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Borborema MEA, da Silva Santos AF, de Lucena TMC, Crovella S, da Silva Rabello MC, de Azevêdo Silva J. Pathogen recognition pathway gene variants and inflammasome sensors gene expression in tuberculosis patients under treatment. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:161. [PMID: 38252221 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological studies have suggested that genetic variations in encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) genes such as Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and their signaling products, may influence the susceptibility, severity and outcome of tuberculosis (TB). After sensing a pathogen, the cell responds producing an inflammatory response, to restrain the pathogen's successful course of infection. Herein we assessed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and gene expression from pathogen recognition and inflammasome pathways in Brazilian TB patients. METHODS AND RESULTS For genetic association analysis we included MYD88 and TLR4, PRRs sensing proteins. Allele distribution for MYD88 rs6853 (A > G) and TLR4 rs7873784 (C > G) presented conserved among the tested samples with statistically differential distribution in TB patients versus controls. However, when testing according to sample ethnicity (African or Caucasian-derived individuals) we identified that the rs6853 G/G genotype was associated with a lower susceptibility to TB in Caucasian population. Meanwhile, the rs7873784 G/G genotype was associated with a higher TB susceptibility in Afro-descendant ethnicity individuals. We also aimed to verify MYD88 and the inflammasome genes NLRP1 and NLRC4 expression in order to connect to active TB and/or clinical aspects. CONCLUSIONS We identified that inflammasome gene expression in TB patients under treatment display a similar pattern as in healthy controls, indicating that TB treatment impairs NLRP1 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Albuquerque Borborema
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901 - CEP, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-465 - CEP, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fernandes da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901 - CEP, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-465 - CEP, Brazil
| | - Thays Maria Costa de Lucena
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901 - CEP, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-465 - CEP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-465 - CEP, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline de Azevêdo Silva
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901 - CEP, Brazil.
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-465 - CEP, Brazil.
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Martinez-Carrasco R, Rachagani S, Batra SK, Argüeso P, Fini ME. Roles unveiled for membrane-associated mucins at the ocular surface using a Muc4 knockout mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13558. [PMID: 37604830 PMCID: PMC10442421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are proposed to play critical roles at the ocular surface; however, in vivo evidence has been lacking. Here we investigate these roles by phenotyping of a Muc4 KO mouse. Histochemical analysis for expression of the beta-galactosidase transgene replacing Muc4 revealed a spiraling ribbon pattern across the corneal epithelium, consistent with centripetal cell migration from the limbus. Depletion of Muc4 compromised transcellular barrier function, as evidenced by an increase in rose bengal staining. In addition, the corneal surface was less smooth, consistent with disruption of tear film stability. While surface cells presented with well-developed microprojections, an increase in the number of cells with fewer microprojections was observed. Moreover, an increase in skin-type keratin K10 and a decrease in transcription factor Pax6 was observed, suggesting an incipient transdifferentiation. Despite this, no evidence of inflammatory dry eye disease was apparent. In addition, Muc4 had no effect on signaling by toll-like receptor Tlr4, unlike reports for MUC1 and MUC16. Results of this study provide the first in vivo evidence for the role of MAMs in transcellular barrier function, tear film stability, apical epithelial cell architecture, and epithelial mucosal differentiation at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Satyanarayan Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetics, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Pharmacology & Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Program in Genetics, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Pharmacology & Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Song X, Pi S, Gao Y, Zhou F, Yan S, Chen Y, Qiao L, Dou X, Shao D, Xu C. The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Mast Cells in the Regulatory Effect of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723173. [PMID: 34899686 PMCID: PMC8657605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays an important role in the neuro-endocrine-immune system. Mast cells (MCs) are important immune effector cells. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced intestinal mucosal immune barrier injury and its association with VIP/MC signaling by in vitro experiments in cultures of porcine mucosal mast cells (PMMCs) and in vivo experiments using VIP receptor antagonist (aVIP) drug. The results showed that compared with the ETEC K88 and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced model groups, VIP pretreatment significantly inhibited the activation of MCs and the release of β-hexosaminidase (β-hex), histamine and tryptase. Pretreatment with aVIP abolished the protective effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on ETEC K88-induced intestinal mucosal immune barrier dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice. Also, with the blocking of VIP signal transduction, the ETEC K88 infection increased serum inflammatory cytokines, and the numbers of degranulated MCs in ileum, which were decreased by administration of L. casei ATCC 393. In addition, VIP mediated the regulatory effect of L. casei ATCC 393 on intestinal microbiota in mice. These findings suggested that VIP may mediate the protective effect of L.casei ATCC 393 on intestinal mucosal immune barrier dysfunction via MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Song
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanyao Pi
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yueming Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengxia Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuqi Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xina Dou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Abdelgawad AS, Lal CV, Ambalavanan N, Willis KA. Toll-like receptors: shapers of the pulmonary microbiome? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L553-L554. [PMID: 34346777 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00279.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abdelgawad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - C Vivek Lal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kent A Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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5
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Molecular Mechanisms of Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Infectious Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7634. [PMID: 34299266 PMCID: PMC8308003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations largely determine the character of the progression and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations are connected with changes in the microbiological landscape in the bronchi due to a violation of their immune homeostasis. Many metabolic and immune processes involved in COPD progression are associated with bacterial colonization of the bronchi. The objective of this review is the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism and immune response disorders in the lungs in COPD exacerbations. The complex role of lipid metabolism disorders in the pathogenesis of some infections is only beginning to be understood, however, there are already fewer and fewer doubts even now about its significance both in the pathogenesis of infectious exacerbations of COPD and in general in the progression of the disease. It is shown that the lipid rafts of the plasma membranes of cells are involved in many processes related to the detection of pathogens, signal transduction, the penetration of pathogens into the cell. Smoking disrupts the normally proceeded processes of lipid metabolism in the lungs, which is a part of the COPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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6
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Martinez-Carrasco R, Argüeso P, Fini ME. Membrane-associated mucins of the human ocular surface in health and disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:313-330. [PMID: 33775913 PMCID: PMC8328898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily-glycosylated proteins produced by wet epithelial tissues, including the ocular surface epithelia. Densely-packed O-linked glycan chains added post-translationally confer the biophysical properties of hydration, lubrication, anti-adhesion and repulsion. Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are the distinguishing components of the mucosal glycocalyx. At the ocular surface, MAMs maintain wetness, lubricate the blink, stabilize the tear film, and create a physical barrier to the outside world. In addition, it is increasingly appreciated that MAMs function as cell surface receptors that transduce information from the outside to the inside of the cell. Recently, our team published a comprehensive review/perspectives article for molecular scientists on ocular surface MAMs, including previously unpublished data and analyses on two new genes MUC21 and MUC22, as well as new MAM functions and biological roles, comparing human and mouse (PMID: 31493487). The current article is a refocus for the audience of The Ocular Surface. First, we update the gene and protein information in a more concise form, and include a new section on glycosylation. Next, we discuss biological roles, with some new sections and further updating from our previous review. Finally, we provide a new chapter on MAM involvement in ocular surface disease. We end this with discussion of an emerging mechanism responsible for damage to the epithelia and their mucosal glycocalyces: the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR offers a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center: Program in Pharmacology & Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, O2111, USA.
