect of Txnip ablation implicates that modulation of Txnip expression may serve as a potential target for intervention of atherosclerosis and inflammatory vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tieyan Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Judy Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simon T Hui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Despite the wealth of pre-clinical support for a role for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the aetiology of diabetic complications, enthusiasm for antioxidant therapeutic approaches has been dampened by less favourable outcomes in large clinical trials. This has necessitated a re-evaluation of pre-clinical evidence and a more rational approach to antioxidant therapy. The present review considers current evidence, from both pre-clinical and clinical studies, to address the benefits of antioxidant therapy. The main focus of the present review is on the effects of direct targeting of ROS-producing enzymes, the bolstering of antioxidant defences and mechanisms to improve nitric oxide availability. Current evidence suggests that a more nuanced approach to antioxidant therapy is more likely to yield positive reductions in end-organ injury, with considerations required for the types of ROS/RNS involved, the timing and dosage of antioxidant therapy, and the selective targeting of cell populations. This is likely to influence future strategies to lessen the burden of diabetic complications such as diabetes-associated atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.
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Li FQ, Zeng DK, Jia CL, Zhou P, Yin L, Zhang B, Liu F, Zhu Q. The effects of sodium tanshinone IIa sulfonate pretreatment on high glucose-induced expression of fractalkine and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5279-5286. [PMID: 26131102 PMCID: PMC4483885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications is a chronic inflammatory response process, chemokines and their receptors play an important role in this course of events. The aim of this study is to observe the effects of sodium tanshinone IIa sulfonate (STS) on high glucose-induced fractalkine (FKN) level, and investigate possible mechanisms of STS works. HUVECs cells were employed to explore the effects of STS on FKN protein. TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptosis rate of HUVECs. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the β-actin and P-GSK-3β (Ser9) protein expression. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect FKN protein expression. Real-time RT-PCR was used to examine β-actin, GSK3β and FKN mRNA expression. The results indicated that the STS treatment could significantly decrease the apoptosis rate caused by high-glucose (P < 0.05). STS improves β-catenin and p-GSK-3β (Ser9) expression, and inhibits FKN levels induced by high glucose. STS inhibited GSK-3β and FKN mRNA induced by high glucose. In conclusion, STS may play the role of anti- inflammatory by regulate canonical Wnt pathway to inhibit the expression of FKN induced by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Qi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - De-Kang Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao-Li Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
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Singla DK, Singla RD, Abdelli LS, Glass C. Fibroblast growth factor-9 enhances M2 macrophage differentiation and attenuates adverse cardiac remodeling in the infarcted diabetic heart. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120739. [PMID: 25768089 PMCID: PMC4359124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated as a perpetrator of diabetes and its associated complications. Monocytes, key mediators of inflammation, differentiate into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages upon infiltration of damaged tissue. However, the inflammatory cell types, which propagate diabetes progression and consequential adverse disorders, remain unclear. The current study was undertaken to assess monocyte infiltration and the role of fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) on monocyte to macrophage differentiation and cardioprotection in the diabetic infarcted heart. Db/db diabetic mice were assigned to sham, myocardial infarction (MI), and MI+FGF-9 groups. MI was induced by permanent coronary artery ligation and animals were subjected to 2D transthoracic echocardiography two weeks post-surgery. Immunohistochemical and immunoassay results from heart samples collected suggest significantly increased infiltration of monocytes (Mean ± SEM; MI: 2.02% ± 0.23% vs. Sham 0.75% ± 0.07%; p<0.05) and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6), adverse cardiac remodeling (Mean ± SEM; MI: 33% ± 3.04% vs. Sham 2.2% ± 0.33%; p<0.05), and left ventricular dysfunction (Mean ± SEM; MI: 35.4% ± 1.25% vs. Sham 49.19% ± 1.07%; p<0.05) in the MI group. Importantly, treatment of diabetic infarcted myocardium with FGF-9 resulted in significantly decreased monocyte infiltration (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 1.39% ± 0.1% vs. MI: 2.02% ± 0.23%; p<0.05), increased M2 macrophage differentiation (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 4.82% ± 0.86% vs. MI: 0.85% ± 0.3%; p<0.05) and associated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1RA), reduced adverse remodeling (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 11.59% ± 1.2% vs. MI: 33% ± 3.04%; p<0.05), and improved cardiac function (Fractional shortening, Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 41.51% ± 1.68% vs. MI: 35.4% ± 1.25%; p<0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest FGF-9 possesses novel therapeutic potential in its ability to mediate monocyte to M2 differentiation and confer cardiac protection in the post-MI diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K. Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Reetu D. Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Latifa S. Abdelli
