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Hopkin SJ, Nathan P, Pezhman L, Begum J, Manning JE, Quinn LM, Rainger GE, McGettrick HM, Iqbal AJ, Chimen M. Rejuvenation of leukocyte trafficking in aged mice through PEPITEM intervention. NPJ AGING 2024; 10:33. [PMID: 39025913 PMCID: PMC11258258 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-024-00160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Inflammageing leads to uncontrolled leukocyte trafficking in response to inflammatory insults. Here, we used a zymosan-induced peritonitis mouse model on inflammation to investigate the role of the PEPITEM pathway on leukocyte migration in ageing. We then analysed whether PEPITEM could modulate leukocyte migration in older adults. We observed a loss of functionality in the PEPITEM pathway, which normally controls leukocyte trafficking in response to inflammation, in older adults and aged mice and show that this can be rescued by supplementation with PEPITEM. Thus, leading to the exciting possibility that PEPITEM supplementation may represent a potential pre-habilitation geroprotective agent to rejuvenate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Hopkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Poppy Nathan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laleh Pezhman
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jenefa Begum
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julia E Manning
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lauren M Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - G Ed Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Suzuki J. Effects of exercise training with intermittent hyperoxic intervention on endurance performance and muscle metabolic properties in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16117. [PMID: 38898524 PMCID: PMC11186743 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how intermittent hyperoxic exposure (three cycles of 21% O2 [10 min] and 30% O2 [15 min]) affects exercise performance in mice. Three hours after the acute exposure, there was an observed increase in mRNA levels of phosphofructokinase (Bayes factor [BF] ≥ 10), mitochondrial transcription factor-A (BF ≥10), PPAR-α (BF ≥3), and PPAR-γ (BF ≥3) in the red gastrocnemius muscle (Gr). Four weeks of exercise training under intermittent (INT), but not continuous (HYP), hyperoxia significantly (BF ≥30) increased maximal exercise capacity compared to normoxic exercise-trained (ET) group. INT group exhibited significantly higher activity levels of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) in Gr (BF = 7.9) compared to ET group. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity levels were significantly higher in INT group compared to ET group in white gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and left ventricle (BF ≥3). NT-PGC1α protein levels in Gr (BF = 7.7) and HAD activity levels in Gr (BF = 6.9) and soleus muscles (BF = 3.3) showed a significant positive correlation with maximal work values. These findings suggest that exercise training under intermittent hyperoxia is a beneficial strategy for enhancing endurance performance by improving fatty acid and pyruvic acid utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Health and Sports Sciences, Course of Sports Education, Department of EducationHokkaido University of EducationIwamizawaHokkaidoJapan
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3
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Alibhai FJ, Li RK. Rejuvenation of the Aging Heart: Molecular Determinants and Applications. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00201-0. [PMID: 38460612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In Canada and worldwide, the elderly population (ie, individuals > 65 years of age) is increasing disproportionately relative to the total population. This is expected to have a substantial impact on the health care system, as increased aged is associated with a greater incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Within the elderly population, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death, therefore developing therapies that can prevent or slow disease progression in this group is highly desirable. Historically, aging research has focused on the development of anti-aging therapies that are implemented early in life and slow the age-dependent decline in cell and organ function. However, accumulating evidence supports that late-in-life therapies can also benefit the aged cardiovascular system by limiting age-dependent functional decline. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that rejuvenation (ie, reverting cellular function to that of a younger phenotype) of the already aged cardiovascular system is possible, opening new avenues to develop therapies for older individuals. In this review, we first provide an overview of the functional changes that occur in the cardiomyocyte with aging and how this contributes to the age-dependent decline in heart function. We then discuss the various anti-aging and rejuvenation strategies that have been pursued to improve the function of the aged cardiomyocyte, with a focus on therapies implemented late in life. These strategies include 1) established systemic approaches (caloric restriction, exercise), 2) pharmacologic approaches (mTOR, AMPK, SIRT1, and autophagy-targeting molecules), and 3) emerging rejuvenation approaches (partial reprogramming, parabiosis/modulation of circulating factors, targeting endogenous stem cell populations, and senotherapeutics). Collectively, these studies demonstrate the exciting potential and limitations of current rejuvenation strategies and highlight future areas of investigation that will contribute to the development of rejuvenation therapies for the aged heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal J Alibhai
- Toronto General Research Hospital Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Research Hospital Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kosiakova H, Berdyshev A, Horid'ko T, Meged O, Klimashevsky V, Matsokha R, Tkachenko O, Asmolkova V, Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova T, Luhovskyi S, Klymenko P, Hula N. N-Stearoylethanolamine Exerts Cardioprotective Effects in Old Rats. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:144-155. [PMID: 38279735 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098275323231226073348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with the slowing down of metabolic processes, diminished physiological processes, changes in hormonal activity and increasing exposure to oxidative stress factors and chronic inflammation. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major signaling network that plays a pro-homeostatic role in the central and peripheral organs of the human body. A class of minor lipids, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which do not activate cannabinoid receptors, except for anandamide, but can potentiate the action of endocannabinoids and have a wide spectrum of biological activity and significant adaptogenic potential, belongs to ECS. The results of different studies over the past decades have established the protective effect of NAE on many pathological conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of C18:0 NAE- N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) in aged rats. In this study, we focused on investigating the effects of C18:0 NAE- N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) on the intensity of oxidative/ nitrosative stress, antioxidant potential, lipoprotein profile and inflammation markers of blood plasma, phospholipid composition and age-related morphological changes of old rat heart tissues. METHODS The study was conducted on Sprague Dawley male laboratory rats. The three groups of rats were involved in the study design. The first group consisted of young rats aged 4 months (n=10). The second (n=10) and third (n=10) groups included old rats aged of 18 months. Rats from the third group were administered a per os aqueous suspension of NSE at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight daily for 10 days. All groups of rats were kept on a standard vivarium diet. The blood plasma, serum, and heart of rats were used for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS The cardioprotective effect of N-stearoylethanolamine in old rats was established, which was expressed in the normalization of the antioxidant system condition and the level of proinflammatory cytokines, positive modulation of blood plasma and lipoprotein profile, normalization of heart tissue lipid composition, and significant reduction in age-related myocardium morphological changes. CONCLUSION The revealed effects of N-stearoylethanolamine can become the basis for developing a new drug for use in complex therapy to improve the quality of life of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kosiakova
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Berdyshev
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Horid'ko
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Olena Meged
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Klimashevsky
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Roza Matsokha
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tkachenko
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Asmolkova
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Luhovskyi
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Klymenko
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya Hula
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
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Owesny P, Grune T. The link between obesity and aging - insights into cardiac energy metabolism. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 216:111870. [PMID: 37689316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and aging are well-established risk factors for a range of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Given the escalating prevalence of obesity, the aging population, and the subsequent increase in cardiovascular diseases, it is crucial to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved. Both aging and obesity have profound effects on the energy metabolism through various mechanisms, including metabolic inflexibility, altered substrate utilization for energy production, deregulated nutrient sensing, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we aim to present and discuss the hypothesis that obesity, due to its similarity in changes observed in the aging heart, may accelerate the process of cardiac aging and exacerbate the clinical outcomes of elderly individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Owesny
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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6
