1
|
Asunción-Alvarez D, Palacios J, Ybañez-Julca RO, Rodriguez-Silva CN, Nwokocha C, Cifuentes F, Greensmith DJ. Calcium signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells: sex differences and the influence of estrogens and androgens. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H950-H970. [PMID: 38334967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00600.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Calcium signaling in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is essential for the regulation of vascular tone. However, the changes to intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are often influenced by sex differences. Furthermore, a large body of evidence shows that sex hormone imbalance leads to dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling and this is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, the effects of estrogens and androgens on vascular calcium-handling proteins are discussed, with emphasis on the associated genomic or nongenomic molecular mechanisms. The experimental models from which data were collected were also considered. The review highlights 1) in female ECs, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) enhance Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide (NO) generation. In males, only transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) plays a fundamental role in this effect. 2) Female VSMCs have lower cytosolic Ca2+ levels than males due to differences in the activity and expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit-α1C (CaV1.2), Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter (NKCC1), and the Na+/K+-ATPase. 3) When compared with androgens, the influence of estrogens on Ca2+ homeostasis, vascular tone, and incidence of vascular disease is better documented. 4) Many studies use supraphysiological concentrations of sex hormones, which may limit the physiological relevance of outcomes. 5) Sex-dependent differences in Ca2+ signaling mean both sexes ought to be included in experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Asunción-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Aplicada, Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Aplicada, Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Roberto O Ybañez-Julca
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú
| | - Cristhian N Rodriguez-Silva
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Physiology Section, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Fredi Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental (EphyL), Instituto Antofagasta (IA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - David J Greensmith
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sasano T, Ihara K, Tanaka T, Furukawa T. Risk stratification of atrial fibrillation and stroke using single nucleotide polymorphism and circulating biomarkers. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292118. [PMID: 37824462 PMCID: PMC10569505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, and it causes a high rate of complications such as stroke. It is known that AF begins as paroxysmal form and gradually progresses to persistent form, and sometimes it is difficult to identify paroxysmal AF (PAF) before having stroke. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of PAF and stroke using genetic analysis and circulating biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 600 adult subjects were enrolled (300 from PAF and control groups). Peripheral blood was drawn to identify the genetic variation and biomarkers. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed, and circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was measured from plasma. Four microRNAs (miR-99a-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-214-3p, and miR-342-5p) were quantified in serum using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Genotyping identified 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with AF (rs6817105, rs3807989, rs10824026, and rs2106261), and the genetic risk score using 4 SNPs showed the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.631. Circulating miRNAs and cfDNA did not show significant differences between PAF and control groups. The concentration of cfDNA was significantly higher in patients with a history of stroke, and the AUC was 0.950 to estimate the association with stroke. CONCLUSION The risk of AF could be assessed by genetic risk score. Furthermore, the risk of stroke might be evaluated by plasma cfDNA level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ihara
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Bioresourse Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Furukawa
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang ZX, Qiu ZE, Chen L, Hou XC, Zhu YX, Zhou WL, Zhang YL. Cellular mechanism underlying the facilitation of contractile response induced by IL-25 in mouse tracheal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L27-L36. [PMID: 35537103 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00468.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common heterogeneous respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) which is associated with abnormality in smooth muscle contractility. The epithelial cell-derived cytokine IL-25 is implicated in type 2 immune pathology including asthma, whereas the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to investigate the effects of IL-25 on mouse tracheal smooth muscle contractility and elucidate the cellular mechanisms. Incubation with IL-25 augmented the contraction of mouse tracheal smooth muscles, which could be suppressed by the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (L-VDCC) blocker nifedipine. Furthermore, IL-25 enhanced the cytosolic Ca2+ signals and triggered up-regulation of α1C L-VDCC (CaV1.2) in primary cultured mouse tracheal smooth muscle cells. Knocking down IL-17RA/IL-17RB receptors or inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2)-MAPK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2)-ERK1/2-activating protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathways suppressed the IL-25-elicited up-regulation of CaV1.2 and hyperreactivity in tracheal smooth muscles. Moreover, inhibition of TPL2, ERK1/2 or L-VDCC alleviated the AHR symptom induced by IL-25 in a murine model. This study revealed that IL-25 potentiated the contraction of tracheal smooth muscle and evoked AHR via activation of TPL2-ERK1/2-CaV1.2 signaling, providing novel targets for the treatment of asthma with a high-IL-25 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xin Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Er Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Liang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mesquita TR, Auguste G, Falcón D, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Salazar-Enciso R, Sabourin J, Lefebvre F, Viengchareun S, Kobeissy H, Lechène P, Nicolas V, Fernandez-Celis A, Gómez S, Lauton Santos S, Morel E, Rueda A, López-Andrés N, Gómez AM, Lombès M, Benitah JP. Specific Activation of the Alternative Cardiac Promoter of
Cacna1c
by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Circ Res 2018; 122:e49-e61. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thassio R. Mesquita
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Gaëlle Auguste
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Débora Falcón
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Rogelio Salazar-Enciso
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Jessica Sabourin
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Florence Lefebvre
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Say Viengchareun
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Hussein Kobeissy
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Patrick Lechène
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Amaya Fernandez-Celis
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Susana Gómez
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Sandra Lauton Santos
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Eric Morel
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Angelica Rueda
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Ana Maria Gómez
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Marc Lombès
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- From the Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR-S 1180, (T.R.M., G.A., D.F., G.R.-H., J.S., F.L., P.L., S.G., E.M., A.M.G., J.-P.B.), EA 4043 UBaPS (H.K.), and UMS-IPSIT, MIPSIT_Microscopy Facility (V.N.), Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil (T.R.M., S.L.S.); Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, D.F., México (R.S