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7
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Pandey A, Kulshrestha R, Bansal SK. Dynamic role of LMW-hyaluronan fragments and Toll-like receptors 2,4 in progression of bleomycin induced lung parenchymal injury to fibrosis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8138115 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease of elderly whose incidence has been increasing following the Covid-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). PF immunopathogenesis involves progressive alveolar epithelial cell damage, release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and extracellular matrix (ECM) injury. We assessed the dynamic role of LMW-hyaluronan (LMW-HA) as DAMP in initiation of host immune TLR-2,4 responses and as determinant in progression of ECM injury to fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were divided into Group I (saline control, n = 24) and Group II (intratracheal bleomycin, 7 U/kg/animal, n = 24). Animals were euthanized on 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The time course of release of LMW-HA, TLR-2,4 mRNA and protein levels, and NF-κB-p65 levels after bleomycin injury were correlated with the development of parenchymal inflammation, remodelling, and fibrosis. Results Acute lung injury caused by bleomycin significantly increases the pro-inflammatory LMW-HA levels and elevates TLR-2,4 levels on day 7. Subsequently, TLR-2 upregulation, TLR-4 downregulation, and NF-κB signalling follow on days 14 and 28. This results in progressive tissue inflammation, alveolar and interstitial macrophage accumulation, and fibrosis. Conclusions LMW-HA significantly increases in PF caused by non-infectious and infectious (Covid-19) etiologies. The accumulating HA fragments function as endogenous DAMPs and trigger inflammatory responses, through differential TLR2 and TLR4 signalling, thus promoting inflammation and macrophage influx. LMW-HA are reflective of the state of ongoing tissue inflammation and may be considered as a natural biosensor for fibrotic lung diseases and as potential therapeutic targets.
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8
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Kotlyarov S. Participation of ABCA1 Transporter in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3334. [PMID: 33805156 PMCID: PMC8037621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the important medical and social problem. According to modern concepts, COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease, macrophages play a key role in its pathogenesis. Macrophages are heterogeneous in their functions, which is largely determined by their immunometabolic profile, as well as the features of lipid homeostasis, in which the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role. The objective of this work is the analysis of the ABCA1 protein participation and the function of reverse cholesterol transport in the pathogenesis of COPD. The expression of the ABCA1 gene in lung tissues takes the second place after the liver, which indicates the important role of the carrier in lung function. The participation of the transporter in the development of COPD consists in provision of lipid metabolism, regulation of inflammation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Violation of the processes in which ABCA1 is involved may be a part of the pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to the formation of a heterogeneous clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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9
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Ricci A, Pagliuca A, D'Ascanio M, Innammorato M, De Vitis C, Mancini R, Giovagnoli S, Facchiano F, Sposato B, Anibaldi P, Marcolongo A, De Dominicis C, Laghi A, Muscogiuri E, Sciacchitano S. Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients. Respir Res 2021; 22:76. [PMID: 33658032 PMCID: PMC7928197 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several immune mechanisms activate in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Usually, coronavirus infection is characterized by dysregulated host immune responses, interleukine-6 increase, hyper-activation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. Interestingly, Vitamin D deficiency has been often associated with altered immune responses and infections. In the present study, we evaluated Vitamin D plasma levels in patients affected with different lung involvement during COVID-19 infection. METHODS Lymphocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Thoracic CT scan involvement was obtained by an image analysis program. RESULTS Vitamin D levels were deficient in (80%) of patients, insufficient in (6.5%) and normal in (13.5%). Patients with very low Vitamin D plasma levels had more elevated D-Dimer values, a more elevated B lymphocyte cell count, a reduction of CD8 + T lymphocytes with a low CD4/CD8 ratio, more compromised clinical findings (measured by LIPI and SOFA scores) and thoracic CT scan involvement. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is associated with compromised inflammatory responses and higher pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 affected patients. Vitamin D assessment, during COVID-19 infection, could be a useful analysis for possible therapeutic interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION 'retrospectively registered'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ricci
- Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di grottarossa, 1035, Rome, Italy.,Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagliuca
- Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di grottarossa, 1035, Rome, Italy.,Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela D'Ascanio
- Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di grottarossa, 1035, Rome, Italy.,Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Innammorato
- Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di grottarossa, 1035, Rome, Italy. .,Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Sposato
- Respiratory Unit, Misericordia Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di grottarossa, 1035, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
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10
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Pedan H, Janosova V, Hajtman A, Calkovsky V. Non-Reflex Defense Mechanisms of Upper Airway Mucosa: Possible Clinical Application. Physiol Res 2021; 69:S55-S67. [PMID: 32228012 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinonasal mucosa has an essential role in defense mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract. The innate immune system presents the primary defense against noxious microorganisms followed by induction of the adaptive immune mechanisms as a consequence of the presence of pathogens. This well-known activation of adaptive immune system in response to presence of the antigen on mucosal surfaces is now broadly applicated in vaccinology research. Prevention of infectious diseases belongs to substantial challenges in maintaining the population health. Non-invasive, easily applicable mucosal vaccination purposes various research opportunities that could be usable in daily practice. However, the existence of multiple limitations such as rapid clearance of vaccine from nasal mucosa by means of mucociliary transport represents a great challenge in development of safe and efficient vaccines. Here we give an updated view on nasal functions with focus on nasal mucosal immunity and its potential application in vaccination in nearly future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pedan
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, and Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovak
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11
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McVey MJ, Steinberg BE, Goldenberg NM. Inflammasome activation in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L165-L178. [PMID: 33296269 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes tasked with sensing endogenous or exogenous inflammatory signals and integrating this signal into a downstream response. Inflammasome activation has been implicated in a variety of pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, bacterial pneumonia, COPD, and asthma. Of increasing interest is the contribution of inflammasome activation in the context of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Inflammasome activation in both the lung parenchyma and resident immune cells generates intereukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, both of which drive the cascade of lung inflammation forward. Blockade of these responses has been shown to be beneficial in animal models and is a focus of translational research in the field. In this review, we will discuss the assembly and regulation of inflammasomes during lung inflammation, highlighting therapeutically viable effector steps. We will examine the importance of IL-1β and IL-18, two key products of inflammasome activation, in ALI, as well as the contribution of the pulmonary endothelial cell to this process. Finally, we will explore translational research moving toward anti-inflammasome therapies for ALI/ARDS and speculate toward future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McVey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin E Steinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil M Goldenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Burn injury induces elevated inflammatory traffic: the role of NF-κB. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:51-65. [PMID: 33245371 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A burn insult generally sustains a hypovolemic shock due to a significant loss of plasma from the vessels. The burn injury triggers the release of various mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), stemming from foreign microbial discharge and damaged tissue or necrotic cells from the burn-injured site, enter the systemic circulation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), and trigger the excessive secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Inflammation plays a vital role in remodeling an injured tissue, detoxifying toxins, and helps in the healing process. A transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response, cell death, cell survival, and inflammatory processes. During the pathogenesis of a burn wound, upregulation of various cytokines and growth factors lead to undesirable tissue inflammation. Thus, NF-κB, a dominant moderator of inflammation, needs to be altered to prove beneficial to the treatment of burns or other inflammation-associated diseases. This review addresses the relationship between NF-κB and elevated inflammation in a burn condition that could potentially be altered to induce an early wound-healing mechanism of burn wounds.
