1
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Russo C, Raiden S, Algieri S, Bruera MJ, De Carli N, Sarli M, Cairoli H, De Lillo L, Morales I, Seery V, Otero A, Sananez I, Simaz N, Alfiero G, Rubino G, Moya N, Aedo Portela L, Herrero M, Blanco M, Salcedo Pereira M, Ferrero F, Geffner J, Arruvito L. ATP-P2X7R pathway activation limits the Tfh cell compartment during pediatric RSV infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397098. [PMID: 39044830 PMCID: PMC11263008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are pivotal in B cell responses. Activation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 on Tfh cells regulates their activity. We investigated the ATP-P2X7R axis in circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells during Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Methods We analyzed two cohorts: children with RSV infection (moderate, n=30; severe, n=21) and healthy children (n=23). We utilized ELISA to quantify the levels of PreF RSV protein-specific IgG antibodies, IL-21 cytokine, and soluble P2X7R (sP2X7R) in both plasma and nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA). Additionally, luminometry was employed to determine ATP levels in plasma, NPA and supernatant culture. The frequency of cTfh cells, P2X7R expression, and plasmablasts were assessed by flow cytometry. To evaluate apoptosis, proliferation, and IL-21 production by cTfh cells, we cultured PBMCs in the presence of Bz-ATP and/or P2X7R antagonist (KN-62) and a flow cytometry analysis was performed. Results In children with severe RSV disease, we observed diminished titers of neutralizing anti-PreF IgG antibodies. Additionally, severe infections, compared to moderate cases, were associated with fewer cTfh cells and reduced plasma levels of IL-21. Our investigation revealed dysregulation in the ATP-P2X7R pathway during RSV infection. This was characterized by elevated ATP levels in both plasma and NPA samples, increased expression of P2X7R on cTfh cells, lower levels of sP2X7R, and heightened ATP release from PBMCs upon stimulation, particularly evident in severe cases. Importantly, ATP exposure decreased cTfh proliferative response and IL-21 production, while promoting their apoptosis. The P2X7R antagonist KN-62 mitigated these effects. Furthermore, disease severity positively correlated with ATP levels in plasma and NPA samples and inversely correlated with cTfh frequency. Conclusion Our findings indicate that activation of the ATP-P2X7R pathway during RSV infection may contribute to limiting the cTfh cell compartment by promoting cell death and dysfunction, ultimately leading to increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Russo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Raiden
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Algieri
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Bruera
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto De Carli
- Servicio de Pediatría, Clínica del Niño de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariam Sarli
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor Cairoli
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo De Lillo
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivanna Morales
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Seery
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Otero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Sananez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Simaz
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Alfiero
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Rubino
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor Moya
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Aedo Portela
- Servicio de Pediatría, Clínica del Niño de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro Herrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Ferrero
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhang RG, Liu XJ, Guo YL, Chen CL. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain promotes IL-6 and IL-8 release via ATP/P2Y 2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in human bronchial epithelia. Mol Immunol 2024; 167:53-61. [PMID: 38359646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as its receptor binding domain (RBD) has been demonstrated to be capable of activating the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in endothelial cells and immune cells such as monocytes. However, the effects of spike protein or its RBD on airway epithelial cells and mechanisms underlying these effects have not been adequately characterized. Here, we show that the RBD of spike protein alone can induce bronchial epithelial inflammation in a manner of ATP/P2Y2 dependence. Incubation of human bronchial epithelia with RBD induced IL-6 and IL-8 release, which could be inhibited by antibody. The incubation of RBD also up-regulated the expression of inflammatory indicators such as ho-1 and mkp-1. Furthermore, ATP secretion was observed after RBD treatment, P2Y2 receptor knock down by siRNA significantly suppressed the IL-6 and IL-8 release evoked by RBD. Additionally, S-RBD elevated the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2, and the effect that PD98059 can inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokine release suggested the participation of ERK1/2. These novel findings provide new evidence of SARS-CoV-2 on airway inflammation and introduce purinergic signaling as promising treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Gang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Xing-Jian Liu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu-Ling Guo
- First Clinical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chun-Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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3
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Ferrari D, Rubini M, Burns JS. The Potential of Purinergic Signaling to Thwart Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904419. [PMID: 35784277 PMCID: PMC9248768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-shared evolutionary history is congruent with the multiple roles played by purinergic signaling in viral infection, replication and host responses that can assist or hinder viral functions. An overview of the involvement of purinergic signaling among a range of viruses is compared and contrasted with what is currently understood for SARS-CoV-2. In particular, we focus on the inflammatory and antiviral responses of infected cells mediated by purinergic receptor activation. Although there is considerable variation in a patient's response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, a principle immediate concern in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the possibility of an aberrant inflammatory activation causing diffuse lung oedema and respiratory failure. We discuss the most promising potential interventions modulating purinergic signaling that may attenuate the more serious repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection and aspects of their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Section of Microbiology and Applied Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Rubini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jorge S. Burns
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Manti S, Piedimonte G. An overview on the RSV-mediated mechanisms in the onset of non-allergic asthma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:998296. [PMID: 36204661 PMCID: PMC9530042 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.998296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized as an important risk factor for wheezing and asthma, since it commonly affects babies during lung development. While the role of RSV in the onset of atopic asthma is widely recognized, its impact on the onset of non-atopic asthma, mediated via other and independent causal pathways, has long been also suspected, but the association is less clear. Following RSV infection, the release of local pro-inflammatory molecules, the dysfunction of neural pathways, and the compromised epithelial integrity can become chronic and influence airway development, leading to bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma, regardless of atopic status. After a brief review of the RSV structure and its interaction with the immune system and neuronal pathways, this review summarizes the current evidence about the RSV-mediated pathogenic pathways in predisposing and inducing airway dysfunction and non-allergic asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Olotu C, Lehmensiek F, Koch B, Kiefmann M, Riegel AK, Hammerschmidt S, Kiefmann R. Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits purinergic signaling and promotes purinergic receptor P2Y 2 internalization in alveolar epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12795-12806. [PMID: 31289122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a global health challenge that causes up to 2 million deaths each year. Purinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in healthy alveolar epithelium. Here, we used fluorophore-based analysis and live-cell calcium imaging to address the question of whether the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae directly interferes with purinergic signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. Disturbed purinergic signaling might result in pathophysiologic changes like edema formation and atelectasis, which are commonly seen in bacterial pneumonia. Purine receptors are mainly activated by ATP, mediating a cytosolic calcium response. We found that this purinergic receptor P2Y2-mediated response is suppressed in the presence of S. pneumoniae in A549 and isolated primary alveolar cells in a temperature-dependent manner. Downstream inositol 3-phosphate (IP3) signaling appeared to be unaffected, as calcium signaling via protease-activated receptor 2 remained unaltered. S. pneumoniae-induced suppression of the P2Y2-mediated calcium response depended on the P2Y2 phosphorylation sites Ser-243, Thr-344, and Ser-356, which are involved in receptor desensitization and internalization. Spinning-disk live-cell imaging revealed that S. pneumoniae induces P2Y2 translocation into the cytosol. In conclusion, our results show that S. pneumoniae directly inhibits purinergic signaling by inducing P2Y2 phosphorylation and internalization, resulting in the suppression of the calcium response of alveolar epithelial cells to ATP, thereby affecting cellular integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Olotu
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmensiek
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Koch
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kiefmann
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Riegel
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Kiefmann
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Ferrari D, Idzko M, Müller T, Manservigi R, Marconi P. Purinergic Signaling: A New Pharmacological Target Against Viruses? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:926-936. [PMID: 30292585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major global problem in human health, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite recent progress in antiviral treatments, several viral diseases are still not controlled and millions suffer from them every year. It has recently emerged that purinergic signaling participates in viral infection and replication. Furthermore, stimulation of purinergic receptors in infected cells also induces inflammatory and antiviral responses, thus contributing to the host antiviral defense. Here we review the multiple roles played by the purinergic signaling network in cell-virus interactions that can lead either to viral maintenance in the cells or, by contrast, to stronger antiviral responses, and discuss potential future applications of purinergic signaling modulation for the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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7