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li W, Zheng NZ, Yuan Q, Xu K, Yang F, Gu L, Zheng GY, Luo GJ, Fan C, Ji GJ, Zhang B, Cao H, Tian XL. NFAT5-mediated CACNA1C expression is critical for cardiac electrophysiological development and maturation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:993-1002. [PMID: 27368804 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Entry of calcium into cardiomyocyte via L-type calcium channel (LTCC) is fundamental to cardiac contraction. CACNA1C, a type of LTCC and a hallmark of a matured ventricular myocyte, is developmentally regulated. Here, we identified 138 potential transcription factors by a comparative genomic study on 5-kb promoter regions of CACNA1C gene across eight vertebrate species, and showed that six factors were developmentally regulated with the expression of Cacna1c in mouse P19cl6 in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation model. We further demonstrated that the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (Nfat5) bound to a consensus sequence TGGAAGCGTTC and activated the transcription of Cacna1c. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nfat5 suppressed the expression of Cacna1c and decreased L-type calcium current in mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, morpholino-mediated knockdown of nfat5 in zebrafish prohibited the expression of cacna1c and resulted in a non-contractile ventricle, while over-expression of either cacna1c or nfat5 rescued this impaired phenotype. Thus, NFAT5-mediated expression of CACNA1C is evolutionarily conserved and critical for cardiac electrophysiological development and maturation of cardiomyocyte. KEY MESSAGE Nfat5 binds to a consensus sequence TGGAAGCGTTC in the promoter of Cacna1c. Nfat5 activates the transcription of Cacna1c. Nfat5 knockdown suppresses Cacna1c expression, decreases L-type calcium current, and results in non-beating ventricle. NFAT5-mediated expression of CACNA1C is evolutionarily conserved. NFAT5-mediated CACNA1C expression is critical for cardiac electrophysiological development and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nai-Zhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lei Gu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gu-Yan Zheng
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guo-Jie Luo
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chun Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Guang-Ju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Tian
- Department of Human Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brittain JM, Wang Y, Wilson SM, Khanna R. Regulation of CREB signaling through L-type Ca2+channels by Nipsnap-2. Channels (Austin) 2014; 6:94-102. [DOI: 10.4161/chan.19415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
7
|
Hung MJ, Hsu KH, Hu WS, Chang NC, Hung MY. C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis and its gender-specific associations with diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the development of coronary artery spasm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77655. [PMID: 24204905 PMCID: PMC3810263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While hypertension is negatively associated with coronary artery spasm (CAS), scarce data are available on diabetes mellitus in relation to CAS. In addition, outcome prediction in patients with CAS is challenging due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers. Therefore, we sought to identify the roles that gender, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), diabetes mellitus and hypertension play in CAS development and prognosis. Methodology/Prinicpal Findings Patients (350 women and 547 men) undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography with or without proven CAS but without obstructive stenosis were evaluated at long-term follow-up (median 102 months). Diabetic women and diabetic men with low hs-CRP levels had a low and high risk of CAS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01–1.88 and OR: 5.02, 95% CI: 1.03–24.54, respectively). The ORs of CAS in both women and men with the highest hs-CRP tertile (>3 mg/L) reduced from 4.41 to 1.45 and 2.98 to 1.52, respectively, if they had diabetes mellitus, and from 9.68 to 2.43 and 2.60 to 1.75, respectively, if they had hypertension. Hypertension had a more negative effect on CAS development in diabetic than non-diabetic women, which was not observed in men. The highest hs-CRP tertile was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes. Patients with the highest hs-CRP tertile had more coronary events than patients with the lowest hs-CRP tertitle (p = 0.021, log-rank test). Conclusions Diabetes mellitus contributes to CAS development in men with low hs-CRP levels, but not in women. There are negative effects of diabetes mellitus and hypertension on CAS development in patients with high hs-CRP levels and especially in women. Elevated hs-CRP level independently predicts adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jui Hung
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Syun Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yow Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Testosterone enhances cardiomyogenesis in stem cells and recruits the androgen receptor to the MEF2C and HCN4 genes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:164-71. [PMID: 23598283 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since a previous study (Goldman-Johnson et al., 2008 [4]) has shown that androgens can stimulate increased differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into cardiomyocytes using a genomic pathway, the aim of our study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating testosterone-enhanced cardiomyogenesis. Testosterone upregulated cardiomyogenic transcription factors, including GATA4, MEF2C, and Nkx2.5, muscle structural proteins, and the pacemaker ion channel HCN4 in a dose-dependent manner, in mES cells and P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Knock-down of the androgen receptor (AR) or treatment with anti-androgenic compounds inhibited cardiomyogenesis, supporting the requirement of the genomic pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies showed that testosterone enhanced recruitment of AR to the regulatory regions of MEF2C and HCN4 genes, which was associated with increased histone acetylation. In summary, testosterone upregulated cardiomyogenic transcription factor and HCN4 expression in stem cells. Further, testosterone induced cardiomyogenesis, at least in part, by recruiting the AR receptor to the regulatory regions of the MEF2C and HCN4 genes. These results provide a detailed molecular analysis of the function of testosterone in stem cells and may offer molecular insight into the role of steroids in the heart.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang SS, Shaw RM. Multilayered regulation of cardiac ion channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:876-85. [PMID: 23103513 PMCID: PMC3568256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential to beat-to-beat heart function is the ability for cardiomyocytes to propagate electrical excitation and generate contractile force. Both excitation and contractility depend on specific ventricular ion channels, which include the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) and the connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction. Each of these two channels is localized to a distinct subdomain of the cardiomyocyte plasma membrane. In this review, we focus on regulatory mechanisms that govern the lifecycles of LTCC and Cx43, from their biogenesis in the nucleus to directed delivery to T-tubules and intercalated discs, respectively. We discuss recent findings on how alternative promoter usage, tissue-specific transcription, and alternative splicing determine precise ion channel expression levels within a cardiomyocyte. Moreover, recent work on microtubule and actin-dependent trafficking for Cx43 and LTCC are introduced. Lastly, we discuss how human cardiac disease phenotypes can be attributed to defects in distinct mechanisms of channel regulation at the level of gene expression and channel trafficking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Isolation and characterization of the 5´-upstream region of the human voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α2δ-1 auxiliary subunit gene: promoter analysis and regulation by transcription factor Sp1. Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:819-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