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13
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Arora S, Ahmad S, Irshad R, Goyal Y, Rafat S, Siddiqui N, Dev K, Husain M, Ali S, Mohan A, Syed MA. TLRs in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116671. [PMID: 31336122 PMCID: PMC7094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple infectious agents, antigens and host-derived danger signals, the inhabiting stromal and myeloid cells of the lung express an aggregate of TLRs which perceive the endogenously derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) along with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the TLR-associated signalling events involved in host defence. Thus, they form an imperative component of host defence activation in case of microbial infections as well as non-infectious pulmonary disorders such as interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury and airways disease, such as COPD and asthma. They also play an equally important role in lung cancer. Targeting the TLR signalling network would pave ways to the design of more reliable and effective vaccines against infectious agents and control deadly infections, desensitize allergens and reduce inflammation. Moreover, TLR agonists may act as adjuvants by increasing the efficiency of cancer vaccines, thereby contributing their role in treatment of lung cancer too. Overall, TLRs present a compelling and expeditiously bolstered area of research and addressing their signalling events would be of significant use in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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14
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Fini ME, Jeong S, Gong H, Martinez-Carrasco R, Laver NMV, Hijikata M, Keicho N, Argüeso P. Membrane-associated mucins of the ocular surface: New genes, new protein functions and new biological roles in human and mouse. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 75:100777. [PMID: 31493487 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal glycocalyx of the ocular surface constitutes the point of interaction between the tear film and the apical epithelial cells. Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are the defining molecules of the glycocalyx in all mucosal epithelia. Long recognized for their biophysical properties of hydration, lubrication, anti-adhesion and repulsion, MAMs maintain the wet ocular surface, lubricate the blink, stabilize the tear film and create a physical barrier to the outside world. However, it is increasingly appreciated that MAMs also function as cell surface receptors that transduce information from the outside to the inside of the cell. A number of excellent review articles have provided perspective on the field as it has progressed since 1987, when molecular cloning of the first MAM was reported. The current article provides an update for the ocular surface, placing it into the broad context of findings made in other organ systems, and including new genes, new protein functions and new biological roles. We discuss the epithelial tissue-equivalent with mucosal differentiation, the key model system making these advances possible. In addition, we make the first systematic comparison of MAMs in human and mouse, establishing the basis for using knockout mice for investigations with the complexity of an in vivo system. Lastly, we discuss findings from human genetics/genomics, which are providing clues to new MAM roles previously unimagined. Taken together, this information allows us to generate hypotheses for the next stage of investigation to expand our knowledge of MAM function in intracellular signaling and roles unique to the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Fini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Nora M V Laver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Hu JT, Lai J, Zhou W, Chen XF, Zhang C, Pan YP, Jiang LY, Zhou YX, Zhou B, Tang ZH. Hypothermia alleviated LPS-induced acute lung injury in Rat models through TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:397-404. [PMID: 30663438 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1557299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical syndrome in ICU departments with high mortality. The pathology of ALI is still not clear and there is no specific and efficient treatment against ALI. In this study, we established ALI rat model through lipopolysaccharide administration. We found that hypothermia therapy led to significant improvement in oxygenation index, edema formation and pathological score, demonstrating that hypothermia is beneficial to the recovery of lung function and alleviation of lung injury. Besides, hypothermia resulted in a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) concentration, showing the inflammation was partially inhibited. This was also confirmed by a decrease in TNF-α mRNA and protein level in hypothermia group. The effect of hypothermia was mediated by TLR2/MyD88 signaling, which led to the alteration in NF-κB p65 level. Collectively, this study indicated that hypothermia therapy was potentially an efficient therapy against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Hu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Lai
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xian-Feng Chen
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi-Ping Pan
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liang-Yan Jiang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhan-Hong Tang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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16
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Yu WC, Cong JP, Mi LY. Expressions of TOLL-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)/Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in pulmonary blood vessels with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and their relationships with pulmonary vascular remodelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:361-367. [PMID: 30133616 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.04.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims at investigating the expressions of TOLL-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in pulmonary blood vessels with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their relationships with pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR). METHODS 60 para-tumour tissues were divided into the COPD group and the control group (n=30); the inflammations, pulmonary artery wall area/total artery area (WA%), and wall thickness/vascular outer diameter (WT%) were compared. The expressions of TLR-4, MMP-9/TIMP-1, and PCNA in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells were detected, and their relationships with PVR were then analysed. RESULTS The inflammations (1.6±0.8), WA% (44.0±6.4), and WT% (27.3±3.3) in the COPD group were higher than in the control group (0.3±0.5, 26.1±2.8, 15.6±1.8), and the expressions of TLR-4 (31.4±147) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 (2.2±2.6) were increased compared to the control group (4.7±4.5, 1.9±12). Correlation analysis: TLR-4 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were positively correlated with the inflammations (r=0.18, P<0.01), WA% (r=0.68, P<0.01), and WT% (r=0.73, P<0.01), as well as positively correlated with the expression of PCNA (r=0.44, P<0.01); the upregulation of TLR-4 was positively correlated with the expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. CONCLUSIONS The upregulation of TLR-4 in the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells of COPD patients could promote the inflammations and the MMP-9 expression, thus causing abnormal degradation of extracellular matrix, so it played an important role in the process of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin-Peng Cong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Li-Yun Mi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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17
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Moosova Z, Hrouzek P, Kapuscik A, Blaha L, Adamovsky O. Immunomodulatory effects of selected cyanobacterial peptides in vitro. Toxicon 2018; 149:20-25. [PMID: 29715468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce many biologically active metabolites synthesized via nonribosomal synthetic pathways such as cyclic microcystins (MCs) and linear aeruginosins (Aers). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different MC variants and the newly isolated aerugenosin Aer-865 on macrophages, which represent one of the key effector cells within the innate immune responses. Specifically, our study included RAW 264.7 macrophage activation associated with production of cytotoxic and cytostatic nitric oxide (NO) as well as pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). From the compounds investigated, commonly occurring MC variants (-RR, -YR) and Aer-865 had no significant effects within the non-cytotoxic concentrations tested, i.e. 0.001-1 μM for MCs and 0.1-50 μM for Aer-865. In contrast to known immunoactive MC-LR, the negligible immunomodulatory potential of tested MC congeners could be related to their differences in structure. The knowledge of MC structure-specific activities contributes to the understanding of complex toxicity of different MC variants and most importantly their mixtures. This study is one of the first study that evaluate the effect of larger set of cyanobacterial peptides on macrophages and compare their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Kapuscik
