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Arao Y, Stumpo DJ, Hoenerhoff MJ, Tighe RM, Yu YR, Sutton D, Kashyap A, Beerman I, Blackshear PJ. Lethal eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in mice expressing a stabilized Csf2 mRNA. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23100. [PMID: 37462673 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors. The mouse gene-encoding GM-CSF, Csf2, is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. An adenine-uridine-rich element (ARE) within the 3'-untranslated region of Csf2 mRNA was shown in cell transfection studies to confer instability on this transcript. To explore the physiological importance of this element in an intact animal, we generated mice with a knock-in deletion of the 75-nucleotide ARE. Mice heterozygous for this ARE deletion developed severe respiratory distress and death within about 12 weeks of age. There was dense infiltration of lung alveolar spaces by crystal-containing macrophages. Increased stability of Csf2 mRNA was confirmed in bone marrow-derived macrophages, and elevated GM-CSF levels were observed in serum and lung. These mice did not exhibit notable abnormalities in blood or bone marrow, and transplantation of bone marrow from mutant mice into lethally irradiated WT mice did not confer the pulmonary phenotype. Mice with a conditional deletion of the ARE restricted to lung type II alveolar cells exhibited an essentially identical lethal lung phenotype at the same ages as the mice with the whole-body deletion. In contrast, mice with the same conditional ARE deletion in myeloid cells, including macrophages, exhibited lesser degrees of macrophage infiltration into alveolar spaces much later in life, at approximately 9 months of age. Post-transcriptional Csf2 mRNA stability regulation in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells appears to be essential for normal physiological GM-CSF secretion and pulmonary macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah J Stumpo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yen-Rei Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deloris Sutton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amogh Kashyap
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabel Beerman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Huang X, Cao M, Xiao Y. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: origin, function, and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195988. [PMID: 37388737 PMCID: PMC10303123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare pulmonary disorder that is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of surfactant within the alveoli. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) have been identified as playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PAP. In most of PAP cases, the disease is triggered by impaired cholesterol clearance in AMs that depend on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), resulting in defective alveolar surfactant clearance and disruption of pulmonary homeostasis. Currently, novel pathogenesis-based therapies are being developed that target the GM-CSF signaling, cholesterol homeostasis, and immune modulation of AMs. In this review, we summarize the origin and functional role of AMs in PAP, as well as the latest therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing this disease. Our goal is to provide new perspectives and insights into the pathogenesis of PAP, and thereby identify promising new treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengshu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglong Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing, China
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3
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Chen Y, Li F, Hua M, Liang M, Song C. Role of GM-CSF in lung balance and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158859. [PMID: 37081870 PMCID: PMC10111008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor originally identified as a stimulus that induces the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF is now considered to be a multi-origin and pleiotropic cytokine. GM-CSF receptor signals activate JAK2 and induce nuclear signals through the JAK-STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and other pathways. In addition to promoting the metabolism of pulmonary surfactant and the maturation and differentiation of alveolar macrophages, GM-CSF plays a key role in interstitial lung disease, allergic lung disease, alcoholic lung disease, and pulmonary bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. This article reviews the latest knowledge on the relationship between GM-CSF and lung balance and lung disease, and indicates that there is much more to GM-CSF than its name suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Mengqing Hua
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanwang Song, ; Meng Liang,
| | - Chuanwang Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanwang Song, ; Meng Liang,
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Weivoda MM, Bradley EW. Macrophages and Bone Remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:359-369. [PMID: 36651575 PMCID: PMC10023335 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling in the adult skeleton facilitates the removal and replacement of damaged and old bone to maintain bone quality. Tight coordination of bone resorption and bone formation during remodeling crucially maintains skeletal mass. Increasing evidence suggests that many cell types beyond osteoclasts and osteoblasts support bone remodeling, including macrophages and other myeloid lineage cells. Herein, we discuss the origin and functions for macrophages in the bone microenvironment, tissue resident macrophages, osteomacs, as well as newly identified osteomorphs that result from osteoclast fission. We also touch on the role of macrophages during inflammatory bone resorption. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Hsieh MH, Chen PC, Hsu HY, Liu JC, Ho YS, Lin YJ, Kuo CW, Kuo WS, Kao HF, Wang SD, Liu ZG, Wu LSH, Wang JY. Surfactant protein D inhibits lipid-laden foamy macrophages and lung inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:38-50. [PMID: 36376488 PMCID: PMC9794778 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of surfactant protein D (SP-D) and lipid-laden foamy macrophages (FMs) are frequently found under oxidative stress conditions and/or in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are also chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of SP-D and FMs in COPD have not yet been determined. In this study, increased levels of SP-D were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and sera of ozone- and CS-exposed mice. Furthermore, SP-D-knockout mice showed increased lipid-laden FMs and airway inflammation caused by ozone and CS exposure, similar to that exhibited by our study cohort of chronic smokers and COPD patients. We also showed that an exogenous recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) prevented the formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced FMs in vitro and reversed the airway inflammation and emphysematous changes caused by oxidative stress and CS exposure in vivo. SP-D upregulated bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) expression of genes involved in countering the oxidative stress and lipid metabolism perturbations induced by CS and oxLDL. Our study demonstrates the crucial roles of SP-D in the lipid homeostasis of dysfunctional alveolar macrophages caused by ozone and CS exposure in experimental mouse emphysema, which may provide a novel opportunity for the clinical application of SP-D in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Hsi Hsieh
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Pei-Chi Chen
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Han-Yin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Jui-Chang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Yuh Jyh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chin-Wei Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Kuo
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Kao
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Shulhn-Der Wang
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Department of Respirology and Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lawrence Shih-Hsin Wu
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology (AIR), China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
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Habtamu M, Miheret A, Spurkland A. Editorial: Host immune evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Current updates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1102415. [PMID: 36582236 PMCID: PMC9793081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Habtamu
- Department of Mycobacteria diseases Research, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Meseret Habtamu,
| | - Adane Miheret
- Department of Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang S, Lu X, Fang X, Wang Z, Cheng S, Song J. Cigarette smoke extract combined with LPS reduces ABCA3 expression in chronic pulmonary inflammation may be related to PPARγ/ P38 MAPK signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114086. [PMID: 36115154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABCA3 (ATP-binding cassette class A3) is a transmembrane transporter that plays a positive role in chronic pulmonary inflammation by regulating lipid metabolism. However, it is not completely clear whether ABCA3 and its signaling factors are involved in chronic pulmonary inflammation induced by the combination of CSE (cigarette smoke extract) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In this study, we used the method of combining CSE and LPS which was widely used to study lung inflammation-related diseases and has been proven effective in our group's studies to create in vivo and in vitro pulmonary inflammation models. The result showed that, after CSE in combination with LPS treatment, ABCA3 expression was downregulated in rat lung in vivo and in a human alveolar cell line in vitro. ABCA3 expression was upregulated, and related inflammatory factors were downregulated in the state of overexpression of PPARγ or inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, while PPARγ deletion or MAPK14 overexpression showed the opposite results. The level of PPARγ remained unchanged, and the expression of ABCA3 was upregulated in the state of the p38 MAPK pathway was inhibited under overexpression of PPARγ. These results indicate that CSE combined with LPS can result in downregulation of ABCA3 under conditions of inflammation, and that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway mediated by PPARγ can regulate the expression changes of ABCA3, thus providing new targets for treating chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Zhang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xianwang Lu
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Shihao Cheng
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Jue Song
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, 230032, Hefei, China.