11
|
Yang X, Chen G, Papp R, Defranco DB, Zeng F, Salama G. Oestrogen upregulates L-type Ca²⁺ channels via oestrogen-receptor- by a regional genomic mechanism in female rabbit hearts. J Physiol 2011; 590:493-508. [PMID: 22124151 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.219501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In type-2 long QT (LQT2), adult women and adolescent boys have a higher risk of lethal arrhythmias, called Torsades de pointes (TdP), compared to the opposite sex. In rabbit hearts, similar sex- and age-dependent TdP risks were attributed to higher expression levels of L-type Ca(2+) channels and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger, at the base of the female epicardium. Here, the effects of oestrogen and progesterone are investigated to elucidate the mechanisms whereby I(Ca,L) density is upregulated in adult female rabbit hearts. I(Ca,L) density was measured by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique on days 0-3 in cardiomyocytes isolated from the base and apex of adult female epicardium. Peak I(Ca,L) was 28% higher at the base than apex (P < 0.01) and decreased gradually (days 0-3), becoming similar to apex myocytes, which had stable currents for 3 days. Incubation with oestrogen (E2, 0.1-1.0 nm) increased I(Ca,L) (∼2-fold) in female base but not endo-, apex or male myocytes. Progesterone (0.1-10 μm) had no effect at base myocytes. An agonist of the α- (PPT, 5 nm) but not the β- (DPN, 5 nm) subtype oestrogen receptor (ERα/ERβ) upregulated I(Ca,L) like E2. Western blots detected similar levels of ERα and ERβ in male and female hearts at the base and apex. E2 increased Cav1.2α (immunocytochemistry) and mRNA (RT-PCR) levels but did not change I(Ca,L) kinetics. I(Ca,L) upregulation by E2 was suppressed by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 (10 μm) or by inhibition of transcription (actinomycin D, 4 μm) or protein biosynthesis (cycloheximide, 70 μm). Therefore, E2 upregulates I(Ca,L) by a regional genomic mechanism involving ERα which is a known determinant of sex differences in TdP risk in LQT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, 3550 Terrace Street, Suite S 628 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wagner M, Moritz A, Volk T. Interaction of gonadal steroids and the glucocorticoid corticosterone in the regulation of the L-type Ca(2+) current in rat left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:629-40. [PMID: 21477069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gonadal steroids as well as glucocorticoids have been shown to regulate the cardiac L-type Ca(2+) current (I(CaL) ). Herein, we compare the effects of the gonadal steroids testosterone and 17β-estradiol with the glucocorticoid corticosterone on I(CaL) , and investigate the interaction between the gonadal steroids and corticosterone. METHODS Myocytes were isolated from the left ventricular free wall of female and male Wistar rats and investigated using the ruptured-patch whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS In myocytes isolated from female rats, 24 h incubation with 100 nm testosterone led to a 33% increase in I(CaL) compared with control (-8.8 ± 0.5 pA pF(-1) , n = 25 vs. -6.6 ± 0.4 pA pF(-1) , n = 26, P < 0.01, V(Pip) = 0 mV). Incubation with 1 μm corticosterone resulted in a 79% increase in I(CaL) (-11.8 ± 0.7 pA pF(-1) , n = 29, P < 0.001). However, the combination of testosterone and corticosterone did not have any additional effect compared with corticosterone alone (-11.7 ± 0.6 pA pF(-1) , n = 25, ns). In cardiomyocytes from male rats, I(CaL) was not affected by testosterone, whereas the effect of corticosterone was preserved (P < 0.05). 24 h incubation with 17β-estradiol increased I(CaL) by 32% from -7.6 ± 0.5 pA pF(-1) (n = 15) to 10.0 ± 0.9 pA pF(-1) (n = 15, P < 0.05). 17β-estradiol did not exert an additional effect upon co-incubation with corticosterone and did not have an effect on I(CaL) in cardiomyocytes from female rats. Higher concentrations of the gonadal steroids did not result in increased effects. CONCLUSION When compared with corticosterone, the in vitro effects of the gonadal steroids are small. However, under conditions in which I(CaL) is not fully activated by glucocorticoids, gonadal steroids may significantly contribute to I(CaL) regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wagner
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ronkainen JJ, Hänninen SL, Korhonen T, Koivumäki JT, Skoumal R, Rautio S, Ronkainen VP, Tavi P. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II represses cardiac transcription of the L-type calcium channel alpha(1C)-subunit gene (Cacna1c) by DREAM translocation. J Physiol 2011; 589:2669-86. [PMID: 21486818 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in the activity of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) induce a unique cardiomyocyte phenotype through the regulation of specific genes involved in excitation-contraction (E-C)-coupling. To explain the transcriptional effects of CaMKII we identified a novel CaMKII-dependent pathway for controlling the expression of the pore-forming α-subunit (Cav1.2) of the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) in cardiac myocytes. We show that overexpression of either cytosolic (δC) or nuclear (δB) CaMKII isoforms selectively downregulate the expression of the Cav1.2. Pharmacological inhibition of CaMKII activity induced measurable changes in LTCC current density and subsequent changes in cardiomyocyte calcium signalling in less than 24 h. The effect of CaMKII on the α1C-subunit gene (Cacna1c) promoter was abolished by deletion of the downstream regulatory element (DRE), which binds transcriptional repressor DREAM/calsenilin/KChIP3. Imaging DREAM-GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing cardiomyocytes showed that CaMKII potentiates the calcium-induced nuclear translocation of DREAM. Thereby CaMKII increases DREAM binding to the DRE consensus sequence of the endogenous Cacna1c gene. By mathematical modelling we demonstrate that the LTCC downregulation through the Ca2+-CaMKII-DREAM cascade constitutes a physiological feedback mechanism enabling cardiomyocytes to adjust the calcium intrusion through LTCCs to the amount of intracellular calcium detected by CaMKII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko J Ronkainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Neulaniementie 2, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kobayashi T, Maeda S, Ichise N, Sato T, Iwase T, Seki S, Yamada Y, Tohse N. The beginning of the calcium transient in rat embryonic heart. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:141-9. [PMID: 21267689 PMCID: PMC10717117 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-010-0131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many researchers have tried to observe the beginning of the heartbeat, no study has shown the beginning of the calcium transient. Here, we evaluate the beginning of the calcium transient in the Wistar rat heart. We first tried to reveal when the heart of the Wistar rat begins to contract because no previous study has evaluated the beginning of the heartbeat in Wistar rats. Observation of embryos transferred to a small incubator mounted on a microscope revealed that the heart primordium, the so-called cardiac crescent, began to contract at embryonic day 9.99-10.13. Observation of embryos loaded with fluo-3 AM revealed that the beginning of the calcium transient precedes the initiation of contraction which precedes the appearance of the linear heart tube. Nifedipine (1 μM), but not ryanodine (1 μM), abolished the calcium transients. These results indicate that calcium transients in the early embryonic period involve exclusively calcium entry through L-type calcium channels in contrast to the situation in mature hearts. This study provides the first demonstration of the relationship between morphological changes in the heart primordium and the beginning of the calcium transient and contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Satin J, Schroder EA, Crump SM. L-type calcium channel auto-regulation of transcription. Cell Calcium 2011; 49:306-13. [PMID: 21295347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