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carley Glass
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Satonaka H, Nagata D, Takahashi M, Kiyosue A, Myojo M, Fujita D, Ishimitsu T, Nagano T, Nagai R, Hirata Y. Involvement of P2Y12 receptor in vascular smooth muscle inflammatory changes via MCP-1 upregulation and monocyte adhesion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H853-61. [PMID: 25681429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00862.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet drugs, frequently used for cardiovascular events with thrombotic involvement, are also regarded as possible promising agents for cardiovascular primary prevention. The roles of P2Y12, an ADP receptor and the target of thienopyridine antiplatelet drugs, are not satisfactorily known in the vascular wall. We investigated the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) P2Y12 is involved in vascular wall inflammatory changes by upregulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and promoting monocyte adhesion. ADP at 10(-5) M induced a 3.6 ± 0.3-fold upregulation of MCP-1 mRNA in cultured rat VSMCs, which was significantly inhibited by R-138727, the active metabolite of P2Y12 inhibitor prasugrel and siRNAs against P2Y12. ADP also induced MCP-1 protein upregulation, which was diminished by R-138727 and P2Y12 siRNAs. JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) inhibition attenuated ADP-induced MCP-1 mRNA and protein upregulation. R-138727 and P2Y12 siRNAs inhibited ADP-induced JNK activation. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors N-acetylcysteine (NAC), diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), and Tempol also diminished MCP-1 upregulation and JNK activation induced by ADP. ADP induced MCP-1 promoter activation, which was inhibited by R-138727 and P2Y12 siRNAs. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) consensus sites in the MCP-1 promoter region were involved in this activation. ADP-induced NF-κB pathway activation, examined by a plasmid containing multiple NF-κB sites, was diminished by P2Y12 inhibition. For cellular function analysis, stimulation of VSMC with ADP increased subsequent THP-1 monocyte adhesion. P2Y12 siRNAs and CCR2 antagonism diminished this ADP-induced monocyte adhesion. These data suggested that ADP, via the VSMC P2Y12 receptor, induces vascular inflammatory changes by upregulating MCP-1 and promoting monocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Satonaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Nagata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kiyosue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Myojo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daishi Fujita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ishimitsu
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; and
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hirata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Reddy MA, Chen Z, Park JT, Wang M, Lanting L, Zhang Q, Bhatt K, Leung A, Wu X, Putta S, Sætrom P, Devaraj S, Natarajan R. Regulation of inflammatory phenotype in macrophages by a diabetes-induced long noncoding RNA. Diabetes 2014; 63:4249-61. [PMID: 25008173 PMCID: PMC4238007 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which macrophages mediate the enhanced inflammation associated with diabetes complications are not completely understood. We used RNA sequencing to profile the transcriptome of bone marrow macrophages isolated from diabetic db/db mice and identified 1,648 differentially expressed genes compared with control db/+ mice. Data analyses revealed that diabetes promoted a proinflammatory, profibrotic, and dysfunctional alternatively activated macrophage phenotype possibly via transcription factors involved in macrophage function. Notably, diabetes altered levels of several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Because the role of lncRNAs in diabetes complications is unknown, we further characterized the function of lncRNA E330013P06, which was upregulated in macrophages from db/db and diet-induced insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice, but not from type 1 diabetic mice. It was also upregulated in monocytes from T2D patients. E330013P06 was also increased along with inflammatory genes in mouse macrophages treated with high glucose and palmitic acid. E330013P06 overexpression in macrophages induced inflammatory genes, enhanced responses to inflammatory signals, and increased foam cell formation. In contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated E330013P06 gene silencing inhibited inflammatory genes induced by the diabetic stimuli. These results define the diabetic macrophage transcriptome and novel functional roles for lncRNAs in macrophages that could lead to lncRNA-based therapies for inflammatory diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Kirti Bhatt
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sumanth Putta