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8
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Ye Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Gao Y, Rao J, Su R, Zhang L, Huang Z, Luo Q, Li J. PPARγ Ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra-Induced Foamy Macrophage Formation via the ABCG1-Dependent Cholesterol Efflux Pathway in THP-1 Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829870. [PMID: 35432274 PMCID: PMC9008364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy macrophages are present during the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and seems to be nutrient-rich reservoir and secure reservoir for the bacilli, which leads to bacterial persistence and infection transmission. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor for cholesterol metabolism in macrophages and its role in regulating atherosclerosis related foamy macrophages (FMs) formation has been well-studied. However, knowledge about the mechanism of PPARγ regulating Mtb infection induced FM formation remains very limited. In this study, we investigate the functional role of PPARγ in Mtb H37Ra infection-induced foamy macrophages formation. H37Ra infection induced a time-dependent decreased expression of PPARγ that paralleled the augmented lipid body formation in THP1-derived macrophages. PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly potentiate H37Ra induced lipid body formation and inhibit ABCG1 expression, overexpression of ABCG1 by transduced macrophages with lentivirus significantly reversed the promotion effect of GW9662 on FM formation. Moreover, Treatment with a TLR2 neutralizing antibody ameliorated the activation of ABCG1 by Mtb H37Ra without significantly effecting the suppression of PPARγ, suggesting a greater role for TLR2 to regulate ABCG1 compared to PPARγ. Overall, this study showed that PPARγ is involved in ameliorating FM formation by regulating ABCG1 expression, these observations expose a novel role of PPARγ in the Mtb infection induced FM formation.
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Bain CC, Lucas CD, Rossi AG. Pulmonary macrophages and SARS-Cov2 infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:1-28. [PMID: 35461655 PMCID: PMC8968207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the largest global pandemic in living memory, with between 4.5 and 15M deaths globally from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This has led to an unparalleled global, collaborative effort to understand the pathogenesis of this devastating disease using state-of-the-art technologies. A consistent feature of severe COVID-19 is dysregulation of pulmonary macrophages, cells that under normal physiological conditions play vital roles in maintaining lung homeostasis and immunity. In this article, we will discuss a selection of the pivotal findings examining the role of monocytes and macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection and place this in context of recent advances made in understanding the fundamental immunobiology of these cells to try to understand how key homeostatic cells come to be a central pathogenic component of severe COVID-19 and key cells to target for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher D Lucas
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lung-resident myeloid cells that sit at the interface of the airway and lung tissue. Under homeostatic conditions, their primary function is to clear debris, dead cells and excess surfactant from the airways. They also serve as innate pulmonary sentinels for respiratory pathogens and environmental airborne particles and as regulators of pulmonary inflammation. However, they have not typically been viewed as primary therapeutic targets for respiratory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of AMs in various lung diseases, explore the potential therapeutic strategies to target these innate cells and weigh the potential risks and challenges of such therapies. Additionally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we examine the role AMs play in severe disease and the therapeutic strategies that have been harnessed to modulate their function and protect against severe lung damage. There are many novel approaches in development to target AMs, such as inhaled antibiotics, liposomal and microparticle delivery systems, and host-directed therapies, which have the potential to provide critical treatment to patients suffering from severe respiratory diseases, yet there is still much work to be done to fully understand the possible benefits and risks of such approaches.
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Desterke C, Turhan AG, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Griscelli F. HLA-dependent heterogeneity and macrophage immunoproteasome activation during lung COVID-19 disease. J Transl Med 2021; 19:290. [PMID: 34225749 PMCID: PMC8256232 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is characterized by significant and unpredictable heterogeneity in symptoms that remains poorly understood. METHODS Transcriptome and single cell transcriptome of COVID19 lung were integrated with deeplearning analysis of MHC class I immunopeptidome against SARS-COV2 proteome. RESULTS An analysis of the transcriptomes of lung samples from COVID-19 patients revealed that activation of MHC class I antigen presentation in these tissues was correlated with the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA present. Similarly, a positive relationship was detected in these samples between the level of SARS-CoV-2 and the expression of a genomic cluster located in the 6p21.32 region (40 kb long, inside the MHC-II cluster) that encodes constituents of the immunoproteasome. An analysis of single-cell transcriptomes of bronchoalveolar cells highlighted the activation of the immunoproteasome in CD68 + M1 macrophages of COVID-19 patients in addition to a PSMB8-based trajectory in these cells that featured an activation of defense response during mild cases of the disease, and an impairment of alveolar clearance mechanisms during severe COVID-19. By examining the binding affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 immunopeptidome with the most common HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles worldwide, we found higher numbers of stronger presenters in type A alleles and in Asian populations, which could shed light on why this disease is now less widespread in this part of the world. CONCLUSIONS HLA-dependent heterogeneity in macrophage immunoproteasome activation during lung COVID-19 disease could have implications for efforts to predict the response to HLA-dependent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Desterke
- INSERM UA9- University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ali G Turhan
- INSERM UA9- University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- Division of Hematology, Kremlin-Bicetre Hospital, 94270, Kremlin Bicetre, France
- University Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM UA9- University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- Division of Hematology, Kremlin-Bicetre Hospital, 94270, Kremlin Bicetre, France
- University Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- INSERM UA9- University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
- ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
- University of Paris, Faculty Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Et Biologiques, Paris, France.