L-type calcium channels (LTCC) impact the function of nearly all excitable cells. The classical LTCC function is to mediate trans-sarcolemmal Ca(2+) flux. This review focuses on the contribution of a mobile segment of the LTCC that regulates ion channel function, and also serves as a regulator of transcription in the nucleus. Specifically we highlight recent work demonstrating an auto-feedback regulatory pathway whereby the LTCC transcription factor regulates the LTCC. Also discussed is acute and long-term regulation of function by the LTCC-transcription regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, MS-508, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
l-Type calcium channels (LTCCs) are major contributors to electrical and contractile function of the heart. They regulate action potential duration, enable calcium entry into cardiac myocytes for contraction, and regulate growth-related signaling in the heart. In cardiac development and in mature heart disease, LTCCs are regulated at levels of acute function and transcription. In addition, LTCCs are clinically relevant therapeutic targets for antihypertensive medications. In this review, we discuss LTCC homeostasis whereby cardiac myocytes maintain LTCC expression via a novel transcriptionally regulated pathway that includes a segment of the LTCC that moves between surface membrane and nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, MS508 University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gender-related differences in ion-channel and transporter subunit expression in non-diseased human hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:639-46. [PMID: 20600101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender-related differences in ventricular electrophysiology are known to be important determinants of human arrhythmic risk, but the underlying molecular basis is poorly understood. The present work aims to provide the first detailed analysis of gender-related cardiac ion-channel gene-distribution, based on samples from non-diseased human hearts. By using a high-throughput quantitative approach, we investigated at a genome-scale the expression of 79 genes encoding ion-channel and transporter subunits in epicardial and endocardial tissue samples from non-diseased transplant donors (10 males, 10 females). Gender-related expression differences involved key genes implicated in conduction and repolarization. Female hearts showed reduced expression for a variety of K(+)-channel subunits with potentially important roles in cardiac repolarization, including HERG, minK, Kir2.3, Kv1.4, KChIP2, SUR2 and Kir6.2, as well as lower expression of connexin43 and phospholamban. In addition, they demonstrated an isoform switch in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, expressing more of the alpha1 and less of the alpha3 subunit than male hearts, along with increased expression of calmodulin-3. Iroquois transcription factors (IRX3, IRX5) were more strongly expressed in female than male epicardium, but the transmural gradient remained. Protein-expression paralleled transcript patterns for all subunits examined: HERG, minK, Kv1.4, KChIP2, IRX5, Nav1.5 and connexin43. Our results indicate that male and female human hearts have significant differences in ion-channel subunit composition, with female hearts showing decreased expression for a number of repolarizing ion-channels. These findings are important for understanding sex-related differences in the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias, particularly for conditions associated with repolarization abnormalities like Brugada and Long QT syndrome.
Collapse
|
18
|
Marsh JD. Turning cardiac excitation into cell contraction: the importance of sex differences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H16-7. [PMID: 20495144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00444.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Golden KL, Collins HL, Loka AM, Dicarlo SE. Gonadectomy and Androgen Replacement Alter Cardiac Performance in Conscious Adult Male Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 27:593-604. [PMID: 16303636 DOI: 10.1080/10641960500298566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gender disparities in cardiac function have been described. Yet the extent to which gender related differences in cardiac performance are due to the presence of sex-specific biological factors are unclear. We used a longitudinal study aimed at examining whether castration and androgen replacement affects cardiac performance in conscious adult male rats. Adult male rats were implanted with Piezoelectric transit-time gauges and radio telemetry devices to measure regional myocardial segment length and hemodynamic variables before and after castration and after androgen replacement. Androgen withdrawal accelerated average heart rates by 7% (p=0.010). Heart rate was lowered to intact values when androgens were restored to normal physiological levels (p=0.004). Mean arterial pressure was not affected by androgen deprivation and androgen replacement. However, androgen withdrawal produced a 40% decrease in the velocity of circumferential shortening and a 46% reduction in the rate of myocardial relaxation. Androgen supplementation completely restored contractile function. These results provide the first evidence that androgen withdrawal and androgen replacement produces dramatic alterations on cardiac performance in conscious animals and demonstrates the significance of androgens as a cardio-regulatory hormone in males. Sex steroids are likely contributors to gender-related differences in cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kish L Golden
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is critical for cardiac myocyte function and must be tightly regulated. The guiding hypothesis of this study is that a carboxyl-terminal cleavage product of the cardiac L-type calcium channel (Ca(V)1.2) autoregulates expression. First, we confirmed that the Ca(V)1.2 C terminus (CCt) is cleaved in murine cardiac myocytes from mature and developing ventricle. Overexpression of full-length CCt caused a 34+/-8% decrease of Ca(V)1.2 promoter activity, and truncated CCt caused an 80+/-3% decrease of Ca(V)1.2 promoter (n=12). The full-length CCt distributes into cytosol and nucleus. A deletion mutant of CCt has a greater relative affinity for the nucleus than full-length CCt, and this is consistent with increased repression of Ca(V)1.2 promoter activity by truncated CCt. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that CCt interacts with the Ca(V)1.2 promoter in adult ventricular cardiac myocytes at promoter modules containing Nkx2.5/Mef2, C/EBp, and a cis regulatory module. The next hypothesis tested was that CCt contributes to transcriptional signaling associated with cellular hypertrophy. We explored whether fetal cardiac myocyte Ca(V)1.2 was regulated by serum in vitro. We tested atrial natriuretic factor promoter activity as a positive control and measured the serum response of Ca(V)1.2 promoter, protein, and L-type current (I(Ca,L)) from fetal mouse ventricular myocytes. Serum increased atrial natriuretic factor promoter activity and cell size as expected. Serum withdrawal increased Ca(V)1.2 promoter activity, mRNA, and I(Ca,L). Moreover, serum withdrawal decreased the relative nuclear localization of CCt. A combination of promoter deletion mutant analyses, and the response of promoter mutants to serum withdrawal support the conclusion that CCt, a proteolytic fragment of Ca(V)1.2, autoregulates Ca(V)1.2 expression in cardiac myocytes. These data support the novel mechanism that a mobile segment of Ca(V)1.2 links Ca handling to nuclear signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Schroder