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Richard C, Shabbir W, Ferraro P, Massé C, Berthiaume Y. Alveolar liquid clearance in lung injury: Evaluation of the impairment of the β 2-adrenergic agonist response in an ischemia-reperfusion lung injury model. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 259:104-110. [PMID: 30171906 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While alveolar liquid clearance (ALC) mediated by the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) plays an important role in lung edema resolution in certain models of lung injury, in more severe lung injury models, this response might disappear. Indeed, we have shown that in an ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury model, β2-agonists do not enhance ALC. The objective of this study was to determine if downregulation of the β2-AR could explain the lack of response to β2-agonists in this lung injury model. In an in vivo canine model of lung transplantation, we observed no change in β2-AR concentration or affinity in the injured transplanted lungs compared to the native lungs. Furthermore, we could not enhance ALC in transplanted lungs with dcAMP + aminophylline, a treatment that bypasses the β2-adrenergic receptor and is known to stimulate ALC in normal lungs. However, transplantation decreased αENaC expression in the lungs by 50%. We conclude that the lack of response to β2-agonists in ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury is not associated with significant downregulation of the β2-adrenergic receptors but is attributable to decreased expression of the ENaC channel, which is essential for sodium transport and alveolar liquid clearance in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Richard
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada
| | - Waheed Shabbir
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pasquale Ferraro
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada; Département de chirurgie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Massé
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada; Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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8
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Woods PS, Doolittle LM, Hickman-Davis JM, Davis IC. ATP catabolism by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase contributes to development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L83-L92. [PMID: 28982733 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens that are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide on an annual basis. We have shown previously that influenza infection of mice leads to increased ATP and adenosine accumulation in the airway lumen. Moreover, we demonstrated that A1-adenosine receptor activation contributes significantly to influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, we found that development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice does not require catabolism of ATP to adenosine by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Hence, we hypothesized that increased adenosine generation in response to infection is mediated by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), which is a low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme that catabolizes nucleotides in a nonspecific manner. In the current study, we found that whole lung and BALF TNAP expression and alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity increased as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi) of C57BL/6 mice with 10,000 pfu/mouse of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Treatment at 2 and 4 dpi with a highly specific quinolinyl-benzenesulfonamide TNAP inhibitor (TNAPi) significantly reduced whole lung alkaline phosphatase activity at 6 dpi but did not alter TNAP gene or protein expression. TNAPi treatment attenuated hypoxemia, lung dysfunction, histopathology, and pulmonary edema at 6 dpi without impacting viral replication or BALF adenosine. Treatment also improved epithelial barrier function and attenuated cellular and humoral immune responses to influenza infection. These data indicate that TNAP inhibition can attenuate influenza-induced ARDS by reducing inflammation and fluid accumulation within the lung. They also further emphasize the importance of adenosine generation for development of ARDS in influenza-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker S Woods
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lauren M Doolittle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Judy M Hickman-Davis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Londino JD, Lazrak A, Collawn JF, Bebok Z, Harrod KS, Matalon S. Influenza virus infection alters ion channel function of airway and alveolar cells: mechanisms and physiological sequelae. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L845-L858. [PMID: 28775098 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00244.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are located in the apical membranes of airway and alveolar epithelial cells. These transporters play an important role in the regulation of lung fluid balance across airway and alveolar epithelia by being the conduits for chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate ([Formula: see text]) secretion and sodium (Na+) ion absorption, respectively. The functional role of these channels in the respiratory tract is to maintain the optimum volume and ionic composition of the bronchial periciliary fluid (PCL) and alveolar lining fluid (ALF) layers. The PCL is required for proper mucociliary clearance of pathogens and debris, and the ALF is necessary for surfactant homeostasis and optimum gas exchange. Dysregulation of ion transport may lead to mucus accumulation, bacterial infections, inflammation, pulmonary edema, and compromised respiratory function. Influenza (or flu) in mammals is caused by influenza A and B viruses. Symptoms include dry cough, sore throat, and is often followed by secondary bacterial infections, accumulation of fluid in the alveolar spaces and acute lung injury. The underlying mechanisms of flu symptoms are not fully understood. This review summarizes our present knowledge of how influenza virus infections alter airway and alveolar epithelial cell CFTR and ENaC function in vivo and in vitro and the role of these changes in influenza pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James David Londino
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zsuzsanna Bebok
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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Contreras-Sanz A, Krska L, Balachandran AA, Curtiss NL, Khasriya R, Kelley S, Strutt M, Gill HS, Taylor KM, Mansfield KJ, Wu C, Peppiatt-Wildman CM, Malone-Lee J, Duckett J, Wildman SS. Altered urothelial ATP signaling in a major subset of human overactive bladder patients with pyuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F805-F816. [PMID: 27358056 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00339.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactive Bladder (OAB) is an idiopathic condition, characterized by urgency, urinary frequency, and urgency incontinence, in the absence of routinely traceable urinary infection. We have described microscopic pyuria (≥10 wbc/μl) in patients suffering from the worst symptoms. It is established that inflammation is associated with increased ATP release from epithelial cells, and extracellular ATP originating from the urothelium following increased hydrostatic pressure is a mediator of bladder sensation. Here, using bladder biopsy samples, we have investigated urothelial ATP signaling in OAB patients with microscopic pyuria. Basal, but not stretch-evoked, release of ATP was significantly greater from the urothelium of OAB patients with pyuria than from non-OAB patients or OAB patients without pyuria (<10 wbc/μl). Basal ATP release from the urothelium of OAB patients with pyuria was inhibited by the P2 receptor antagonist suramin and abolished by the hemichannel blocker carbenoxolone, which differed from stretch-activated ATP release. Altered P2 receptor expression was evident in the urothelium from pyuric OAB patients. Furthermore, intracellular bacteria were visualized in shed urothelial cells from ∼80% of OAB patients with pyuria. These data suggest that increased ATP release from the urothelium, involving bacterial colonization, may play a role in the heightened symptoms associated with pyuric OAB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Krska
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Natasha L Curtiss
- Obstetrics and Urogynaecology, Medway Maritime Hospital, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Kelley
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Strutt
- Department of Microbiology, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Hardyal S Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie J Mansfield
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Changhao Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Malone-Lee
- Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Duckett
- Obstetrics and Urogynaecology, Medway Maritime Hospital, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Scott S Wildman
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom;
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11
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Aeffner F, Woods PS, Davis IC. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 modulates the innate immune response to influenza infection but is not required for development of influenza-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1313-22. [PMID: 26432867 PMCID: PMC4669338 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00130.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are important signaling molecules in the lung. Nucleotide and nucleoside concentrations in alveolar lining fluid are controlled by a complex network of surface ectonucleotidases. Previously, we demonstrated that influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus resulted in increased levels of the nucleotide ATP and the nucleoside adenosine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Influenza-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was highly attenuated in A1-adenosine receptor-knockout mice. Because AMP hydrolysis by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) plays a central role in and is rate-limiting for generation of adenosine in the normal lung, we hypothesized that ALI would be attenuated in C57BL/6-congenic CD73-knockout (CD73-KO) mice. Infection-induced hypoxemia, bradycardia, viral replication, and bronchoconstriction were moderately increased in CD73-KO mice relative to WT controls. However, postinfection weight loss, pulmonary edema, and parenchymal dysfunction were not altered. Treatment of WT mice with the CD73 inhibitor 5'-(α,β-methylene) diphosphate (APCP) also had no effect on infection-induced pulmonary edema but modestly attenuated hypoxemia. BALF from CD73-KO and APCP-treated WT mice contained more IL-6 and CXCL-10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10, less CXCL-1/keratinocyte chemoattractant, and fewer neutrophils than BALF from untreated WT controls. BALF from APCP-treated WT mice also contained fewer alveolar macrophages and more transforming growth factor-β than BALF from untreated WT mice. These results indicate that CD73 is not necessary for development of ALI following influenza A virus infection and suggest that tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase may be responsible for increased adenosine generation in the infected lung. However, they do suggest that CD73 has a previously unrecognized immunomodulatory role in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Parker S Woods