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Liu B, Meng Q, Gao X, Sun H, Xu Z, Wang Y, Zhou H. Lipid and glucose metabolism in senescence. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1157352. [PMID: 37680899 PMCID: PMC10481967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1157352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is an inevitable biological process. Disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism are essential features of cellular senescence. Given the important roles of these types of metabolism, we review the evidence for how key metabolic enzymes influence senescence and how senescence-related secretory phenotypes, autophagy, apoptosis, insulin signaling pathways, and environmental factors modulate glucose and lipid homeostasis. We also discuss the metabolic alterations in abnormal senescence diseases and anti-cancer therapies that target senescence through metabolic interventions. Our work offers insights for developing pharmacological strategies to combat senescence and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingfei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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7
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Kostić M, Korićanac G, Tepavčević S, Stanišić J, Romić S, Ćulafić T, Ivković T, Stojiljković M. Low-Intensity Exercise Affects Cardiac Fatty Acid Oxidation by Increasing the Nuclear Content of PPARα, FOXO1, and Lipin1 in Fructose-Fed Rats. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:122-131. [PMID: 36625880 DOI: 10.1089/met.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Excessive fructose consumption along with a sedentary lifestyle provokes metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose overload causes cardiac insulin resistance and increases reliance on fatty acid (FA) uptake and catabolism. The cardiometabolic benefits of exercise training have long been appreciated. The goal of the presented study is to shed a new light to the preventive role of exercise training on cardiac lipid metabolism in fructose-fed rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into control (C), sedentary fructose (F), and exercised fructose (EF) groups. Fructose was given as a 10% fructose solution in drinking water for 9 weeks. Low-intensity exercise training was applied for 9 weeks. The protein expression and subcellular localization of Lipin1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC1) were analyzed in the heart using Western blot. Cardiac forkhead box transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein levels were also evaluated. Gene expression of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Exercise training has augmented the expression of main regulators of FA oxidation in the heart and achieves its effect by increasing the nuclear content of PPARα, Lipin1, and FOXO1 compared with the fructose group (P = 0.0422, P = 0.000045, P = 0.00958, respectively). In addition, Lipin1, FOXO1, and SIRT1 were increased in nuclear extract after exercise compared with the control group (P = 0.000043, P = 0.0417, P = 0.0329, respectively). In cardiac lysate, low-intensity exercise caused significantly increased protein level of PPARα, PGC1, FOXO1, and SIRT1 compared with control (P = 0.0377, P = 0.0275, P = 0.0096, P = 0.0282, respectively) and PGC1 level compared with the fructose group (P = 0.0417). Conclusion: The obtained results imply that the heart with a metabolic burden additionally relies on FA as an energy substrate after low-intensity running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kostić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Korićanac
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Tepavčević
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanišić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snježana Romić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Ćulafić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Ivković
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mojca Stojiljković
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Flack KD, Vítek L, Fry CS, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Cutting edge concepts: Does bilirubin enhance exercise performance? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1040687. [PMID: 36713945 PMCID: PMC9874874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance is dependent on many factors, such as muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular capacity, liver health, and metabolic flexibility. Recent studies show that plasma levels of bilirubin, which has classically been viewed as a liver dysfunction biomarker, are elevated by exercise training and that elite athletes may have significantly higher levels. Other studies have shown higher plasma bilirubin levels in athletes and active individuals compared to general, sedentary populations. The reason for these adaptions is unclear, but it could be related to bilirubin's antioxidant properties in response to a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originates from mitochondria during exercise. However, the mechanisms of these are unknown. Current research has re-defined bilirubin as a metabolic hormone that interacts with nuclear receptors to drive gene transcription, which reduces body weight. Bilirubin has been shown to reduce adiposity and improve the cardiovascular system, which might be related to the adaption of bilirubin increasing during exercise. No studies have directly tested if elevating bilirubin levels can influence athletic performance. However, based on the mechanisms proposed in the present review, this seems plausible and an area to consider for future studies. Here, we discuss the importance of bilirubin and exercise and how the combination might improve metabolic health outcomes and possibly athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
| | - Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants as Immunomodulators in Exercise: Implications for Heme Oxygenase and Bilirubin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020179. [PMID: 35204062 PMCID: PMC8868548 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is commonly prescribed as a lifestyle treatment for chronic metabolic diseases as it functions as an insulin sensitizer, cardio-protectant, and essential lifestyle tool for effective weight maintenance. Exercise boosts the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent transient oxidative damage, which also upregulates counterbalancing endogenous antioxidants to protect from ROS-induced damage and inflammation. Exercise elevates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) expression as built-in protective mechanisms, which produce the most potent antioxidant, bilirubin. Together, these mitigate inflammation and adiposity. Moderately raising plasma bilirubin protects in two ways: (1) via its antioxidant capacity to reduce ROS and inflammation, and (2) its newly defined function as a hormone that activates the nuclear receptor transcription factor PPARα. It is now understood that increasing plasma bilirubin can also drive metabolic adaptions, which improve deleterious outcomes of weight gain and obesity, such as inflammation, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of this review is to describe the function of bilirubin as an antioxidant and metabolic hormone and how the HO-1-BVRA-bilirubin-PPARα axis influences inflammation, metabolic function and interacts with exercise to improve outcomes of weight management.
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10
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Shao-Mei W, Li-Fang Y, Li-Hong W. Traditional Chinese medicine enhances myocardial metabolism during heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112538. [PMID: 34922111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases eventually leads to heart failure (HF). An energy metabolism disorder of cardiomyocytes is important in explaining the molecular basis of HF; this will aid global research regarding treatment options for HF from the perspective of myocardial metabolism. There are many drugs to improve myocardial metabolism for the treatment of HF, including angiotensin receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. Although Western medicine has made considerable progress in HF therapy, the morbidity and mortality of the disease remain high. Therefore, HF has attracted attention from researchers worldwide. In recent years, the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in HF treatment has been gradually accepted, and many studies have investigated the mechanism whereby TCM improves myocardial metabolism; the TCMs studied include Danshen yin, Fufang Danshen dripping pill, and Shenmai injection. This enables the clinical application of TCM in the treatment of HF by improving myocardial metabolism. We systematically reviewed the efficacy of TCM for improving myocardial metabolism during HF as well as the pharmacological effects of active TCM ingredients on the cardiovascular system and the potential mechanisms underlying their ability to improve myocardial metabolism. The results indicate that TCM may serve as a complementary and alternative approach for the prevention of HF. However, further rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess the effect of TCM on long-term hard endpoints in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shao-Mei
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Li-Fang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang Li-Hong
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Cheonggukjang-Specific Component 1,3-Diphenyl-2-Propanone as a Novel PPARα/γ Dual Agonist: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910884. [PMID: 34639224 PMCID: PMC8509681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cheonggukjang is a traditional fermented soybean paste that is mostly consumed in Korea. However, the biological activities of Cheonggukjang specific compounds have not been studied. Thus, we aimed to discover a novel dual agonist for PPARα/γ from dietary sources such as Cheonggukjang specific volatile compounds and explore the potential role of PPARα/γ dual agonists using in vitro and in silico tools. Methods: A total of 35 compounds were selected from non-fermented and fermented soybean products cultured with Bacillus subtilis, namely Cheonggukjang, for analysis by in vitro and in silico studies. Results: Molecular docking results showed that 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone (DPP) had the lowest docking score for activating PPARα (1K7L) and PPARγ (3DZY) with non-toxic effects. Moreover, DPP significantly increased the transcriptional activities of both PPARα and PPARγ and highly activated its expression in Ac2F liver cells, in vitro. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that DPP can act as a dual agonist of PPARα/γ using in vitro and in silico tools. Conclusions: The Cheonggukjang-specific compound DPP could be a novel PPARα/γ dual agonist and it is warranted to determine the therapeutic potential of PPARα/γ activation by dietary intervention and/or supplementation in the treatment of metabolic disorders without causing any adverse effects.
