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Yu S, Xu C, Tang X, Wang L, Hu L, Li L, Zhou X, Li Q. Exendin-4 blockade of T1R2/T1R3 activation improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related pneumonia in an animal model of chemically induced diabetes. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1185-1201. [PMID: 38748233 PMCID: PMC11214611 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poorly controlled diabetes frequently exacerbates lung infection, thereby complicating treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that exendin-4 exhibits not only hypoglycemic but also anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to explore the role of exendin-4 in lung infection with diabetes, as well as its association with NOD1/NF-κB and the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor. METHODS 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells cultured with 20 mM glucose were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Furthermore, Sprague‒Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet, followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and intratracheal instillation of PA. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were evaluated using ELISAs and RT‒qPCR. The expression of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65 was assayed using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Pathological changes in the lungs of the rats were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS At the same dose of LPS, the 20 mM glucose group produced more proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and had higher levels of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65 than the normal control group (with 5.6 mM glucose). However, preintervention with exendin-4 significantly reduced the levels of the aforementioned proinflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules. Similarly, diabetic rats infected with PA exhibited increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in their lungs and increased expression of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65, and these effects were reversed by exendin-4. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia can exacerbate inflammation during lung infection, promote the increase in NOD1/NF-κB, and promote T1R2/T1R3. Exendin-4 can ameliorate PA-related pneumonia with diabetes and overexpression of NOD1/NF-κB. Additionally, exendin-4 suppresses T1R2/T1R3, potentially through its hypoglycemic effect or through a direct mechanism. The correlation between heightened expression of T1R2/T1R3 and an intensified inflammatory response in lung infection with diabetes requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 579199, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
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Egan JM. Physiological Integration of Taste and Metabolism. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1699-1710. [PMID: 38718360 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2304578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Egan
- From the Diabetes Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore
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Künzel SE, Pompös IM, Flesch LTM, Frentzel DP, Knecht VA, Winkler S, Skosyrski S, Rübsam A, Dreher F, Kociok N, Schütte M, Dubrac A, Lange B, Yaspo ML, Lehrach H, Strauß O, Joussen AM, Zeitz O. Exploring the Impact of Saccharin on Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Comprehensive Study in Patients and Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:5. [PMID: 38558091 PMCID: PMC10996979 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to determine the impact of artificial sweeteners (AS), especially saccharin, on the progression and treatment efficacy of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) under anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF-A) treatment. Methods In a cross-sectional study involving 46 patients with nAMD undergoing intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, 6 AS metabolites were detected in peripheral blood using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Disease features were statistically tested against these metabolite levels. Additionally, a murine choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model, induced by laser, was used to evaluate the effects of orally administered saccharin, assessing both imaging outcomes and gene expression patterns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to evaluate functional expression of sweet taste receptors in a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line. Results Saccharin levels in blood were significantly higher in patients with well-controlled CNV activity (P = 0.004) and those without subretinal hyper-reflective material (P = 0.015). In the murine model, saccharin-treated mice exhibited fewer leaking laser scars, lesser occurrence of bleeding, smaller fibrotic areas (P < 0.05), and a 40% decrease in mononuclear phagocyte accumulation (P = 0.06). Gene analysis indicated downregulation of inflammatory and VEGFR-1 response genes in the treated animals. Human RPE cells expressed taste receptor type 1 member 3 (TAS1R3) mRNA and reacted to saccharin stimulation with changes in mRNA expression. Conclusions Saccharin appears to play a protective role in patients with nAMD undergoing intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment, aiding in better pathological lesion control and scar reduction. The murine study supports this observation, proposing saccharin's potential in mitigating pathological VEGFR-1-induced immune responses potentially via the RPE sensing saccharin in the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E. Künzel
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga-Marie Pompös
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie T. M. Flesch
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik P. Frentzel
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitus A. Knecht
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Winkler
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Skosyrski
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Rübsam
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Dreher
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schütte
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bodo Lange
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M. Joussen
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Zeitz
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Department of Ophthalmology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
