1
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Li Y, Sharma A, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Evolving insights into the improvement of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy through PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the clinical spectrum of lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:80. [PMID: 38659003 PMCID: PMC11040940 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Undeniably, cancer immunotherapies have expanded the spectrum of cancer treatment, however, some patients do not respond to immunotherapies. This scenario is no different for lung cancer, whose two main types, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), still pose a serious clinical challenge. Adoptive T-cell therapies (ATC), which primarily include cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy and γδ-T-cell therapy, strengthen the patient's immune system in combating cancer. Combining ATC with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) further enhances the effectiveness of this approach to eradicate cancer. With a particular emphasis on CIK cell therapy, which recently completed 30 years, we highlight the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in NSCLC and SCLC. Besides, we provide insights into the potential synergies of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in reshaping the treatment paradigm for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Li
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Blackburn JB, Li NF, Bartlett NW, Richmond BW. An update in club cell biology and its potential relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L652-L665. [PMID: 36942863 PMCID: PMC10110710 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00192.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Club cells are found in human small airways where they play an important role in immune defense, xenobiotic metabolism, and repair after injury. Over the past few years, data from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies has generated new insights into club cell heterogeneity and function. In this review, we integrate findings from scRNA-seq experiments with earlier in vitro, in vivo, and microscopy studies and highlight the many ways club cells contribute to airway homeostasis. We then discuss evidence for loss of club cells or club cell products in the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discuss potential mechanisms through which this might occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Blackburn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ngan Fung Li
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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3
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Eenjes E, Benthem F, Boerema-de Munck A, Buscop-van Kempen M, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Distinct roles for SOX2 and SOX21 in differentiation, distribution and maturation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:79. [PMID: 36867267 PMCID: PMC9984344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells represent a small population in the airway epithelium, but despite this, hyperplasia of NE cells is associated with several lung diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The molecular mechanisms causing the development of NE cell hyperplasia remains poorly understood. Previously, we showed that the SOX21 modulates the SOX2-initiated differentiation of epithelial cells in the airways. Here, we show that precursor NE cells start to develop in the SOX2 + SOX21 + airway region and that SOX21 suppresses the differentiation of airway progenitors to precursor NE cells. During development, clusters of NE cells start to form and NE cells mature by expressing neuropeptide proteins, such as CGRP. Deficiency in SOX2 resulted in decreased clustering, while deficiency in SOX21 increased both the numbers of NE ASCL1 + precursor cells early in development, and the number of mature cell clusters at E18.5. In addition, at the end of gestation (E18.5), a number of NE cells in Sox2 heterozygous mice, did not yet express CGRP suggesting a delay in maturation. In conclusion, SOX2 and SOX21 function in the initiation, migration and maturation of NE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Floor Benthem
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Boerema-de Munck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Buscop-van Kempen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Brouns I, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. The pulmonary neuroepithelial body microenvironment represents an underestimated multimodal component in airway sensory pathways. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36808710 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Exciting new imaging and molecular tools, combined with state-of-the-art genetically modified mouse models, have recently boosted interest in pulmonary (vagal) sensory pathway investigations. In addition to the identification of diverse sensory neuronal subtypes, visualization of intrapulmonary projection patterns attracted renewed attention on morphologically identified sensory receptor end-organs, such as the pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) that have been our area of expertise for the past four decades. The current review aims at providing an overview of the cellular and neuronal components of the pulmonary NEB microenvironment (NEB ME) in mice, underpinning the role of these complexly organized structures in the mechano- and chemosensory potential of airways and lungs. Interestingly, the pulmonary NEB ME additionally harbors different types of stem cells, and emerging evidence suggests that the signal transduction pathways that are active in the NEB ME during lung development and repair also determine the origin of small cell lung carcinoma. Although documented for many years that NEBs appear to be affected in several pulmonary diseases, the current intriguing knowledge on the NEB ME seems to encourage researchers that are new to the field to explore the possibility that these versatile sensor-effector units may be involved in lung pathogenesis or pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Lyu H, Warren R, Gao S, Klinkhammer K, Yuan T, Zhang JS, Brownfield D, Li X, De Langhe SP. Niche-mediated repair of airways is directed in an occupant-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111863. [PMID: 36543133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In injured airways of the adult lung, epithelial progenitors are called upon to repair by nearby mesenchymal cells via signals transmitted through the niche. Currently, it is unclear whether repair is coordinated by the mesenchymal cells that maintain the niche or by the airway epithelial cells that occupy it. Here, we show that the spatiotemporal expression of Fgf10 by the niche is primarily orchestrated by the niche's epithelial occupants-both those that reside prior to, and following, injury. During homeostasis, differentiated airway epithelial cells secrete Sonic hedgehog (Shh) to inhibit Fgf10 expression by Gli1+ peribronchial mesenchymal cells in the niche. After injury, remaining epithelial cells produce Wnt7b to induce Fgf10 expression in airway smooth muscle cells in the niche. We find that this reliance on a common activator of airway epithelial stem cells also allows for the recruitment of remote stem cell populations when local populations have been exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handeng Lyu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Rachel Warren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kylie Klinkhammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Douglas Brownfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
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6