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Sun Y, Jain D, Koziol-White CJ, Genoyer E, Gilbert M, Tapia K, Panettieri RA, Hodinka RL, López CB. Immunostimulatory Defective Viral Genomes from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Promote a Strong Innate Antiviral Response during Infection in Mice and Humans. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005122. [PMID: 26336095 PMCID: PMC4559413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory illness in children and susceptible adults. RSV blocks the development of the innate antiviral immune response and can grow to high titers in the respiratory tract. Here we demonstrate that immunostimulatory defective viral genomes (iDVGs) that are naturally generated during RSV replication are strong inducers of the innate antiviral response to RSV in mice and humans. In mice, RSV iDVGs stimulated the expression of antiviral genes, restricted viral replication, and prevented weight loss and lung inflammation. In human cells, the antiviral response to RSV iDVGs was dominated by the expression of IFN-λ1 over IFN-β and was driven by rapid intranuclear accumulation of the transcription factor IRF1. RSV iDVGs were detected in respiratory secretions of hospitalized patients, and their amount positively correlated with the level of expression of antiviral genes in the samples. Infection of explanted human lung tissue from different donors revealed that most humans can respond to RSV iDVGs and that the rate of accumulation of iDVGs during infection directly correlates with the quality of the antiviral response. Taken together, our data establish iDVGs as primary triggers of robust antiviral responses to RSV and provide the first evidence for an important biological role for naturally occurring iDVGs during a paramyxovirus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deepika Jain
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emmanuelle Genoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micah Gilbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karla Tapia
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Hodinka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolina B. López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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13
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Aeffner F, Bolon B, Davis IC. Mouse Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Analytical Approaches, Pathologic Features, and Common Measurements. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1074-92. [PMID: 26296628 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315598399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe pulmonary reaction requiring hospitalization, which is incited by many causes, including bacterial and viral pneumonia as well as near drowning, aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis, intravenous drug use, and abdominal trauma. In humans, ARDS is very well defined by a list of clinical parameters. However, until recently no consensus was available regarding the criteria of ARDS that should be evident in an experimental animal model. This lack was rectified by a 2011 workshop report by the American Thoracic Society, which defined the main features proposed to delineate the presence of ARDS in laboratory animals. These should include histological changes in parenchymal tissue, altered integrity of the alveolar capillary barrier, inflammation, and abnormal pulmonary function. Murine ARDS models typically are defined by such features as pulmonary edema and leukocyte infiltration in cytological preparations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and/or lung sections. Common pathophysiological indicators of ARDS in mice include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and histological evidence of inflammatory infiltrates into the lung. Thus, morphological endpoints remain a vital component of data sets assembled from animal ARDS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Flagship Biosciences Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA
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14
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates RSV Infection in Vitro and in Vivo. Viruses 2015; 7:4230-53. [PMID: 26264019 PMCID: PMC4576178 DOI: 10.3390/v7082817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The present study tested the hypothesis that RSV infection would increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, and that MMP-9 inhibition would decrease RSV replication both in vitro and in vivo. RSV A2 infection of human bronchial epithelial cells increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein release. Cells transfected with siRNA against MMP-9 following RSV infection had lower viral titers. In RSV infected wild-type (WT) mice, MMP-9, airway resistance and viral load peaked at day 2 post infection, and remained elevated on days 4 and 7. RSV infected MMP-9 knockout (KO) mice had decreased lung inflammation. On days 2 and 4 post inoculation, the RSV burden was lower in the MMP-9 KO mice compared to WT controls. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that RSV infection is a potent stimulus of MMP-9 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Reduction of MMP-9 (via siRNA knockdown, and in MMP-9 KO mice) resulted in decreased viral replication. Our findings suggest MMP-9 is a potential therapeutic target for RSV disease.
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Song W, Yu Z, Doran SF, Ambalavanan N, Steele C, Garantziotis S, Matalon S. Respiratory syncytial virus infection increases chlorine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L205-10. [PMID: 26071553 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00159.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chlorine (Cl2) damages airway and alveolar epithelia resulting in acute lung injury and reactive airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine. However, little is known about the effect of preexisting respiratory disease on Cl2-induced lung injury. By using a murine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection model, we found that preexisting RSV infection increases Cl2 (187 ppm for 30 min)-induced lung inflammation and airway AHR at 24 h after exposure (5 days after infection). RSV infection and Cl2 exposure synergistically induced oxygen desaturation and neutrophil infiltration and increased MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ, and RANTES concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In contrast, levels of type 2 cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13) were not significantly affected by either RSV infection or Cl2 exposure. Cl2 exposure, but not RSV infection, induced AHR to methacholine challenge as measured by flexiVent. Moreover, preexisting RSV infection amplified BALF levels of hyaluronan (HA) and AHR. The Cl2-induced AHR was mitigated by treatment with inter-α-trypsin inhibitor antibody, which inhibits HA signaling, suggesting a mechanism of HA-mediated AHR from exacerbated oxidative injury. Our results show for the first time that preexisting RSV infection predisposes the lung to Cl2-induced injury. These data emphasize the necessity for further research on the effects of Cl2 in vulnerable populations and the development of appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), and the Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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van den Berg E, Bem RA, Bos AP, Lutter R, van Woensel JBM. The effect of TIP on pneumovirus-induced pulmonary edema in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102749. [PMID: 25047452 PMCID: PMC4105480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary edema plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced respiratory failure. In this study we determined whether treatment with TIP (AP301), a synthetic cyclic peptide that mimics the lectin-like domain of human TNF, decreases pulmonary edema in a mouse model of severe human RSV infection. TIP is currently undergoing clinical trials as a therapy for pulmonary permeability edema and has been shown to decrease pulmonary edema in different lung injury models. Methods C57BL/6 mice were infected with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and received TIP or saline (control group) by intratracheal instillation on day five (early administration) or day seven (late administration) after infection. In a separate set of experiments the effect of multiple dose administration of TIP versus saline was tested. Pulmonary edema was determined by the lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio and was assessed at different time-points after the administration of TIP. Secondary outcomes included clinical scores and lung cellular response. Results TIP did not have an effect on pulmonary edema in different dose regimens at different time points during PVM infection. In addition, TIP administration did not affect clinical severity scores or lung cellular response. Conclusion In this murine model of severe RSV infection TIP did not affect pulmonary edema nor course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske van den Berg
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Reinout A. Bem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. Bos
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job B. M. van Woensel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Activation of A1-adenosine receptors promotes leukocyte recruitment to the lung and attenuates acute lung injury in mice infected with influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. J Virol 2014; 88:10214-27. [PMID: 24965449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01068-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have shown that bronchoalveolar epithelial A1-adenosine receptors (A1-AdoR) are activated in influenza A virus-infected mice. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils also express A1-AdoRs, and we hypothesized that activation of A1-AdoRs on these cells will promote macrophage and neutrophil chemotaxis and activation and thereby play a role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus-induced acute lung injury. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, congenic A1-AdoR knockout (A1-KO) mice, and mice that had undergone reciprocal bone marrow transfer were inoculated intranasally with 10,000 PFU/mouse influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. Alternatively, WT mice underwent daily treatment with the A1-AdoR antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) from 1 day prior to inoculation. Infection increased bronchoalveolar lining fluid (BALF) adenosine comparably in WT and A1-KO mice. Infection of WT mice resulted in reduced carotid arterial O2 saturation (hypoxemia), lung pathology, pulmonary edema, reduced lung compliance, increased basal airway resistance, and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. These effects were absent or significantly attenuated in A1-KO mice. Levels of BALF leukocytes, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were significantly reduced in infected A1-KO mice, but levels of KC, IP-10, and MCP-1 were increased. Reciprocal bone marrow transfer resulted in WT-like lung injury severity, but BALF leukocyte levels increased only in WT and A1-KO mice with WT bone barrow. Hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, and levels of BALF alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were reduced in DPCPX-treated WT mice. Levels of viral replication did not differ between mouse strains or treatment groups. These findings indicate that adenosine activation of leukocyte A1-AdoRs plays a significant role in their recruitment to the infected lung and contributes to influenza pathogenesis. A1-AdoR inhibitor therapy may therefore be beneficial in patients with influenza virus-induced lung injury. IMPORTANCE Because antiviral drugs are of limited efficacy in patients hospitalized for influenza virus-induced respiratory failure, there is an urgent need for new therapeutics that can limit the progression of lung injury and reduce influenza death rates. We show that influenza A virus infection results in increased production of the nucleoside adenosine in the mouse lung and that activation of A1-subtype adenosine receptors by adenosine contributes significantly to both recruitment of innate immune cells to the lung and development of acute lung injury following influenza virus infection. We also show that treatment with an A1-adenosine receptor antagonist reduces the severity of lung injury in influenza virus-infected mice. Our findings indicate that adenosine plays an important and previously unrecognized role in the innate immune response to influenza virus infection and suggest that drugs which can inhibit either generation of adenosine or activation of A1-adenosine receptors may be beneficial in treating influenza patients hospitalized for respiratory failure.