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Santin A, Spedicati B, Pecori A, Nardone GG, Concas MP, Piatti G, Menini A, Tirelli G, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Girotto G. The Bittersweet Symphony of COVID-19: Associations between TAS1Rs and TAS2R38 Genetic Variations and COVID-19 Symptoms. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:219. [PMID: 38398728 PMCID: PMC10890446 DOI: 10.3390/life14020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is crucial in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, deepening our understanding of the underlying immune response mechanisms is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The role of extra-oral bitter (TAS2Rs) and sweet (TAS1Rs) taste receptors in immune response regulation has yet to be fully understood. However, a few studies have investigated the association between taste receptor genes and COVID-19 symptom severity, with controversial results. Therefore, this study aims to deepen the relationship between COVID-19 symptom presence/severity and TAS1R and TAS2R38 (TAS2Rs member) genetic variations in a cohort of 196 COVID-19 patients. Statistical analyses detected significant associations between rs307355 of the TAS1R3 gene and the following COVID-19-related symptoms: chest pain and shortness of breath. Specifically, homozygous C/C patients are exposed to an increased risk of manifesting severe forms of chest pain (OR 8.11, 95% CI 2.26-51.99) and shortness of breath (OR 4.83, 95% CI 1.71-17.32) in comparison with T/C carriers. Finally, no significant associations between the TAS2R38 haplotype and the presence/severity of COVID-19 symptoms were detected. This study, taking advantage of a clinically and genetically characterised cohort of COVID-19 patients, revealed TAS1R3 gene involvement in determining COVID-19 symptom severity independently of TAS2R38 activity, thus providing novel insights into the role of TAS1Rs in regulating the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Santin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
| | - Beatrice Spedicati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Pecori
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Giovanni Nardone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Gioia Piatti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Unit of Bronchopneumology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.); (B.S.); (G.G.N.); (G.T.); (P.B.-R.); (G.G.)
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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Cai S, Xie N, Zheng L, Li Q, Zhang S, Huang Q, Luo W, Wu M, Wang Y, Du Y, Deng SP, Cai L. Sweet taste receptors play roles in artificial sweetener-induced enhanced urine output in mice. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:2. [PMID: 38182603 PMCID: PMC10770165 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors found in oral and extra oral tissues play important roles in the regulation of many physiological functions. Studies have shown that urine volume increases during the lifetime exposure to artificial sweeteners. However, the detailed molecular mechanism and the general effects of different artificial sweeteners exposure on urine volume remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between urinary excretion and the sweet taste receptor expression in mice after three artificial sweeteners exposure in a higher or lower concentration via animal behavioral studies, western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR experiment in rodent model. Our results showed that high dose of acesulfame potassium and saccharin can significantly enhance the urine output and there was a positive correlation between K+ and urination volume. The acesulfame potassium administration assay of T1R3 knockout mice showed that artificial sweeteners may affect the urine output directly through the sweet taste signaling pathway. The expression of T1R3 encoding gene can be up-regulated specifically in bladder but not in kidney or other organs we tested. Through our study, the sweet taste receptors, distributing in many tissues as bladder, were indicated to function in the enhanced urine output. Different effects of long-term exposure to the three artificial sweeteners were shown and acesulfame potassium increased urine output even at a very low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Ningning Xie
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Quan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Wei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Mei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yilun Du
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Deng
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Lei Cai
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
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Song JW, Lee KH, Seong H, Shin DM, Shon WJ. Taste receptor type 1 member 3 enables western diet-induced anxiety in mice. BMC Biol 2023; 21:243. [PMID: 37926812 PMCID: PMC10626698 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports that the Western diet (WD), a diet high in saturated fat and sugary drinks, contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms by which WD causes anxiety remain unclear. Abundant expression of taste receptor type 1 member 3 (TAS1R3) has been identified in the hypothalamus, a key brain area involved in sensing peripheral nutritional signals and regulating anxiety. Thus, we investigated the influence of excessive WD intake on anxiety and mechanisms by which WD intake affects anxiety development using wild-type (WT) and Tas1r3 deficient (Tas1r3-/-) mice fed a normal diet (ND) or WD for 12 weeks. RESULTS WD increased anxiety in male WT mice, whereas male Tas1r3-/- mice were protected from WD-induced anxiety, as assessed by open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) tests. Analyzing the hypothalamic transcriptome of WD-fed WT and Tas1r3-/- mice, we found 1,432 genes significantly up- or down-regulated as a result of Tas1r3 deficiency. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the CREB/BDNF signaling-mediated maintenance of neuronal regeneration, which can prevent anxiety development, was enhanced in WD-fed Tas1r3-/- mice compared with WD-fed WT mice. Additionally, in vitro studies further confirmed that Tas1r3 knockdown prevents the suppression of Creb1 and of CREB-mediated BDNF expression caused by high levels of glucose, fructose, and palmitic acid in hypothalamic neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that TAS1R3 may play a key role in WD-induced alterations in hypothalamic functions, and that inhibition of TAS1R3 overactivation in the hypothalamus could offer therapeutic targets to alleviate the effects of WD on anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Seong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Jeong Shon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Tsai MJ, Li CH, Wu HT, Kuo HY, Wang CT, Pai HL, Chang CJ, Ou HY. Long-Term Consumption of Sucralose Induces Hepatic Insulin Resistance through an Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2-Dependent Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:2814. [PMID: 37375718 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar substitutes have been recommended to be used for weight and