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McGraw MD, Yee M, Kim SY, Dylag AM, Lawrence BP, O'Reilly MA. Diacetyl inhalation impairs airway epithelial repair in mice infected with influenza A virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L578-L592. [PMID: 36068185 PMCID: PMC9639765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00124.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a debilitating disease of the small airways that can develop following exposure to toxic chemicals as well as respiratory tract infections. BO development is strongly associated with diacetyl (DA) inhalation exposures at occupationally relevant concentrations or severe influenza A viral (IAV) infections. However, it remains unclear whether lower dose exposures or more mild IAV infections can result in similar pathology. In the current work, we combined these two common environmental exposures, DA and IAV, to test whether shorter DA exposures followed by sublethal IAV infection would result in similar airways disease. Adult mice exposed to DA vapors 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days followed by infection with the airway-tropic IAV H3N2 (HKx31) resulted in increased mortality, increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil percentage, mixed obstruction and restriction by lung function, and subsequent airway remodeling. Exposure to DA or IAV alone failed to result in significant pathology, whereas mice exposed to DA + IAV showed increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and epithelial cells coexpressing the basal cell marker keratin 5 (KRT5) with the club cell marker SCGB1A1. To test whether DA exposure impairs epithelial repair after IAV infection, mice were infected first with IAV and then exposed to DA during airway epithelial repair. Mice exposed to IAV + DA developed similar airway remodeling with increased subepithelial αSMA and epithelial cells coexpressing KRT5 and SCGB1A1. Our findings reveal an underappreciated concept that common environmental insults while seemingly harmless by themselves can have catastrophic implications on lung function and long-term respiratory health when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGraw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Min Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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7
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Eenjes E, Tibboel D, Wijnen RM, Rottier RJ. Lung epithelium development and airway regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1022457. [PMID: 36299482 PMCID: PMC9589436 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1022457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is composed of a highly branched airway structure, which humidifies and warms the inhaled air before entering the alveolar compartment. In the alveoli, a thin layer of epithelium is in close proximity with the capillary endothelium, allowing for an efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. During development proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells generates the lung architecture, and in the adult lung a proper function of progenitor cells is needed to regenerate after injury. Malfunctioning of progenitors during development results in various congenital lung disorders, such as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) and Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation (CPAM). In addition, many premature neonates experience continuous insults on the lung caused by artificial ventilation and supplemental oxygen, which requires a highly controlled mechanism of airway repair. Malfunctioning of airway progenitors during regeneration can result in reduction of respiratory function or (chronic) airway diseases. Pathways that are active during development are frequently re-activated upon damage. Understanding the basic mechanisms of lung development and the behavior of progenitor cell in the ontogeny and regeneration of the lung may help to better understand the underlying cause of lung diseases, especially those occurring in prenatal development or in the immediate postnatal period of life. This review provides an overview of lung development and the cell types involved in repair of lung damage with a focus on the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene M.H. Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J. Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Robbert J. Rottier,
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8
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Doğan G, Öztürk M, Karakulak DT, Karagenç L. Altered Expression of Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Markers in Fetal and Adult Mice Generated by in vitro Embryo Culture and Embryo Transfer. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:1-16. [PMID: 36103849 DOI: 10.1159/000527044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung development is impaired in mice generated through transfer of in vitro-derived blastocysts. The main objective of the current study was to determine if the composition of epithelial cells in the fetal and adult lung tissue is altered in mice generated through transfer of in vitro-derived blastocysts. The study comprised two experimental (EGs) and two control (CGs) groups. Fetuses (18.5 d.p.c.) and adult mice (8 weeks old) of the EGs (EGfetus, n = 18; EGadult, n = 15) were produced by the transfer of day 5 F2 blastocysts to pseudo-pregnant females. F2 fetuses and adult mice derived from naturally ovulating females served as the CGs (CGfetus, n = 18; CGadult, n = 15). The expression of Tuba-1a (a marker of ciliated cells), Foxj-1 (a marker of motile ciliated cells), Uch-L1 (a marker of neuroendocrine cells), Cldn-10 (a marker of club cells), Aqp-5 (a marker of type I alveolar cells), and Sp-C (a marker of type II alveolar cells) was determined using Western blot, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Weight of fetuses as well as adult mice is decreased in mice comprising the EGs. Impaired lung development observed in EGfetus was associated with altered expression of Tuba-1a, Foxj-1, Cldn-10, Uch-L1, Sp-C, and Aqp-5. Morphology of the adult lung tissue was similar between the groups except for a significant increase in the thickness of the epithelia in EGadult. The expression of Cldn-10 and Sp-C was also altered in EGadult. It remains to be determined whether altered expression of these genes has any long-term impact on epithelial cell functions in the adult lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Doğan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Murat Öztürk
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Didar Tuğçe Karakulak
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Karagenç
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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9
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A conserved YAP/Notch/REST network controls the neuroendocrine cell fate in the lungs. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2690. [PMID: 35577801 PMCID: PMC9110333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a conserved cell-cell communication pathway that controls cell fate decisions. Here we sought to determine how Notch pathway activation inhibits the neuroendocrine cell fate in the lungs, an archetypal process for cell fate decisions orchestrated by Notch signaling that has remained poorly understood at the molecular level. Using intratumoral heterogeneity in small-cell lung cancer as a tractable model system, we uncovered a role for the transcriptional regulators REST and YAP as promoters of the neuroendocrine to non-neuroendocrine transition. We further identified the specific neuroendocrine gene programs repressed by REST downstream of Notch in this process. Importantly, we validated the importance of REST and YAP in neuroendocrine to non-neuroendocrine cell fate switches in both developmental and tissue repair processes in the lungs. Altogether, these experiments identify conserved roles for REST and YAP in Notch-driven inhibition of the neuroendocrine cell fate in embryonic lungs, adult lungs, and lung cancer.