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12
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Paredes A, Santos-Clemente R, Ricote M. Untangling the Cooperative Role of Nuclear Receptors in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157775. [PMID: 34360540 PMCID: PMC8346021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to acquire its physiological function during development, enabling it to supply the organism with oxygen and nutrients. Given this early commitment, cardiomyocytes were traditionally considered transcriptionally stable cells fully committed to contractile function. However, growing evidence suggests that the maintenance of cardiac function in health and disease depends on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Several studies have revealed that the complex transcriptional alterations underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestations such as myocardial infarction and hypertrophy is mediated by cardiac retinoid X receptors (RXR) and their partners. RXRs are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and drive essential biological processes such as ion handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. RXRs are thus attractive molecular targets for the development of effective pharmacological strategies for CVD treatment and prevention. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RXR partnership biology in cardiac homeostasis and disease, providing an up-to-date view of the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that sustain cardiomyocyte physiology.
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13
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Bae J, Paltzer WG, Mahmoud AI. The Role of Metabolism in Heart Failure and Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:702920. [PMID: 34336958 PMCID: PMC8322239 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.702920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death worldwide. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate following injury results in the development of systolic heart failure. Thus, identifying novel approaches toward regenerating the adult heart has enormous therapeutic potential for adult heart failure. Mitochondrial metabolism is an essential homeostatic process for maintaining growth and survival. The emerging role of mitochondrial metabolism in controlling cell fate and function is beginning to be appreciated. Recent evidence suggests that metabolism controls biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, which has profound implications during development and regeneration. The regenerative potential of the mammalian heart is lost by the first week of postnatal development when cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated. This inability to regenerate following injury is correlated with the metabolic shift from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation that occurs during heart maturation in the postnatal heart. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cardiac metabolism is key to unlocking metabolic interventions during development, disease, and regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the emerging role of metabolism in cardiac development and regeneration and discuss the potential of targeting metabolism for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wyatt G Paltzer
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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The Glitazars Paradox: Cardiotoxicity of the Metabolically Beneficial Dual PPARα and PPARγ Activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:514-526. [PMID: 33165133 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common complications in patients with type-2 diabetes are hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia that can lead to cardiovascular disease. Alleviation of these complications constitutes the major therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and PPARγ are used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. PPARs belong to the nuclear receptors superfamily and regulate fatty acid metabolism. PPARα ligands, such as fibrates, reduce circulating triglyceride levels, and PPARγ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, improve insulin sensitivity. Dual-PPARα/γ agonists (glitazars) were developed to combine the beneficial effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonism. Although they improved metabolic parameters, they paradoxically aggravated congestive heart failure in patients with type-2 diabetes via mechanisms that remain elusive. Many of the glitazars, such as muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, and aleglitazar, were abandoned in phase-III clinical trials. The objective of this review article pertains to the understanding of how combined PPARα and PPARγ activation, which successfully targets the major complications of diabetes, causes cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it aims to suggest interventions that will maintain the beneficial effects of dual PPARα/γ agonism and alleviate adverse cardiac outcomes in diabetes.
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15
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Minamimoto R. Series of myocardial FDG uptake requiring considerations of myocardial abnormalities in FDG-PET/CT. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:540-557. [PMID: 33517516 PMCID: PMC8175248 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Distinct from cardiac PET performed with preparation to control physiological FDG uptake in the myocardium, standard FDG-PET/CT performed with 4-6 h of fasting will show variation in myocardial FDG uptake. For this reason, important signs of myocardial and pericardial abnormality revealed by myocardial FDG uptake tend to be overlooked. However, recognition of possible underlying disease will support further patient management to avoid complications due to the disease. This review demonstrates the mechanism of FDG uptake in the myocardium, discusses the factors affecting uptake, and provides notable image findings that may suggest underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Minamimoto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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16
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Sithara T, Drosatos K. Metabolic Complications in Cardiac Aging. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669497. [PMID: 33995129 PMCID: PMC8116539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a process that can be accompanied by molecular and cellular alterations that compromise cardiac function. Although other metabolic disorders with increased prevalence in aged populations, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, are associated with cardiovascular complications; aging-related cardiomyopathy has some unique features. Healthy hearts oxidize fatty acids, glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and amino acids for producing energy. Under physiological conditions, cardiac mitochondria use fatty acids and carbohydrate mainly to generate ATP, 70% of which is derived from fatty acid oxidation (FAO). However, relative contribution of nutrients in ATP synthesis is altered in the aging heart with glucose oxidation increasing at the expense of FAO. Cardiac aging is also associated with impairment of mitochondrial abundance and function, resulting in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of oxidant signaling that eventually leads to further mitochondrial damage and aggravation of cardiac function. This review summarizes the main components of pathophysiology of cardiac aging, which pertain to cardiac metabolism, mitochondrial function, and systemic metabolic changes that affect cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sithara
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Chung KW. Advances in Understanding of the Role of Lipid Metabolism in Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040880. [PMID: 33924316 PMCID: PMC8068994 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, body adiposity increases with changes in the metabolism of lipids and their metabolite levels. Considering lipid metabolism, excess adiposity with increased lipotoxicity leads to various age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the multifaceted nature and complexities of lipid metabolism make it difficult to delineate its exact mechanism and role during aging. With advances in genetic engineering techniques, recent studies have demonstrated that changes in lipid metabolism are associated with aging and age-related diseases. Lipid accumulation and impaired fatty acid utilization in organs are associated with pathophysiological phenotypes of aging. Changes in adipokine levels contribute to aging by modulating changes in systemic metabolism and inflammation. Advances in lipidomic techniques have identified changes in lipid profiles that are associated with aging. Although it remains unclear how lipid metabolism is regulated during aging, or how lipid metabolites impact aging, evidence suggests a dynamic role for lipid metabolism and its metabolites as active participants of signaling pathways and regulators of gene expression. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of lipid metabolism in aging, including established findings and recent approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Korea
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18
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Cai Y, Liu H, Song E, Wang L, Xu J, He Y, Zhang D, Zhang L, Cheng KKY, Jin L, Wu M, Liu S, Qi D, Zhang L, Lopaschuk GD, Wang S, Xu A, Xia Z. Deficiency of telomere-associated repressor activator protein 1 precipitates cardiac aging in mice via p53/PPARα signaling. Theranostics 2021; 11:4710-4727. [PMID: 33754023 PMCID: PMC7978321 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Telomere shortening and dysfunction may cause metabolic disorders, tissue damage and age-dependent pathologies. However, little is known about the association of telomere-associated protein Rap1 with mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiac aging. Methods: Echocardiography was performed to detect cardiac structure and function in Rap1+/+ and Rap1-/- mice at different ages (3 months, 12 months and 20 months). Telomere length, DNA damage, cardiac senescence and cardiomyocyte size were analyzed using the real-time PCR, Western blotting, senescence associated β-galactosidase assay and wheat germ agglutinin staining, respectively. Western blotting was also used to determine the level of cardiac fatty acid metabolism related key enzymes in mouse and human myocardium. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to verify the direct link between p53 and PPARα. The p53 inhibitor, Pifithrin-α and PPARα activator WY14643 were utilized to identify the effects of Rap1/p53/PPARα signaling pathway. Results: Telomere was shortened concomitant with extensive DNA damage in aged Rap1-/- mouse hearts, evidenced by reduced T/S ratios and increased nuclear γH2AX. Meanwhile, the aging-associated phenotypes were pronounced as reflected by altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, enhanced senescence, cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Mechanistically, acetylated p53 and nuclear p53 was enhanced in the Rap1-/- mouse hearts, concomitant with reduced PPARα. Importantly, p53 directly binds to the promoter of PPARα in mouse hearts and suppresses the transcription of PPARα. In addition, aged Rap1-/- mice exhibited reduced cardiac fatty acid metabolism. Pifithrin-α alleviated cardiac aging and enhanced fatty acid metabolism in the aged Rap1-/- mice. Activating PPARα with WY14643 in primarily cultured Rap1-/- cardiomyocytes restored maximal oxygen consumption rates. Reduced Rap1 expression and impaired p53/PPARα signaling also presented in aged human myocardium. Conclusion: In summary, Rap1 may link telomere biology to fatty acid metabolism and aging-related cardiac pathologies via modulating the p53/PPARα signaling pathway, which could represent a therapeutic target in preventing/attenuating cardiac aging.