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, 800 Rose St, MS508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Membrane translocation of small GTPase Rac1 and activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5:1285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Pandorf CE, Haddad F, Qin AX, Baldwin KM. IIx myosin heavy chain promoter regulation cannot be characterized in vivo by direct gene transfer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1338-46. [PMID: 17670891 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00221.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle of the adult mammal IIx is a pivotal myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform that can be either up- or downregulated depending on both the fiber type of the target muscle and the type of external stimulus imposed. Since little is known about promoter elements of the IIx MHC gene that are important for its transcriptional regulation in vivo,the main goal of this study was to characterize IIx MHC promoter activity and identify potential regulatory elements on the IIx MHC promoter. A direct gene transfer approach was used, and this approach involved transfection of promoter-reporter constructs into intact rat soleus and plantaris muscle under control and denervated conditions, as well as hindlimb suspension (i.e., models to upregulate IIx MHC transcription). Fast-twitch (plantaris) muscle fibers were confirmed to have significantly greater IIx MHC transcriptional products (pre-mRNA and mRNA) than slow-twitch (soleus) muscle fibers. However, promoter sequences corresponding to −2671 to +1720, −1000 to +392, and −605/+392 relative to the IIx MHC transcription start site, plus an additional construct ligated to a putative embryonic MHC enhancer, failed to produce a fiber type-specific response that is characteristic of the endogenous IIx MHC promoter. Furthermore, the activity of these promoter constructs did not demonstrate the expected response to denervation or hindlimb suspension (i.e., marked upregulation), despite normal uptake and activity of a coinjected α-actin reference promoter. On the basis of these findings with IIx MHC promoter-reporters we conclude that the loss of the native chromatin environment as well as other necessary cis elements may preclude use of the gene transfer approach, thereby suggesting that there are hidden layers of regulation for the IIx MHC gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clay E Pandorf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Akuzawa-Tateyama M, Tateyama M, Ochi R. Sustained beta-adrenergic stimulation increased L-type Ca2+ channel expression in cultured quiescent ventricular myocytes. J Physiol Sci 2006; 56:165-72. [PMID: 16839451 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels is altered by beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation and by an elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cardiac myocytes. In whole animal, chronic beta-AR stimulation or pacing heart results in various changes in the abundance of the channel, but it reduces the beta-AR responsiveness of the L-type channel. Because beta-AR stimulation facilitates the L-type calcium channels, it is difficult in the whole animal to study the effects of beta-AR and Ca2+ influx on the upregulation of the L-type channel independently of each other, which makes the culture of nonbeating adult myocytes an attractive model. We found that culturing quiescent adult rabbit ventricular myocytes with isoproterenol (ISO, 2 microM) for 72 h or more caused a significant increase in the expression of mRNA coding for the L-type channel alpha(1C) subunit by approximately twofold as compared to time-matched controls, and it was followed by a 1.8-fold increase in the Ca2+ current density at 96 h. Somewhat surprisingly, an acute application of 1 microM ISO increased the current amplitude even in ISO-treated cells. The increase in the current density, induced by sustained beta-AR stimulation, was blocked by a beta-AR antagonist, propranolol (10 microM), but not by a Ca2+ antagonist, nitrendipine (10 microM). In addition, the effects were reproduced by forskolin (10 microM), but not by a Ca2+ agonist, Bay-K 8644 (2 microM). Taken together, these results suggest that sustained beta-AR stimulation upregulates L-type channel expression, but does not alter the beta-AR responsiveness of the channel in quiescent myocytes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Foshay K, Rodriguez G, Hoel B, Narayan J, Gallicano GI. JAK2/STAT3 directs cardiomyogenesis within murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells 2006; 23:530-43. [PMID: 15790774 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during development; however, little is known about the mechanisms that control the initial stages of cardiac differentiation. To investigate this process, we used a protein kinase expression screen, in which nonbeating embryonic stem (ES) cells were compared with beating ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We found that JAK2 experienced a 70% increase in protein levels within beating areas. Inhibition of JAK2 pharmacologically or by using dominant/negative JAK2 both resulted in diminished beating within embryoid bodies (EBs), whereas gain of function analysis using dominant/positive JAK2 resulted in a significant induction of beating. More important, inhibition of STAT3, a specific target of JAK2, by dominant/negative STAT3 resulted in the virtual complete loss of beating areas. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western analysis of STAT3-inhibited EBs resulted in lack of expression of several cardiac-specific genes, many of which contain within their promoter STAT3 DNA-binding regions. Taken together, the data reveal that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is essential for initial stages of cardiomyogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Foshay
- Georgetown University Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Room NE203, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rajadhyaksha AM, Kosofsky BE. Psychostimulants, L-type calcium channels, kinases, and phosphatases. Neuroscientist 2005; 11:494-502. [PMID: 16151049 PMCID: PMC2706980 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405278236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence for the role of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels in mediating aspects of the addictive properties of psychostimulants. L-type Ca2+ channels activate Ca2+ second-messenger pathways that regulate protein phosphorylation and thereby activation of target gene expression. Here the authors will review recent progress in our understanding of L-type Ca2+ channel-activated signal transduction pathways that contribute to molecular neuroadaptations evident following acute and chronic exposures to psychostimulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Labortory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maddali KK, Korzick DH, Tharp DL, Bowles DK. PKCδ Mediates Testosterone-induced Increases in Coronary Smooth Muscle Cav1.2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:43024-9. [PMID: 16243844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones have emerged as important modulators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Our previous studies demonstrated that testosterone increases expression and activity of L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav1.2) in coronary arteries of males. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether testosterone (T) alters coronary protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) expression and whether PKCdelta plays a role in coronary Cav1.2 expression. For in vitro studies, porcine right coronary arteries (RCA) and post-confluent (passages 3-6) 5-day, serum-restricted coronary smooth muscle cell cultures (CSMC) were incubated in the presence and absence of T or dihydrotestosterone (10 and 100 nm) for 18 h at 37 degrees C in a humidified chamber. For sex and endogenous testosterone-dependent effects, RCA were obtained from intact males, castrated males, castrated males with T replacement, and intact females. In vitro T and dihydrotestosterone caused an approximately 2-3-fold increase in PKCdelta protein levels, approximately 1.5-2-fold increase in PKCdelta kinase activity, and localization of PKCdelta toward the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. PKCdelta protein levels were higher in coronary arteries of intact males compared with intact females. Elimination of endogenous testosterone by castration reduced RCA PKCdelta protein levels, an effect partially (approximately 45%) reversed by exogenous T (castrated males with T replacement). In CSMC, PKC inhibition with either the general PKC inhibitor, cheylerythrine, or the putative PKCdelta inhibitor, rottlerin, completely inhibited the T-mediated increase in coronary Cav1.2 protein levels. Conversely, Go6976, a conventional PKC isoform inhibitor, failed to inhibit T-induced increases in coronary Cav1.2 protein levels. PKCdelta short interference RNA completely blocked T-induced increases in Cav1.2 protein levels in CSMC. These results demonstrate for the first time that 1) endogenous T is a primary modulator of coronary PKCdelta protein and activity in males and 2) T increases Cav1.2 protein expression in a PKCdelta-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamala K Maddali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, National Center for Gender Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Golden KL, Marsh JD, Jiang Y, Moulden J. Acute actions of testosterone on contractile function of isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:479-83. [PMID: 15757866 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variation between the sexes in cardiac function have been established. The extent to which sex hormones are responsible for these differences is unclear. The current study was designed to determine whether testosterone acts acutely to enhance contractility of cultured rat ventricular myocytes. Following a 24-h treatment with testosterone (1 microM), isolated rat ventricular myocytes display a 21% increase (P < 0.01) in peak shortening and an 18% decrease (P < 0.02) in time to peak shortening. In accordance with this change, testosterone treatment produced an 18% decline (P < 0.002) in the time to relengthening when compared to vehicle-treated controls. These results provide the first evidence that short-term androgen exposure acts directly to stimulate contractility of isolated rat ventricular myocytes and thus may play a role in regulating cardiac performance in males and thereby contribute to sex differences in cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kish L Golden