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10
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The Fight against Cancer by Microgravity: The Multicellular Spheroid as a Metastasis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063073. [PMID: 35328492 PMCID: PMC8953941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease exhibiting uncontrollable cell growth and spreading to other parts of the organism. It is a heavy, worldwide burden for mankind with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, groundbreaking research and innovations are necessary. Research in space under microgravity (µg) conditions is a novel approach with the potential to fight cancer and develop future cancer therapies. Space travel is accompanied by adverse effects on our health, and there is a need to counteract these health problems. On the cellular level, studies have shown that real (r-) and simulated (s-) µg impact survival, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and adhesion as well as the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors in cancer cells. Moreover, the µg-environment induces in vitro 3D tumor models (multicellular spheroids and organoids) with a high potential for preclinical drug targeting, cancer drug development, and studying the processes of cancer progression and metastasis on a molecular level. This review focuses on the effects of r- and s-µg on different types of cells deriving from thyroid, breast, lung, skin, and prostate cancer, as well as tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of µg on cancerous stem cells. The information demonstrates that µg has become an important new technology for increasing current knowledge of cancer biology.
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11
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Brouns I, Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D. Pulmonary Sensory Receptors. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:1-65. [PMID: 33950466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | - Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
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12
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Wang Y, Tang N. The diversity of adult lung epithelial stem cells and their niche in homeostasis and regeneration. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2045-2059. [PMID: 33948870 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The adult lung, a workhorse for gas exchange, is continually subjected to a barrage of assaults from the inhaled particles and pathogens. Hence, homeostatic maintenance is of paramount importance. Epithelial stem cells interact with their particular niche in the adult lung to orchestrate both natural tissue rejuvenation and robust post-injury regeneration. Advances in single-cell sequencing, lineage tracing, and living tissue imaging have deepened our understanding about stem cell heterogeneities, transition states, and specific cell lineage markers. In this review, we provided an overview of the known stem/progenitor cells and their subpopulations in different regions of the adult lung, and explored the regulatory networks in stem cells and their respective niche which collectively coordinated stem cell quiescence and regeneration states. We finally discussed relationships between dysregulated stem cell function and lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
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13
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Functional Exploration of the Pulmonary NEB ME. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:31-67. [PMID: 33950469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Shivaraju M, Chitta UK, Grange RMH, Jain IH, Capen D, Liao L, Xu J, Ichinose F, Zapol WM, Mootha VK, Rajagopal J. Airway stem cells sense hypoxia and differentiate into protective solitary neuroendocrine cells. Science 2021; 371:52-57. [PMID: 33384370 PMCID: PMC8312065 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are epithelial cells that possess many of the characteristics of neurons, including the presence of secretory vesicles and the ability to sense environmental stimuli. The normal physiologic functions of solitary airway NE cells remain a mystery. We show that mouse and human airway basal stem cells sense hypoxia. Hypoxia triggers the direct differentiation of these stem cells into solitary NE cells. Ablation of these solitary NE cells during hypoxia results in increased epithelial injury, whereas the administration of the NE cell peptide CGRP rescues this excess damage. Thus, we identify stem cells that directly sense hypoxia and respond by differentiating into solitary NE cells that secrete a protective peptide that mitigates hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha Shivaraju
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Udbhav K Chitta
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert M H Grange
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Isha H Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Present address: Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Diane Capen
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Warren M Zapol
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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15
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Xu M, Yang W, Wang X, Nayak DK. Lung Secretoglobin Scgb1a1 Influences Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation and Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584310. [PMID: 33117399 PMCID: PMC7558713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) is a mononuclear phagocyte key to the defense against respiratory infections. To understand AM’s role in airway disease development, we examined the influence of Secretoglobin family 1a member 1 (SCGB1A1), a pulmonary surfactant protein, on AM development and function. In a murine model, high-throughput RNA-sequencing and gene expression analyses were performed on purified AMs isolated from mice lacking in Scgb1a1 gene and were compared with that from mice expressing the wild type Scgb1a1 at weaning (4 week), puberty (8 week), early adult (12 week), and middle age (40 week). AMs from early adult mice under Scgb1a1 sufficiency demonstrated a total of 37 up-regulated biological pathways compared to that at weaning, from which 30 were directly involved with antigen presentation, anti-viral immunity and inflammation. Importantly, these pathways under Scgb1a1 deficiency were significantly down-regulated compared to that in the age-matched Scgb1a1-sufficient counterparts. Furthermore, AMs from Scgb1a1-deficient mice showed an early activation of inflammatory pathways compared with that from Scgb1a1-sufficient mice. Our in vitro experiments with AM culture established that exogenous supplementation of SCGB1a1 protein significantly reduced AM responses to microbial stimuli where SCGB1a1 was effective in blunting the release of cytokines and chemokines (including IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1a, TNF-a, and MCP-1). Taken together, these findings suggest an important role for Scgb1a1 in shaping the AM-mediated inflammation and immune responses, and in mitigating cytokine surges in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deepak Kumar Nayak
- Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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16