glycemic control. However, numerous studies indicate that consumption of artificial sweeteners exerts adverse effects on glycemic homeostasis. Although sucralose is among the most extensively utilized sweeteners in food products, the effects and detailed mechanisms of sucralose on insulin sensitivity remain ambiguous. In this study, we found that bolus administration of sucralose by oral gavage enhanced insulin secretion to decrease plasma glucose levels in mice. In addition, mice were randomly allocated into three groups, chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with sucralose (HFSUC), to investigate the effects of long-term consumption of sucralose on glucose homeostasis. In contrast to the effects of sucralose with bolus administration, the supplement of sucralose augmented HFD-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, determined by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. In addition, we found that administration of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 inhibitor reversed the effects of sucralose on glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice. Moreover, blockade of taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1R3) by lactisole or pretreatment of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors diminished sucralose-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Taken together, sucralose augmented HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice, and interrupted insulin signals through a T1R3-ERK1/2-dependent pathway in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Li
- Department of Family Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 70965, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Pai
- Graduated Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yih Ou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Zani F, Blagih J, Gruber T, Buck MD, Jones N, Hennequart M, Newell CL, Pilley SE, Soro-Barrio P, Kelly G, Legrave NM, Cheung EC, Gilmore IS, Gould AP, Garcia-Caceres C, Vousden KH. The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature 2023; 615:705-711. [PMID: 36922598 PMCID: PMC10033444 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are used as calorie-free sugar substitutes in many food products and their consumption has increased substantially over the past years1. Although generally regarded as safe, some concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of the consumption of certain sweeteners2-5. In this study, we show that the intake of high doses of sucralose in mice results in immunomodulatory effects by limiting T cell proliferation and T cell differentiation. Mechanistically, sucralose affects the membrane order of T cells, accompanied by a reduced efficiency of T cell receptor signalling and intracellular calcium mobilization. Mice given sucralose show decreased CD8+ T cell antigen-specific responses in subcutaneous cancer models and bacterial infection models, and reduced T cell function in models of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Overall, these findings suggest that a high intake of sucralose can dampen T cell-mediated responses, an effect that could be used in therapy to mitigate T cell-dependent autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zani
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Julianna Blagih
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- University of Montreal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Buck
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Marc Hennequart
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clare L Newell
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steven E Pilley
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pablo Soro-Barrio
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Legrave
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eric C Cheung
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Alex P Gould
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karen H Vousden
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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10
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Wang Y, Zhu CL, Li P, Liu Q, Li HR, Yu CM, Deng XM, Wang JF. The role of G protein-coupled receptor in neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112196. [PMID: 36891309 PMCID: PMC9986442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. It is a common and complex syndrome and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The lungs are most vulnerable to the challenge of sepsis, and the incidence of respiratory dysfunction has been reported to be up to 70%, in which neutrophils play a major role. Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infection, and they are regarded as the most responsive cells in sepsis. Normally, neutrophils recognize chemokines including the bacterial product N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), complement 5a (C5a), and lipid molecules Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and enter the site of infection through mobilization, rolling, adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. However, numerous studies have confirmed that despite the high levels of chemokines in septic patients and mice at the site of infection, the neutrophils cannot migrate to the proper target location, but instead they accumulate in the lungs, releasing histones, DNA, and proteases that mediate tissue damage and induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is closely related to impaired neutrophil migration in sepsis, but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Many studies have shown that chemokine receptor dysregulation is an important cause of impaired neutrophil migration, and the vast majority of these chemokine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways by which neutrophil GPCR regulates chemotaxis and the mechanisms by which abnormal GPCR function in sepsis leads to impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, which can further cause ARDS. Several potential targets for intervention are proposed to improve neutrophil chemotaxis, and we hope that this review may provide insights for clinical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-ru Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-meng Yu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-ming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Yang J, Liu D, Liu Z. Integration of Metabolomics and Proteomics in Exploring the Endothelial Dysfunction Mechanism Induced by Serum Exosomes From Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:830466. [PMID: 35399949 PMCID: PMC8991685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.830466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetic microvascular diseases has increased significantly worldwide, the most common of which are diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be major targets of hyperglycemic damage, while the underlying mechanism