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18
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Aeffner F, Abdulrahman B, Hickman-Davis JM, Janssen PM, Amer A, Bedwell DM, Sorscher EJ, Davis IC. Heterozygosity for the F508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator anion channel attenuates influenza severity. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:780-9. [PMID: 23749967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal and pandemic influenza are significant public health concerns. Influenza stimulates respiratory epithelial Cl(-) secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of this effect to influenza pathogenesis in mice with reduced CFTR activity. METHODS C57BL/6-congenic mice heterozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation (HET) and wild-type (WT) controls were infected intranasally with 10 000 focus-forming units of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) per mouse. Body weight, arterial O2 saturation, and heart rate were monitored daily. Pulmonary edema and lung function parameters were derived from ratios of wet weight to dry weight and the forced-oscillation technique, respectively. Levels of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, influenza virus-infected HET mice showed significantly delayed mortality, which was accompanied by attenuated hypoxemia, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, and pulmonary edema. However, viral replication and weight loss did not differ. The protective HET phenotype was correlated with exaggerated alveolar macrophage and interleukin 6 responses to infection and was abrogated by alveolar macrophage depletion, using clodronate liposomes. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CFTR expression modulates the innate immune response to influenza and alters disease pathogenesis. CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion is therefore an important host determinant of disease, and CFTR inhibition may be of therapeutic benefit in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Amin R, Sharma S, Ratakonda S, Hassan HA. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit oxalate transport by human intestinal Caco-2-BBe cells through PKC-δ activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C78-89. [PMID: 23596171 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis remains a major health problem in Western countries. Seventy to 80% of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate, and small changes in urinary oxalate affect risk of kidney stone formation. Intestinal oxalate secretion mediated by the anion exchanger SLC26A6 plays an essential role in preventing hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, indicating that understanding the mechanisms regulating intestinal oxalate transport is critical for management of hyperoxaluria. Purinergic signaling modulates several intestinal processes through pathways including PKC activation, which we previously found to inhibit Slc26a6 activity in mouse duodenal tissue. We therefore examined whether purinergic stimulation with ATP and UTP affects oxalate transport by human intestinal Caco-2-BBe (C2) cells. We measured [¹⁴C]oxalate uptake in the presence of an outward Cl⁻ gradient as an assay of Cl⁻/oxalate exchange activity, ≥50% of which is mediated by SLC26A6. We found that ATP and UTP significantly inhibited oxalate transport by C2 cells, an effect blocked by the PKC inhibitor Gö-6983. Utilizing pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as PKC-δ knockdown studies, we observed that ATP inhibits oxalate transport through the P2Y₂ receptor, PLC, and PKC-δ. Biotinylation studies showed that ATP inhibits oxalate transport by lowering SLC26A6 surface expression. These findings are of potential relevance to pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease-associated hyperoxaluria, where supraphysiological levels of ATP/UTP are expected and overexpression of the P2Y₂ receptor has been reported. We conclude that ATP and UTP inhibit oxalate transport by lowering SLC26A6 surface expression in C2 cells through signaling pathways including the P2Y₂ purinergic receptor, PLC, and PKC-δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhul Amin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Garofalo RP, Kolli D, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: mechanisms of redox control and novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:186-217. [PMID: 22799599 PMCID: PMC3513983 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Although the mechanisms of RSV-induced airway disease remain incompletely defined, the lung inflammatory response is thought to play a central pathogenetic role. In the past few years, we and others have provided increasing evidence of a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important regulators of RSV-induced cellular signaling leading to the expression of key proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, RSV-induced oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between ROS production and airway antioxidant defenses, due to a widespread inhibition of antioxidant enzyme expression, is likely to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of RSV-associated lung inflammatory disease, as demonstrated by a significant increase in markers of oxidative injury, which correlate with the severity of clinical illness, in children with RSV infection. Modulation of ROS production and oxidative stress therefore represents a potential novel pharmacological approach to ameliorate RSV-induced lung inflammation and its long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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21
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Thompson KE, Korbmacher JP, Hecht E, Hobi N, Wittekindt OH, Dietl P, Kranz C, Frick M. Fusion-activated cation entry (FACE) via P2X₄ couples surfactant secretion and alveolar fluid transport. FASEB J 2013; 27:1772-83. [PMID: 23307836 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two fundamental mechanisms within alveoli are essential for lung function: regulated fluid transport and secretion of surfactant. Surfactant is secreted via exocytosis of lamellar bodies (LBs) in alveolar type II (ATII) cells. We recently reported that LB exocytosis results in fusion-activated cation entry (FACE) via P2X₄ receptors on LBs. We propose that FACE, in addition to facilitating surfactant secretion, modulates alveolar fluid transport. Correlative fluorescence and atomic force microscopy revealed that FACE-dependent water influx correlated with individual fusion events in rat primary ATII cells. Moreover, ATII cell monolayers grown at air-liquid interface exhibited increases in short-circuit current (Isc) on stimulation with ATP or UTP. Both are potent agonists for LB exocytosis, but only ATP activates FACE. ATP, not UTP, elicited additional fusion-dependent increases in Isc. Overexpressing dominant-negative P2X₄ abrogated this effect by ∼50%, whereas potentiating P2X4 lead to ∼80% increase in Isc. Finally, we monitored changes in alveolar surface liquid (ASL) on ATII monolayers by confocal microscopy. Only stimulation with ATP, not UTP, led to a significant, fusion-dependent, 20% decrease in ASL, indicating apical-to-basolateral fluid transport across ATII monolayers. Our data support the first direct link between LB exocytosis, regulation of surfactant secretion, and transalveolar fluid resorption via FACE.
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22
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Sandilos JK, Bayliss DA. Physiological mechanisms for the modulation of pannexin 1 channel activity. J Physiol 2012; 590:6257-66. [PMID: 23070703 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that ATP, along with other nucleotides, subserves important intercellular signalling processes. Among various nucleotide release mechanisms, the relatively recently identified pannexin 1 (Panx1) channel is gaining prominence by virtue of its ability to support nucleotide permeation and release in a variety of different tissues. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the factors that control Panx1 channel activity. By using electrophysiological and biochemical approaches, diverse mechanisms that dynamically regulate Panx1 channel function have been identified in various settings; these include, among others, activation by caspase-mediated channel cleavage in apoptotic immune cells, by G protein-coupled receptors in vascular smooth muscle, by low oxygen tension in erythrocytes and neurons, by high extracellular K(+) in various cell types and by stretch/strain in airway epithelia. Delineating the distinct mechanisms of Panx1 modulation that prevail in different physiological contexts provides the possibility that these channels, and ATP release, could ultimately be targeted in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Sandilos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Aeffner F, Davis IC. Respiratory syncytial virus reverses airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46660. [PMID: 23056391 PMCID: PMC3462783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 20% of asthmatics in the United States experience acute symptom exacerbations, which commonly result from pulmonary viral infections. The majority of asthma exacerbations in very young children follow infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, pathogenic mechanisms underlying induction of asthma exacerbations by RSV are not well understood. We therefore investigated the effect of post-sensitization RSV infection on lung function in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice as a model of RSV asthma exacerbations. OVA sensitization of uninfected female BALB/c mice increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil levels and induced airway hyperresponsiveness to the muscarinic agonist methacholine, as measured by the forced-oscillation technique. In contrast, intranasal infection with replication-competent RSV strain A2 for 2–8 days reduced BALF eosinophil counts and reversed airway hyperresponsiveness in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. BALF levels of the chemokine keratinocyte cytokine (KC; a murine homolog of interleukin-8) were elevated in OVA-sensitized, RSV-infected mice and reversal of methacholine hyperresponsiveness in these animals was rapidly inhibited by KC neutralization. Hyporesponsiveness could be induced in OVA-sensitized, uninfected mice by recombinant KC or the Gαi agonist melittin. These data suggest that respiratory syncytial virus induces KC-mediated activation of Gαi, resulting in cross-inhibition of Gαq-mediated M3-muscarinic receptor signaling and reversal of airway hyperresponsiveness. As in unsensitized mice, KC therefore appears to play a significant role in induction of airway dysfunction by respiratory syncytial virus. Hence, interleukin-8 may be a promising therapeutic target to normalize lung function in both asthmatics and non-asthmatics with bronchiolitis. However, the OVA-sensitized, RSV-infected mouse may not be an appropriate model for investigating the pathogenesis of viral asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ian C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Burnstock G, Brouns I, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. Purinergic signaling in the airways. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:834-68. [PMID: 22885703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a significant role and impact of purinergic signaling in normal and diseased airways is now beyond dispute. The present review intends to provide the current state of knowledge of the involvement of purinergic pathways in the upper and lower airways and lungs, thereby differentiating the involvement of different tissues, such as the epithelial lining, immune cells, airway smooth muscle, vasculature, peripheral and central innervation, and neuroendocrine system. In addition to the vast number of well illustrated functions for purinergic signaling in the healthy respiratory tract, increasing data pointing to enhanced levels of ATP and/or adenosine in airway secretions of patients with airway damage and respiratory diseases corroborates the emerging view that purines act as clinically important mediators resulting in either proinflammatory or protective responses. Purinergic signaling has been implicated in lung injury and in the pathogenesis of a wide range of respiratory disorders and diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. These ostensibly enigmatic actions are based on widely different mechanisms, which are influenced by the cellular microenvironment, but especially the subtypes of purine receptors involved and the activity of distinct members of the ectonucleotidase family, the latter being potential protein targets for therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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Multifaceted roles of purinergic receptors in viral infection. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1278-83. [PMID: 22683717 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and purinergic receptors participate in numerous cellular processes during viral infection. Despite their positive role in the immune response, purinergic signals can also favor the infection of cells by viruses and the pathogeny of viral diseases. Here, we highlight the multiple ambiguous roles of purinergic receptors in viral infections.