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Williams MA, Cheadle C, Watkins T, Tailor A, Killedar S, Breysse P, Barnes KC, Georas SN. TLR2 and TLR4 as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Particulate Matter Exposed Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In many subjects who are genetically susceptible to asthma, exposure to environmental stimuli may exacerbate their condition. However, it is unknown how the expression and function of a family of pattern-recognition receptors called toll-like receptors (TLR) are affected by exposure to particulate pollution. TLRs serve a critical function in alerting the immune system of tissue damage or infection—the so-called “danger signals”. We are interested in the role that TLRs play in directing appropriate responses by innate immunity, particularly dendritic cells (DC), after exposing them to particulate pollution. Dendritic cells serve a pivotal role in directing host immunity. Thus, we hypothesized that alterations in TLR expression could be further explored as potential biomarkers of effect related to DC exposure to particulate pollution. We show some preliminary data that indicates that inhaled particulate pollution acts directly on DC by down-regulating TLR expression and altering the activation state of DC. While further studies are warranted, we suggest that alterations in TLR2 and TLR4 expression should be explored as potential biomarkers of DC exposure to environmental particulate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Williams
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
| | - Chris Cheadle
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Tonya Watkins
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Anitaben Tailor
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Smruti Killedar
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
| | - Patrick Breysse
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen C. Barnes
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Steve N. Georas
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
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19
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Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Xiang Z, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine exhibits immunomodulatory roles in testicular cells resulting in orchitis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:964-975. [PMID: 28765008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes testicular inflammation and hinders spermatogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune responses to MC-LR in the testis have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we show that MC-LR induced immune responses in Sertoli cells (SC), germ cells (GC), and Leydig cells (LC) via activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10). The observed effects were attributed to reduced activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) as a result of binding of MC-LR to the catalytic subunit of PP2A in SC and GC. By contrast, innate immune responses were triggered by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in LC because MC-LR could not enter into the LC and subsequently inhibit the PP2A activity. PI3K/AKT/NF-κB were also activated in SC, GC, and LC in vivo, with the enrichment of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and CXCL10 in the testis. Following chronic exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited decreased sperm counts and abnormal sperm morphology. Our data demonstrate that MC-LR can activate innate immune responses in testicular cells, which provides novel insights to explore the mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced orchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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20
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. However, M. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primary infection, most commonly a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response within the confines of tissue granuloma, the host histopathologic hallmark. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the early host immune response fails to control bacterial growth, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-host innate immune system interaction continue to be elucidated, particularly those occurring within the lung. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. In this article, we describe a contemporary view of the molecular events underlying the interaction between M. tuberculosis and a variety of cellular and soluble components and processes of the innate immune system.
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21
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Abstract
Protection of mucosal tissues of the oral cavity, intestines, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract from the constant challenge of pathogens is achieved by the combined barrier function of the lining epithelia and specialized immune cells. Recent studies have indicated that osteopontin (OPN) has a pivotal role in the development of immune responses and in the tissue destruction and the subsequent repair processes associated with inflammatory diseases. While expression of OPN is increased in immune cells—including neutrophils, macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes—and in epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells of inflamed tissues, deciphering the specific functions of OPN has been difficult. In part, this is due to the broad range of biological activities of OPN that are mediated by multiple receptors which recognize several signaling motifs whose activities are influenced by post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing of OPN. Understanding the role of OPN in mucosal inflammation is further complicated by its contributions to the barrier function of the lining epithelia and the complexity of the specialized mucosal immune system. In an attempt to provide some insights into the involvement of OPN in mucosal diseases, this review summarizes current knowledge of the biological activities of OPN involved in the development of inflammatory responses and in wound healing, and indicates how these activities may affect the protection of mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sodek
- CIHR Group in Matrix Dynamics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Kato K, Uchino R, Lillehoj EP, Knox K, Lin Y, Kim KC. Membrane-Tethered MUC1 Mucin Counter-Regulates the Phagocytic Activity of Macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:515-23. [PMID: 26393683 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0177oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1 (MUC in human; Muc in animals) is a transmembrane mucin glycoprotein expressed in mucosal epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells. MUC1 is involved in the resolution of inflammation during airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection by suppressing Toll-like receptor signaling in airway epithelial cells. Although alveolar macrophages are recognized as critical mediators of cell-mediated immunity against microorganisms inhaled into the airways, the role of MUC1 in regulating their response is unknown. The aims of this study were to determine whether macrophages express MUC1, and, if so, whether MUC1 expression might be associated with macrophage M0/M1/M2 differentiation or phagocytic activity. Human and mouse MUC1/Muc1 expression was drastically up-regulated in classically activated (M1) macrophages compared with nonactivated (M0) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 polarization and Pa stimulation each increased MUC1 ectodomain shedding from the macrophage surface in a TNF-α-converting enzyme-dependent manner. MUC1/Muc1 deficiency in M0 macrophages increased adhesion and phagocytosis of Pa and Escherichia coli compared with MUC1/Muc1-expressing cells, and attenuation of phagocytosis by MUC1 was augmented after polarization into M1 macrophages compared with M0 macrophages. Finally, MUC1/Muc1 deficiency in macrophages increased reactive oxygen species production and TNF-α release in response to Pa compared with MUC1/Muc1-sufficient cells. These results indicate that MUC1/Muc1 expression by macrophages is predominantly in the M1 subtype, and that MUC1/Muc1 expression in these cells decreases their phagocytic activity in an antiinflammatory manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reina Uchino
- 2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Knox
- 4 Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Yong Lin
- 5 Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico(Received in original form May 28, 2015 and in final form September 15, 2015)
| | - K Chul Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Mijošek V, Lasitschka F, Warth A, Zabeck H, Dalpke AH, Weitnauer M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is a Danger Signal Promoting Innate Inflammatory Responses in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:464-78. [PMID: 27423489 DOI: 10.1159/000447668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that the combined activation of both Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and ER stress might increase inflammatory reactions in otherwise tolerant airway epithelial cells. Indeed, ER stress resulted in an increased response of BEAS-2B and human primary bronchial epithelial cells to pathogen-associated molecular pattern stimulation with respect to IL6 and IL8 production. ER stress elevated p38 and ERK MAP kinase activation, and pharmacological inhibition of these kinases could inhibit the boosting effect. Knockdown of unfolded protein response signaling indicated that mainly PERK and ATF6 were responsible for the synergistic activity. Specifically, PERK and ATF6 mediated increased MAPK activation, which is needed for effective cytokine secretion. We conclude that within airway epithelial cells the combined activation of TLR signaling and ER stress-mediated MAPK activation results in synergistic proinflammatory activity. We speculate that ER stress, present in various chronic pulmonary diseases, boosts TLR signaling and therefore proinflammatory cytokine production, thus acting as a costimulatory danger signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Mijošek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Gao C, McDowell IC, Zhao S, Brown CD, Engelhardt BE. Context Specific and Differential Gene Co-expression Networks via Bayesian Biclustering. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004791. [PMID: 27467526 PMCID: PMC4965098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying latent structure in high-dimensional genomic data is essential for exploring biological processes. Here, we consider recovering gene co-expression networks from gene expression data, where each network encodes relationships between genes that are co-regulated by shared biological mechanisms. To do this, we develop a Bayesian statistical model for biclustering to infer subsets of co-regulated genes that covary in all of the samples or in only a subset of the samples. Our biclustering method, BicMix, allows overcomplete representations of the data, computational tractability, and joint modeling of unknown confounders and biological signals. Compared with related biclustering methods, BicMix recovers latent structure with higher precision across diverse simulation scenarios as compared to state-of-the-art biclustering methods. Further, we develop a principled method to recover context specific gene co-expression networks from the estimated sparse biclustering matrices. We apply BicMix to breast cancer gene expression data and to gene expression data from a cardiovascular study cohort, and we recover gene co-expression networks that are differential across ER+ and ER- samples and across male and female samples. We apply BicMix to the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot data, and we find tissue specific gene networks. We validate these findings by using our tissue specific networks to identify trans-eQTLs specific to one of four primary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Gao