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Departments of Computer and Information Science and Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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Zuniga MC, White SLP, Zhou W. Design and utilization of macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell co-culture systems in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease investigation. Vasc Med 2014; 19:394-406. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x14550542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been acknowledged as a chronic inflammatory condition. Monocytes and macrophages lead the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis whereas changes in atheromatous plaque thickness and matrix composition are attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells. Because these cell types are key players in atherosclerosis progression, it is crucial to utilize a reliable system to investigate their interaction. In vitro co-culture systems are useful platforms to study specific molecular mechanisms between cells. This review aims to summarize the various co-culture models that have been developed to investigate vascular smooth muscle cell and monocyte/macrophage interactions, focusing on the monocyte/macrophage effects on vascular smooth muscle cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Zuniga
- Surgical Services, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sharla L Powell White
- Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Surgical Services, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Recio C, Oguiza A, Lazaro I, Mallavia B, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-derived peptide inhibits Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway and improves inflammation and atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1953-60. [PMID: 25012131 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway by hyperglycemia and dislypidemia contributes to the progression of diabetic complications, including atherosclerosis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate Janus kinase/STAT and have emerged as promising target for anti-inflammatory therapies. We investigated whether a cell-permeable lipopeptide corresponding to the kinase inhibitory region of SOCS1 could reduce atherosclerosis in diabetic mice and identified the mechanisms involved. APPROACH AND RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (aged 8 and 22 weeks) were given intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, SOCS1-derived peptide, or control mutant peptide for 6 to 10 weeks. SOCS1 therapy suppressed STAT1/STAT3 activation in atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic mice and significantly reduced lesion size at both early and advanced stages of lesion development compared with vehicle group. Plaque characterization demonstrated that SOCS1 peptide decreased the accumulation of lipids, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, whereas increasing collagen and smooth muscle cell content. This atheroprotective effect was accompanied by systemic (reduced proinflammatory Ly6C(high) monocytes and splenic cytokine expression) and local (reduced aortic expression of chemokines and cytokines) mechanisms, without impact on metabolic parameters. In vitro, SOCS1 peptide dose dependently inhibited STAT1/STAT3 activation and target gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages and also suppressed cytokine-induced cell migration and adhesion processes. CONCLUSIONS SOCS1-based targeting Janus kinase/STAT restrains key mechanisms of atherogenesis in diabetic mice, thereby preventing plaque formation and increasing plaque stability. Approaches to mimic native SOCS1 functions may have a therapeutic potential to retard the progression of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Ainhoa Oguiza
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Iolanda Lazaro
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Beñat Mallavia
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Jesus Egido
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.).
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22
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Paccosi S, Musilli C, Caporale R, Gelli AMG, Guasti D, Clemente AM, Torcia MG, Filippelli A, Romagnoli P, Parenti A. Stimulatory interactions between human coronary smooth muscle cells and dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99652. [PMID: 24932497 PMCID: PMC4059651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inflammatory and immune mechanisms participating to atherogenesis and dendritic cells (DCs) driving immune and non-immune tissue injury response, the interactions between DCs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) possibly relevant to vascular pathology including atherogenesis are still unclear. To address this issue, immature DCs (iDCs) generated from CD14+ cells isolated from healthy donors were matured either with cytokines (mDCs), or co-cultured (ccDCs) with human coronary artery VSMCs (CASMCs) using transwell chambers. Co-culture induced DC immunophenotypical and functional maturation similar to cytokines, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte reaction. In turn, factors from mDCs and ccDCs induced CASMC migration. MCP-1 and TNFα, secreted from DCs, and IL-6 and MCP-1, secreted from CASMCs, were primarily involved. mDCs adhesion to CASMCs was enhanced by CASMC pre-treatment with IFNγ and TNFα ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were involved, since the expression of specific mRNAs for these molecules increased and adhesion was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to the counter-receptors CD11c and CD18. Adhesion was also inhibited by CASMC pre-treatment with the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor atorvastatin and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone, which suggests a further mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of these drugs. Adhesion of DCs to VSMCs was shown also in vivo in rat carotid 7 to 21 days after crush and incision injury. The findings indicate that DCs and VSMCs can interact with reciprocal stimulation, possibly leading to perpetuate inflammation and vascular wall remodelling, and that the interaction is enhanced by a cytokine-rich inflammatory environment and down-regulated by HMGCoA-reductase inhibitors and PPARγ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paccosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Musilli