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Abstract
The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and acid-sensitive ion channel (ASIC) branches of the ENaC/degenerin superfamily of cation channels have drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets in a variety of diseases and conditions. Originally thought to be solely expressed in fluid absorptive epithelia and in neurons, it has become apparent that members of this family exhibit nearly ubiquitous expression. Therapeutic opportunities range from hypertension, due to the role of ENaC in maintaining whole body salt and water homeostasis, to anxiety disorders and pain associated with ASIC activity. As a physiologist intrigued by the fundamental mechanics of salt and water transport, it was natural that Dale Benos, to whom this series of reviews is dedicated, should have been at the forefront of research into the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel. The cloning of ENaC and subsequently the ASIC channels has revealed a far wider role for this channel family than was previously imagined. In this review, we will discuss the known and potential roles of ENaC and ASIC subunits in the wide variety of pathologies in which these channels have been implicated. Some of these, such as the role of ENaC in Liddle's syndrome are well established, others less so; however, all are related in that the fundamental defect is due to inappropriate channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawar J Qadri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Natural killer cells are involved in acute lung immune injury caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2011; 86:2251-8. [PMID: 22171263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06209-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children. RSV infection often leads to severe acute lung immunopathology, but the underlying immune mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Here, we found that RSV infection induced severe acute lung immune injury and promoted the accumulation and activation of lung natural killer (NK) cells at the early stage of infection in BALB/c mice. Activated lung NK cells highly expressed activating receptors NKG2D and CD27 and became functional NK cells by producing a large amount of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which was responsible for acute lung immune injury. NK cell depletion significantly attenuated lung immune injury and reduced infiltration of total inflammatory cells and production of IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). These data show that NK cells are involved in exacerbating the lung immune injury at the early stage of RSV infection via IFN-γ secretion.
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Lazarowski ER, Sesma JI, Seminario-Vidal L, Kreda SM. Molecular mechanisms of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide release. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:221-61. [PMID: 21586361 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread importance of purinergic receptor-evoked signaling, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells in a regulated manner is an essential physiological question. Nonlytic release of ATP, UTP, UDP-glucose, and other nucleotides occurs in all cell types and tissues via both constitutive mechanisms, that is, in the absence of external stimuli, and to a greater extent in response to biochemical or mechanical/physical stimuli. However, a molecular understanding of the processes regulating nucleotide release has only recently begun to emerge. It is generally accepted that nucleotide release occurs in two different scenarios, exocytotic release from the secretory pathway or via conductive/transport mechanisms, and a critical review of our current understanding of these mechanisms is presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research & Treatment Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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29
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Aeffner F, Traylor ZP, Yu ENZ, Davis IC. Double-stranded RNA induces similar pulmonary dysfunction to respiratory syncytial virus in BALB/c mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L99-L109. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00398.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus induce nucleotide/P2Y purinergic receptor-mediated impairment of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), which contributes to formation of lung edema. Although genetically dissimilar, both viruses generate double-stranded RNA replication intermediates, which act as Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 ligands. We hypothesized that double-stranded RNA/TLR-3 signaling underlies nucleotide-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive AFC in both infections. We found that addition of the synthetic double-stranded RNA analog poly-inosinic-cytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] (500 ng/ml) to the AFC instillate resulted in nucleotide/P2Y purinergic receptor-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive AFC in BALB/c mice but had no effect on cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)-mediated Cl− transport. Poly(I:C) also induced acute keratinocyte cytokine-mediated AFC insensitivity to stimulation by the β-adrenergic agonist terbutaline. Inhibitory effects of poly(I:C) on AFC were absent in TLR-3−/− mice and were not replicated by addition to the AFC instillate of ligands for other TLRs except TLR-2. Intranasal poly(I:C) administration (250 μg/mouse) similarly induced nucleotide-dependent AFC inhibition 2–3 days later, together with increased lung water content and neutrophilic inflammation. Intranasal treatment of BALB/c mice with poly(I:C) did not induce airway hyperresponsiveness at day 2 but did result in insensitivity to airway bronchodilation by β-adrenergic agonists. These findings suggest that viral double-stranded RNA replication intermediates induce nucleotide-mediated impairment of amiloride-sensitive AFC in both infections, together with β-adrenergic agonist insensitivity. Both of these effects also occur in RSV infection. However, double-stranded RNA replication intermediates do not appear to be sufficient to induce either adenosine-mediated, CFTR-dependent Cl− secretion in the lung or severe, lethal hypoxemia, both of which are features of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zachary P. Traylor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin N. Z. Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Bonavia A, Franti M, Pusateri Keaney E, Kuhen K, Seepersaud M, Radetich B, Shao J, Honda A, Dewhurst J, Balabanis K, Monroe J, Wolff K, Osborne C, Lanieri L, Hoffmaster K, Amin J, Markovits J, Broome M, Skuba E, Cornella-Taracido I, Joberty G, Bouwmeester T, Hamann L, Tallarico JA, Tommasi R, Compton T, Bushell SM. Identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6739-44. [PMID: 21502533 PMCID: PMC3084118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. Targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. Safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. New approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. We undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a serious pediatric pathogen. We identified compounds that are potent (nanomolar) inhibitors of RSV in vitro in HEp-2 cells and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and were shown to act postentry. Interestingly, two scaffolds exhibited broad-spectrum activity among multiple RNA viruses. Using the chemical matter as a probe, we identified the targets and identified a common cellular pathway: the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Both targets were validated in vitro and showed no significant cell cytotoxicity except for activity against proliferative B- and T-type lymphoid cells. Corollary to this finding was to understand the consequences of inhibition of the target to the host. An in vivo assessment for antiviral efficacy failed to demonstrate reduced viral load, but revealed microscopic changes and a trend toward reduced pyrimidine pools and findings in histopathology. We present here a discovery program that includes screen, target identification, validation, and druggability that can be broadly applied to identify and interrogate other host factors for antiviral effect starting from chemical matter of unknown target/mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bonavia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michael Franti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Erin Pusateri Keaney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Mohindra Seepersaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Branko Radetich
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jian Shao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ayako Honda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Janetta Dewhurst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kara Balabanis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - James Monroe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Karen Wolff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jakal Amin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Judit Markovits
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michelle Broome
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ivan Cornella-Taracido
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Gerard Joberty
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Lawrence Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ruben Tommasi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Teresa Compton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Simon M. Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the growing awareness that purinergic signaling events literally shape the immune and inflammatory responses to infection and allergic reactions warranted the development of animal models to assess their importance in vivo in acute lung injury and chronic airway diseases. The pioneer work conducted with the adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient mouse provided irrefutable evidence that excess adenosine (ADO) accumulating in the lungs of asthmatic patients, constitutes a powerful mediator of disease severity. These original studies launched the development of murine strains for the two major ectonucleotidases responsible for the generation of airway ADO from ATP release: CD39 and CD73. The dramatic acute lung injury and chronic lung complications, manifested by these knockout mice in response to allergens and endotoxin, demonstrated the critical importance of regulating the availability of ATP and ADO for their receptors. Therapeutic targets are currently evaluated using knockout mice and agonists/antagonists for each ADO receptor (A(1)R, A(2A)R, A(2B)R, and A(3)R) and the predominant ATP receptors (P2Y(2)R and P2X(7)R). This chapter provides an in-depth description of each in vivo study, and a critical view of the therapeutic potentials for the treatment of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Picher