- Department of Physiology, and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48 201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rajadhyaksha A, Husson I, Satpute SS, Küppenbender KD, Ren JQ, Guerriero RM, Standaert DG, Kosofsky BE. L-type Ca2+ channels mediate adaptation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in the ventral tegmental area after chronic amphetamine treatment. J Neurosci 2005; 24:7464-76. [PMID: 15329393 PMCID: PMC1201527 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0612-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) play an important role in chronic psychostimulant-induced behaviors. However, the Ca2+ second messenger pathways activated by LTCCs after acute and recurrent psychostimulant administration that contribute to drug-induced molecular adaptations are poorly understood. Using a chronic amphetamine treatment paradigm in rats, we have examined the role of LTCCs in activating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a primary target for the reinforcing properties of psychostimulants. Using immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses, we find that in chronic saline-treated rats a challenge injection of amphetamine increases phosphorylation of MAP [extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)] kinase in the VTA that is independent of LTCCs. However, in chronic amphetamine-treated rats there is no increase in amphetamine-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation unless LTCCs are blocked, in which case there is robust phosphorylation in VTA dopamine neurons. Examination of the expression of phosphatases reveals an increase in calcineurin [protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B)] and MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the VTA. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunoblot analyses, we further examined the mRNA and protein expression of the LTCC subtypes Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3 in VTA dopamine neurons in drug-naive animals and in rats after chronic amphetamine treatment. We found an increase in Ca(v)1.2 mRNA and protein levels, with no change in Ca(v)1.3. Together, our results suggest that one aspect of LTCC-induced changes in second messenger pathways after chronic amphetamine exposure involves activation of the MAP kinase phosphatase pathway by upregulation of Ca(v)1.2 in VTA dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rajadhyaksha
- NMR Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giger JM, Haddad F, Qin AX, Zeng M, Baldwin KM. Effect of unloading on type I myosin heavy chain gene regulation in rat soleus muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 98:1185-94. [PMID: 15591287 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01099.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow-twitch soleus, a weight-bearing hindlimb muscle, predominantly expresses the type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform. However, under unloading conditions, a transition in MHC expression occurs from slow type I toward the fast-type isoforms. Transcriptional processes are believed to be involved in this adaptation. To test the hypothesis that the downregulation of MHC1 in soleus muscle following unloading is controlled through cis element(s) in the proximal region of the promoter, the MHC1 promoter was injected into soleus muscles of control rats and those subjected to 7 days of hindlimb suspension. Mutation analyses of six putative regulatory elements within the -408-bp region demonstrated that three elements, an A/T-rich, the proximal muscle-type CAT (betae3), and an E-box (-63 bp), play an important role in the basal level of MHC1 gene activity in the control soleus and function as unloading-responsive elements. Gel mobility shift assays revealed a diminished level of complex formation of the betae3 and E-box probes with nuclear extract from hindlimb suspension soleus compared with control soleus. Supershift assays indicated that transcriptional enhancer factor 1 and myogenin factors bind the betae3 and E-box elements, respectively, in the control soleus. Western blots showed that the relative concentrations of the transcriptional enhancer factor 1 and myogenin factors were significantly attenuated in the unloaded soleus compared with the control muscle. We conclude that the downregulation of MHC1 in response to unloading is due, in part, to a significant decrease in the concentration of these transcription factors available for binding the positive regulatory elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Giger
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of California-Irvine, D-346, Med Sci I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giger JM, Haddad F, Qin AX, Baldwin KM. Effect of cyclosporin A treatment on the in vivo regulation of type I MHC gene expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:475-83. [PMID: 15247194 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00763.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat soleus muscle consists predominantly of slow type I fibers. We have shown previously through deletion analysis that the highest level of reporter activity that we measure when injecting type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter (MHC1)-linked luciferase plasmid into soleus muscles depends on the presence of a 550-bp upstream enhancer (3,450–2,900) region of the promoter. Because the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway has been implicated in the regulation of the slow muscle gene program, particularly the MHC1isoform, and the MHC1promoter contains several putative NFAT sites, we examined via deletion and mutation analyses whether this pathway is involved in the regulation of promoter activity in soleus. Nine days of treatment with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) caused a significant decrease in activity of the −3,500- and −3,450-bp promoters compared with vehicle-treated rats. Truncation of the promoter to −2,900 bp or smaller reduced the activity and also eliminated the CsA responsiveness, thus implying that the enhancer region is required for CsA responsiveness. Surprisingly, mutating the two NFAT elements within the enhancer region had no obvious effect on promoter activity. CsA treatment resulted in an increase in the mRNA levels of fast-type IIa and IIx MHC isoforms, but RT-PCR analysis of MHC1pre-mRNA and mature mRNA expression in soleus muscles revealed no differences between vehicle- and CsA-treated rats. Although CsA affects the activity of the MHC1promoter, it appears that its effect is not through direct binding of NFAT to sites on the promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Giger