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19
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Gropler RJ. Imaging Myocardial Metabolism. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Balakrishnan J, Kannan S, Govindasamy A. Structured form of DHA prevents neurodegenerative disorders: A better insight into the pathophysiology and the mechanism of DHA transport to the brain. Nutr Res 2020; 85:119-134. [PMID: 33482601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important fatty acids that plays a critical role in maintaining proper brain function and cognitive development. Deficiency of DHA leads to several neurodegenerative disorders and, therefore, dietary supplementations of these fatty acids are essential to maintain cognitive health. However, the complete picture of how DHA is incorporated into the brain is yet to be explored. In general, the de novo synthesis of DHA is poor, and targeting the brain with specific phospholipid carriers provides novel insights into the process of reduction of disease progression. Recent studies have suggested that compared to triacylglycerol form of DHA, esterified form of DHA (i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine [lysoPC]) is better incorporated into the brain. Free DHA is transported across the outer membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via APOE4 receptors, whereas DHA-lysoPC is transported across the inner membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via a specific protein called Mfsd2a. Dietary supplementation of this lysoPC specific form of DHA is a novel therapy and is used to decrease the risk of various neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, structured glycerides of DHA - novel nutraceutical agents - are being widely used for the prevention and treatment of various neurological diseases. However, it is important to fully understand their metabolic regulation and mechanism of transportation to the brain. This article comprehensively reviews various studies that have evaluated the bioavailability of DHA, mechanisms of DHA transport, and role of DHA in preventing neurodegenerative disorders, which provides better insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders and use of structured DHA in improving neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Balakrishnan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India.
| | - Suganya Kannan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Ambujam Govindasamy
- Department of General Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal. Puducherry, India
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21
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Yeh CH, Chou YJ, Kao CH, Tsai TF. Mitochondria and Calcium Homeostasis: Cisd2 as a Big Player in Cardiac Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239238. [PMID: 33287440 PMCID: PMC7731030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing of human populations has become a problem throughout the world. In this context, increasing the healthy lifespan of individuals has become an important target for medical research and governments. Cardiac disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in ageing populations and results in significant increases in healthcare costs. Although clinical and basic research have revealed many novel insights into the pathways that drive heart failure, the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac ageing and age-related cardiac dysfunction are still not fully understood. In this review we summarize the most updated publications and discuss the central components that drive cardiac ageing. The following characters of mitochondria-related dysfunction have been identified during cardiac ageing: (a) disruption of the integrity of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) contact sites; (b) dysregulation of energy metabolism and dynamic flexibility; (c) dyshomeostasis of Ca2+ control; (d) disturbance to mitochondria–lysosomal crosstalk. Furthermore, Cisd2, a pro-longevity gene, is known to be mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and MAM. The expression level of Cisd2 decreases during cardiac ageing. Remarkably, a high level of Cisd2 delays cardiac ageing and ameliorates age-related cardiac dysfunction; this occurs by maintaining correct regulation of energy metabolism and allowing dynamic control of metabolic flexibility. Together, our previous studies and new evidence provided here highlight Cisd2 as a novel target for developing therapies to promote healthy ageing
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko 333, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Heng Kao
- Center of General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 5149) (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2826-7293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-3-211-8700 (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2828-0872 (T.-F.T.)
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 5149) (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2826-7293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-3-211-8700 (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2828-0872 (T.-F.T.)
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22
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Chung KW, Ha S, Kim SM, Kim DH, An HJ, Lee EK, Moon HR, Chung HY. PPARα/β Activation Alleviates Age-Associated Renal Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:452-458. [PMID: 31112599 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated renal fibrosis is commonly observed, with a decline in renal function during aging. Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α/β (PPARα/β) activation has been shown to exert beneficial effects on age-associated renal changes, its effects on age-associated renal fibrosis have not been investigated yet. Here, we show that the PPARα/β activator, MHY2013, can significantly alter lipid metabolism in renal tubule epithelial cells and attenuate renal fibrosis in aged Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. We found that MHY2013 significantly increased nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα/β in NRK52E renal epithelial cells. Moreover, the enhanced PPARα/β activity increased the expression of fatty acid oxidation-associated PPARα/β target genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)- and oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation and fibrosis-associated gene expression were decreased in NRK52E cells by MHY2013 pretreatment. To evaluate the effects of MHY2013 on age-associated renal fibrosis, aged SD rates were orally administered MHY2013 (1 and 5 mg/kg) daily for 1 month. MHY2013 efficiently increased PPARα/β activation and reduced renal lipid accumulation in aged SD rat kidneys. Furthermore, renal fibrosis was significantly decreased by MHY2013, indicating the importance of renal lipid metabolism in age-associated renal fibrosis. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of PPARα/β signaling during aging prevents age-associated renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugyeong Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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23
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Molecular Links between Caloric Restriction and Circadian Rhythm. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113476. [PMID: 33198317 PMCID: PMC7696073 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm plays a chief role in the adaptation of all bodily processes to internal and environmental changes on the daily basis. Next to light/dark phases, feeding patterns constitute the most essential element entraining daily oscillations, and therefore, timely and appropriate restrictive diets have a great capacity to restore the circadian rhythm. One of the restrictive nutritional approaches, caloric restriction (CR) achieves stunning results in extending health span and life span via coordinated changes in multiple biological functions from the molecular, cellular, to the whole-body levels. The main molecular pathways affected by CR include mTOR, insulin signaling, AMPK, and sirtuins. Members of the family of nuclear receptors, the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ take part in the modulation of these pathways. In this non-systematic review, we describe the molecular interconnection between circadian rhythm, CR-associated pathways, and PPARs. Further, we identify a link between circadian rhythm and the outcomes of CR on the whole-body level including oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Since PPARs contribute to many changes triggered by CR, we discuss the potential involvement of PPARs in bridging CR and circadian rhythm.
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24
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Mitochondrial biogenesis in organismal senescence and neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Caloric Restriction-Common Pathways Affecting Metabolism, Health, and Longevity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071708. [PMID: 32708786 PMCID: PMC7407644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a traditional but scientifically verified approach to promoting health and increasing lifespan. CR exerts its effects through multiple molecular pathways that trigger major metabolic adaptations. It influences key nutrient and energy-sensing pathways including mammalian target of rapamycin, Sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and insulin signaling, ultimately resulting in reductions in basic metabolic rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as increased autophagy and mitochondrial efficiency. CR shares multiple overlapping pathways with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly in energy metabolism and inflammation. Consequently, several lines of evidence suggest that PPARs might be indispensable for beneficial outcomes related to CR. In this review, we present the available evidence for the interconnection between CR and PPARs, highlighting their shared pathways and analyzing their interaction. We also discuss the possible contributions of PPARs to the effects of CR on whole organism outcomes.