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Gastrin-releasing peptide induces fibrotic response in MRC5s and proliferation in A549s. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:96. [PMID: 32552754 PMCID: PMC7301567 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease, whose build-up scar tissue is induced by several molecules. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is released from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, alveolar macrophages, and some nerve endings in the lung. A possible role of GRP in IPF is unclear. We aimed to investigate the fibrotic response to GRP, at the cellular level in MRC5 and A549 cell lines. The proliferative and fibrotic effects of GRP on these cells were evaluated by using BrdU, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR for molecules associated with myofibroblast differentiation, TGF-β and Wnt signalling. All doses of GRP increased the amount of BrdU incorporation in A549 cells. In contrast, the amount of BrdU increased in MRC5 cells in the first 24 h, though progressively decreased by 72 h. GRP did not stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, rather, it stimulated the differentiation of MRC5 cells into myofibroblasts. Furthermore, GRP induced gene and protein expressions of p-Smad2/3 and Smad4, and reduced the levels of Smad7 in MRC5 cells. In addition, GRP decreased Wnt5a protein levels and stimulated β-catenin activation by increasing Wnt4, Wnt7a and β-catenin protein levels. GRP caused myofibroblast differentiation by inducing TGF-βand Wnt pathways via paracrine and autocrine signalling in MRC5 cells. In conclusion, GRP may lead to pulmonary fibrosis due to its proliferative and fibrotic effects on lung fibroblasts. The abrogation of GRP-mediated signal activation might be considered as a treatment modality for fibrotic lung diseases. Video Abstract.
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17
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Ouadah Y, Rojas ER, Riordan DP, Capostagno S, Kuo CS, Krasnow MA. Rare Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells Are Stem Cells Regulated by Rb, p53, and Notch. Cell 2020; 179:403-416.e23. [PMID: 31585080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells are neurosensory cells sparsely distributed throughout the bronchial epithelium, many in innervated clusters of 20-30 cells. Following lung injury, NE cells proliferate and generate other cell types to promote epithelial repair. Here, we show that only rare NE cells, typically 2-4 per cluster, function as stem cells. These fully differentiated cells display features of classical stem cells. Most proliferate (self-renew) following injury, and some migrate into the injured area. A week later, individual cells, often just one per cluster, lose NE identity (deprogram), transit amplify, and reprogram to other fates, creating large clonal repair patches. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumor suppressors regulate the stem cells: Rb and p53 suppress self-renewal, whereas Notch marks the stem cells and initiates deprogramming and transit amplification. We propose that NE stem cells give rise to SCLC, and transformation results from constitutive activation of stem cell renewal and inhibition of deprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Ouadah
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Enrique R Rojas
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel P Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah Capostagno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Nikam VS, Nikam S, Sydykov A, Ahlbrecht K, Morty RE, Seeger W, Voswinckel R. Implication of in vivo circulating fibrocytes ablation in experimental pulmonary hypertension murine model. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2974-2990. [PMID: 32060903 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recruitment and involvement of bone-/blood-derived circulating fibrocytes (CF) in the promotion of fibrotic tissue remodelling processes have been shown. However, their direct contribution to pathological changes is not clear. The present study investigates the causal role of CF in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For selective ablation of CF, we applied the suicidal gene strategy with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and ganciclovir. The transgenic mice were generated, having HSV-TK-GFP transgene under the collagen 1 promoter. To selectively target CF, HSV-TK-GFP+ bone marrow transplanted into irradiated wild type mice. These chimera mice were subjected to hypoxia for PH induction and ganciclovir for CF ablation. KEY RESULTS In vivo CF ablation reduced right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodelling with reduced total collagen content. We quantified the CF recruited in the perivascular area and arterial wall of small pulmonary arteries. There was significant recruitment of CF in the lung in response to hypoxia. The characterization of CF showed the expression of CD45 and collagen1 (GFP) along with α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data demonstrated that CF ablation has a potential impact on right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodelling in the setting of experimental pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. The beneficial effects may be related to the direct contribution of fibrocytes or its paracrine effect on other resident cell types. Thus, clinical manipulation of CF may represent a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate the disease state in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana S Nikam
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sandeep Nikam
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Akyl Sydykov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Centre, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Centre, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Centre, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Voswinckel
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Centre, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Shafiquzzaman M, Biswas S, Li P, Mishina Y, Li B, Liu H. The noncanonical BMP signaling pathway plays an important role in club cell regeneration. Stem Cells 2019; 38:437-450. [PMID: 31758827 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bronchiole is a major site for the development of several life-threatening disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung adenocarcinomas. The bronchiolar epithelium is composed of club cells and ciliated epithelial cells, with club cells serving as progenitor cells. Presently, the identity of the cells involved in regeneration of bronchiolar epithelium and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Prrx1, a homeobox transcription factor, can mark club cells in adult mice during homeostasis and regeneration. We further show that the noncanonical signaling pathway of BMPs, BMPR1A-Tak1-p38MAPK, plays a critical role in club cell regeneration. Ablation of Bmpr1a, Tak1, or Mapk14 (encoding p38α) in Prrx1+ club cells caused minimal effect on bronchiolar epithelium homeostasis, yet it resulted in severe defects in club cell regeneration and bronchiole repair in adult mice. We further show that this pathway supports proliferation and expansion of the regenerating club cells. Our findings thus identify a marker for club cells and reveal a critical role for the BMP noncanonical pathway in club cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafiquzzaman