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, D-328, Med Sci I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bowles DK, Maddali KK, Ganjam VK, Rubin LJ, Tharp DL, Turk JR, Heaps CL. Endogenous testosterone increases L-type Ca2+ channel expression in porcine coronary smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2091-8. [PMID: 15242831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00258.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that gender and sex hormonal status influence cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. We recently demonstrated increased L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ current (ICa,L) in coronary arterial smooth muscle (CASM) of male compared with female swine. The promoter region of the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) (Cav1.2) gene contains a hormone response element that is activated by testosterone. Thus the purpose of the present study was to determine whether endogenous testosterone regulates CASM ICa,L through regulation of VGCC expression and activity. Sexually mature male and female Yucatan swine (7-8 mo; 35-45 kg) were obtained from the breeder. Males were left intact (IM, n=8), castrated (CM, n=8), or castrated with testosterone replacement (CMT, n=8; 10 mg/day Androgel). Females remained gonad intact (n=8). In right coronary arteries, both Cav1.2 mRNA and protein were greater in IM compared with intact females. Cav1.2 mRNA and protein were reduced in CM compared with IM and restored in CMT. In isolated CASM, both peak and steady-state ICa were reduced in CM compared with IM and restored in CMT. In males, a linear relationship was found between serum testosterone levels and ICa. In vitro, both testosterone and the nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone, increased Cav1.2 expression. Furthermore, this effect was blocked by the androgen receptor antagonist cyproterone. We conclude that endogenous testosterone is a primary regulator of Cav1.2 expression and activity in coronary arteries of males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Bowles
- E102 Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cohen-Barak O, Yi Z, Hagiwara N, Monzen K, Komuro I, Brilliant MH. Sox6 regulation of cardiac myocyte development. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 31:5941-8. [PMID: 14530442 PMCID: PMC219484 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse mutation (p100H/p100H) has been identified that is associated with cardioskeletal myopathy, heart block, delayed growth and early postnatal death. The gene that is disrupted in this mutation encodes the transcription factor Sox6. P19CL6 cells were used as an in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation system and revealed that Sox6 is expressed exclusively when the cells are committed to differentiate to beating cardiac myocytes. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the Prtb (Proline-rich transcript of the brain) protein as a Sox6 interactor, and subsequently confirmed the interaction by co-immunoprecipitation. Prtb expression in P19CL6 cells increased with differentiation to beating cardiomyocytes. Using the P19CL6 cells stably transfected with noggin, an antagonist of BMP (Bone Morphogenic Protein), we found that BMP expression is required for Sox6 expression in cardiomyocyte differentiation. Surprisingly, the expression of the alpha1c-subunit gene of the L-type Ca2+ channel decreased in P19CL6 cells as they differentiated to beating cardiac cells. Ectopic expression of Sox6 or Prtb alone in P19CL6 cells caused down-regulation of L-type Ca2+ alpha1c expression, but when Sox6 and Prtb were co-transfected to the cells, L-type Ca2+ alpha1c remained at basal levels. A similar relationship of Sox6 and L-type Ca2+ alpha1c expression was seen in vivo (comparing wild-type and p(100H)/p(100H) mutant mice). Thus, Sox6 is within the BMP pathway in cardiac differentiation, interacts with Prtb and may play a critical role in the regulation of a cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Cohen-Barak
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Golden KL, Marsh JD, Jiang Y, Brown T, Moulden J. Gonadectomy of adult male rats reduces contractility of isolated cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E449-53. [PMID: 12684218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in cardiac function have been well documented. The extent to which sex hormones are responsible for these differences is unclear. The current study was designed to determine whether castration and androgen replacement resulted in changes in functional expression of genes encoding the L-type calcium channel and Na/Ca exchanger in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Sixteen weeks of castration produced a 50% decline in dihydropyridine receptor expression levels and a 16% (P < 0.05) increase in time to peak shortening. Furthermore, cardiac myocytes isolated from castrated animals also displayed an 18% (P < 0.001) increase in time to relengthening and an 80% decrease in Na/Ca exchanger gene expression when compared with intact controls. Testosterone treatment of castrated animals completely reversed these effects. These results provide the first evidence that androgens regulate functional expression of the L-type calcium channel and the Na/Ca exchanger in isolated rat ventricular myocytes and thus may play a role in modulating cardiac performance in males and thereby contribute to the observed gender differences in cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kish L Golden
- Department of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Geiger PC, Bailey JP, Zhan WZ, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Denervation-induced changes in myosin heavy chain expression in the rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:611-9. [PMID: 12704093 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00862.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral denervation (Dnv) of the rat diaphragm muscle (Diam) markedly alters expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. After 2 wk of Diam Dnv, MHC content per half-sarcomere decreases in fibers expressing MHC(2X) and MHC(2B). We hypothesized that changes in MHC protein expression parallel changes in MHC mRNA expression. Relative MHC isoform mRNA levels were determined by Northern analysis after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of Dnv of the rat Diam. MHC protein expression was determined by SDS-PAGE. Changes in MHC isoform protein and mRNA expression were not concurrent. Expression of MHC(Slow) and MHC(2X) mRNA isoforms decreased dramatically by 3 days of Dnv, whereas that of MHC(2A) and MHC(2B) did not change. Expression of all MHC protein isoforms decreased by 3 days of Dnv. We observed a differential effect of rat Diam Dnv on MHC isoform protein and mRNA expression. The time course of the changes in MHC isoform mRNA and protein expression suggests a predominant effect of altered protein turnover rates on MHC protein expression instead of altered transcription after Dnv.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Geiger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vouyouka AG, Salib SS, Cala S, Marsh JD, Basson MD. Chronic high pressure potentiates the antiproliferative effect and abolishes contractile phenotypic changes caused by endothelial cells in cocultured smooth muscle cells. J Surg Res 2003; 110:344-51. [PMID: 12788664 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High in vitro pressures have been reported to alter smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC) phenotype, while endothelial cells (ECs) can influence the proliferation, phenotype, and contractile features of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in coculture systems. However, little is known about the in vitro effects of pressure on EC/SMC cocultures. We therefore sought to compare SMC proliferation in independent and EC coculture under ambient and high pressure, and identify changes in the contractile phenotype of SMCs by measuring levels of the L-type Ca(2+) channel a(1) subunit (dihydropyridine-DHP receptor) which is critical for Ca(2+) transients, differentiation and contractility in SMC. METHODS Rat aortic SMCs in independent culture (SMC/0) and coculture with ECs (SMC/EC) were maintained in 5% CO(2) under either atmospheric or high pressure (130 mmHg). SMC were counted at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days and compared to initial cell counts of day 0 before the exposure to experimental conditions. DHP receptor levels were quantitated by Western blotting (three similar studies). RESULTS ECs suppressed SMC proliferation on day 1 of coculture in both atmospheric and high pressure (20% inhibition vs independent culture, P < or = 0.05). By day 3, cocultured SMC under atmospheric pressure displayed no EC-mediated inhibition, and at day 5, atmospheric cocultured SMCs revealed statistically significant enhanced proliferation as compared with SMCs in independent cultures. However, cocultured SMCs exposed to 130 mmHg pressure displayed sustained sensitivity to EC growth inhibition at both days 3 and 5 of the experiment. Coculture decreased SMC DHP-receptor levels under atmospheric pressure. However, this effect was abolished in cocultures exposed to high pressure. CONCLUSIONS High pressure substantially alters the regulatory influence of EC on SMC proliferation and contractile potential. This pressure/coculture model should increase our understanding of cellular interaction in hypertensive vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela G Vouyouka