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian C. McDowell
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Zhao
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Brown
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Engelhardt
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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25
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Qu XP, Huang ZX, Sun Y, Ye T, Cui SJ, Huang Q, Ma LJ, Yang QW, Wang H, Fan EZ, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhou B. Expression of Innate Immunity Genes in Epithelial Cells of Hypertrophic Adenoids with and without Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Preliminary Report. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2913-8. [PMID: 26521790 PMCID: PMC4756897 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.168056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is associated with pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (pCRS), but its role in the inflammatory process of pCRS is unclear. It is thought that innate immunity gene expression is disrupted in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), including antimicrobial peptides and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The aim of this preliminary study was to detect the expression of innate immunity genes in epithelial cells of hypertrophic adenoids with and without pCRS to better understand their role in pCRS. METHODS Nine pCRS patients and nine simple AH patients undergoing adenoidectomy were recruited for the study. Adenoidal epithelium was isolated, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to measure relative expression levels of the following messenger RNAs in hypertrophic adenoid epithelial cells of pediatric patients with and without CRS: Human β-defensin (HBD) 2 and 3, surfactant protein (SP)-A and D, toll-like receptors 1-10, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD 1, NOD 2, and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3, retinoic acid-induced gene 1, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). RT-qPCR data from two groups were analyzed by independent sample t-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS The relative expression of SP-D in adenoidal epithelium of pCRS group was significantly lower than that in AH group (pCRS 0.73 ± 0.10 vs. AH 1.21 ± 0.15; P = 0.0173, t = 2.654). The relative expression levels of all tested PRRs and NF-κB, as well as HBD-2, HBD-3, and SP-A, showed no statistically significant differences in isolated adenoidal epithelium between pCRS group and AH group. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulated SP-D levels in adenoidal epithelium may contribute to the development of pCRS. PRRs, however, are unlikely to play a significant role in the inflammatory process of pCRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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Wang NA, Su Y, Che XM, Zheng H, Shi ZG. Penehyclidine ameliorates acute lung injury by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 2/4 expression and nuclear factor-κB activation. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1827-1832. [PMID: 27168812 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of penehyclidine (PHC) on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI), as well as to examine the mechanism underlying this effect. A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into five groups, including the control (saline), LPS and three LPS + PHC groups. ALI was induced in the rats by injection of 8 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg body weight. The rats were then treated with or without PHC at 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg body weight 1 min following LPS injection. After 6 h, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined by ELISA. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the lung tissue samples, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 protein expression levels were examined by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that lung injury was ameliorated by treatment with PHC (1 and 3 mg/kg body weight) as compared with treatment with LPS alone. Injection of LPS significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the protein expression levels of NF-κB p65 in the lung tissue samples. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also upregulated by LPS injection. Treatment of the rats with PHC following LPS injection suppressed the LPS-induced increase in TLR2/4 mRNA and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels. PHC also inhibited the increase in TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels. In addition, PHC reduced LPS-induced ALI and decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, possibly by downregulating TLR2/4 mRNA expression and inhibiting NF-κB activity, and consequently alleviating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, P.R. China
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
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Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG. Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell. Front Immunol 2016; 6:620. [PMID: 26779180 PMCID: PMC4701915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage and are present in connective tissues throughout the body. The activation and degranulation of mast cells significantly modulates many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions in various settings. With respect to normal physiological functions, mast cells are known to regulate vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, angiogenesis, and venom detoxification. On the other hand, mast cells have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal disorders, many types of malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of mast cells in many pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Krystel-Whittemore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Kottarappat N Dileepan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - John G Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Kato K, Lillehoj EP, Kim KC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of and TLR5 association with the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail through EGFR activation. Inflamm Res 2015; 65:225-33. [PMID: 26645913 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the surface of epithelial and hematopoietic cells. Previous studies have established that MUC1 attenuates airway inflammation in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) through suppression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Here, we elucidate the mechanism through which the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail (CT) inhibits TLR5 signaling in response to Pa and its flagellin in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. METHODS NHBE and human and mouse macrophages were stimulated with Pa or flagellin and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. NHBE cells were stimulated with Pa, flagellin, or TNF-α and MUC1-CT, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels were measured by immunoblotting. NHBE cells were stimulated with Pa and MUC1-CT/TLR5 and MUC1-CT/EGFR association were detected by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Stimulation of NHBE cells with Pa and flagellin each increased release of the EGFR ligand, TGF-α, from NHBE cells. Both stimuli also activated EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation in these same cells. By contrast, stimulation of NHBE cells with Pa failed to induce TNF-α release, whereas stimulation of human or mouse macrophages with Pa promoted TNF-α release. Stimulation of NHBE cells with recombinant TNF-α increased both MUC1 and EGFR protein levels, and stimulation of these cells with Pa enhanced MUC1-CT tyrosine phosphorylation and increased MUC1-CT/TLR5 and MUC1-CT/EGFR protein association, in an EGFR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in response to Pa or flagellin, EGFR associates with and tyrosine phosphorylates MUC1-CT in primary NHBE cells, leading to increased MUC1-CT association with TLR5. Based on prior studies in tumor cells, increased MUC1-CT/TLR5 association in NHBE cells is predicted to competitively inhibit Pa/flagellin-stimulated TLR5 activation, reduce TLR5-dependent cell signaling, and down-regulate airway inflammation. Given that MUC1 is a universal suppressor of TLR signaling, the results from this study suggest that abnormal interactions between MUC1 and EGFR or TLRs may lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, this is an important finding from the clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1656 E Mabel St, MRB-419, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Kwang Chul Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1656 E Mabel St, MRB-419, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Adamovsky O, Moosova Z, Pekarova M, Basu A, Babica P, Svihalkova Sindlerova L, Kubala L, Blaha L. Immunomodulatory Potency of Microcystin, an Important Water-Polluting Cyanobacterial Toxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12457-12464. [PMID: 26380879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are primarily hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria and are responsible for intoxication in humans and animals. There are many incidents of chronic exposure to MCs, which have been attributed to the inappropriate treatment of water supplies or contaminated food. Using RAW 264.7 macrophages, we showed the potency of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) to stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6) as a consequence of fast nuclear factor κB and nitrogen-activated protein kinase activation. In contrast to other studies, the observed effects were not attributed to the intracellular inhibition of protein phosphatases 1/2A due to lack of specific transmembrane transporters for MCs. However, the MC-LR-induced activation of macrophages was effectively inhibited by a specific peptide that blocks signaling of receptors, which play a pivotal role in the innate immune responses. Taken together, we showed for the first time that MC-LR could interfere with macrophage receptors that are responsible for triggering the above-mentioned signaling pathways. These findings provide an interesting mechanistic explanation of some adverse health outcomes associated with toxic cyanobacteria and MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Adamovsky