of diffuse endothelial dysfunction in multiple organs needs to be further investigated. Aim The aim of this study is to explore the endothelial dysfunction mechanisms of serum exosomes (SExos) extracted from DR and DN (DRDN) patients. Methods In this study, human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) were used as the cell model. Metabolomics ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and proteomics tandem mass tag (TMT)-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) together with bioinformatics, the correlation analysis, and the joint pathway analysis were employed to discover the underlying mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction caused by patient's SExos. Results It can be assumed that serum exosomes extracted by DRDN patients might cause endothelial dysfunction mainly by upregulating alpha subunit of the coagulation factor fibrinogen (FIBA) and downregulating 1-methylhistidine (1-MH). Bioinformatics analysis pointed to an important role in reducing excess cysteine and methionine metabolism. Conclusion FIBA overexpression and 1-MH loss may be linked to the pathogenicity of diabetic endothelial dysfunction in DR/DN, implying that a cohort study is needed to further investigate the role of FIBA and 1-MH in the development of DN and DR, as well as the related pathways between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Kertesz Z, Harrington EO, Braza J, Guarino BD, Chichger H. Agonists for Bitter Taste Receptors T2R10 and T2R38 Attenuate LPS-Induced Permeability of the Pulmonary Endothelium in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:794370. [PMID: 35399266 PMCID: PMC8985831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.794370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an excessive increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. In settings of ARDS, the loss of barrier integrity is mediated by cell-cell contact disassembly and actin remodelling. Studies into molecular mechanisms responsible for improving microvascular barrier function are therefore vital in the development of therapeutic targets for reducing vascular permeability seen in ARDS. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors found in several extraoral systems, including lung epithelial and smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we show for the first time that several T2Rs are expressed in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). Our results focus on those which are highly expressed as: T2R10, T2R14 and T2R38. Agonists for T2R10 (denatonium) and T2R38 (phenylthiourea), but not T2R14 (noscapine), significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced permeability and VE-cadherin internalisation in HPAECs. In T2R10- or T2R38-siRNA knockdown cells, these endothelial-protective effects were abolished, indicating a direct effect of agonists in regulating barrier integrity. Our further findings indicate that T2R10 and T2R38 exert their barrier-protective function through cAMP but via Rac1-dependent and independent pathways, respectively. However, using an in vivo model of ARDS, the T2R38 agonist, phenylthiourea, was not able to protect against pulmonary edema formation. Taken together, these studies identify bitter taste sensing in the pulmonary endothelium to regulate barrier integrity in vitro through cAMP-Rac1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kertesz
- Biomedical Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth O. Harrington
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Julie Braza
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brianna D. Guarino
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Havovi Chichger
- Biomedical Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Martens K, Steelant B, Bullens DMA. Taste Receptors: The Gatekeepers of the Airway Epithelium. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112889. [PMID: 34831117 PMCID: PMC8616034 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are well known for their role in the sensation of taste. Surprisingly, the expression and involvement of taste receptors in chemosensory processes outside the tongue have been recently identified in many organs including the airways. Currently, a clear understanding of the airway-specific function of these receptors and the endogenous activating/inhibitory ligands is lagging. The focus of this review is on recent physiological and clinical data describing the taste receptors in the airways and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. Taste receptors in the airways are potentially involved in three different immune pathways (i.e., the production of nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides secretion, modulation of ciliary beat frequency, and bronchial smooth muscle cell relaxation). Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may alter the patients’ susceptibility to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. A better understanding of the function of taste receptors in the airways may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutic molecules that can stimulate airway mucosal immune responses and could treat patients with chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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14
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Saccharin and Sucralose Protect the Glomerular Microvasculature In Vitro against VEGF-Induced Permeability. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082746. [PMID: 34444906 PMCID: PMC8401733 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become a global health concern, with about 40% of people living with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus developing DKD. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the kidney is a significant pathology of DKD associated with increased glomerular vascular permeability. To date, however, current anti-VEGF therapies have demonstrated limited success in treating DKD. Recent studies have shown that artificial sweeteners exhibit anti-VEGF potential. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the effects of aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose on VEGF-induced leak using an in vitro model of the glomerular endothelium. Saccharin and sucralose but not aspartame protected against VEGF-induced permeability. Whilst the sweeteners had no effect on traditional VEGF signalling, GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the sweetener sucralose was not able to enter the glomerular endothelial cell to exert the protective effect. Chemical and molecular inhibition studies demonstrated that sweetener-mediated protection of the glomerular endothelium against VEGF is dependent on the sweet taste receptor, T1R3. These studies demonstrate the potential for sweeteners to exert a protective effect against VEGF-induced increased permeability to maintain a healthy endothelium and protect against vascular leak in the glomerulus in settings of DKD.