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26
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Inoue K, Fujie S, Hasegawa N, Horii N, Uchida M, Iemitsu K, Sanada K, Hamaoka T, Iemitsu M. Aerobic exercise training-induced irisin secretion is associated with the reduction of arterial stiffness via nitric oxide production in adults with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:715-722. [PMID: 31860334 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify whether muscle-derived irisin secretion induced by aerobic exercise training is involved in reduction of arterial stiffness via arterial nitric oxide (NO) productivity in obesity. In animal study, 16 Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with obesity were randomly divided into 2 groups: sedentary control (OLETF-CON) and 8-week aerobic treadmill training (OLETF-EX) groups. In human study, 15 subjects with obesity completed 8-week aerobic exercise training for 45 min at 60%-70% peak oxygen uptake intensity for 3 days/week. As a result of animal study, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was decreased, and arterial phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase B (Akt), and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), circulating levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and irisin, and muscle messenger RNA expression of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (Fndc5) were increased in the OLETF-EX group compared with OLETF-CON group. In a human study, regular aerobic exercise reduced cfPWV and elevated circulating levels of NOx and irisin. Furthermore, change in circulating irisin levels by regular exercise was positively correlated with circulating NOx levels and was negatively correlated with cfPWV. Thus, aerobic exercise training-induced increase in irisin secretion may be related to reduction of arterial stiffness achieved by NO production via activated arterial AMPK-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway in obesity. Novelty Aerobic exercise training promoted irisin secretion with upregulation of muscle Fndc5 gene expression in rats with obesity. Irisin affected the activation of arterial AMPK-Akt-eNOS signaling by aerobic exercise training. Increased serum irisin level by aerobic exercise training was associated with reduction of arterial stiffness in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Inoue
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Horii
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keiko Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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27
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Poole DC, Copp SW, Colburn TD, Craig JC, Allen DL, Sturek M, O'Leary DS, Zucker IH, Musch TI. Guidelines for animal exercise and training protocols for cardiovascular studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1100-H1138. [PMID: 32196357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole body exercise tolerance is the consummate example of integrative physiological function among the metabolic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Depending on the animal selected, the energetic demands and flux through the oxygen transport system can increase two orders of magnitude from rest to maximal exercise. Thus, animal models in health and disease present the scientist with flexible, powerful, and, in some instances, purpose-built tools to explore the mechanistic bases for physiological function and help unveil the causes for pathological or age-related exercise intolerance. Elegant experimental designs and analyses of kinetic parameters and steady-state responses permit acute and chronic exercise paradigms to identify therapeutic targets for drug development in disease and also present the opportunity to test the efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral countermeasures during aging, for example. However, for this promise to be fully realized, the correct or optimal animal model must be selected in conjunction with reproducible tests of physiological function (e.g., exercise capacity and maximal oxygen uptake) that can be compared equitably across laboratories, clinics, and other proving grounds. Rigorously controlled animal exercise and training studies constitute the foundation of translational research. This review presents the most commonly selected animal models with guidelines for their use and obtaining reproducible results and, crucially, translates state-of-the-art techniques and procedures developed on humans to those animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David L Allen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Donal S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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28
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Feng J, Xu H, Pan F, Hu J, Wu Y, Lin N, Zhang X, Ji C, Hu Y, Zhong H, Yan L, Zhong T, Cui X. An Integrated Analysis of mRNA and lncRNA Expression Profiles Indicates Their Potential Contribution to Brown Fat Dysfunction With Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:46. [PMID: 32127793 PMCID: PMC7039067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can convert fatty acids and glucose into heat, exhibiting the potential to combat obesity and diabetes. The mass and activity of BAT gradually diminishes with aging. As a newly found regulator of gene expression, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit a wide range of functions in life processes. However, whether long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) involves in BAT dysfunction with aging is still unclear. Here, using RNA-sequencing technology, we identified 3237 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 1312 lncRNAs as differentially expressed in BAT of 10-months-old mice compared with 6- to 8-week-old. The protein-protein interaction network and k-score analysis revealed that the core mRNAs were associated with two important aging-related pathways, including cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that these mRNAs might participate in lipid metabolism and brown fat dysfunction. Functional enrichment analyses demonstrated that dysregulated lncRNAs were associated with mitochondria, regulation of cellular senescence, cell cycle, metabolic and p53 signaling pathways. Moreover, we revealed that two lncRNAs (NONMMUT024512 and n281160) may involve in the regulation of their adjacent gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), a thermogenesis regulator. Collectively, these results lay a foundation for extensive studies on the role of lncRNAs in age-related thermogenic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqin Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghui Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linping Yan
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Tianying Zhong
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Xianwei Cui
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29
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Remodeling and Regeneration in Physical Exercise. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101128. [PMID: 31547508 PMCID: PMC6829258 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity with aerobic and muscle-strengthening training protects against the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular disease and can improve cardiac function in heart failure patients. In the past decade significant advances have been made in identifying mechanisms of cardiomyocyte re-programming and renewal including an enhanced exercise-induced proliferational capacity of cardiomyocytes and its progenitor cells. Various intracellular mechanisms mediating these positive effects on cardiac function have been found in animal models of exercise and will be highlighted in this review. 1) activation of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), EGFR/JNK/SP-1, nitric oxide (NO)-signaling, and extracellular vesicles; 2) gene expression modulation via microRNAs (miR), in particular via miR-17-3p and miR-222; and 3) modulation of cardiac cellular metabolism and mitochondrial adaption. Understanding the cellular mechanisms, which generate an exercise-induced cardioprotective cellular phenotype with physiological hypertrophy and enhanced proliferational capacity may give rise to novel therapeutic targets. These may open up innovative strategies to preserve cardiac function after myocardial injury as well as in aged cardiac tissue.
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30
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Zhong W, Shi X, Yuan H, Bu H, Wu L, Wang R. Effects of Exercise Training on the Autophagy-Related Muscular Proteins Expression in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 31263428 PMCID: PMC6585433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovariectomy disrupts estrogen production and homeostasis. However, whether exercise training (ET) could counteract the ovariectomy-induced effect on muscular autophagy has remained elusive. This study examined muscular autophagy in ovariectomized (OVX) rats following 8 weeks of swimming ET. Here, 40 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated control (Sham), OVX control (OVX), OVX with 60-min ET (OVX-60ET), 90-min ET (OVX-90ET), and 120-min ET (OVX-120ET) for 6 days/week. According to the results of Western blotting, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins in the OVX gastrocnemius muscle, including mammalian target of rapamycin, uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1, Beclin-1, autophagy-related gene (Atg-7), and microtubule-associated protein light chains 3 were significantly decreased (all P < 0.05), while there was an elevation on the p62 level. ET appreciably mitigated the OVX-induced negative effects on muscle quality and the autophagy pathway, which seemed to be dependent on ET volume. The most optimal outcomes were observed in the OVX-90ET group. The OVX-120 group had an adversely augmented catabolic process associated with gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. In conclusion, the expression levels of autophagy proteins are decreased in OVX rats, which can be appreciably mitigated following 8 weeks of swimming ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Zhong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Shi
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huimin Bu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Renwei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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31
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Gene expression profile of muscle adaptation to high-intensity intermittent exercise training in young men. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16811. [PMID: 30429512 PMCID: PMC6235852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIIT) has been proposed as an effective approach for improving both, the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. However, the detailed molecular response of the skeletal muscle to HIIT remains unknown. We examined the effects of the HIIT on the global gene expression in the human skeletal muscle. Eleven young healthy men participated in the study and completed a 6-week HIIT program involving exhaustive 6–7 sets of 20-s cycling periods with 10-s rests. In addition to determining the maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after the training to analyse the skeletal muscle transcriptome. The HIIT program significantly increased the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle CSA. The expression of 79 genes was significantly elevated (fold-change >1.2), and that of 73 genes was significantly reduced (fold-change <0.8) after HIIT. Gene ontology analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed that the significantly enriched categories were “glucose metabolism”, “extracellular matrix”, “angiogenesis”, and “mitochondrial membrane”. By providing information about a set of genes in the human skeletal muscle that responds to the HIIT, the study provided insight into the mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation to HIIT.