- Department of Biopathology, Gustave-Roussy Cancer Institute, 94800, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM UA9, Institut André Lwoff, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment A CNRS, 7 rue Guy Moquet, 94802, Villejuif, France.
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12
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Reduction in Alveolar Macrophage Size in Refractory Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis After Treatment With Pioglitazone. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2021; 27:219-222. [PMID: 32569076 DOI: 10.1097/lbr.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Antoniu SA, Rajnoveanu R, Grigore M, Antohe I. Pharmacotherapy options in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1359-1366. [PMID: 32511020 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1757650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by the abnormal production and impaired degradation of pulmonary surfactant as a result of malfunctioning of alveolar macrophages. This is due to the downstream dysregulation of the GM-CSF pathway, which can be caused by specific autoantibodies (autoimmune, aPAP formerly known as idiopathic iPAP), direct injury to alveolar macrophages (e.g. by toxic inhaled agents.), or by genetic defects (hereditary or congenital PAP). Few pharmacotherapy options are currently available to treat this disease. AREA COVERED The authors discuss the exogenous administration of GM-CSF, rituximab, and the potential role of cholesterol lowering medications in this review. The authors, furthermore, provide their opinion on the available pharmacotherapeutic options and give their future perspectives. EXPERT OPINION Inhaled GM-CSF remains the most commonly used therapy in patients with iPAP but other inhaled therapies such as PPARγ activators should be considered, especially in patients who are partially responsive or unresponsive to traditional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruxandra Rajnoveanu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu , Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Grigore
- Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa , Iasi, Romania
| | - Ileana Antohe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa , Iasi, Romania
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Slovinsky WS, Romero F, Sales D, Shaghaghi H, Summer R. The involvement of GM-CSF deficiencies in parallel pathways of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and the alcoholic lung. Alcohol 2019; 80:73-79. [PMID: 31229291 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption renders the lung more susceptible to infections by disrupting essential alveolar macrophage functions. Emerging evidence suggests that these functional deficits are due, in part, to a suppression of GM-CSF signaling, which is believed to compromise monocyte growth and maturation in the lung. However, in addition to controlling monocyte behaviors, GM-CSF also regulates surfactant homeostasis. For example, mice with targeted deletion of the gene for GM-CSF accumulate large amounts of surfactant phospholipids in their lungs. Moreover, decreased GM-CSF signaling in humans has been linked to the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a rare disorder in which surfactant lipids and proteins accumulate in alveolar macrophages and the lung exhibits enhanced susceptibility to infection. Consistent with parallel mechanisms in the PAP and alcoholic lung, we have recently reported that levels of intrapulmonary lipids, specifically triglycerides and free fatty acids, are increased in BAL fluid, whole lung digests and alveolar macrophages of chronically alcohol exposed rats. Additionally, we showed that uptake of saturated fatty acids alone could induce phenotypic and functional changes in alveolar macrophages that mimicked those in the alcohol-exposed rat and human lung. Herein, we discuss the role of GM-CSF in surfactant homeostasis and highlight the evidence that links decreased GM-CSF signaling to alveolar macrophage dysfunction in both the PAP and alcohol-exposed lung. Moreover, we discuss how lipid accumulation itself might contribute to altering alveolar macrophage function and propose how targeting these mechanisms could be employed for reducing the susceptibility to pulmonary infections in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Slovinsky
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Freddy Romero
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Dominic Sales
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Hoora Shaghaghi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ross Summer
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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15
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Kokuho N, Terasaki Y, Kunugi S, Saito Y, Urushiyama H, Terasaki M, Hayashi H, Gemma A, Shimizu A. Analyses of alveolar epithelial injury via lipid-related stress in mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor-induced lung disease. J Transl Med 2019; 99:853-865. [PMID: 30728465 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) are used to treat various malignancies, they frequently induce active alveolitis and dyslipidemia. Abnormal lipid metabolism affects alveolar surfactant function and results in pulmonary disorders; however, the pathophysiology of lung injury and its relationship with lipid metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the relationship between lipid metabolism and alveolar epithelial injury, focusing on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) as a lipid stress-related factor in mTORi-induced lung injury. We clinicopathologically examined three patients with mTORi-induced lung injury. We constructed an mTORi injury mouse model using temsirolimus in mice (30 mg/kg/day), with the vehicle control and bleomycin injury groups. We also constructed a cultured alveolar epithelial cell injury model using temsirolimus (0-40 μM) in the mouse lung epithelial cell line MLE-12 and performed analysis with or without pioglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist) treatment. All three patients had dyslipidemia and lung lesions of hyperplastic pneumocytes with foamy and enlarged changes. In the mouse model, temsirolimus induced significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and free fatty acids in serum and higher levels of surfactant protein D in serum and BAL fluid with an increase in inflammatory cytokines in the lung compared to control. Temsirolimus also induced hyperplastic foamy pneumocytes with increased lipid-associated spots and larger round electron-lucent bodies compared to the control or bleomycin groups in microscopic analyses. Multiple lipid-associated spots within the cytoplasm were also induced by temsirolimus administration in MLE-12 cells. Temsirolimus downregulated PPAR-γ expression in mouse lung and MLE-12 cells but upregulated cleaved caspase-3 in MLE-12 cells. Pioglitazone blocked the upregulated cleaved caspase-3 expression in MLE-12 cells. The pathogenesis of mTORi-induced lung disease may be involved in alveolar epithelial injury, via lipid metabolic stress associated with downregulated PPAR-γ expression. Focusing on the relationship between lipid metabolic stress and alveolar epithelial injury represents a potentially novel approach to the study of pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariaki Kokuho