- and Treatment Center, Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Research and T, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,, 27599 North Carolina USA
| | - Richard C. Boucher
- University of North Carolina, - Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Research and, Thurston-Bowles building - 7011, CHAPEL HILL, 27599 North Carolina USA
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Fitch PM, Henderson P, Schwarze J. Respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelial modulation of the immune response during viral infection. Innate Immun 2011; 18:179-89. [PMID: 21239454 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910391826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and enteric viral infections cause significant morbidity and mortality world-wide and represent a major socio-economic burden. Many of these viruses have received unprecedented public and media interest in recent years. A popular public misconception is that viruses are a threat to which the human body has only limited defences. However, the majority of primary and secondary exposures to virus are asymptomatic or induce only minor symptoms. The mucosal epithelial surfaces are the main portal of entry for viral pathogens and are centrally involved in the initiation, maintenance and polarisation of the innate and adaptive immune response to infection. This review describes the defences employed by the epithelium of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts during viral infections with focus on epithelial modulation of the immune response at the innate/adaptive interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Fitch
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Ebselen is a potent non-competitive inhibitor of extracellular nucleoside diphosphokinase. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:383-91. [PMID: 21437009 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside di- and triphosphates and adenosine regulate several components of the mucocilairy clearance process (MCC) that protects the lung against infections, via activation of epithelial purinergic receptors. However, assessing the contribution of individual nucleotides to MCC functions remains difficult due to the complexity of the mechanisms of nucleotide release and metabolism. Enzymatic activities involved in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides include ecto-ATPases and secreted nucleoside diphosphokinase (NDPK) and adenyl kinase, but potent and selective inhibitors of these activities are sparse. In the present study, we discovered that ebselen markedly reduced NDPK activity while having negligible effect on ecto-ATPase and adenyl kinase activities. Addition of radiotracer [γ(32)P]ATP to human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells resulted in rapid and robust accumulation of [(32)P]-inorganic phosphate ((32)Pi). Inclusion of UDP in the incubation medium resulted in conversion of [γ(32)P]ATP to [(32)P]UTP, while inclusion of AMP resulted in conversion of [γ(32)P]ATP to [(32)P]ADP. Ebselen markedly reduced [(32)P]UTP formation but displayed negligible effect on (32)Pi or [(32)P]ADP accumulations. Incubation of HBE cells with unlabeled UTP and ADP resulted in robust ebselen-sensitive formation of ATP (IC(50) = 6.9 ± 2 μM). This NDPK activity was largely recovered in HBE cell secretions and supernatants from lung epithelial A549 cells. Kinetic analysis of NDPK activity indicated that ebselen reduced the V(max) of the reaction (K(i) = 7.6 ± 3 μM), having negligible effect on K(M) values. Our study demonstrates that ebselen is a potent non-competitive inhibitor of extracellular NDPK.
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Okada SF, Zhang L, Kreda SM, Abdullah LH, Davis CW, Pickles RJ, Lazarowski ER, Boucher RC. Coupled nucleotide and mucin hypersecretion from goblet-cell metaplastic human airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:253-60. [PMID: 20935191 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0253oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine regulate airway mucociliary clearance via activation of purinoceptors. In this study, we investigated the contribution of goblet cells to airway epithelial ATP release. Primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures, typically dominated by ciliated cells, were induced to develop goblet cell metaplasia by infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or treatment with IL-13. Under resting conditions, goblet-cell metaplastic cultures displayed enhanced mucin secretion accompanied by increased rates of ATP release and mucosal surface adenosine accumulation as compared with nonmetaplastic control HBE cultures. Intracellular calcium chelation [1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester] or disruption of the secretory pathways (nocodazole, brefeldin A, and N-ethylmaleimide) decreased mucin secretion and ATP release in goblet-cell metaplastic HBE cultures. Conversely, stimuli that triggered calcium-regulated mucin secretion (e.g., ionomycin or UTP) increased luminal ATP release and adenyl purine accumulation in control and goblet-cell metaplastic HBE cultures. Goblet cell-associated ATP release was not blocked by the connexin/pannexin hemichannel inhibitor carbenoxolone, suggesting direct nucleotide release from goblet cell vesicles rather than the hemichannel insertion. Collectively, our data demonstrate that nucleotide release is increased by goblet cell metaplasia, reflecting, at least in part, a mechanism tightly associated with goblet cell mucin secretion. Increased goblet cell nucleotide release and resultant adenosine accumulation provide compensatory mechanisms to hydrate mucins by paracrine stimulation of ciliated cell ion and water secretion and maintain mucociliary clearance, and to modulate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko F Okada
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Song W, Wei S, Matalon S. Inhibition of epithelial sodium channels by respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203:79-84. [PMID: 20716287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Infection of mice with RSV decreased sodium (Na(+)) dependent alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), resulting in increased lung water content and hypoxemia. RSV infection resulted in higher levels of pyrimidines and purines in the alveolar space. Intratracheal administration of UTP or UDP also decreased AFC. The effects of RSV on AFC and oxygen saturation of Balb/c mice were reversed by intraalveolar administration of antagonists of P2Y nucleotide receptors, enzymes that enhance the breakdown of pyrimidines and systemic or intranasal administration of inhibitors of the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. RSV infection of H441 or mouse tracheal epithelial cells decreased the amiloride-sensitive Na(+) currents and pretreatment of H441 cells with A77 prevented this effect. These findings indicate that the harmful effects of RSV on lung epithelia are mediated at least in part via the production of UTP and its paracrine action on ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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36
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Empey KM, Peebles RS, Kolls JK. Pharmacologic advances in the treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1258-67. [PMID: 20235830 DOI: 10.1086/651603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, only 2 drugs have been approved for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody for the prevention of RSV in high-risk children. Ribavirin is approved for treatment of severe RSV disease; however, its effectiveness in improving outcomes is questionable. During the past 40 years, many obstacles have delayed the development of safe and effective vaccines and treatment regimens. This article reviews these obstacles and presents the novel development strategies used to overcome many of them. Also discussed are promising new antiviral treatment candidates and their associated mechanism of action, the significant advances made in vaccine development, and exciting, new studies directed at improving outcomes through pharmacologic manipulation of the host response to RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Corriden R, Insel PA. Basal release of ATP: an autocrine-paracrine mechanism for cell regulation. Sci Signal 2010; 3:re1. [PMID: 20068232 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3104re1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activates plasma membrane-localized P2X and P2Y receptors and thereby modulates cellular function in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Release of ATP and the subsequent activation of P2 receptors help establish the basal level of activation (sometimes termed "the set point") for signal transduction pathways and regulate a wide array of responses that include tissue blood flow, ion transport, cell volume regulation, neuronal signaling, and host-pathogen interactions. Basal release and autocrine or paracrine responses to ATP are multifunctional, evolutionarily conserved, and provide an economical means for the modulation of cell, tissue, and organismal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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38
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Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammation and infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:320-5. [PMID: 20080799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909361107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in young children. It is also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals and in persons with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, no reliable vaccine or simple RSV antiviral therapy is available. Recently, we determined that the minor pulmonary surfactant phospholipid, palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), could markedly attenuate inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide through direct interactions with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) interacting proteins CD14 and MD-2. CD14 and TLR4 have been implicated in the host response to RSV. Treatment of bronchial epithelial cells with POPG significantly inhibited interleukin-6 and -8 production, as well as the cytopathic effects induced by RSV. The phospholipid bound RSV with high affinity and inhibited viral attachment to HEp2 cells. POPG blocked viral plaque formation in vitro by 4 log units, and markedly suppressed the expansion of plaques from cells preinfected with the virus. Administration of POPG to mice, concomitant with viral infection, almost completely eliminated the recovery of virus from the lungs at 3 and 5 days after infection, and abrogated IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and the enhanced expression of surfactant protein D (SP-D). These findings demonstrate an important approach to prevention and treatment of RSV infections using exogenous administration of a specific surfactant phospholipid.