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Moosova
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Pekarova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amrita Basu
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lukas Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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Fashi M, Agha Alinejad H, Asilian Mahabadi H. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Ambient Particulate Matter on Lung Tissue Inflammation and Lung Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e2333. [PMID: 26413253 PMCID: PMC4581364 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to Air pollution PM10 results in lung inflammation increased risk of lung cancer. Regular aerobic exercise improves the inflammatory status in different lung diseases. However, the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on the pulmonary response to PM10 have not been investigated. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effect of aerobic exercise on the lung inflammatory and risk of lung cancer of rat exposed to PM10 carbon black. Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: A: control (without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise; n = 6), B: aerobic exercise (five times per week for 4 weeks; n = 6), C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat; n = 6), D: and aerobic exercise concomitantly with exposure to PM10 carbon black (n = 6). The gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α were analyzed in lung tissue by Real time-PCR. In order to determine the significant differences between groups, one way ANOVA and LSD post hoc and Kruskal-Vallis test were used. Results: Aerobic exercise inhibited the PM10 -induced increase in the gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α. But there was significant different only between B and C groups for TNF-α and NF-κB (P = 0.047, 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that four week aerobic exercise presents protective effects in a rat model of PM10 carbon black-induced lung inflammation and risk of lung cancer. Our results indicate a need for human studies that evaluate the lung Responses to aerobic exercise chronically performed in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fashi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Agha Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hasan Asilian Mahabadi
- Deptartment of Occupational Health Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
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31
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Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: A comprehensive meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:157-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chien HY, Lu CS, Chuang KH, Kao PH, Wu YL. Attenuation of LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase expression by lysophosphatidic acid in macrophages. Innate Immun 2015; 21:635-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425915576345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
LPS can activate the inflammatory cascades by inducing various inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) resulting from cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and NO produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been demonstrated to participate in inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the impact and the involving mechanisms of LPA on LPS-incurred inflammation in macrophages. First, LPA appeared to attenuate LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes, as well as production of PGE2 and NO. By using selective inhibitors targeting various signaling players, the inhibitory G protein alpha subunit (Gαi) seemed to be involved in the effect of LPA; p38, ERK and NF-κB were involved in the LPS-mediated COX-2/PGE2 pathway; and p38, JNK, phosphoinositide-3-kinase and NF-κB were involved in the LPS-mediated iNOS/NO pathway. LPA was able to diminish LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and Akt, as well as NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. By utilization of inhibitors of COX-2 and iNOS, there appeared to be no modulation between the COX-2/PGE2 and the iNOS/NO signaling pathways. Our findings demonstrate a clear anti-inflammatory role of LPA acting via Gαi in LPS-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages, owing, at least in part, to its suppressive effect on LPS-induced activation of p38, Akt and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Chien
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Han Chuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Hong Kao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tang ZH, Hu JT, Lu ZC, Ji XF, Chen XF, Jiang LY, Zhang C, Jiang JS, Pang YP, Li CQ. Effect of Mild Hypothermia on the Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 in Lung Tissues with Experimental Acute Lung Injury. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:1202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lashkari BS, Shahana S, Anumba DO. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in the pregnant and non-pregnant human uterine cervix. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 107:43-51. [PMID: 25467401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic infections and sexually transmitted diseases place a burden on health resources and may be associated with premature birth. The mechanisms by which the female reproductive tract (FRT) combats these infections remain ill understood, but are likely to involve the pattern recognition Toll-like receptors (TLR). We sought to compare the expression of TLR-2 and -4 by human pregnant and non-pregnant ectocervical epithelium as a prelude to the investigation of the function of these receptors in this tissue during pregnancy. Using the techniques of reverse-transcriptase polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, the gene and protein expression of TLR-2 and -4 were studied in the biopsies of ectocervix obtained from non-pregnant premenopausal women (n=21) undergoing hysterectomy, women in the first trimester of pregnancy undergoing non-medically indicated suction pregnancy termination (n=6), and women at term undergoing elective caesarean section (n=11). The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 genes and proteins were upregulated in early and late pregnant ectocervical epithelium, compared with non-pregnant tissue. These findings suggest that the upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in the lower FRT may play a key role in the modulation of the innate immune and inflammatory mechanisms of the ectocervix during pregnancy, interacting with other neuroendocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnia S Lashkari
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
| | - Shahida Shahana
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
| | - Dilly O Anumba
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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Mesquita M, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Sacramento CQ, Abrantes JL, Costa E, Temerozo JR, Siqueira MM, Bou-Habib DC, Souza TML. HIV-1 and its gp120 inhibits the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 life cycle in an IFITM3-dependent fashion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101056. [PMID: 24978204 PMCID: PMC4076258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected patients co-infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 surprisingly presented benign clinical outcome. The knowledge that HIV-1 changes the host homeostatic equilibrium, which may favor the patient resistance to some co-pathogens, prompted us to investigate whether HIV-1 infection could influence A(H1N1)pdm09 life cycle in vitro. We show here that exposure of A(H1N1)pdm09-infected epithelial cells to HIV-1 viral particles or its gp120 enhanced by 25% the IFITM3 content, resulting in a decrease in influenza replication. This event was dependent on toll-like receptor 2 and 4. Moreover, knockdown of IFITM3 prevented HIV-1 ability to inhibit A(H1N1)pdm09 replication. HIV-1 infection also increased IFITM3 levels in human primary macrophages by almost 100%. Consequently, the arrival of influenza ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to nucleus of macrophages was inhibited, as evaluated by different approaches. Reduction of influenza RNPs entry into the nucleus tolled A(H1N1)pdm09 life cycle in macrophages earlier than usual, limiting influenza's ability to induce TNF-α. As judged by analysis of the influenza hemagglutin (HA) gene from in vitro experiments and from samples of HIV-1/A(H1N1)pdm09 co-infected individuals, the HIV-1-induced reduction of influenza replication resulted in delayed viral evolution. Our results may provide insights on the mechanisms that may have attenuated the clinical course of Influenza in HIV-1/A(H1N1)pdm09 co-infected patients during the recent influenza form 2009/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Mesquita