- Departments of Surgery and Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Golden KL, Ren J, Dean A, Marsh JD. Norepinephrine regulates the in vivo expression of the L-type calcium channel. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 236:107-14. [PMID: 12190108 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016112617817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The alpha1c subunit (DHP receptor) of the L-type Ca2+ channel is important for calcium homeostasis in cardiac muscle. The DHPr provides the primary mechanism for calcium influx during contraction. Published results demonstrate three in vitro signaling pathways that are important in the regulation of DHPr gene expression in neonatal cardiac myocytes, the protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, and intracellular calcium. To determine whether these pathways are important in vivo, we treated adult rats with infusions of isoproterenol, or norepinephrine at 200 microg/kg/h and assessed DHPr mRNA and protein levels. Following a 3-day infusion isoproterenol (ISO) and norepinephrine (NE) produced a small but insignificant reduction in DHPr mRNA levels. When the infusions were continued for 7 days isoproterenol increased DHPr mRNA accumulation to control levels while NE stimulated a 35% increase in DHPr mRNA levels and a 35% increase in protein abundance when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, contractility and Ca2+ transient measurements of isolated cardiac myocytes from NE infused animals also display shortened duration of contraction/relaxation and increased intracellular free Ca2+ (DFFI) in response to electrical stimulation (p < 0.01). We conclude norepinephrine treatment alters DHPr mRNA and protein levels, and augments excitation-contraction coupling, and thus may be important for modulating cardiac calcium homeostasis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kish L Golden
- Department of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zheng Z, Wang ZM, Delbono O. Charge movement and transcription regulation of L-type calcium channel alpha(1S) in skeletal muscle cells. J Physiol 2002; 540:397-409. [PMID: 11956331 PMCID: PMC2290248 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors, such as Ca(2+), trophic factors and ageing, regulate dihydropyridine-sensitive receptor (DHPR) alpha(1) subunit expression. However, basic mechanisms of DHPR alpha(1S) expression are unknown. To better understand the regulatory elements that control transcription, the 1.2 kb 5'-flanking region fragment immediately upstream of the mouse L-type Ca(2+) channel or DHPR alpha(1S) gene was isolated and sequenced. Luciferase reporter constructs driven by different promoter regions of mouse DHPR alpha(1S) gene were used for transient transfection assays in muscle C2C12 cells. In these preparations we found that three regions corresponding to CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 consensus sequence within the 5'-flanking region of the DHPR alpha(1S) gene are important for DHPR alpha(1S) gene transcription. Antisense oligonucleotides against CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 significantly reduced charge movement in C2C12 cells. Charge movement was recorded in the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. Results from cells transfected with antisense (AS) and sense (S) oligonucleotides and nontransfected cells were compared. Charge movement experiments were fitted to a Boltzmann equation. Maximum charge movement (Q(max)) (nC microF(-1), mean +/- S.E.M.) for S- and AS-CREB was 70.3 +/- 2.9 and 52.8 +/- 3.3, respectively (P < 0.05). The same parameter for S- and AS-GATA-2 was 71.3 +/- 3.9 and 48.2 +/- 2.3, respectively (P < 0.05) and for S- and AS-SOX-5 was 70.4 +/- 4.2 and 45.1 +/- 3.2, respectively (P < 0.05). Values recorded in cells transfected with sense S-CREB, S-GATA-2 and S-SOX-5 oligonucleotides were not significantly different from those recorded in nontransfected cells. This study demonstrates that the transcription factors CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 play a significant role in the expression of the skeletal muscle DHPR or L-type Ca(2+) channel alpha(1S).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Zheng
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, GerontologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bowles DK. Gender influences coronary L-type Ca(2+) current and adaptation to exercise training in miniature swine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 91:2503-10. [PMID: 11717211 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training increases smooth muscle L-type Ca(2+) current density in both resistance and proximal coronary arteries of female miniature swine. The purpose of the present study was to determine 1) whether gender differences exist in coronary smooth muscle (CSM) L-type Ca(2+) current density and 2) whether endurance training in males would demonstrate a similar adaptive response as females. Proximal, conduit (approximately 1.0 mm), and resistance [~200 microm (internal diameter)] coronary arteries were obtained from sedentary and treadmill-trained swine of both sexes. CSM were isolated by enzymatic digestion (collagenase plus elastase), and voltage-gated Ca(2+)-channel current (I(Ca)) was determined by using whole cell voltage clamp during superfusion with 75 mM tetraethylammonium chloride and 10 mM BaCl(2). Current-voltage relationships were obtained at test potentials from -60 to 70 mV from a holding potential of -80 mV, and I(Ca) was normalized to cell capacitance (pA/pF). Endurance treadmill training resulted in similar increases in heart weight-to-body weight ratio, endurance time, and skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity in male and female swine. I(Ca) density was significantly greater in males compared with females in both conduit (-7.57 +/- 0.58 vs. -4.14 +/- 0.47 pA/pF) and resistance arteries (-11.25 +/- 0.74 vs. -6.49 +/- 0.87 pA/pF, respectively). In addition, voltage-dependent activation of I(Ca) in resistance arteries was shifted to more negative membrane potentials in males. Exercise training significantly increased I(Ca) density in both conduit and resistance arteries in females (-7.01 +/- 0.47 and -9.73 +/- 1.13 pA/pF, respectively) but had no effect in males (-8.61 +/- 0.50 and -12.04 +/- 1.07 pA/pF, respectively). Thus gender plays a significant role in determining both the magnitude and voltage dependence of I(Ca) in CSM and the adaptive response of I(Ca) to endurance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Bowles
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ho PD, Fan JS, Hayes NL, Saada N, Palade PT, Glembotski CC, McDonough PM. Ras reduces L-type calcium channel current in cardiac myocytes. Corrective effects of L-channels and SERCA2 on [Ca(2+)](i) regulation and cell morphology. Circ Res 2001; 88:63-9. [PMID: 11139475 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is associated with dysregulation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), reduction in myofibrils, and increased activation of Ras, a regulator of signal-transduction pathways. To evaluate the potential effects of Ras on [Ca(2+)](i), we expressed constitutively active Ras (Ha-Ras(V12)) in cardiac myocytes and monitored [Ca(2+)](i) via fluorescence and electrophysiological techniques. Ha-Ras(V12) reduced the magnitude of the contractile calcium transients. Unexpectedly, however, calcium loading of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was increased, suggesting that Ha-Ras(V12) introduces a defect in excitation-calcium release coupling. Consistent with this idea, L-channel calcium currents were reduced by Ha-Ras(V12), which also downregulated the activity of the L-channel gene promoter. Coexpression of L-channels and SERCA2 largely corrected Ha-Ras(V12)-induced dysregulation of [Ca(2+)](i). Furthermore, whereas Ha-Ras(V12) downregulated myofibrils, this effect was blocked by coexpression of L-channels. These results suggest that Ras downregulates L-channel expression, which may play a pathophysiological role in cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Ho
- SDSU Heart Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|