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporale
- Central Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ann Maria Clemente
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Torcia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
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23
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Xueyao Y, Saifei Z, Dan Y, Qianqian P, Xuehong D, Jiaqiang Z, Fenping Z, Hong L. Circulating fractalkine levels predict the development of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:715148. [PMID: 24883062 PMCID: PMC4021752 DOI: 10.1155/2014/715148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis plays an important role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the role of fractalkine in metabolic disorders remains to be fully elucidated. We selected 887 Chinese (40-65 years old) at baseline, with a subgroup of 459 participants examined again 2 years later. The relationship of serum fractalkine levels with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components was investigated. At baseline, participants with MetS had higher fractalkine concentrations than their counterparts without MetS (P < 0.001). At the 2-year follow-up, participants in the highest quartile of baseline fractalkine exhibited higher values for body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and lower value for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) (all P < 0.05). Among 390 participants without MetS at baseline, 45 developed it at year 2. Even after multiple adjustments for visceral adipose tissue area, HOMA-IR, C-reactive protein (CRP), or TG and HDL-c, baseline fractalkine predicted the development of MetS (OR = 7.18, 95%CI: 2.28-18.59). In conclusion, circulating fractalkine predicts the development of the MetS independently of central obesity, CRP, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xueyao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhang Saifei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yu Dan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Pan Qianqian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Dong Xuehong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhou Jiaqiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zheng Fenping
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
- *Li Hong:
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24
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Song KH, Park J, Park JH, Natarajan R, Ha H. Fractalkine and its receptor mediate extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy in mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1661-9. [PMID: 23604552 PMCID: PMC4737593 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Fractalkine (FKN) is a unique chemokine that works as a chemoattractant and an adhesion molecule. Previous studies have demonstrated that FKN plays a role in ischaemic and protein-overload renal injury via its cognate receptor chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1). However, involvement of the FKN/CX3CR1 system in diabetic nephropathy remains unclear. We examined the role of FKN/CX3CR1 in diabetic mice and mouse mesangial cells (MMCs). METHODS Streptozotocin (50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was intraperitoneally administered for 5 days to male Cx3cr1-knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. MMCs transfected with Fkn (also known as Cx3cl1) or Cx3cr1 siRNA, respectively, were used to elucidate the role of FKN/CX3CR1 in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. RESULTS At 12 weeks, diabetic Cx3cr1 KO mice showed no significant changes in plasma glucose, but markers of renal inflammation, fibrosis and ECM, such as the fractional mesangial area, fibronectin and collagen, were significantly lower in diabetic Cx3cr1 KO mice compared with diabetic WT mice. High glucose, oleic acid and TGF-β1 stimulated FKN and CX3CR1 expression, together with the expression of ECM proteins in MMCs, but the effects were significantly attenuated by Fkn or Cx3cr1 siRNA. More importantly, FKN itself increased mesangial ECM through CX3CR1 and subsequent activation of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinases. A neutralising TGF-β antibody inhibited FKN/CX3CR1 in MMCs treated with diabetic stimuli and decreased FKN-induced ECM accumulation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate that FKN/CX3CR1 may play an important role in diabetic renal injury through upregulation of ECM synthesis and could therefore be a therapeutic target for preventing diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Song
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - J. Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - J. H. Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - R. Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research, Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - H. Ha
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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25
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Abstract