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soma Biswas
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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20
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Liu Z, Liao F, Scozzi D, Furuya Y, Pugh KN, Hachem R, Chen DL, Cano M, Green JM, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Perl AKT, Huang HJ, Brody SL, Gelman AE. An obligatory role for club cells in preventing obliterative bronchiolitis in lung transplants. JCI Insight 2019; 5:124732. [PMID: 30990794 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a poorly understood airway disease characterized by the generation of fibrotic bronchiolar occlusions. In the lung transplant setting, OB is a pathological manifestation of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), which is a major impediment to long-term recipient survival. Club cells play a key role in bronchiolar epithelial repair, but whether they promote lung transplant tolerance through preventing OB remains unclear. We determined if OB occurs in mouse orthotopic lung transplants following conditional transgene-targeted club cell depletion. In syngeneic lung transplants club cell depletion leads to transient epithelial injury followed by rapid club cell-mediated repair. In contrast, allogeneic lung transplants develop severe OB lesions and poorly regenerate club cells despite immunosuppression treatment. Lung allograft club cell ablation also triggers the recognition of alloantigens, and pulmonary restricted self-antigens reported associated with BOS development. However, CD8+ T cell depletion restores club cell reparative responses and prevents OB. In addition, ex-vivo analysis reveals a specific role for alloantigen-primed effector CD8+ T cells in preventing club cell proliferation and maintenance. Taken together, we demonstrate a vital role for club cells in maintaining lung transplant tolerance and propose a new model to identify the underlying mechanisms of OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuyi Liao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kaitlyn N Pugh
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan M Green
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander S Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anne Karina T Perl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Howard J Huang
- Houston Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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22
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifelong maintenance of a healthy lung requires resident stem cells to proliferate according to tissue requirements. Once thought to be a quiescent tissue, evolving views of the complex differentiation landscape of lung stem and progenitor cells have broad implications for our understanding of how the lung is maintained, as well as the development of new therapies for promoting endogenous regeneration in lung disease. AREAS COVERED This review collates a large body of research relating to the hierarchical organization of epithelial stem cells in the adult lung and their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury. To identify relevant studies, PubMed was queried using one or a combination of the terms 'lung', 'airway', 'alveoli', 'stem cells', 'progenitor', 'repair' and 'regeneration'. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses how new technologies and injury models have challenged the demarcations between stem and progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L McQualter
- a School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
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23
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Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Brouns I, Adriaensen D. Selective activation and proliferation of a quiescent stem cell population in the neuroepithelial body microenvironment. Respir Res 2018; 19:207. [PMID: 30367659 PMCID: PMC6203996 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment (ME) of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) harbors densely innervated groups of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells that are covered by Clara-like cells (CLCs) and is believed to be important during development and for adult airway epithelial repair after severe injury. Yet, little is known about its potential stem cell characteristics in healthy postnatal lungs. METHODS Transient mild lung inflammation was induced in mice via a single low-dose intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), collected 16 h after LPS instillation, was used to challenge the NEB ME in ex vivo lung slices of control mice. Proliferating cells in the NEB ME were identified and quantified following simultaneous LPS instillation and BrdU injection. RESULTS The applied LPS protocol induced very mild and transient lung injury. Challenge of lung slices with BALF of LPS-treated mice resulted in selective Ca2+-mediated activation of CLCs in the NEB ME of control mice. Forty-eight hours after LPS challenge, a remarkably selective and significant increase in the number of divided (BrdU-labeled) cells surrounding NEBs was observed in lung sections of LPS-challenged mice. Proliferating cells were identified as CLCs. CONCLUSIONS A highly reproducible and minimally invasive lung inflammation model was validated for inducing selective activation of a quiescent stem cell population in the NEB ME. The model creates new opportunities for unraveling the cellular mechanisms/pathways regulating silencing, activation, proliferation and differentiation of this unique postnatal airway epithelial stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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24
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Developmental mechanisms and adult stem cells for therapeutic lung regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Generation of Induced Progenitor-like Cells from Mature Epithelial Cells Using Interrupted Reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1780-1795. [PMID: 29198829 PMCID: PMC5785620 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A suitable source of progenitor cells is required to attenuate disease or affect cure. We present an "interrupted reprogramming" strategy to generate "induced progenitor-like (iPL) cells" using carefully timed expression of induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc; OSKM) from non-proliferative Club cells. Interrupted reprogramming allowed controlled expansion yet preservation of lineage commitment. Under clonogenic conditions, iPL cells expanded and functioned as a bronchiolar progenitor-like population to generate mature Club cells, mucin-producing goblet cells, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-expressing ciliated epithelium. In vivo, iPL cells can repopulate CFTR-deficient epithelium. This interrupted reprogramming process could be metronomically applied to achieve controlled progenitor-like proliferation. By carefully controlling the duration of expression of OSKM, iPL cells do not become pluripotent, and they maintain their memory of origin and retain their ability to efficiently return to their original phenotype. A generic technique to produce highly specified populations may have significant implications for regenerative medicine.