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15
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Risdon S, Battault S, Romo-Romo A, Roustit M, Briand L, Meyer G, Almeda-Valdes P, Walther G. Sucralose and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Understanding from Receptors to Clinical Investigations. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1500-1513. [PMID: 33578411 PMCID: PMC8321845 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess consumption of added sugar is consistently found to be associated with weight gain, and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke. In an effort to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disease, sugar is frequently replaced by low- and null-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). Alarmingly, though, emerging evidence indicates that the consumption of LCSs is associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality risk that is amplified in those who are overweight or obese. Sucralose, a null-caloric high-intensity sweetener, is the most commonly used LCS worldwide, which is regularly consumed by healthy individuals and patients with metabolic disease. To explore a potential causal role for sucralose in increased cardiovascular risk, this present review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data from current research detailing the effects of sucralose on systems controlling food intake, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alonso Romo-Romo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Matthieu Roustit
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1042, Grenoble, France,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology, Inserm CIC1406, Grenoble, France
| | - Loic Briand
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
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16
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Artificial Sweeteners Disrupt Tight Junctions and Barrier Function in the Intestinal Epithelium through Activation of the Sweet Taste Receptor, T1R3. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061862. [PMID: 32580504 PMCID: PMC7353258 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier and subsequent increase in intestinal permeability can lead to systemic inflammatory diseases and multiple-organ failure. Nutrition impacts the intestinal barrier, with dietary components such as gluten increasing permeability. Artificial sweeteners are increasingly consumed by the general public in a range of foods and drinks. The sweet taste receptor (T1R3) is activated by artificial sweeteners and has been identified in the intestine to play a role in incretin release and glucose transport; however, T1R3 has not been previously linked to intestinal permeability. Here, the intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, was used to study the effect of commonly-consumed artificial sweeteners, sucralose, aspartame and saccharin, on permeability. At high concentrations, aspartame and saccharin were found to induce apoptosis and cell death in intestinal epithelial cells, while at low concentrations, sucralose and aspartame increased epithelial barrier permeability and down-regulated claudin 3 at the cell surface. T1R3 knockdown was found to attenuate these effects of artificial sweeteners. Aspartame induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to cause permeability and claudin 3 internalization, while sweetener-induced permeability and oxidative stress was rescued by the overexpression of claudin 3. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the artificial sweeteners sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin exert a range of negative effects on the intestinal epithelium through the sweet taste receptor T1R3.