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Traylor ZP, Yu ENZ, Davis IC. Respiratory syncytial virus induces airway insensitivity to beta-agonists in BALB/c mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L437-45. [PMID: 19965982 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00363.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Adrenergic agonists (beta-agonists) are commonly used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis but are generally ineffective for unknown reasons. We have previously shown that RSV strain A2 inhibits bronchoalveolar epithelial responses to beta-agonists in a BALB/c mouse model by inducing heterologous keratinocyte cytokine (KC)/CXCR2-mediated desensitization of epithelial beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. The aim of the current study was to determine whether RSV also induces airway insensitivity to beta-agonists. Total lung resistance (R) was measured in anesthetized female BALB/c mice undergoing mechanical ventilation on a flexiVent computer-controlled piston ventilator. Data were analyzed using the single-compartment model. Infection with RSV A2 did not induce airway hyperresponsiveness to increasing doses of the nebulized cholinergic agonist methacholine (MCh) at any time point after RSV infection. Prenebulization with the beta-agonist terbutaline (100 muM) significantly attenuated bronchoconstrictive responses to 20 and 50 mg/ml MCh in uninfected mice and in mice infected with RSV 4-8 days postinfection (d.p.i.). However, in mice infected with replication-competent, but not UV-inactivated, RSV for 2 days, significant terbutaline insensitivity was found. Terbutaline insensitivity at 2 d.p.i. could be reversed by systemic preinfection treatment with neutralizing anti-CXCR2 antibodies, which reduced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil counts but did not alter viral replication, BAL KC levels, or lung edema. Terbutaline insensitivity was also reversed by postinfection nebulization with neutralizing anti-KC or anti-CXCR2 antibodies and could be replicated in normal, uninfected mice by nebulization with recombinant KC. These data suggest that KC/CXCR2-mediated airway insensitivity to beta-agonists may underlie the modest utility of these drugs as bronchodilators in therapy for acute RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Traylor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus OH 43210, USA
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40
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Wildman SS, Kang ESK, King BF. ENaC, renal sodium excretion and extracellular ATP. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:481-9. [PMID: 19306075 PMCID: PMC2776138 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium balance determines the extracellular fluid volume and sets arterial blood pressure (BP). Chronically raised BP (hypertension) represents a major health risk in Western societies. The relationship between BP and renal sodium excretion (the pressure/natriuresis relationship) represents the key element in defining the BP homeostatic set point. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) makes major adjustments to the rates of renal sodium secretion, but this system works slowly over a period of hours to days. More rapid adjustments can be made by the sympathetic nervous system, although the kidney can function well without sympathetic nerves. Attention has now focussed on regulatory mechanisms within the kidney, including extracellular nucleotides and the P2 receptor system. Here, we discuss how extracellular ATP can control renal sodium excretion by altering the activity of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) present in the apical membrane of principal cells. There remains considerable controversy over the molecular targets for released ATP, although the P2Y(2) receptor has received much attention. We review the available data and reflect on our own findings in which ATP-activated P2Y and P2X receptors make adjustments to ENaC activity and therefore sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sp Wildman
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK,
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41
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Yu ENZ, Traylor ZP, Davis IC. Effect of ventilation pressure on alveolar fluid clearance and beta-agonist responses in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L785-93. [PMID: 19684202 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High tidal volume ventilation is detrimental to alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), but effects of ventilation pressure (P) on AFC are unknown. In anesthetized BALB/c mice ventilated at constant tidal volume (8 ml/kg), mean AFC rate was 12.8% at 6 cmH(2)O P, but increased to 37.3% at 18 cmH(2)O P. AFC rate declined at 22 cmH(2)O P, which also induced lung damage. Increased AFC at 18 cmH(2)O P did not result from elevated plasma catecholamines, hypercapnia, or hypocapnia, but was due to augmented Na(+) and Cl(-) absorption. PKA agonists and beta-agonists stimulated AFC at 10 cmH(2)O P by upregulating amiloride-sensitive Na(+) transport. However, at 18 cmH(2)O P, PKA agonists and beta-agonists reduced AFC. At 15 cmH(2)O P, the AFC rate was intermediate (mean 26.6%), and forskolin and beta-agonists had no effect. Comparable P dependency of AFC and beta-agonist responsiveness was found in C57BL/6 mice. The effect on AFC of increasing P to 18 cmH(2)O was blocked by adenosine deaminase or an A(2b)-adenosine receptor antagonist, and could be mimicked by adenosine in mice ventilated at 10 cmH(2)O P. Modulation of adenosine signaling also resulted in altered responsiveness to beta-agonists. These findings indicate that, in the normal mouse lung, basal AFC rates and responses to beta-agonists are impacted by ventilation pressure in an adenosine-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Z Yu
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State Univ., 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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42
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Adler KB, Matalon S. Highlights of the August Issue. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-2008ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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43
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Yang C, Su L, Wang Y, Liu L. UTP regulation of ion transport in alveolar epithelial cells involves distinct mechanisms. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L439-54. [PMID: 19542245 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90268.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UTP is known to regulate alveolar fluid clearance. However, the relative contribution of alveolar type I cells and type II cells to this process is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of UTP on ion transport in type I-like cell (AEC I) and type II-like cell (AEC II) monolayers. Luminal treatment of cell monolayers with UTP increased short-circuit current (I(sc)) of AEC II but decreased I(sc) of AEC I. The Cl(-) channel blockers NPPB and DIDS inhibited the UTP-induced changes in I(sc) (DeltaIsc) in both types of cells. Amiloride, an inhibitor of epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC), abolished the UTP-induced DeltaI(sc) in AEC I, but not in AEC II. The general blocker of K(+) channels, BaCl(2), eliminated the UTP-induced DeltaI(sc) in AEC II, but not in AEC I. The intermediate conductance (IK(Ca)) blocker, clofilium, also blocked the UTP effect in AEC II. The signal transduction pathways mediated by UTP were the same in AEC I and AEC II. Furthermore, UTP increased Cl(-) secretion in AEC II and Cl(-) absorption in AEC I. Our results suggest that UTP induces opposite changes in I(sc) in AEC I and AEC II, likely due to the reversed Cl(-) flux and different contributions of ENaC and IK(Ca). Our results further imply a new concept that type II cells contribute to UTP-induced fluid secretion and type I cells contribute to UTP-induced fluid absorption in alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiu Yang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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44
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Song W, Liu G, Bosworth CA, Walker JR, Megaw GA, Lazrak A, Abraham E, Sullender WM, Matalon S. Respiratory syncytial virus inhibits lung epithelial Na+ channels by up-regulating inducible nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7294-306. [PMID: 19131335 PMCID: PMC2652346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806816200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been shown to reduce Na+-driven alveolar fluid clearance in BALB/c mice in vivo. To investigate the cellular mechanisms by which RSV inhibits amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC), the main pathways through which Na+ ions enter lung epithelial cells, we infected human Clara-like lung (H441) cells with RSV that expresses green fluorescent protein (rRA2). 3-6 days later patch clamp recordings showed that infected cells (i.e. cells expressing green fluorescence; GFP+) had significantly lower whole-cell amiloride-sensitive currents and single channel activity (NPo) as compared with non-infected (GFP-), non-inoculated, or cells infected with UV-inactivated RSV. Both alpha and beta ENaC mRNA levels were significantly reduced in GFP+ cells as measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Infection with RSV increased expression of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrite concentration in the culture medium; nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 subunit and NF-kappaB activation were also up-regulated. iNOS up-regulation in GFP+ cells was prevented by knocking down IkappaB kinase gamma before infection. Furthermore, pretreatment of H441 cells with the specific iNOS inhibitor 1400W (1 microM) resulted in a doubling of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ current in GFP+ cells. Additionally, preincubation of H441 cells with A77-1726 (20 microM), a de novo UTP synthesis inhibitor, and 1400W completely reversed the RSV inhibition of amiloride-sensitive currents in GFP+ cells. Thus, both UTP- and iNOS-generated reactive species contribute to ENaC down-regulation in RSV-infected airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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45
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Bueno SM, González PA, Cautivo KM, Mora JE, Leiva ED, Tobar HE, Fennelly GJ, Eugenin EA, Jacobs WR, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Protective T cell immunity against respiratory syncytial virus is efficiently induced by recombinant BCG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20822-7. [PMID: 19075247 PMCID: PMC2634951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806244105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, because of an inefficient immunological memory, RSV infection provides limited immune protection against reinfection. Furthermore, RSV can induce an inadequate Th2-type immune response that causes severe respiratory tract inflammation and obstruction. It is thought that effective RSV clearance requires the induction of balanced Th1-type immunity, involving the activation of IFN-gamma-secreting cytotoxic T cells. A recognized inducer of Th1 immunity is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which has been used in newborns for decades in several countries as a tuberculosis vaccine. Here, we show that immunization with recombinant BCG strains expressing RSV antigens promotes protective Th1-type immunity against RSV in mice. Activation of RSV-specific T cells producing IFN-gamma and IL-2 was efficiently obtained after immunization with recombinant BCG. This type of T cell immunity was protective against RSV challenge and caused a significant reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Furthermore, mice immunized with recombinant BCG showed no weight loss and reduced lung viral loads. These data strongly support recombinant BCG as an efficient vaccine against RSV because of its capacity to promote protective Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Kelly M. Cautivo