Diabetes and metabolic disorders are leading causes of micro- and macrovascular complications. Furthermore, efforts to treat these complications are hampered by metabolic memory, a phenomenon in which prior exposure to hyperglycemia predisposes diabetic patients to the continued development of vascular diseases despite subsequent glycemic control. Persistently increased levels of oxidant stress and inflammatory genes are key features of these pathologies. Biochemical and molecular studies showed that hyperglycemia induced activation of NF-κB, signaling and actions of advanced glycation end products and other inflammatory mediators play key roles in the expression of pathological genes. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms such as posttranslational modification of histones and DNA methylation also play central roles in gene regulation by affecting chromatin structure and function. Recent studies have suggested that dysregulation of such epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in metabolic memory leading to persistent changes in the expression of genes associated with diabetic vascular complications. Further exploration of these mechanisms by also taking advantages of recent advances in high throughput epigenomics technologies will greatly increase our understanding of epigenetic variations in diabetes and its complications. This in turn can lead to the development of novel new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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26
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Wang CCL, Reusch JEB. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: changing the focus from glycemic control to improving long-term survival. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:58B-68B. [PMID: 23062569 PMCID: PMC3480668 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the fifth-leading cause of death worldwide and contributes to leading causes of death, cancer and cardiovascular disease, including CAD, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and other vascular disease. While glycemic management remains a cornerstone of DM care, the co-management of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk reduction, and prevention of long-term consequences associated with DM are now well recognized as essential to improve long-term survival. Clinical trial evidence substantiates the importance of glycemic control, low-density cholesterol-lowering therapy, blood pressure lowering, control of albuminuria, and comprehensive approaches targeting multiple risk factors to reduce cardiovascular risk. This article presents a review of the role of DM in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction, recent evidence on the degree of glycemic control and mortality, and available evidence for a multifaceted approach to improve long-term outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C Low Wang
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, and Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA.
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27
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Park J, Song KH, Ha H. Lipopolysaccharide increases monocyte binding to mesangial cells through fractalkine and its receptor. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1029-31. [PMID: 22564617 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine that functions not only as a chemokine but also as an adhesion molecule. Fractalkine plays an important role in the recruitment of macrophages into the kidneys by binding to its specific receptor CX3CR1, and renal fractalkine expression was shown to be increased in chronic renal allograft rejection. Considering that microcapillary inflammation is a key feature of chronic renal allograft rejection, the present study examined whether monocytes bind to mesangial cells cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through fractalkine/CX3CR1 in order to understand their regulation with respect to inflammation-induced renal allograft dysfunction. Mouse mesangial cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of fractalkine or CX3CR1 siRNA. Calcein-AM-labeled monocytes were used to evaluate monocyte binding. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mRNA and protein expression were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. LPS at 100 ng/mL significantly increased monocyte binding to mesangial cells. Each siRNA against fractalkine or CX3CR1 effectively inhibited LPS-induced monocyte-mesangial cell binding. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mRNA expression were enhanced in mesangial cells stimulated with LPS. Fractalkine protein synthesis in media and lysate of mesangial cells were also induced by LPS. These results demonstrated that LPS induces monocyte-mesangial cell binding through the fractalkine/CX3CR1 system and suggested that fractalkine/CX3CR1 system may contribute to renal inflammation leading to chronic renal allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Njerve IU, Pettersen AÅ, Opstad TB, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Fractalkine and its receptor (CX3CR1) in patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 10:400-6. [PMID: 22897138 DOI: 10.1089/met.2012.