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32
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Birkenfeld AL, Jordan J, Dworak M, Merkel T, Burnstock G. Myocardial metabolism in heart failure: Purinergic signalling and other metabolic concepts. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:132-144. [PMID: 30149104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant therapeutic advances in heart failure (HF) therapy, the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease remains unacceptably high. The concept of metabolic dysfunction as an important underlying mechanism in HF is well established. Cardiac function is inextricably linked to metabolism, with dysregulation of cardiac metabolism pathways implicated in a range of cardiac complications, including HF. Modulation of cardiac metabolism has therefore become an attractive clinical target. Cardiac metabolism is based on the integration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and utilization pathways. ATP itself impacts the heart not only by providing energy, but also represents a central element in the purinergic signaling pathway, which has received considerable attention in recent years. Furthermore, novel drugs that have received interest in HF include angiotensin receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, whose favorable cardiovascular profile has been at least partly attributed to their effects on metabolism. This review, describes the major metabolic pathways and concepts of the healthy heart (including fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Randle cycle, and purinergic signaling) and their dysregulation in the progression to HF (including ketone and amino acid metabolism). The cardiac implications of HF comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cachexia are also discussed. Finally, the impact of current HF and diabetes therapies on cardiac metabolism pathways and the relevance of this knowledge for current clinical practice is discussed. Targeting cardiac metabolism may have utility for the future treatment of patients with HF, complementing current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Medical Clinic III, Universitätsklinikum "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair of Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free Campus, University College Medical School, London, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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33
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HASEGAWA NATSUKI, FUJIE SHUMPEI, HORII NAOKI, MIYAMOTO-MIKAMI ERI, TSUJI KATSUNORI, UCHIDA MASATAKA, HAMAOKA TAKAFUMI, TABATA IZUMI, IEMITSU MOTOYUKI. Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Arterial Stiffness and Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1177-1185. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Yoshizaki A, Antonio EL, Silva Junior JA, Crajoinas RO, Silva FA, Girardi ACC, Bocalini DS, Portes LA, Dos Santos LFN, Carlos FP, Camillo de Carvalho PDT, Tucci PJF, Serra AJ. Swimming Training Improves Myocardial Mechanics, Prevents Fibrosis, and Alters Expression of Ca2+ Handling Proteins in Older Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:468-474. [PMID: 29253100 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training effects on the contractility of aged myocardium have been investigated for more than 20 years, but the data are still unclear. This study evaluated the hypothesis that a swimming training (ST) may improve myocardial inotropism in older rats. Male Wistar rats aged 4 (young)-and 21 (old)-months-old were divided into young untrained (YNT), old untrained (ONT), and old trained (OTR; 6 weeks of ST) groups. Echocardiography and hemodynamic were employed to assess left ventricular morphology and function. Myocardial mechanics was evaluated on papillary muscles. Histological and immunoblotting were carried out to evaluate fibrosis and proteins that modulate the myocardial function and calcium handling. We found that older rats did not show cardiac dysfunction, but ONT group showed lower physical performance during a swimming test (YNT: 5 ± 2; ONT: -16 ± 0.4; OTR: 51 ± 3; Δ%, sec). Moreover, ONT group showed worse myocardial inotropism, in which it was reversed by ST (Peak developed tension: YNT: 6.2 ± 0.7; ONT: 3.9 ± 0.3; OTR: 6.9 ± 0.9; g/mm2). The ST was associated with preserved collagen content (YNT: 0.38 ± 0.05; ONT: 0.78 ± 0.12; OTR: 0.34 ± 0.09; %). Exercise partially mitigated the effects of aging on intracellular Ca2+-regulating protein (eg, L-Ca2+ channel and phospholamban) and β-isoform of myosin. Thus, we propose that these molecular alterations together with inhibition of collagen increase contribute to improved myocardial performance in older rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danilo Sales Bocalini
- Center for Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biophotonic, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Chung KW, Lee EK, Lee MK, Oh GT, Yu BP, Chung HY. Impairment of PPAR α and the Fatty Acid Oxidation Pathway Aggravates Renal Fibrosis during Aging. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1223-1237. [PMID: 29440279 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the renal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway have been implicated in the development of renal fibrosis. Although, compared with young kidneys, aged kidneys show significantly increased fibrosis with impaired kidney function, the mechanisms underlying the effects of aging on renal fibrosis have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and the FAO pathway as regulators of age-associated renal fibrosis. The expression of PPARα and the FAO pathway-associated proteins significantly decreased with the accumulation of lipids in the renal tubular epithelial region during aging in rats. In particular, decreased PPARα protein expression associated with increased expression of PPARα-targeting microRNAs. Among the microRNAs with increased expression during aging, miR-21 efficiently decreased PPARα expression and impaired FAO when ectopically expressed in renal epithelial cells. In cells pretreated with oleic acid to induce lipid stress, miR-21 treatment further enhanced lipid accumulation. Furthermore, treatment with miR-21 significantly exacerbated the TGF-β-induced fibroblast phenotype of epithelial cells. We verified the physiologic importance of our findings in a calorie restriction model. Calorie restriction rescued the impaired FAO pathway during aging and slowed fibrosis development. Finally, compared with kidneys of aged littermate controls, kidneys of aged PPARα-/- mice showed exaggerated lipid accumulation, with decreased activity of the FAO pathway and a severe fibrosis phenotype. Our results suggest that impaired renal PPARα signaling during aging aggravates renal fibrosis development, and targeting PPARα is useful for preventing age-associated CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ilsin Christian Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and .,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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36
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Horii N, Uchida M, Hasegawa N, Fujie S, Oyanagi E, Yano H, Hashimoto T, Iemitsu M. Resistance training prevents muscle fibrosis and atrophy
via
down‐regulation of C1q‐induced Wnt signaling in senescent mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:3547-3559. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700772rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Horii
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health and Sports ScienceKawasaki University of Medical WelfareOkayamaJapan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Department of Health and Sports ScienceKawasaki University of Medical WelfareOkayamaJapan
| | | | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
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37
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Bonda TA, Dziemidowicz M, Sokołowska M, Szynaka B, Waszkiewicz E, Winnicka MM, Kamiński KA. Interleukin-6 Affects Aging-Related Changes of the PPARα-PGC-1α Axis in the Myocardium. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:513-521. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A. Bonda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dziemidowicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sokołowska
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Szynaka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Waszkiewicz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria M. Winnicka
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karol A. Kamiński
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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38