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26
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Tata PR, Rajagopal J. Plasticity in the lung: making and breaking cell identity. Development 2017; 144:755-766. [PMID: 28246210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to a prior emphasis on the finality of cell fate decisions in developmental systems, cellular plasticity is now emerging as a general theme in the biology of multiple adult organ systems. In the lung, lineage tracing has been used to identify distinct epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations. These cells, together with their differentiated progeny, maintain a stable identity during steady state conditions, but can display remarkable lineage plasticity following injury. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the different cell lineages of the adult mammalian lung and their responses to injury. In the lung, which is constantly exposed to infection and aerosolized toxins, epithelial plasticity might be more of a rule than an exception, and it is likely that different injuries elicit different facultative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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27
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Brg1 inhibits E-cadherin expression in lung epithelial cells and disrupts epithelial integrity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1117-1126. [PMID: 28801844 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene-1 (Brg1), a key chromatin remodeling factor, is associated with cell proliferation and migration in kidney and heart cells, but few reports have examined its role in airway epithelial cell. Airway epithelial injury, which is involved in the entire pathological process of asthma, is an important cause of recurrent asthma. Here, we studied the function of Brg1 in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model (lung-specific conditional Brg1 (Brg1-/-) knockdown mice) and human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells stably expressing Brg1 shRNA. Our results showed that high expression of Brg1 was detected in asthmatic children and in mouse models. Brg1-/- mice showed improved airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and bronchial epithelial integrity, along with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and airway mucus secretion, when challenged with OVA. Furthermore, cell proliferation, migration, and expression of E-cadherin increased in 16HBE cells in which Brg1 was silenced. We further demonstrated that Brg1 bound to and inactivated a critical region (-86/+60 bp) within the E-cadherin promoter in bronchial epithelial cells. Thus, Brg1 might act as an important regulator of airway epithelial integrity in asthma progression and might be a novel therapeutic target. KEY MESSAGES • Depletion of Brg1 improves the integrity of airway epithelium in asthma by regulating E-cadherin expression in lung epithelial cells. • Knockdown of Brg1 increased the cell proliferation and migration by human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells. • Brg1 might bLLe a novel therapeutic target in asthma.
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Verckist L, Lembrechts R, Thys S, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Brouns I, Adriaensen D. Selective gene expression analysis of the neuroepithelial body microenvironment in postnatal lungs with special interest for potential stem cell characteristics. Respir Res 2017; 18:87. [PMID: 28482837 PMCID: PMC5422937 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary neuroepithelial body (NEB) microenvironment (ME) consists of innervated cell clusters that occur sparsely distributed in the airway epithelium, an organization that has so far hampered reliable selective gene expression analysis. Although the NEB ME has been suggested to be important for airway epithelial repair after ablation, little is known about their potential stem cell characteristics in healthy postnatal lungs. Here we report on a large-scale selective gene expression analysis of the NEB ME. METHODS A GAD67-GFP mouse model was used that harbors GFP-fluorescent NEBs, allowing quick selection and pooling by laser microdissection (LMD) without further treatment. A panel of stem cell-related PCR arrays was used to selectively compare mRNA expression in the NEB ME to control airway epithelium (CAE). For genes that showed a higher expression in the NEB ME, a ranking was made based on the relative expression level. Single qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate and quantify the PCR array data. RESULTS Careful optimization of all protocols appeared to be essential to finally obtain high-quality RNA from pooled LMD samples of NEB ME. About 30% of the more than 600 analyzed genes showed an at least two-fold higher expression compared to CAE. The gene that showed the highest relative expression in the NEB ME, Delta-like ligand 3 (Dll3), was investigated in more detail. Selective Dll3 gene expression in the NEB ME could be quantified via single qPCR experiments, and Dll3 protein expression could be localized specifically to NEB cell surface membranes. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasized the importance of good protocols and RNA quality controls because of the, often neglected, fast RNA degradation in postnatal lung samples. It was shown that sufficient amounts of high-quality RNA for reliable complex gene expression analysis can be obtained from pooled LMD-collected NEB ME samples of postnatal lungs. Dll3 expression, which has also been reported to be important in high-grade pulmonary tumor-initiating cells, was used as a proof-of-concept to confirm that the described methodology represents a promising tool for further unraveling the molecular basis of NEB ME physiology in general, and its postnatal stem cell capacities in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Lembrechts