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Q. Sacramento
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana L. Abrantes
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo R. Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marilda M. Siqueira
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1126-67. [PMID: 23991888 PMCID: PMC3929010 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2820] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules that play an important role in the progression of inflammatory disorders. An enhanced ROS generation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) at the site of inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction and tissue injury. The vascular endothelium plays an important role in passage of macromolecules and inflammatory cells from the blood to tissue. Under the inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress produced by PMNs leads to the opening of inter-endothelial junctions and promotes the migration of inflammatory cells across the endothelial barrier. The migrated inflammatory cells not only help in the clearance of pathogens and foreign particles but also lead to tissue injury. The current review compiles the past and current research in the area of inflammation with particular emphasis on oxidative stress-mediated signaling mechanisms that are involved in inflammation and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mittal
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Simvastatin attenuates the lipopolysaccharideinduced inflammatory response of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells by downregulating toll-like receptor 4 expression. Open Med (Wars) 2013; 9:133-140. [PMID: 32288932 PMCID: PMC7101868 DOI: 10.2478/s11536-013-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The therapeutic potential of simvastatin as an anti-inflammatory agent was explored by investigating its effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMVECs). Methods RPMVECs were isolated and the mRNA and protein levels of different toll-like receptors (TLR) were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The LPS-induced expressions of TLR4, TNF-α and iNOS were analyzed in RPMVECs treated with different concentrations of simvastatin for different times. NF-κB activation was examined by immuofluroscence, luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. Results TLR4 is abundantly expressed in RPMVECs, and its expression is induced by LPS stimulation. Simvastatin inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner (p<0.01), and alleviated inflammation in RPMVECs by inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and iNOS. Further study indicated that simvastatin significantly attenuated NF-κB activity by inhibiting the degradation of IκB-α. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and knock-down of TLR4 expression by RNA interference down-regulated the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RPMVECs. Conclusion Simvastatin inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RPMVECs by down-regulating TLR4 expression, suggesting its role as a potential inhibitor of LPS-induced inflammation
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Kim TH, Park YM, Ryu SW, Kim DJ, Park JH, Park JH. Receptor Interacting Protein 2 (RIP2) Is Dispensable for OVA-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:163-8. [PMID: 24587954 PMCID: PMC3936046 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Asthma is a pulmonary chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. Pattern recognition receptors are known to play a key role in the development of allergic diseases as well as host defenses against microbial infection. Receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2), a serine/threonine kinase, is an adaptor molecule of NOD1 and NOD2, and genetic variation in this receptor is known to be associated with the severity of allergic asthma in children. In this study, we examined the role of RIP2 in the development of allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model. Methods Airway inflammation was induced in mice through intranasal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) after 2 intraperitoneal immunizations with OVA. Lung inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were examined histologically and total cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids was determined. Levels of the Th2-related cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13, in lung extracts were measured by ELISA. Serum antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 levels were also assessed. Results OVA-induced lung inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were not different between WT and RIP2-deficient mice. The IL-5 and IL-13 levels in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids were also not impaired in RIP2-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Moreover, RIP2 deficiency did not affect serum OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that RIP2 is not associated with the development of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Ryu
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Gabrilovich MI, Walrath J, van Lunteren J, Nethery D, Seifu M, Kern JA, Harding CV, Tuscano L, Lee H, Williams SD, Mackay W, Tomashefski JF, Silver RF. Disordered Toll-like receptor 2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:512-22. [PMID: 23668840 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that the granulomatous disorder sarcoidosis is not caused by a single pathogen, but rather results from abnormal responses of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to conserved bacterial elements. Unsorted bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis and healthy non-smoking control subjects were stimulated with representative ligands of TLR-2 (in both TLR-2/1 and TLR-2/6 heterodimers) and TLR-4. Responses were determined by assessing resulting production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. BAL cells from patients in whom sarcoidosis was confirmed displayed increased cytokine responses to the TLR-2/1 ligand 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LpqH) and decreased responses to the TLR-2/6 agonist fibroblast stimulating ligand-1 (FSL)-1. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of TLR-2 gene deletion in a recently described murine model of T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated lung disease induced by heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes. As quantified by blinded scoring of lung pathology, P. acnes-induced granulomatous pulmonary inflammation was markedly attenuated in TLR-2(-/-) mice compared to wild-type C57BL/6 animals. The findings support a potential role for disordered TLR-2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Gabrilovich
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4941, USA
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Moreno G, Errea A, Van Maele L, Roberts R, Léger H, Sirard JC, Benecke A, Rumbo M, Hozbor D. Toll-like receptor 4 orchestrates neutrophil recruitment into airways during the first hours of Bordetella pertussis infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:708-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Macrophages in tuberculosis: friend or foe. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:563-83. [PMID: 23864058 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely human adapted and a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages (AMs) being the primary conduit of infection and disease. The outcome of primary infection is most often a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the host immune response fails to control the growth of bacilli, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols coughed out into the environment and inhaled by new hosts. The molecular details of the Mtb-macrophage interaction continue to be elucidated. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. Macrophages demonstrate tremendous phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity which, depending on the site and stage of infection, facilitate the diverse outcomes. Moreover, host responses vary depending on the specific characteristics of the infecting Mtb strain. In this chapter, we describe a contemporary view of the behavior of AMs and their interaction with various Mtb strains in generating unique immunologic lung-specific responses.
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Hasenberg M, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Gunzer M. Cellular immune reactions in the lung. Immunol Rev 2012; 251:189-214. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hasenberg
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
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Epigenetic mechanisms through which Toll-like receptor-9 drives idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2012; 9:172-6. [PMID: 22802293 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201201-002aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) survive a median of 3 years after diagnosis, but a high degree of variability in longitudinal disease progression has been observed. Unfortunately, physiology and clinical parameters determined at the time of diagnosis have proven inaccurate in predicting the rate at which IPF ultimately progresses. A mechanistic explanation for disease progression in patients with IPF is presently unclear, but we have recently shown that hypomethylated CpG DNA drives the rapid progression of fibrotic lung disease through the differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts through a TLR9-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we recently reported that the clinical progression of IPF might be a consequence of aberrant microRNA processing. Using this framework of data, we are presently addressing the following specific hypothesis: hypomethylated CpG DNA activation in pulmonary fibroblasts leads to aberrant micro RNA processing, thereby promoting the rapid progression of IPF.