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 are associated with atherosclerosis. In vitro studies have shown increased expression of fractalkine in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells when stimulated with a high concentration of glucose. Increased serum levels of fractalkine have been shown in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also in unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We investigated whether CAD patients with T2DM or metabolic syndrome have increased circulating and gene expression levels of fractalkine compared to CAD patients without these conditions. METHODS Serum levels of fractalkine were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in 1001 patients with angiographically verified CAD, of which 200 had T2DM and 244 had metabolic syndrome. All patients were taking aspirin as an antithrombotic treatment. Gene expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in circulating leukocytes was explored in a subset of patients (n=168). RESULTS We found no significant difference in circulating levels of fractalkine in patients with T2DM [653 (556, 775) pg/mL] compared to patients without T2DM [646 (553, 761) pg/mL], p=0.50. There was also no difference between patients with and without metabolic syndrome (p=0.60). Fractalkine was not expressed in circulating leukocytes, and CX3CR1 was not expressed differently between any of the groups (p=0.13 and p=0.32, respectively). Smokers had lower fractalkine levels (p<0.001), and patients on angiotensin II receptor blockers had higher levels (p=0.047) compared to nonaffected patients. CONCLUSIONS In the present CAD population, no differences in circulating levels of fractalkine or expression levels of CX3CR1 were observed between patients with and without T2DM, or with and without metabolic syndrome, which may be related to their underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Unhammer Njerve
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Alexander MR, Murgai M, Moehle CW, Owens GK. Interleukin-1β modulates smooth muscle cell phenotype to a distinct inflammatory state relative to PDGF-DD via NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:417-29. [PMID: 22318995 PMCID: PMC3339851 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00160.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation in atherosclerosis and in response to PDGF in vitro involves repression of differentiation marker genes and increases in SMC proliferation, migration, and matrix synthesis. However, SMCs within atherosclerotic plaques can also express a number of proinflammatory genes, and in cultured SMCs the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β represses SMC marker gene expression and induces inflammatory gene expression. Studies herein tested the hypothesis that IL-1β modulates SMC phenotype to a distinct inflammatory state relative to PDGF-DD. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of IL-1β- or PDGF-DD-treated SMCs revealed that although both stimuli repressed SMC differentiation marker gene expression, IL-1β distinctly induced expression of proinflammatory genes, while PDGF-DD primarily induced genes involved in cell proliferation. Promoters of inflammatory genes distinctly induced by IL-1β exhibited over-representation of NF-κB binding sites, and NF-κB inhibition in SMCs reduced IL-1β-induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes as well as repression of SMC differentiation marker genes. Interestingly, PDGF-DD-induced SMC marker gene repression was not NF-κB dependent. Finally, immunofluorescent staining of mouse atherosclerotic lesions revealed the presence of cells positive for the marker of an IL-1β-stimulated inflammatory SMC, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), but not the PDGF-DD-induced gene, regulator of G protein signaling 17 (RGS17). Results demonstrate that IL-1β- but not PDGF-DD-induced phenotypic modulation of SMC is characterized by NF-κB-dependent activation of proinflammatory genes, suggesting the existence of a distinct inflammatory SMC phenotype. In addition, studies provide evidence for the possible utility of CCL20 and RGS17 as markers of inflammatory and proliferative state SMCs within atherosclerotic plaques in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Alexander
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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30
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Reddy MA, Jin W, Villeneuve L, Wang M, Lanting L, Todorov I, Kato M, Natarajan R. Pro-inflammatory role of microrna-200 in vascular smooth muscle cells from diabetic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:721-9. [PMID: 22247255 PMCID: PMC3288534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from type 2 diabetic db/db mice exhibit enhanced proinflammatory responses implicated in accelerated vascular complications. We examined the role of microRNA(miR)-200 family members and their target Zeb1, an E-box binding transcriptional repressor, in these events. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression levels of miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-429 were increased, although protein levels of Zeb1 were decreased in VSMC and aortas from db/db mice relative to control db/+ mice. Transfection of miR-200 mimics into VSMC downregulated Zeb1 by targeting its 3'-UTR, upregulated the inflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and promoted monocyte binding in db/+VSMC. In contrast, miR-200 inhibitors reversed the enhanced monocyte binding of db/dbVSMC. Zeb1 gene silencing with siRNAs also increased these proinflammatory responses in db/+VSMC confirming negative regulatory role of Zeb1. Both miR-200 mimics and Zeb1 siRNAs increased cyclooxygenase-2 promoter transcriptional activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Zeb1 occupancy at inflammatory gene promoters was reduced in VSMC from type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, Zeb1 knockdown increased miR-200 levels demonstrating a feedback regulatory loop. CONCLUSION Disruption of the reciprocal negative regulatory loop between miR-200 and Zeb1 under diabetic conditions enhances proinflammatory responses of VSMC implicated in vascular complications.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/immunology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/immunology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Feedback, Physiological