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17
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Sylvetsky AC, Sen S, Merkel P, Dore F, Stern DB, Henry CJ, Cai H, Walter PJ, Crandall KA, Rother KI, Hubal MJ. Consumption of Diet Soda Sweetened with Sucralose and Acesulfame-Potassium Alters Inflammatory Transcriptome Pathways in Females with Overweight and Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901166. [PMID: 32281732 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption is associated with metabolic disease in observational studies. However, physiologic mechanisms underlying LCS-induced metabolic impairments in humans are unclear. This study is aimed at identifying molecular pathways in adipose impacted by LCSs. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven females with overweight or obesity, who did not report LCS use, consumed 12 ounces of diet soda containing sucralose and acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K) three times daily for 8 weeks. A subcutaneous adipose biopsy from the left abdomen and a fasting blood sample were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Global gene expression were assessed using RNA-sequencing followed by functional pathway analysis. No differences in circulating metabolic or inflammatory biomarkers were observed. However, ANOVA detected 828 differentially expressed annotated genes after diet soda consumption (p < 0.05), including transcripts for inflammatory cytokines. Fifty-eight of 140 canonical pathways represented in pathway analyses regulated inflammation, and several key upstream regulators of inflammation (e.g., TNF-alpha) were also represented. CONCLUSION Consumption of diet soda with sucralose and Ace-K alters inflammatory transcriptomic pathways (e.g., NF-κB signaling) in subcutaneous adipose tissue but does not significantly alter circulating biomarkers. Findings highlight the need to examine molecular and metabolic effects of LCS exposure in a larger randomized control trial for a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Division of Endocrinology, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2120 L. St NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Patrick Merkel
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Fiona Dore
- Division of Endocrinology, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2120 L. St NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, 7000 Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Curtis J Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Room 433A, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, 7000 Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Services, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, PE 266, 901 W. New York Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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18
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MiR-424 overexpression protects alveolar epithelial cells from LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation by targeting FGF2 via the NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2020; 242:117213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Lasconi C, Pifferi S, Hernandez-Clavijo A, Merigo F, Cecchini MP, Gonzalez-Velandia KY, Agostinelli E, Sbarbati A, Menini A. Bitter tastants and artificial sweeteners activate a subset of epithelial cells in acute tissue slices of the rat trachea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8834. [PMID: 31222082 PMCID: PMC6586933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter and sweet receptors (T2Rs and T1Rs) are expressed in many extra-oral tissues including upper and lower airways. To investigate if bitter tastants and artificial sweeteners could activate physiological responses in tracheal epithelial cells we performed confocal Ca2+ imaging recordings on acute tracheal slices. We stimulated the cells with denatonium benzoate, a T2R agonist, and with the artificial sweeteners sucralose, saccharin and acesulfame-K. To test cell viability we measured responses to ATP. We found that 39% of the epithelial cells responding to ATP also responded to bitter stimulation with denatonium benzoate. Moreover, artificial sweeteners activated different percentages of the cells, ranging from 5% for sucralose to 26% for saccharin, and 27% for acesulfame-K. By using carbenoxolone, a gap junction blocker, we excluded that responses were mainly mediated by Ca2+ waves through cell-to-cell junctions. Pharmacological experiments showed that both denatonium and artificial sweeteners induced a PLC-mediated release of Ca2+ from internal stores. In addition, bitter tastants and artificial sweeteners activated a partially overlapping subpopulation of tracheal epithelial cells. Our results provide new evidence that a subset of ATP-responsive tracheal epithelial cells from rat are activated by both bitter tastants and artificial sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lasconi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Flavia Merigo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, School of Medicine, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Emilio Agostinelli
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
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Di Pizio A, Behrens M, Krautwurst D. Beyond the Flavour: The Potential Druggability of Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1402. [PMID: 30897734 PMCID: PMC6471708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). Interestingly, these chemosensory GPCRs (csGPCRs) are expressed in several tissues of the body where they are supposed to play a role in biological functions other than chemosensation. Despite their abundance and physiological/pathological relevance, the druggability of csGPCRs has been suggested but not fully characterized. Here, we aim to explore the potential of targeting csGPCRs to treat diseases by reviewing the current knowledge of csGPCRs expressed throughout the body and by analysing the chemical space and the drug-likeness of flavour molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
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Activation of the sweet taste receptor T1R3 by sucralose attenuates VEGF-induced vasculogenesis in a cell model of the retinal microvascular endothelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:71-81. [PMID: 30353220 PMCID: PMC6323138 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most prevalent microvascular complications for patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR) associated with increased retinal endothelial blood vessel formation. Treatments to reduce vascularisation in the retinal endothelium are linked to improved sight in patients with DR. Recently, we have demonstrated the novel protective role of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, and the sweet taste receptor, T1R3, in the pulmonary endothelium to reduce vascular leak. In the present study, we examined the role of sucralose and sweet taste receptors on vasculogenic processes (proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation) in a cell model of the retinal endothelium. METHODS We exposed human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMVEC) to VEGF as an in vitro model of DR in the presence and absence of T1R3 agonist sucralose. RESULTS In RMVEC, we observed increased VEGF-induced cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation, which was significantly attenuated by exposure to the artificial sweetener sucralose. Following siRNA knockdown of the sweet taste receptor, T1R3, but not T1R2, the protective effect of sucralose on VEGF-induced RMVEC vasculogenic processes was blocked. We further demonstrate that sucralose attenuates VEGF-induced Akt phosphorylation to protect the retinal microvasculature. CONCLUSION These studies are the first to demonstrate a protective effect of an artificial sweetener, through the sweet taste receptor T1R3, on VEGF-induced vasculogenesis in a retinal microvascular endothelial cell line.
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