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Urushiyama
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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The influence of genetics on therapeutic developments in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2019; 25:294-299. [PMID: 30865035 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the massive accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within alveoli, which results in progressive respiratory failure. The abnormalities in surfactant clearance are caused by defective pulmonary macrophages, whose terminal differentiation is GM-CSF-dependent. In hereditary PAP, the rupture of GM-CSF signaling is because of mutations in the GM-CSF receptor genes. This review focus on the innovative technologies of gene-correction proposed for the development of new therapeutic strategies, for hereditary PAP patients. RECENT FINDINGS Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy has been successfully experimented in murine models to restore the expression of the GM-CSF receptor, however, a therapeutic approach based on bone marrow transplantation requires a preconditioning, which could be hazardous in PAP patients, who are highly susceptible to pulmonary infections. Gene-corrected pulmonary macrophages, administered directly to the lung, could represent an improved approach. Finally, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells seem to be promising to overcome the limited availability of primary patient cells and to generate gene-corrected macrophages, able to recover pulmonary surfactant clearance. SUMMARY WLL is the gold standard therapy for PAP. However, its use in hereditary PAP is limited by the difficulty of performing this technique in paediatric patients and by its purely symptomatic efficacy. The recent advances in genome engineering could provide efficacious strategies for clinical application.
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Kumar A, Abdelmalak B, Inoue Y, Culver DA. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults: pathophysiology and clinical approach. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2018; 6:554-565. [PMID: 29397349 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a diffuse lung disease that results from the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli and alveolar macrophages due to abnormal surfactant homoeostasis. Identification of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an indispensable mediator of macrophage maturation and surfactant catabolism was the key discovery leading to the current understanding of the pathogenesis of most forms of PAP. Impaired GM-CSF bioavailability due to anti-GM-CSF autoimmunity is the cause of approximately 90% of adult PAP cases. Abnormal macrophage function due to endogenous or exogenous triggers, GM-CSF receptor defects, and other genetic abnormalities of surfactant production account for the remainder of causes. The usual physiological consequence of PAP is impairment of gas exchange, which can lead to dyspnoea, hypoxaemia, or even respiratory failure and death. Pulmonary fibrosis occurs occasionally in patients with PAP. For patients with moderate to severe disease, whole lung lavage is still the first-line treatment of choice. Supplemental GM-CSF is also useful, but details about indications, choice of agent, and dosing remain unclear. Other therapies, including rituximab, plasmapheresis, and lung transplantation have been described but should be reserved for refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health-Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Basem Abdelmalak
- Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel A Culver
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, and Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Production by T Cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01514-17. [PMID: 29066547 PMCID: PMC5654932 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01514-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF−/−) are highly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and clinical data have shown that anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies can lead to increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in otherwise healthy people. GM-CSF activates human and murine macrophages to inhibit intracellular M. tuberculosis growth. We have previously shown that GM-CSF produced by iNKT cells inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis. However, the more general role of T cell-derived GM-CSF during infection has not been defined and how GM-CSF activates macrophages to inhibit bacterial growth is unknown. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to nonconventional T cells, conventional T cells also produce GM-CSF during M. tuberculosis infection. Early during infection, nonconventional iNKT cells and γδ T cells are the main source of GM-CSF, a role subsequently assumed by conventional CD4+ T cells as the infection progresses. M. tuberculosis-specific T cells producing GM-CSF are also detected in the peripheral blood of infected people. Under conditions where nonhematopoietic production of GM-CSF is deficient, T cell production of GM-CSF is protective and required for control of M. tuberculosis infection. However, GM-CSF is not required for T cell-mediated protection in settings where GM-CSF is produced by other cell types. Finally, using an in vitro macrophage infection model, we demonstrate that GM-CSF inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth requires the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, we identified GM-CSF production as a novel T cell effector function. These findings suggest that a strategy augmenting T cell production of GM-CSF could enhance host resistance against M. tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, the leading cause of death by any infection worldwide. T cells are critical components of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a key effector function of T cells during infection, a failed phase IIb clinical trial and other studies have revealed that IFN-γ production alone is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4+, CD8+, and nonconventional T cells produce GM-CSF during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice and in the peripheral blood of infected humans. Under conditions where other sources of GM-CSF are absent, T cell production of GM-CSF is protective and is required for control of infection. GM-CSF activation of macrophages to limit bacterial growth requires host expression of the transcription factor PPARγ. The identification of GM-CSF production as a T cell effector function may inform future host-directed therapy or vaccine designs.