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Louisa Villeneuve
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Ivan Todorov
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Mitsuo Kato
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City Of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
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31
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White GE, Greaves DR. Fractalkine: a survivor's guide: chemokines as antiapoptotic mediators. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:589-94. [PMID: 22247260 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.237412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins essential to the directed migration of cells under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is an unusual chemokine that can act as either a soluble or membrane-bound mediator and signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CX3CR1, expressed on monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and smooth muscle cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that fractalkine, in addition to its role in chemotaxis and adhesion of leukocytes, supports the survival of multiple cell types during homeostasis and inflammation. This review presents the evidence obtained from several disease models implying an antiapoptotic function for fractalkine and shows how this is relevant to the pathology of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. We discuss whether the key role of fractalkine, unlike other chemokines, is the promotion of cell survival and whether this has implications for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E White
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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32
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Musilli C, Paccosi S, Pala L, Gerlini G, Ledda F, Mugelli A, Rotella CM, Parenti A. Characterization of circulating and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in obese and diabetic patients. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:234-8. [PMID: 21940050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are suspected to be involved in the development of atherogenesis, but their role is still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize circulating DCs and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) of obese and diabetic patients (T2D), and to study their interaction with human coronary smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). Obese post-menopausal women with or without insulin resistance were enrolled and were compared to age-matched healthy women. Myeloid circulating DCs significantly increased in obese T2D patients compared to healthy donors and a smaller increase was observed for plasmacytoid one. Mature Mo-DCs from obese T2D patients significantly decreased when compared to control, but they were significantly more capable of adhering to CASMCs compared to that from healthy controls and from not-T2D obese subjects. Altogether these data suggest that in conditions of insulin-resistance and obesity there is an up-regulation of myeloid DCs that might contribute to pathological vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Musilli
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6-50139, Florence, Italy
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33
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Abstract
CONTEXT Recent prospective clinical trials have failed to confirm a unique benefit from normalization of glycemia on cardiovascular disease outcomes, despite evidence from basic vascular biology, epidemiological, and cohort studies. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The literature was searched using the http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov search engine including over 20 million citations on MEDLINE (1970 to present). Keyword searches included: atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, and glucose. Epidemiological, cohort, and interventional data on cardiovascular disease outcomes and glycemic control were reviewed along with analysis of recent reviews on this topic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS High glucose activates a proatherogenic phenotype in all cell types in the vessel wall including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and platelets, leading to a feedforward atherogenic response. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND COHORT STUDIES: Epidemiological and cohort evidence indicates a clear and consistent correlation of glycemia with cardiovascular disease. A recent report of over 25,000 subjects with diabetes in the Swedish National Diabetes Registry verifies this relationship in contemporary practice. Interventional Studies: Prospective randomized interventions targeting a hemoglobin A1c of 6-6.5% for cardiovascular disease prevention failed to consistently decrease cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Basic vascular biology data plus epidemiological and cohort evidence would predict that glucose control should impact cardiovascular events. Prospective clinical trials demonstrate that current strategies that improve blood glucose do not achieve this goal but suggest that a period of optimal control may confer long-term cardiovascular disease benefit. Clinicians should target a hemoglobin A1c of 7% for the prevention of microvascular complications, individualized to avoid hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E B Reusch
- Denver VA Medical Center, Clermont Street, Denver, Colorado 80220, USA.