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Horii N, Hasegawa N, Fujie S, Uchida M, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Hashimoto T, Tabata I, Iemitsu M. High-intensity intermittent exercise training with chlorella intake accelerates exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative capacity in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R520-R528. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic chlorella intake alone or in combination with high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) training on exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the four groups: sedentary control, chlorella intake (0.5% chlorella powder in normal feed), HIIE training, and combination of HIIE training and chlorella intake for 6 wk ( n = 10 each group). HIIE training comprised 14 repeats of a 20-s swimming session with a 10-s pause between sessions, while bearing a weight equivalent to 16% of body weight, 4 days/week. Exercise performance was tested after the interventions by measuring the maximal number of HIIE sessions that could be completed. Chlorella intake and HIIE training significantly increased the maximal number of HIIE sessions and enhanced the expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α concomitantly with the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome- c oxidase (COX) in the red region of the gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, the combination further augmented the increased exercise performance and the enhanced expressions and activities. By contrast, in the white region of the muscle, MCT1 expression and LDH, CS, and COX activities did not change. These results showed that compared with only chlorella intake and only HIIE training, chlorella intake combined with HIIE training has a more pronounced effect on exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, in particular, lactate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Horii
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and
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39
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Belloum Y, Rannou-Bekono F, Favier FB. Cancer-induced cardiac cachexia: Pathogenesis and impact of physical activity (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2543-2552. [PMID: 28393216 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome observed in many patients suffering from several chronic diseases including cancer. In addition to the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, cancer cachexia results in cardiac function impairment. During the severe stage of the disease, patients as well as animals bearing cancer cells display cardiac atrophy. Cardiac energy metabolism is also impeded with disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and reduced oxidative capacity, although the available data remain equivocal. The release of inflammatory cytokines by tumor is a key mechanism in the initiation of heart failure. Oxidative stress, which results from the combination of chemotherapy, inadequate antioxidant consumption and chronic inflammation, will further foster heart failure. Protein catabolism is due to the concomitant activation of proteolytic systems and inhibition of protein synthesis, both processes being triggered by the deactivation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The reduction in oxidative capacity involves AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α dysregulation. The nuclear factor-κB transcription factor plays a prominent role in the coordination of these alterations. Physical exercise appears as an interesting non-pharmaceutical way to counteract cancer cachexia-induced-heart failure. Indeed, aerobic training has anti-inflammatory effects, increases anti-oxidant defenses, prevents atrophy and promotes oxidative metabolism. The present review points out the importance of better understanding the concurrent structural and metabolic changes within the myocardium during cancer and the protective effects of exercise against cardiac cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Françoise Rannou-Bekono
- EA 1274, Laboratoire 'Mouvement, Sport, Santé', Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
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40
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Estrela GR, Wasinski F, Batista RO, Hiyane MI, Felizardo RJF, Cunha F, de Almeida DC, Malheiros DMAC, Câmara NOS, Barros CC, Bader M, Araujo RC. Caloric Restriction Is More Efficient than Physical Exercise to Protect from Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity via PPAR-Alpha Activation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:116. [PMID: 28303105 PMCID: PMC5332405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antineoplastic drug cisplatin promotes renal injury, which limits its use. Protocols that reduce renal cisplatin toxicity will allow higher doses to be used in cisplatin treatment. Here, we compare physical exercise and caloric restriction (CR) as protocols to reduce cisplatin renal injury in mice. Male C57BL/6 were divided into four groups: Control, cisplatin, exercise + cisplatin, and 30% CR + cisplatin. Animals were injected with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg i.p.) and sacrificed 96 h after injection. Quantitative real time PCR, histological analyses, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical measurements were performed to investigate renal injury, necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both protocols protected against cisplatin renal injury, but CR was more effective in reducing uraemia and renal necrosis. The CR + Cisplatin group exhibited reduced serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels. No differences were noted in the renal mRNA expression of cytokines. Both interventions reduced apoptosis, but only the CR + Cisplatin group decreased TNFR2 protein expression. PPAR-α was activated in mice after CR. An antagonist of PPAR-α blocked the protective effect of CR. Both interventions attenuated the nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin injection, but CR + Cisplatin showed a better response by modulating TNFR2. Moreover, part of the CR benefit depends on PPAR-α activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Estrela
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério O Batista
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I Hiyane
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael J F Felizardo
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo C de Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels O S Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Barros
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronaldo C Araujo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Individuals age >65 years old are the fastest expanding population demographic throughout the developed world. Consequently, more aged patients than before are receiving diagnoses of impaired renal function and nephrosclerosis-age-associated histologic changes in the kidneys. Recent studies have shown that the aged kidney undergoes a range of structural changes and has altered transcriptomic, hemodynamic, and physiologic behavior at rest and in response to renal insults. These changes impair the ability of the kidney to withstand and recover from injury, contributing to the high susceptibility of the aged population to AKI and their increased propensity to develop subsequent progressive CKD. In this review, we examine these features of the aged kidney and explore the various validated and putative pathways contributing to the changes observed with aging in both experimental animal models and humans. We also discuss the potential for additional study to increase understanding of the aged kidney and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin D O'Sullivan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Ferenbach
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and.,Renal and.,Biomedical Engineering Divisions, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Improves Aged and UV-Irradiated Skin by Catalase Induction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162628. [PMID: 27611371 PMCID: PMC5017777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a nuclear hormone receptor involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose homeostasis. Its activation stimulates antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, whose expression is decreased in aged human skin. Here we investigated the expression of PPARα in aged and ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated skin, and whether PPARα activation can modulate expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and procollagen through catalase regulation. We found that PPARα mRNA level was significantly decreased in intrinsically aged and photoaged human skin as well as in UV-irradiated skin. A PPARα activator, Wy14643, inhibited UV-induced increase of MMP-1 and decrease of procollagen expression and caused marked increase in catalase expression. Furthermore, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was suppressed by Wy14643 in UV-irradiated and aged dermal fibroblasts, suggesting that the PPARα activation-induced upregulation of catalase leads to scavenging of ROS produced due to UV irradiation or aging. PPARα knockdown decreased catalase expression and abolished the beneficial effects of Wy14643. Topical application of Wy14643 on hairless mice restored catalase activity and prevented MMP-13 and inflammatory responses in skin. Our findings indicate that PPARα activation triggers catalase expression and ROS scavenging, thereby protecting skin from UV-induced damage and intrinsic aging.