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Cho HJ, Lee JH, Lee GK, Hong EK, Kim HY. Case of sclerosing pneumocytoma combined with a typical carcinoid and pulmonary adenocarcinoma in different lobes. Thorac Cancer 2017; 8:372-375. [PMID: 28474862 PMCID: PMC5494453 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of a 62‐year‐old man with a sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP) combined with a typical carcinoid (TC) and pulmonary adenocarcinoma in different lung lobes. Computed tomography revealed two nodules. The radiological diagnosis was primary lung cancer and a metastatic nodule; however, no enlarged lymph nodes were observed. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses defined the 1.7 cm nodule in the right upper lobe as adenocarcinoma and the 1.3 cm nodule in the left lower lobe as SP combined with TC. This case is noteworthy because of the rarity of SP combined with TC, the comprehensive examination of frozen and permanent sections, and the clinical implications of the differential diagnosis of lung nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Department of Pathology and Center for Lung Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Hong
- Department of Pathology and Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyae Young Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Lung Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
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Uroplakin 3a + Cells Are a Distinctive Population of Epithelial Progenitors that Contribute to Airway Maintenance and Post-injury Repair. Cell Rep 2017; 19:246-254. [PMID: 28402849 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that certain club cells (CCs) in the murine airways associated with neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) and terminal bronchioles are resistant to the xenobiotic naphthalene (Nap) and repopulate the airways after Nap injury. The identity and significance of these progenitors (variant CCs, v-CCs) have remained elusive. A recent screen for CC markers identified rare Uroplakin3a (Upk3a)-expressing cells (U-CCs) with a v-CC-like distribution. Here, we employ lineage analysis in the uninjured and chemically injured lungs to investigate the role of U-CCs as epithelial progenitors. U-CCs proliferate and generate CCs and ciliated cells in uninjured airways long-term and, like v-CCs, after Nap. U-CCs have a higher propensity to generate ciliated cells than non-U-CCs. Although U-CCs do not contribute to alveolar maintenance long-term, they generate alveolar type I and type II cells after Bleomycin (Bleo)-induced alveolar injury. Finally, we report that Upk3a+ cells exist in the NEB microenvironment of the human lung and are aberrantly expanded in conditions associated with neuroendocrine hyperplasias.
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31
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Gahring LC, Myers EJ, Dunn DM, Weiss RB, Rogers SW. Nicotinic alpha 7 receptor expression and modulation of the lung epithelial response to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175367. [PMID: 28384302 PMCID: PMC5383308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine modulates multiple inflammatory responses in the lung through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype alpha7 (α7). Previously we reported that α7 modulates both the hematopoietic and epithelium responses in the lung to the bacterial inflammogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we apply immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and RNA-Seq analysis of isolated distal lung epithelium to further define α7-expression and function in this tissue. Mouse lines were used that co-express a bicistronic tau-green fluorescent protein (tGFP) as a reporter of α7 (α7G) expression and that harbor an α7 with a specific point mutation (α7E260A:G) that selectively uncouples it from cell calcium-signaling mechanisms. The tGFP reporter reveals strong cell-specific α7-expression by alveolar macrophages (AM), Club cells and ATII cells. Ciliated cells do not express detectible tGFP, but their numbers decrease by one-third in the α7E260A:G lung compared to controls. Transcriptional comparisons (RNA-Seq) between α7G and α7E260A:G enriched lung epithelium 24 hours after challenge with either intra-nasal (i.n.) saline or LPS reveals a robust α7-genotype impact on both the stasis and inflammatory response of this tissue. Overall the α7E260A:G lung epithelium exhibits reduced inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression to i.n. LPS. Transcripts specific to Club cells (e.g., CC10, secretoglobins and Muc5b) or to ATII cells (e.g., surfactant proteins) were constitutively decreased in in the α7E260A:G lung, but they were strongly induced in response to i.n. LPS. Protein analysis applying immunohistochemistry and ELISA also revealed α7-associated differences suggested by RNA-Seq including altered mucin protein 5b (Muc5b) accumulation in the α7E260A:G bronchia, that in some cases appeared to form airway plugs, and a substantial increase in extracellular matrix deposits around α7E260A:G airway bronchia linings that was not seen in controls. Our results show that α7 is an important modulator of normal gene expression stasis and the response to an inhaled inflammogen in the distal lung epithelium. Further, when normal α7 signaling is disrupted, changes in lung gene expression resemble those associated with long-term lung pathologies seen in humans who use inhaled nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C. Gahring
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LCG); (SWR)
| | - Elizabeth J. Myers
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Dunn
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Rogers
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LCG); (SWR)
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Deng M, Li J, Gan Y, Chen P. [Advances in Classification and Research Methods of Lung Epithelial Stem
and Progenitor Cells]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:130-137. [PMID: 28228225 PMCID: PMC5972970 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
分离和鉴定肺上皮干/祖细胞,深入了解他们在肺脏生理病理条件下的具体作用机理,对于防治包括肺癌在内的肺脏疾病有重要意义。本综述介绍了已鉴定的肺上皮干/祖细胞种类和肺上皮干/祖细胞研究方法的最新进展,前者具有区域特异性,主要包括位近端气道的基底细胞和导管细胞,位细支气管的Clara细胞、变异Clara细胞、细支气管肺泡干细胞和诱导出的krt5+细胞及位肺泡的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞和Ⅱ型肺泡上皮祖细胞;后者主要包括肺损伤模型、谱系示踪技术、三维培养技术、移植、慢性标记细胞法及单细胞转录组学分析等。最后简述了肺上皮干/祖细胞与肺癌的关系以及肺癌干细胞靶向药物治疗进展。