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Bernal-Lopez RM, Llorente-Cortes V, López-Carmona D, Mayas DM, Gomez-Huelgas R, Tinahones FJ, Badimon L. Modulation of human monocyte CD36 by type 2 diabetes mellitus and other atherosclerotic risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:854-62. [PMID: 21668445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiological role of CD36 in atherosclerosis seems to be largely dependent on its pro-inflammatory function and ability to take up oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Controversy exists concerning the potential beneficial/harmful effects of vascular CD36 inhibition in atherosclerosis. However, as atherosclerosis in murine models does not result in clinical end points such as plaque rupture and thrombotic ischaemia, typical of human disease, clinical studies are required to understand the functional role of CD36 in human atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our aim was to investigate whether CD36 expression in monocytes is modulated by the presence of an increasing number of atherosclerotic risk factors, and specifically by hyperglycaemia because of diabetes mellitus. The study included 33 patients with advanced atherosclerosis and eight healthy blood donors, as controls. The patients were classified according to the presence of atherosclerotic risk factors. Diabetes mellitus was classified as either well-controlled or poorly controlled. Monocytes were exposed in vitro to low (5·5mM) or high glucose (26mM) concentrations for increasing times. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that protein levels of glycated CD36 were significantly higher in patients with 3-4 atherosclerotic risk factors than in those with 0-2 atherosclerotic risk factors or in subjects with no atherosclerotic symptoms (P=0·04, in both cases). However, when we analysed just the poorly controlled diabetic patients, their glycated CD36 levels were lower. These data were corroborated by in vitro studies demonstrating that increasing glucose concentrations reduced glycated protein levels (P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CD36 expression is altered by hyperglycaemia in atherosclerotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Bernal-Lopez
- Endocrinology Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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Rubenstein DA, Maria Z, Yin W. Glycated albumin modulates endothelial cell thrombogenic and inflammatory responses. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 5:703-13. [PMID: 21722586 PMCID: PMC3192637 DOI: 10.1177/193229681100500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become established that a diabetic vasculature promotes cardiovascular disease progression via changes to endothelial cells, platelets, and the interactions of these cells. It is believed that the majority of these changes are induced by the presence of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which permanently alter various functions. Studies have shown that platelets perpetuate endothelial cell responses under these conditions. However, the role of changes in endothelial cell thrombogenicity and inflammatory responses, after subjected to AGEs, has not been characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of AGEs on these functions. METHODS To accomplish this, albumin was chemically modified by exposure to glucose for up to 8 weeks, and endothelial cells were subjected to glycated albumin for up to 5 days in a cell culture system. A time course for changes in endothelial cell viability, density, morphology, and metabolic activity were investigated, along with the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin, tissue factor, connexin-43, and caveolin-1. RESULTS Endothelial cells exposed to irreversibly glycated albumin were less viable, proliferated slower, and had a lower metabolic activity as compared to cells exposed to nonglycated albumin. Endothelial cells that were exposed to any glycated albumin were procoagulant and proinflammatory as compared with all other conditions. There were no overall trends in the expression of connexin-43 or caveolin-1. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the presence of irreversible glycated albumin is deleterious to endothelial cells, makes endothelial cells more procoagulant, and promotes inflammatory responses. It is therefore possible that endothelial cell activation may precede and promote platelet activation during diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rubenstein
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
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Liu H, Jiang D. Fractalkine/CX3CR1 and atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1180-6. [PMID: 21492740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fractalkine is a unique chemokine which has both adhesive and chemoattractant functions. With the increasing emphasis on the importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, more attention has been focused on the role of chemokines in atherosclerosis. It has been shown that fractalkine/CX3CR1 participates in the atherosclerotic pathological process through mediating the recruitment of leukocytes and the interaction of vascular cells and leukocytes. Some signal pathways are simultaneously activated through fractalkine/CX3CR1 coupling to promote the inflammatory response in atherosclerotic vessels. Additionally, fractalkine has cytotoxic effects on endothelium as well as anti-apoptosis and proliferative effects on vascular cells which consequently changes plaque components and stability in plaque. Several studies have showed that fractalkine or CX3CR1 deficiency in atherosclerotic mice would ameliorate the severity of plaque. Population studies on CX3CR1 polymorphism have confirmed that 280M-containing haplotype is associated with reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease. Despite the apparent association with atherosclerosis, further studies on fractalkine/CX3CR1 chemokine pair are clearly warranted to more fully elucidate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes as well the associated vascular complications. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in these pathologies. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors play a key role in the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Actions of major pathological mediators of diabetes and its complications such as hyperglycaemia, oxidant stress, and inflammatory factors can lead to dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms that affect chromatin structure and gene expression. Furthermore, persistence of this altered state of the epigenome may be the underlying mechanism contributing to a 'metabolic memory' that results in chronic inflammation and vascular dysfunction in diabetes even after achieving glycaemic control. Further examination of epigenetic mechanisms by also taking advantage of recently developed next-generation sequencing technologies can provide novel insights into the pathology of diabetes and its complications and lead to the discovery of much needed new drug targets for these diseases. In this review, we highlight the role of epigenetics in diabetes and its vascular complications, and recent technological advances that have significantly accelerated the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T, Kamata K. Diabetic conditions act as matchmaker for monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H731-3. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01157.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuo Kamata
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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