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43
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Drosatos K. Fatty old hearts: role of cardiac lipotoxicity in age-related cardiomyopathy. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2016; 6:32221. [PMID: 27558317 PMCID: PMC4996860 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v6.32221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cardiomyopathy accounts for a significant part of heart failure cases. Imbalance of the energetic equilibrium of the heart along with mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired β-adrenergic receptor signaling contributes in the aggravation of cardiac function in the elderly. In this review article, studies that correlate cardiac aging with lipotoxicity are summarized. The involvement of inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, β-adrenergic receptor desensitization, and mitochondrial dysfunction as underlying mechanisms for the lipid-driven age-related cardiomyopathy are presented with the aim to indicate potential therapeutic targets for cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;
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44
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Barton GP, Sepe JJ, McKiernan SH, Aiken JM, Diffee GM. Mitochondrial and Metabolic Gene Expression in the Aged Rat Heart. Front Physiol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27601998 PMCID: PMC4993773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in cardiac function. Exercise intervention has been suggested as a way to improve this decrement. Age-related decline in cardiac function is associated with decreases in fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. The molecular mechanisms involved with age-related changes in mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism are poorly understood. We determined gene expression differences in hearts of Young (6 mo), Old (33 mo), and old exercise trained (Old + EXE) (34 mo) FBN rats, using Qiagen PCR arrays for Glucose, Fatty acid, and Mitochondrial metabolism. Old rats demonstrated decreased (p < 0.05) expression for key genes in fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function, and AMPK signaling. There were no differences in the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism with age. These gene expression changes occurred prior to altered protein translation as we found no differences in the protein content of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, coactivators 1 alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and AMPKα2 between young and old hearts. Four months of exercise training did not attenuate the decline in the gene expression in aged hearts. Despite this lack of change in gene expression, exercise-trained rats demonstrated increased exercise capacity compared to their sedentary counterparts. Taken together, our results show that differential expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism, AMPK signaling and mitochondrial function decrease in the aging heart which may play a role in age-related declines in fatty acid oxidation, AMPK activity, and mitochondrial function in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Barton
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph J Sepe
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan H McKiernan
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judd M Aiken
- Departments of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta-Edmonton Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gary M Diffee
- Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Araujo LCDC, de Souza ILL, Vasconcelos LHC, Brito ADF, Queiroga FR, Silva AS, da Silva PM, Cavalcante FDA, da Silva BA. Acute Aerobic Swimming Exercise Induces Distinct Effects in the Contractile Reactivity of Rat Ileum to KCl and Carbachol. Front Physiol 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 27047389 PMCID: PMC4796008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise promotes short-term physiological changes in the intestinal smooth muscle associated to the ischemia-reperfusion process; however, few studies have demonstrated its effect on the intestinal contractile function. Thus, this work describes our observations regarding the influence of acute aerobic swimming exercise in the contractile reactivity, oxidative stress, and morphology of rat ileum. Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (SED) and acutely exercised (EX-AC) groups. Animals were acclimated by 10, 10, and 30 min of swimming exercise in intercalated days 1 week before exercise. Then they were submitted to forced swimming for 1 h with a metal of 3% of their body weight attached to their body. Animals were euthanized immediately after the exercise section and the ileum was suspended in organ baths for monitoring isotonic contractions. The analysis of lipid peroxidation was performed in order to determinate the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of oxidative stress, and intestinal smooth muscle morphology by histological staining. Cumulative concentration-response curves to KCl were altered in the EX-AC with an increase in both its efficacy and potency (Emax = 153.2 ± 2.8%, EC50 = 1.3 ± 0.1 × 10−2 M) compared to the SED group (Emax = 100%, EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10−2 M). Interestingly, carbachol had its efficacy and potency reduced in the EX-AC (Emax = 67.1 ± 1.4%, EC50 = 9.8 ± 1.4 × 10−7 M) compared to the SED group (Emax = 100%, EC50 = 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10−7 M). The exercise did not alter the MDA levels in the ileum (5.4 ± 0.6 μ mol/mL) in the EX-AC compared to the SED group (8.4 ± 1.7 μ mol/mL). Moreover, neither the circular nor the longitudinal smooth muscle layers thickness were modified by the exercise (66.2 ± 6.0 and 40.2 ± 2.6 μm, respectively), compared to the SED group (61.6 ± 6.4 and 34.8 ± 3.7 μm, respectively). Therefore, the ileum sensitivity to contractile agents is differentially altered by the acute aerobic swimming exercise, without affecting the oxidative stress and the morphology of ileum smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layanne C da Cunha Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Iara L L de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luiz H C Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Aline de Freitas Brito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Queiroga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia A da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil
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46
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PPARs: Protectors or Opponents of Myocardial Function? PPAR Res 2015; 2015:835985. [PMID: 26713088 PMCID: PMC4680114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 5 million people in the United States suffer from the complications of heart failure (HF), which is a rapidly expanding health complication. Disorders that contribute to HF include ischemic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. There are three PPAR isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. They can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as fatty acids, as well as by pharmacologic agents. Activators of PPARs are used for treating several metabolic complications, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia that are directly or indirectly associated with HF. However, some of these drugs have adverse effects that compromise cardiac function. This review article aims to summarize the current basic and clinical research findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of PPAR biology on myocardial function.
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47
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Drosatos K, Pollak NM, Pol CJ, Ntziachristos P, Willecke F, Valenti MC, Trent CM, Hu Y, Guo S, Aifantis I, Goldberg IJ. Cardiac Myocyte KLF5 Regulates Ppara Expression and Cardiac Function. Circ Res 2015; 118:241-53. [PMID: 26574507 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid oxidation is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and under normal conditions accounts for 70% of cardiac ATP content. Reduced Ppara expression during sepsis and heart failure leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation and myocardial energy deficiency. Many of the transcriptional regulators of Ppara are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in transcriptional regulation of Ppara. METHODS AND RESULTS We discovered that KLF5 activates Ppara gene expression via direct promoter binding. This is blocked in hearts of septic mice by c-Jun, which binds an overlapping site on the Ppara promoter and reduces transcription. We generated cardiac myocyte-specific Klf5 knockout mice that showed reduced expression of cardiac Ppara and its downstream fatty acid metabolism-related targets. These changes were associated with reduced cardiac fatty acid oxidation, ATP levels, increased triglyceride accumulation, and cardiac dysfunction. Diabetic mice showed parallel changes in cardiac Klf5 and Ppara expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac myocyte KLF5 is a transcriptional regulator of Ppara and cardiac energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosatos
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.).
| | - Nina M Pollak
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Christine J Pol
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Florian Willecke
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Mesele-Christina Valenti
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Chad M Trent
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Yunying Hu
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Shaodong Guo
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Heart: Lessons from the Past and Future Directions. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:271983. [PMID: 26587015 PMCID: PMC4637490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear family of ligand activated transcriptional factors and comprise three different isoforms, PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ. The main role of PPARs is to regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR agonists improve dyslipidemia and glucose control in animals, supporting their potential as a promising therapeutic option to treat diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, substantial differences exist in the therapeutic or adverse effects of specific drug candidates, and clinical studies have yielded inconsistent data on their cardioprotective effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the molecular function of PPARs and the mechanisms of the PPAR regulation by posttranslational modification in the heart. We also describe the results and lessons learned from important clinical trials on PPAR agonists and discuss the potential future directions for this class of drugs.
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Chronic aerobic swimming exercise promotes functional and morphological changes in rat ileum. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150001. [PMID: 26424698 PMCID: PMC4613690 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the influence of chronic swimming aerobic exercise on the contractile reactivity, lipid peroxidation and tissue morphology of small intestine from rats. We showed that, accordingly to the time of exercise, the rat ileum has its contractile reactivity reduced, in addition to the increased lipid peroxidation followed by its reestablishment to basal levels, as well as the augmented longitudinal smooth muscle layer thickness together with the reduced circular thickness. Several studies have reported the gastrointestinal (GI) effects promoted by the physical exercise. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the influence of swimming exercise on the contractile reactivity, lipid peroxidation and morphology of rat ileum. Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (SED) and groups exercised for two (EX2), four (EX4), six (EX6) or eight (EX8) weeks, 5 days/week. Animals were killed; the ileum was removed and suspended in organ baths where the isotonic contractions were recorded. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by MDA (malondialdehyde) measurement with TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay and morphology by histological staining. Cumulative concentration-response curves to KCl were attenuated, as the Emax values were changed from 100% (SED) to 63.1±3.9 (EX2), 48.8±3.8 (EX4), 19.4±1.8 (EX6) and 59.4±2.8% (EX8). Similarly, cumulative concentration-response curves to carbamylcholine hydrochloride (CCh) were attenuated, as the Emax values were changed from 100% (SED) to 74.1±5.4 (EX2), 75.9±5.2 (EX4) and 62.9±4.6 (EX6), but not in the EX8 (89.7±3.4%). However, CCh potency was increased in this latter, as the EC50 was altered from 1.0±0.1×10−6 (SED) to 2.1±0.4×10−7 (EX8). MDA concentration was altered only in EX4 (44.3±4.4) compared with SED (20.6±3.6 μmol/l). Circular layer was reduced in SED when compared with the exercised groups. Conversely, longitudinal layer was increased. In conclusion, chronic swimming exercise reduces the ileum contraction, equilibrates the oxidative damage and promotes changes in tissue size to establish an adaptation to the exercise.
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50
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Toselli F, de Waziers I, Dutheil M, Vincent M, Wilce PA, Dodd PR, Beaune P, Loriot MA, Gillam EMJ. Gene expression profiling of cytochromes P450, ABC transporters and their principal transcription factors in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex of alcoholics, smokers and drug-free controls by qRT-PCR. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:1129-37. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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