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19
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Hunt AN, Malur A, Monfort T, Lagoudakis P, Mahajan S, Postle AD, Thomassen MJ. Hepatic Steatosis Accompanies Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:448-458. [PMID: 28489415 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0242oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue-specific organ lipid compositions characterizes mammalian lipid homeostasis. The lungs and liver synthesize mixed phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species that are subsequently tailored for function. The lungs progressively enrich disaturated PC directed to lamellar body surfactant stores before secretion. The liver accumulates polyunsaturated PC directed to very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion, or to triglyceride stores. In each tissue, selective PC species enrichment mechanisms lie at the heart of effective homeostasis. We tested for potential coordination between these spatially separated but possibly complementary phenomena under a major derangement of lung PC metabolism, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), which overwhelms homeostasis and leads to excessive surfactant accumulation. Using static and dynamic lipidomics techniques, we compared (1) tissue PC compositions and contents, and (2) in lungs, the absolute rates of synthesis in both control mice and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor knockout model of PAP. Significant disaturated PC accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, alveolar macrophage, and lavaged lung tissue occurred alongside increased PC synthesis, consistent with reported defects in alveolar macrophage surfactant turnover. However, microscopy using oil red O staining, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, second harmonic generation, and transmission electron microscopy also revealed neutral-lipid droplet accumulations in alveolar lipofibroblasts of granular macrophage colony-stimulating factor knockout animals, suggesting that lipid homeostasis deficits extend beyond alveolar macrophages. PAP plasma PC composition was significantly polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched, but the content was unchanged and hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched PC content increased by 50% with an accompanying micro/macrovesicular steatosis and a fibrotic damage pattern consistent with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. These data suggest a hepatopulmonary axis of PC metabolism coordination, with wider implications for understanding and managing lipid pathologies in which compromise of one organ has unexpected consequences for another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Hunt
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Anagha Malur
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Pavlos Lagoudakis
- 4 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Mary Jane Thomassen
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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20
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Lung surfactant metabolism: early in life, early in disease and target in cell therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:721-735. [PMID: 27783217 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins lining the alveolar epithelium. At the air-liquid interface, surfactant lowers surface tension, avoiding alveolar collapse and reducing the work of breathing. The essential role of lung surfactant in breathing and therefore in life, is highlighted by surfactant deficiency in premature neonates, which causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and results in early death after birth. In addition, defects in surfactant metabolism alter lung homeostasis and lead to disease. Special attention should be paid to two important key cells responsible for surfactant metabolism: alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2C) and alveolar macrophages (AM). On the one hand, surfactant deficiency coming from abnormal AE2C function results in high surface tension, promoting alveolar collapse and mechanical stress in the epithelium. This epithelial injury contributes to tissue remodeling and lung fibrosis. On the other hand, impaired surfactant catabolism by AM leads to accumulation of surfactant in air spaces and the associated altered lung function in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). We review here two recent cell therapies that aim to recover the activity of AE2C or AM, respectively, therefore targeting the restoring of surfactant metabolism and lung homeostasis. Applied therapies successfully show either transplantation of healthy AE2C in fibrotic lungs, to replace injured AE2C cells and surfactant, or transplantation of bone marrow-derived macrophages to counteract accumulation of surfactant lipid and proteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces leading to PAP. These therapies introduce an alternative treatment with great potential for patients suffering from lung diseases.
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21
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Mucci A, Kunkiel J, Suzuki T, Brennig S, Glage S, Kühnel MP, Ackermann M, Happle C, Kuhn A, Schambach A, Trapnell BC, Hansen G, Moritz T, Lachmann N. Murine iPSC-Derived Macrophages as a Tool for Disease Modeling of Hereditary Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis due to Csf2rb Deficiency. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:292-305. [PMID: 27453007 PMCID: PMC4982988 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an innovative source for the standardized in vitro generation of macrophages (Mφ). We here describe a robust and efficient protocol to obtain mature and functional Mφ from healthy as well as disease-specific murine iPSCs. With regard to morphology, surface phenotype, and function, our iPSC-derived Mφ (iPSC-Mφ) closely resemble their counterparts generated in vitro from bone marrow cells. Moreover, when we investigated the feasibility of our differentiation system to serve as a model for rare congenital diseases associated with Mφ malfunction, we were able to faithfully recapitulate the pathognomonic defects in GM-CSF signaling and Mφ function present in hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (herPAP). Thus, our studies may help to overcome the limitations placed on research into certain rare disease entities by the lack of an adequate supply of disease-specific primary cells, and may aid the development of novel therapeutic approaches for herPAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mucci
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kunkiel
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sebastian Brennig
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kühnel
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mania Ackermann
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kuhn
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce C Trapnell
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Ferretti A, Fortwendel JR, Gebb SA, Barrington RA. Autoantibody-Mediated Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in Rasgrp1-Deficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:470-9. [PMID: 27279372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung syndrome caused by the accumulation of surfactants in the alveoli. The most prevalent clinical form of PAP is autoimmune PAP (aPAP) whereby IgG autoantibodies neutralize GM-CSF. GM-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that promotes the differentiation, survival, and activation of alveolar macrophages, the cells responsible for surfactant degradation. IgG-mediated neutralization of GM-CSF thereby inhibits alveolar macrophage homeostasis and function, leading to surfactant accumulation and innate immunodeficiency. Importantly, there are no rodent models for this disease; therefore, underlying immune mechanisms regulating GM-CSF-specific IgG in aPAP are not well understood. In this article, we identify that autoimmune-prone Rasgrp1-deficient mice develop aPAP: 1) Rasgrp1-deficient mice exhibit reduced pulmonary compliance and lung histopathology characteristic of PAP; 2) alveolar macrophages from Rasgrp1-deficient mice are enlarged and exhibit reduced surfactant degradation; 3) the concentration of GM-CSF-specific IgG is elevated in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from Rasgrp1-deficient mice; 4) GM-CSF-specific IgG is capable of neutralizing GM-CSF bioactivity; and 5) Rasgrp1-deficient mice also lacking CD275/ICOSL, a molecule necessary for conventional T cell-dependent Ab production, have reduced GM-CSF-specific autoantibody and do not develop PAP. Collectively, these studies reveal that Rasgrp1-deficient mice, to our knowledge, represent the first rodent model for aPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferretti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
| | - Jarrod R Fortwendel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
| | - Sarah A Gebb
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
| | - Robert A Barrington
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
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23
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Iriguchi et al report that T-lymphocyte–restricted overexpression of T-bet causes a maturational arrest in mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells and severe secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP).