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Jorge E. Mora
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Eduardo D. Leiva
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Hugo E. Tobar
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
| | - Glenn J. Fennelly
- The Lewis M. Fraad Department of Pediatrics, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461
- Departments of Pediatrics and
| | | | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biologia Celular y Farmacologia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
- Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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Ji HL, Song W, Gao Z, Su XF, Nie HG, Jiang Y, Peng JB, He YX, Liao Y, Zhou YJ, Tousson A, Matalon S. SARS-CoV proteins decrease levels and activity of human ENaC via activation of distinct PKC isoforms. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L372-83. [PMID: 19112100 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90437.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the multiple organ disorders caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), acute lung failure following atypical pneumonia is the most serious and often fatal event. We hypothesized that two of the hydrophilic structural coronoviral proteins (S and E) would regulate alveolar fluid clearance by decreasing the cell surface expression and activity of amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium (Na(+)) channels (ENaC), the rate-limiting protein in transepithelial Na(+) vectorial transport across distal lung epithelial cells. Coexpression of either S or E protein with human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC in Xenopus oocytes led to significant decreases of both amiloride-sensitive Na(+) currents and gamma-ENaC protein levels at their plasma membranes. S and E proteins decreased the rate of ENaC exocytosis and either had no effect (S) or decreased (E) rates of endocytosis. No direct interactions among SARS-CoV E protein with either alpha- or gamma-ENaC were indentified. Instead, the downregulation of ENaC activity by SARS proteins was partially or completely restored by administration of inhibitors of PKCalpha/beta1 and PKCzeta. Consistent with the whole cell data, expression of S and E proteins decreased ENaC single-channel activity in oocytes, and these effects were partially abrogated by PKCalpha/beta1 inhibitors. Finally, transfection of human airway epithelial (H441) cells with SARS E protein decreased whole cell amiloride-sensitive currents. These findings indicate that lung edema in SARS infection may be due at least in part to activation of PKC by SARS proteins, leading to decreasing levels and activity of ENaC at the apical surfaces of lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35233-6810, USA
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Chen L, Song W, Davis IC, Shrestha K, Schwiebert E, Sullender WM, Matalon S. Inhibition of Na+ transport in lung epithelial cells by respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:588-600. [PMID: 18952569 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0034oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms by which respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection decreases vectorial Na+ transport across respiratory epithelial cells. Mouse tracheal epithelial (MTE) cells from either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice and human airway H441 cells were grown on semipermeable supports under an air-liquid interface. Cells were infected with RSV-A2 and mounted in Ussing chambers for measurements of short-circuit currents (I(sc)). Infection with RSV for 24 hours (multiplicity of infection = 1) resulted in positive immunofluorescence for RSV antigen in less than 10% of MTE or H441 cells. In spite of the limited number of cells infected, RSV reduced both basal and amiloride-sensitive I(sc) in both MTE and H441 cells by approximately 50%, without causing a concomitant reduction in transepithelial resistance. Agents that increased intracellular cAMP (forskolin, cpt-CAMP, and IBMX) increased mainly Cl(-) secretion in MTE cells and Na+ absorption in H441 cells. RSV infection for 24 hours blunted both variables. In contrast, ouabain sensitive I(sc), measured across apically permeabilized H441 monolayers, remained unchanged. Western blot analysis of H441 cell lysates demonstrated reductions in alpha- but not gamma-ENaC subunit protein levels at 24 hours after RSV infection. The reduction in amiloride-sensitive I(sc) in H441 cells was prevented by pretreatment with inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine or purine synthesis (A77-1726 and 6-MP, respectively, 50 microM). Our results suggest that infection of both murine and human respiratory epithelial cells with RSV inhibits vectorial Na+ transport via nucleotide release. These findings are consistent with our previous studies showing reduced alveolar fluid clearance after RSV infection of BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA
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48
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Wolk KE, Lazarowski ER, Traylor ZP, Yu ENZ, Jewell NA, Durbin RK, Durbin JE, Davis IC. Influenza A virus inhibits alveolar fluid clearance in BALB/c mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:969-76. [PMID: 18689466 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200803-455oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary infections can impair alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), contributing to formation of lung edema. Effects of influenza A virus (IAV) on AFC are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine effects of IAV infection on AFC, and to identify intercellular signaling mechanisms underlying influenza-mediated inhibition of AFC. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with influenza A/WSN/33 (10,000 or 2,500 focus-forming units per mouse). AFC was measured in anesthetized, ventilated mice by instilling 5% bovine serum albumin into the dependent lung. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Infection with high-dose IAV resulted in a steady decline in arterial oxygen saturation and increased lung water content. AFC was significantly inhibited starting 1 hour after infection, and remained suppressed through Day 6. AFC inhibition at early time points (1-4 h after infection) did not require viral replication, whereas AFC inhibition later in infection was replication-dependent. Low-dose IAV infection impaired AFC for 10 days, but induced only mild hypoxemia. High-dose IAV infection increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ATP and UTP levels. Impaired AFC at Day 2 resulted primarily from reduced amiloride-sensitive AFC, mediated by increased activation of the pyrimidine-P2Y purinergic receptor axis. However, an additional component of AFC impairment was due to activation of A(1) adenosine receptors and stimulation of increased cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator-mediated anion secretion. Finally, IAV-mediated inhibition of AFC at Day 2 could be reversed by addition of beta-adrenergic agonists to the AFC instillate. CONCLUSIONS AFC inhibition may be an important feature of early IAV infection. Its blockade may reduce the severity of pulmonary edema and hypoxemia associated with influenza pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Wolk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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49
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Button B, Boucher RC. Role of mechanical stress in regulating airway surface hydration and mucus clearance rates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 163:189-201. [PMID: 18585484 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective clearance of mucus is a critical innate airway defense mechanism, and under appropriate conditions, can be stimulated to enhance clearance of inhaled pathogens. It has become increasingly clear that extracellular nucleotides (ATP and UTP) and nucleosides (adenosine) are important regulators of mucus clearance in the airways as a result of their ability to stimulate fluid secretion, mucus hydration, and cilia beat frequency (CBF). One ubiquitous mechanism to stimulate ATP release is through external mechanical stress. This article addresses the role of physiologically relevant mechanical forces in the lung and their effects on regulating mucociliary clearance (MCC). The effects of mechanical forces on the stimulating ATP release, fluid secretion, CBF, and MCC are discussed. Also discussed is evidence suggesting that airway hydration and stimulation of MCC by stress-mediated ATP release may play a role in several therapeutic strategies directed at improving mucus clearance in patients with obstructive lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Button
- Cystic Fibrosis Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA.
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Epithelial sodium channels in the adult lung--important modulators of pulmonary health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 618:127-40. [PMID: 18269193 PMCID: PMC7122934 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75434-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of excess fluid from the airways and alveolar lumen requires active vectorial transepithelial transport of sodium ions (Na+) by alveolar type II and possibly type I cells. The rate-limiting step in this process is the activity of the heterotrimeric apical membrane epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Pharmacologic inhibitors and genetic manipulations that disrupt Na+ transport result in fluid accumulation within the lung and failure of gas exchange. The importance of Na+ transport in the lung is also demonstrated in conditions such as ARDS, where abnormal absorption of Na+ contributes to the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease. ENaC expression and function is influenced by diverse factors, such as oxygen tension, glucocorticoids, and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, ENaC dysfunction has been shown to be induced by purinergic nucleotide activation of P2Y receptors (in paramyxoviral bronchiolitis) and reactive species (in acute lung injury). Finally, beta-adrenergic agonists have been shown experimentally to reverse defects in ENaC function, and improve hypoxemia and pulmonary edema, and may provide a novel therapeutic modality for ARDS, although some viral lung pathogens appear to induce insensitivity to their actions.
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