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Andrys C, Kacerovsky M, Drahosova M, Musilova I, Pliskova L, Hornychova H, Prochazka M, Jacobsson B. Amniotic fluid soluble Toll-like receptor 2 in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:520-7. [PMID: 23102403 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.741634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine amniotic fluid soluble Toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) levels in PPROM according to the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), histological chorioamnionitis (HCA), and both these conditions. To test the cutoff level of 222.7 ng/mL, as proposed in our previous study, in order to distinguish women with both MIAC and HCA. METHODS 169 women with a gestational age between 24+0 and 36+6 weeks were included in a prospective cohort study. Amniocenteses were performed, and sTLR2 in the amniotic fluid were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Women with MIAC had higher sTLR2 levels (median 113.2 ng/mL) than those without MIAC (median 47.1 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Women with HCA did not have a higher sTLR2 level (median 52.6 ng/mL) compared with women without HCA (median 47.1 ng/mL; p = 0.23). Women with both MIAC and HCA had higher sTLR2 levels (median: 311.3 ng/mL) than other women (17.5 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). The cutoff level 222.7 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 63%, a specificity of 98%, and a likelihood ratio of 40.3 for the prediction of both MIAC and HCA. CONCLUSIONS Amniotic fluid sTLR2 is a promising predictor of both MIAC and HCA with high specificity in PPROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ctirad Andrys
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Barichello T, Generoso JS, Cipriano AL, Casagrande R, Collodel A, Savi GD, Scherer EBS, Kolling J, Wyse ATS. Increased Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the rat brain after meningitis induction by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:301-5. [PMID: 25286995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Barichello T, Generoso JS, Cipriano AL, Casagrande R, Collodel A, Savi GD, Scherer EBS, Kolling J, Wyse ATS. Increase Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the rat brain after meningitis induction byStreptococcus pneumoniae.Background: Pneumococcal meningitis is the most severe infection of the central nervous system with a mortality rate up to 20% and an adverse neurological result in up to 50% of survivors. A complicated series of interactions among the host immune response and oxidants seems to be responsible for meningitis associated brain dysfunctions. Na+,K+-ATPase is an essential enzyme responsible for generating and maintaining the membrane potential necessary for neural excitability, however, the Na+,K+-ATPase activity is altered in several illness;Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the Na+,K+-ATPase activity in hippocampus and cortex of the rats submitted to pneumococcal meningitis.Methods: Animals received 10 µl sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeto the concentration of 5 × 109cfu/ml and were killed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after meningitis induction. The brain structures, hippocampus and cortex, were immediately isolated on dry ice and stored at −80°C to analyse Na+,K+-ATPase activity.Results: In the hippocampus, we verified the increase of Na+,K+-ATPase activity at 48, 72 and 96 h (p< 0.05) and in the cortex at 24 h (p< 0.05) after pneumococcal meningitis induction.Conclusion: The Na+,K+-ATPase activity is under the control of a diversity of intracellular messengers that are able to modulate the function of the particular isozymes in a precise way. Furthermore, we verified that pneumococcal meningitis increased the Na+,K+-ATPase activity in hippocampus and cortex; this increase can be correlated with a compensatory mechanism in illness pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Andreza L Cipriano
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Renata Casagrande
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Allan Collodel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Geovana D Savi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaçã em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilene B S Scherer
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Kolling
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Winarni TI, Chonchaiya W, Sumekar TA, Ashwood P, Morales GM, Tassone F, Nguyen DV, Faradz SMH, Van de Water J, Cook K, Hamlin A, Mu Y, Hagerman PJ, Hagerman RJ. Immune-mediated disorders among women carriers of fragile X premutation alleles. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2473-81. [PMID: 22903889 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relative risk of immune-mediated disorders (IMDs) among women carriers of premutation alleles is estimated by a survey for IMDs among 344 carrier women (age 19-81 years; mean 46.35 and SD 12.60) and 72 controls (age 18-87 years; mean 52.40 and SD 15.40). One hundred fifty four (44.77%) women carrier had at least one IMD, as did 20 controls (27.78%). Among women carriers, autoimmune thyroid disorder was the most common (24.4%), then fibromyalgia (10.2%), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; 9.9%), Raynaud's phenomenon (7.6%), rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 3.8%), Sjögren syndrome (2.6%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 2.03%), multiple sclerosis (1.74%). Of 55 carriers age 40 or older with FXTAS, 72.73% had at least one IMD, compared to 46.54% of those without FXTAS (n = 159), and 31.58% of controls (n = 57). The estimated odds ratio (OR) for IMD is 2.6 (95% CI 1.2-5.6, P = 0.015) for women with FXTAS relative to those without FXTAS; the likelihood of IMD in carriers without or with FXTAS was also significantly higher than for controls (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2, P = 0.034; OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.4-12.5, P < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, the odds of having an IMD among carriers with FXPOI is about 2.4 times higher when compared to carriers without FXPOI (95% CI 1.1-5.0; P = 0.021). The likelihood of IMD in carriers with or without FXPOI is greater (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.0; P = 0.021) compared to that of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Indah Winarni
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Health System, Sacramento, USA
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Dieudonné A, Torres D, Blanchard S, Taront S, Jeannin P, Delneste Y, Pichavant M, Trottein F, Gosset P. Scavenger receptors in human airway epithelial cells: role in response to double-stranded RNA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41952. [PMID: 22879901 PMCID: PMC3413698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) cooperate in response to danger signals to adjust the host immune response. The TLR3 agonist double stranded (ds)RNA is an efficient activator of innate signalling in bronchial epithelial cells. In this study, we aimed at defining the role played by scavenger receptors expressed by bronchial epithelial cells in the control of the innate response to dsRNA both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of several scavenger receptor involved in pathogen recognition was first evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cells in steady-state and inflammatory conditions. Their implication in the uptake of dsRNA and the subsequent cell activation was evaluated in vitro by competition with ligand of scavenger receptors including maleylated ovalbumin and by RNA silencing. The capacity of maleylated ovalbumin to modulate lung inflammation induced by dsRNA was also investigated in mice. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α increased expression of the scavenger receptors LOX-1 and CXCL16 and the capacity to internalize maleylated ovalbumin, whereas activation by TLR ligands did not. In contrast, the expression of SR-B1 was not modulated in these conditions. Interestingly, supplementation with maleylated ovalbumin limited dsRNA uptake and inhibited subsequent activation of bronchial epithelial cells. RNA silencing of LOX-1 and SR-B1 strongly blocked the dsRNA-induced cytokine production. Finally, administration of maleylated ovalbumin in mice inhibited the dsRNA-induced infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar spaces and lung draining lymph nodes. Together, our data characterize the function of SR-B1 and LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells and their implication in dsRNA-induced responses, a finding that might be relevant during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dieudonné
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
- Service d’Hématologie-Immunologie-Cytogénétique, CH de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France
| | - David Torres
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Simon Blanchard
- LUNAM Université, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Inserm, Unit 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Nantes, France
- CNRS, Unit 6299, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, CHU Angers, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Solenne Taront
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Genomic and metabolic diseases, CNRS UMR8199, IBL, Lille, France
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- LUNAM Université, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Inserm, Unit 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Nantes, France
- CNRS, Unit 6299, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, CHU Angers, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- LUNAM Université, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Inserm, Unit 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, Nantes, France
- CNRS, Unit 6299, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, CHU Angers, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Rammah M, Dandachi F, Salman R, Shihadeh A, El-Sabban M. In vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of mainstream waterpipe smoke and its functional consequences on alveolar type II derived cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:220-31. [PMID: 22516759 PMCID: PMC3407546 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While waterpipe tobacco smoking has become a global phenomenon, its potential health consequences are poorly understood. In this manuscript, we report the in vitro mutagenicity of waterpipe smoke condensate (WSC), the alteration in cellular parameters of lung alveolar cells in response to WSC exposure and discuss the implication of cellular responses in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS The mainstream WSC was generated using a standard laboratory machine protocol. We assessed its mutagenicity using Ames test. In addition, we studied the effect of WSC on the proliferation and cell cycle of alveolar type II cells and vascular endothelial cells. We also assessed the effect of WSC on the expression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and inflammation. RESULTS Within the range of tested doses, WSC did not elicit sufficient response to be considered mutagenic in any of the strains tested (TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA97a) but were found to be toxic for strains TA97a and TA102 at the highest tested doses. However, WSC induced cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence mediated by the p53-p21 pathway. Also our study indicated that WSC induced an increase in the transcriptional expression of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and an immune response regulator, Toll Like Receptor-4. CONCLUSION The data reported here represent the first in vitro demonstration of the effect of waterpipe smoke on cellular parameters providing evidence of the potential involvement of WPS in the pathogenesis of COPD through impairing cellular growth and inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayyasa Rammah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020.
| | - Farah Dandachi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020.
| | - Rola Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020.
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020.
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- corresponding author: Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O.Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Beirut-Lebanon, , Tel: +961-1-350000, FAX: +961-1-3500004913
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