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24
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Jouneau S, Kerjouan M, Briens E, Lenormand JP, Meunier C, Letheulle J, Chiforeanu D, Lainé-Caroff C, Desrues B, Delaval P. La protéinose alvéolaire pulmonaire. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:975-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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T-cell-restricted T-bet overexpression induces aberrant hematopoiesis of myeloid cells and impairs function of macrophages in the lung. Blood 2014; 125:370-82. [PMID: 25349175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-575225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although overexpression of T-bet, a master transcription factor in type-1 helper T lymphocytes, has been reported in several hematologic and immune diseases, its role in their pathogenesis is not fully understood. In the present study, we used transgenic model mice (T-bet(tg/wt) and T-bet(tg/tg)) to investigate the effects of T-bet overexpression selectively in T lymphocytes on the development of hematologic and immune diseases. The results showed that T-bet overexpression in T cells spontaneously induced maturation arrest in the mononuclear phagocyte lineage, as well as spontaneous dermatitis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)-like disease in T-bet(tg/wt) and T-bet(tg/tg) mice, respectively. T-bet(tg/tg) alveoli with the PAP phenotype showed remarkable reorganization of alveolar mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations and impaired function, in addition to augmented T-cell infiltration. In addition, PAP development in T-bet(tg/tg) mice was found to be associated with increased migration of myeloid cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. These findings reveal an unexpected link between T-bet overexpression in T lymphocytes and the development of PAP caused by reorganization of mononuclear phagocytes in the lung, and provide new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of secondary PAP accompanied by hematologic disorders.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Thomassen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
| | - Mani S Kavuru
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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27
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Epelman S, Lavine KJ, Randolph GJ. Origin and functions of tissue macrophages. Immunity 2014; 41:21-35. [PMID: 25035951 PMCID: PMC4470379 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1029] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease. Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes. Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state. This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes. Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature. Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear. Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Epelman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wang M, Subramanian M, Abramowicz S, Murphy AJ, Gonen A, Witztum J, Welch C, Tabas I, Westerterp M, Tall AR. Interleukin-3/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor promotes stem cell expansion, monocytosis, and atheroma macrophage burden in mice with hematopoietic ApoE deficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:976-84. [PMID: 24651678 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary heart disease is associated with monocytosis. Studies using animal models of monocytosis and atherosclerosis such as ApoE(-/-) mice have shown bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion, associated with increased cell surface expression of the common β subunit of the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3 receptor (CBS) on HSPCs. ApoE(-/-) mice also display increased granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent monocyte production in the spleen. We investigated the role of the CBS in cholesterol-driven HSPC expansion, monocytosis, and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Ldlr(-/-) mice were transplanted with ApoE(-/-)Cbs(-/-) or ApoE(-/-) BM followed by Western-type diet feeding. Compared with ApoE(-/-) BM-transplanted controls, ApoE(-/-)Cbs(-/-) BM-transplanted mice had reduced BM and splenic HSPC proliferation, fewer blood monocytes and neutrophils, and reduced macrophage content and area of early atherosclerotic lesions. More advanced lesions showed diminished macrophage and collagen content; however, lesion size was unchanged, reflecting an increase in necrotic core area, associated with a marked decrease in Abcg1 expression and increased macrophage apoptosis. Compared with wild-type mice, Western-type diet-fed ApoE(-/-) mice showed increased CBS expression on granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing innate response activator B cells and expansion of this population. ApoE(-/-)Cbs(-/-) BM-transplanted Ldlr(-/-) mice showed a marked decrease in innate response activator B cells compared with ApoE(-/-) BM-transplanted Ldlr(-/-) controls. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of CBS on HSPCs and splenic innate response activator B cells lead to expansion of these populations in ApoE(-/-) BM-transplanted Ldlr(-/-) mice, contributing to monocytosis and increased lesional macrophage content. However, in more advanced lesions, the CBS also has a role in atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M. Wang, M.S., S.A., A.J.M., C.W., I.T., M. Westerterp, A.R.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (M. Wang), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.W.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M. Westerterp)
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Dalrymple H, Barna BP, Malur A, Malur AG, Kavuru MS, Thomassen MJ. Alveolar macrophages of GM-CSF knockout mice exhibit mixed M1 and M2 phenotypes. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 24044676 PMCID: PMC3848434 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activin A is a pleiotrophic regulatory cytokine, the ablation of which is neonatal lethal. Healthy human alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitutively express activin A, but AMs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) are deficient in activin A. PAP is an autoimmune lung disease characterized by neutralizing autoantibodies to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF). Activin A can be stimulated, however, by GM-CSF treatment of AMs in vitro. To further explore pulmonary activin A regulation, we examined AMs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from wild-type C57BL/6 compared to GM-CSF knockout mice which exhibit a PAP-like histopathology. Both human PAP and mouse GM-CSF knockout AMs are deficient in the transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Results In sharp contrast to human PAP, activin A mRNA was elevated in mouse GM-CSF knockout AMs, and activin A protein was increased in BAL fluid. Investigation of potential causative factors for activin A upregulation revealed intrinsic overexpression of IFNγ, a potent inducer of the M1 macrophage phenotype, in GM-CSF knockout BAL cells. IFNγ mRNA was not elevated in PAP BAL cells. In vitro studies confirmed that IFNγ stimulated activin A in wild-type AMs while antibody to IFNγ reduced activin A in GM-CSF knockout AMs. Both IFNγ and Activin A were also reduced in GM-CSF knockout mice in vivo after intratracheal instillation of lentivirus-PPARγ compared to control lentivirus vector. Examination of other M1 markers in GM-CSF knockout mice indicated intrinsic elevation of the IFNγ-regulated gene, inducible Nitrogen Oxide Synthetase (iNOS), CCL5, and interleukin (IL)-6 compared to wild-type. The M2 markers, IL-10 and CCL2 were also intrinsically elevated. Conclusions Data point to IFNγ as the primary upregulator of activin A in GM-CSF knockout mice which in addition, exhibit a unique mix of M1-M2 macrophage phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Dalrymple
- Program in Lung Cell Biology and Translational Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine and Sleep Medicine, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 3E-149 Brody Medical Sciences Building, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Herold S, Gabrielli NM, Vadász I. Novel concepts of acute lung injury and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L665-81. [PMID: 24039257 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00232.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarize recent major advances in our understanding on the molecular mechanisms, mediators, and biomarkers of acute lung injury (ALI) and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, highlighting the role of immune cells, inflammatory and noninflammatory signaling events, mechanical noxae, and the affected cellular and molecular entities and functions. Furthermore, we address novel aspects of resolution and repair of ALI, as well as putative candidates for treatment of ALI, including pharmacological and cellular therapeutic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herold
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig Univ., Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Yang MY, Hilton MB, Seaman S, Haines DC, Nagashima K, Burks CM, Tessarollo L, Ivanova PT, Brown HA, Umstead TM, Floros J, Chroneos ZC, St. Croix B. Essential regulation of lung surfactant homeostasis by the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR116. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1457-64. [PMID: 23684610 PMCID: PMC3695742 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR116 is an orphan seven-pass transmembrane receptor whose function has been unclear. Global disruption of the Gpr116 gene in mice revealed an unexpected, critical role for this receptor in lung surfactant homeostasis, resulting in progressive accumulation of surfactant lipids and proteins in the alveolar space, labored breathing, and a reduced lifespan. GPR116 expression analysis, bone marrow transplantation studies, and characterization of conditional knockout mice revealed that GPR116 expression in ATII cells is required for maintaining normal surfactant levels. Aberrant packaging of surfactant proteins with lipids in the Gpr116 mutant mice resulted in compromised surfactant structure, function, uptake, and processing. Thus, GPR116 plays an indispensable role in lung surfactant homeostasis with important ramifications for the understanding and treatment of lung surfactant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Yang
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC, FNLCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC, FNLCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christina M. Burks
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC, FNLCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, MCGP, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics (CHILD), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics (CHILD), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Zissis C. Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics (CHILD), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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Abstract
The alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell is highly specialised for the synthesis and storage, in intracellular lamellar bodies, of phospholipid destined for secretion as pulmonary surfactant into the alveolus. Regulation of the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid synthesis and metabolism has been extensively characterised at both molecular and functional levels, but understanding of surfactant phospholipid metabolism in vivo in either healthy or, especially, diseased lungs is still relatively poorly understood. This review will integrate recent advances in the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid metabolism with metabolic studies in vivo in both experimental animals and human subjects. It will highlight developments in the application of stable isotope-labelled precursor substrates and mass spectrometry to probe lung phospholipid metabolism in terms of individual molecular lipid species and identify areas where a more comprehensive metabolic model would have considerable potential for direct application to disease states.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The varied effects of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) on monocytes and macrophages during inflammation and atherosclerosis and its clinical presentation prompt the question whether the differing effects of CSFs dictate macrophage function and disease progression. RECENT FINDINGS CSFs can give rise to heterogeneous populations of monocyte-derived macrophages that are characterized by disparate expression of distinct molecules which dictate their ability to process lipid and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. The CSFs have been found within atherosclerotic plaques and in the circulation where their levels may act as predictive biomarkers of disease progression. Accordingly, differing exposure to these factors imparts divergent genomic signatures and functional properties on macrophages and may impact the multifactorial steps involved in atherogenesis, plaque progression and instability. SUMMARY Great interest in macrophage heterogeneity in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis has led to the search for consistent markers of specific subsets in both animal models and humans. A better understanding of the overlap and competition between CSF regulation of macrophage phenotypes is therefore warranted, to allow their characterization in plaques. Subsequent targeted genetic and pharmacological intervention will facilitate the generation of therapeutic approaches to halt the progression and rupture of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Di Gregoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
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Agassandian M, Mallampalli RK. Surfactant phospholipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:612-25. [PMID: 23026158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life and is composed of a complex lipoprotein-like mixture that lines the inner surface of the lung to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. The molecular composition of surfactant depends on highly integrated and regulated processes involving its biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and intracellular trafficking. Despite its multicomponent composition, the study of surfactant phospholipid metabolism has focused on two predominant components, disaturated phosphatidylcholine that confers surface-tension lowering activities, and phosphatidylglycerol, recently implicated in innate immune defense. Future studies providing a better understanding of the molecular control and physiological relevance of minor surfactant lipid components are needed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agassandian
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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PPAR Medicines and Human Disease: The ABCs of It All. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:504918. [PMID: 22919365 PMCID: PMC3423947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/504918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a family of transmembrane proteins that pump a variety of hydrophobic compounds across cellular and subcellular barriers and are implicated in human diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Inhibition of ABC transporter activity showed promise in early preclinical studies; however, the outcomes in clinical trials with these agents have not been as encouraging. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate genes involved in fat and glucose metabolism, and inflammation. Activation of PPAR signaling is also reported to regulate ABC gene expression. This suggests the potential of PPAR medicines as a novel means of controlling ABC transporter activity at the transcriptional level. This paper summarizes the advances made in understanding how PPAR medicines affect ABC transporters, and the potential implications for impacting on human diseases, in particular with respect to cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Gautier EL, Chow A, Spanbroek R, Marcelin G, Greter M, Jakubzick C, Bogunovic M, Leboeuf M, van Rooijen N, Habenicht AJ, Merad M, Randolph GJ. Systemic analysis of PPARγ in mouse macrophage populations reveals marked diversity in expression with critical roles in resolution of inflammation and airway immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2614-24. [PMID: 22855714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has anti-inflammatory actions in macrophages, which macrophage populations express PPARγ in vivo and how it regulates tissue homeostasis in the steady state and during inflammation remains unclear. We now show that lung and spleen macrophages selectively expressed PPARγ among resting tissue macrophages. In addition, Ly-6C(hi) monocytes recruited to an inflammatory site induced PPARγ as they differentiated to macrophages. When PPARγ was absent in Ly-6C(hi)-derived inflammatory macrophages, initiation of the inflammatory response was unaffected, but full resolution of inflammation failed, leading to chronic leukocyte recruitment. Conversely, PPARγ activation favored resolution of inflammation in a macrophage PPARγ-dependent manner. In the steady state, PPARγ deficiency in red pulp macrophages did not induce overt inflammation in the spleen. By contrast, PPARγ deletion in lung macrophages induced mild pulmonary inflammation at the steady state and surprisingly precipitated mortality upon infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. This accelerated mortality was associated with impaired bacterial clearance and inability to sustain macrophages locally. Overall, we uncovered critical roles for macrophage PPARγ in promoting resolution of inflammation and maintaining functionality in lung macrophages where it plays a pivotal role in supporting pulmonary host defense. In addition, this work identifies specific macrophage populations as potential targets for the anti-inflammatory actions of PPARγ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Gautier
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Malur A, Kavuru MS, Marshall I, Barna BP, Huizar I, Karnekar R, Thomassen MJ. Rituximab therapy in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis improves alveolar macrophage lipid homeostasis. Respir Res 2012; 13:46. [PMID: 22697800 PMCID: PMC3432632 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) patients exhibit an acquired deficiency of biologically active granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) attributable to GM-CSF specific autoantibodies. PAP alveolar macrophages are foamy, lipid-filled cells with impaired surfactant clearance and markedly reduced expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and the PPARγ-regulated ATP binding cassette (ABC) lipid transporter, ABCG1. An open label proof of concept Phase II clinical trial was conducted in PAP patients using rituximab, a chimeric murine-human monoclonal antibody directed against B lymphocyte specific antigen CD20. Rituximab treatment decreased anti-GM-CSF antibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and 7/9 patients completing the trial demonstrated clinical improvement as measured by arterial blood oxygenation. OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether rituximab therapy would restore lipid metabolism in PAP alveolar macrophages. METHODS BAL samples were collected from patients pre- and 6-months post-rituximab infusion for evaluation of mRNA and lipid changes. RESULTS Mean PPARγ and ABCG1 mRNA expression increased 2.8 and 5.3-fold respectively (p ≤ 0.05) after treatment. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) (a key enzyme in surfactant degradation) mRNA expression was severely deficient in PAP patients pre-treatment but increased 2.8-fold post-treatment. In supplemental animal studies, LPLA2 deficiency was verified in GM-CSF KO mice but was not present in macrophage-specific PPARγ KO mice compared to wild-type controls. Oil Red O intensity of PAP alveolar macrophages decreased after treatment, indicating reduced intracellular lipid while extracellular free cholesterol increased in BAL fluid. Furthermore, total protein and Surfactant protein A were significantly decreased in the BAL fluid post therapy. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in GM-CSF autoantibodies by rituximab therapy improves alveolar macrophage lipid metabolism by increasing lipid transport and surfactant catabolism. Mechanisms may involve GM-CSF stimulation of alveolar macrophage ABCG1 and LPLA2 activities by distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Malur
- Program in Lung Cell Biology and Translational Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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McIntyre TM. Bioactive oxidatively truncated phospholipids in inflammation and apoptosis: formation, targets, and inactivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2456-64. [PMID: 22445850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews structurally related phospholipid oxidation products that are biologically active where molecular mechanisms have been defined. Phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl residues are chemically or enzymatically oxidized to phospholipid hydroperoxides, which may fragment on either side of the newly introduced peroxy function to form phospholipids with a truncated sn-2 residue. These truncated phospholipids not subject to biologic control of their production and, depending on the sn-2 residue length and structure, can stimulate the plasma membrane receptor for PAF. Alternatively, these chemically formed products can be internalized by a transport system to either stimulate the lipid activated nuclear transcription factor PPARγ or at higher levels interact with mitochondria to initiate the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Intracellular PAF acetylhydrolases specifically hydrolyze truncated phospholipids, and not undamaged, biosynthetic phospholipids, to protect cells from oxidative death. Truncated phospholipids are also formed within cells where they couple cytokine stimulation to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. The relevance of intracellular truncated phospholipids is shown by the complete protection from cytokine induced apoptosis by PAF acetylhydrolase expression. This protection shows truncated phospholipids are the actual effectors of cytokine mediated toxicity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids-their properties and interactions with proteins.
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Malur A, Huizar I, Wells G, Barna BP, Malur AG, Thomassen MJ. Lentivirus-ABCG1 instillation reduces lipid accumulation and improves lung compliance in GM-CSF knock-out mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tian X, Luo J, Xu KF, Wang L, Zhou J, Feng R, Gui Y, Wang J, Xu W, Xiao Y, Zhu Y. Impaired lipid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:54. [PMID: 21486485 PMCID: PMC3098173 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that lipids abnormally accumulate in the alveoli during idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). It is unclear, however, whether lipids also abnormally accumulate in serum. This study investigated the serum lipid panels in idiopathic PAP patients and explored the relationships between serum levels and the severity of idiopathic PAP. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical data including the level of serum lipids were evaluated in 33 non-diabetic idiopathic PAP patients and 157 healthy volunteers. Serum levels of triglyceride were higher in PAP patients than in healthy subjects (median: 192.00 mg/dl (P25: 104.36, P75: 219.00) vs 119.56 mg/dl (P25: 78.81, P75: 193.03), P < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were lower in patients than in the control group (42.50 ± 10.30 vs 51.34 ± 12.06 mg/dl, P < 0.01). Forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity in hypertriglyceridemia patients were lower than those in patients with normal triglyceride. Serum LDL-C and HDL-C ratio correlated negatively with PaO2 (r = -0.403, P < 0.05) and positively with lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.381, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PAP associates with high triglyceride and low HDL levels in the serum, and these lipids provide potential intervention strategy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlun Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kai-Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Office for Infection Control, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ruie Feng
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaosong Gui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenbing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuanjue Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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