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing 100088, China;Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ye Gan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Choi J, Iich E, Lee JH. Organogenesis of adult lung in a dish: Differentiation, disease and therapy. Dev Biol 2016; 420:278-286. [PMID: 27713058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capacity of the lung suggests that stem cells could be of therapeutic importance in diverse lung diseases; however, the successful exploitation of lung stem cell biology has long been hampered by our inability to maintain and expand adult lung stem cells while retaining their multi-lineage potential in vitro. Recently, advances in our understanding of stem cell niches and the role of key signalling modulators in controlling stem cell maintenance and differentiation have fuelled the development of new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture technologies that sustain the stem cell-driven formation of near-physiological, self-organizing structures called organoids. Here we review basic approaches to organoid model systems and highlight recent achievements in the generation of organoids from adult stem and progenitor cells of both the murine and human lungs. We evaluate current applications in studying cellular changes in proliferation, differentiation, plasticity, and cell polarity, and cellular and molecular crosstalk of epithelial cells with stroma. Advantages and limitations of organoids for clinical use are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Choi
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Elhadi Iich
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neutabroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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34
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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Abstract
Lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with unfavourable prognosis mainly due to the late stage of disease at presentation. High incidence and disease recurrence rates are a fact despite advances in treatment. Ongoing experimental and clinical observations suggest that the malignant phenotype in lung cancer is sustained by lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are putative stem cells situated throughout the airways that have the potential of initiating lung cancer formation. These cells share the common characteristic of increased proliferation and differentiation, long life span and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This review summarises the current knowledge on their characteristics and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Hardavella
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, King's College, London, UK ; 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rachel George
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, King's College, London, UK ; 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tariq Sethi
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, King's College, London, UK ; 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Garcia O, Hiatt MJ, Lundin A, Lee J, Reddy R, Navarro S, Kikuchi A, Driscoll B. Targeted Type 2 Alveolar Cell Depletion. A Dynamic Functional Model for Lung Injury Repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26203800 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0246oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) are regarded as the progenitor population of the alveolus responsible for injury repair and homeostatic maintenance. Depletion of this population is hypothesized to underlie various lung pathologies. Current models of lung injury rely on either uncontrolled, nonspecific destruction of alveolar epithelia or on targeted, nontitratable levels of fixed AEC2 ablation. We hypothesized that discrete levels of AEC2 ablation would trigger stereotypical and informative patterns of repair. To this end, we created a transgenic mouse model in which the surfactant protein-C promoter drives expression of a mutant SR39TK herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase specifically in AEC2. Because of the sensitivity of SR39TK, low doses of ganciclovir can be administered to these animals to induce dose-dependent AEC2 depletion ranging from mild (50%) to lethal (82%) levels. We demonstrate that specific levels of AEC2 depletion cause altered expression patterns of apoptosis and repair proteins in surviving AEC2 as well as distinct changes in distal lung morphology, pulmonary function, collagen deposition, and expression of remodeling proteins in whole lung that persist for up to 60 days. We believe SPCTK mice demonstrate the utility of cell-specific expression of the SR39TK transgene for exerting fine control of target cell depletion. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that specific levels of type 2 alveolar epithelial cell depletion produce characteristic injury repair outcomes. Most importantly, use of these mice will contribute to a better understanding of the role of AEC2 in the initiation of, and response to, lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orquidea Garcia
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Michael J Hiatt
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Amber Lundin
- 2 California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)-Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, California
| | - Jooeun Lee
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Raghava Reddy
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sonia Navarro
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Alex Kikuchi
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Barbara Driscoll
- 1 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and.,2 California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)-Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, California
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37
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Schilders KAA, Eenjes E, van Riet S, Poot AA, Stamatialis D, Truckenmüller R, Hiemstra PS, Rottier RJ. Regeneration of the lung: Lung stem cells and the development of lung mimicking devices. Respir Res 2016; 17:44. [PMID: 27107715 PMCID: PMC4842297 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the increasing burden of lung associated diseases in society and an growing demand to accommodate patients, great efforts by the scientific community produce an increasing stream of data that are focused on delineating the basic principles of lung development and growth, as well as understanding the biomechanical properties to build artificial lung devices. In addition, the continuing efforts to better define the disease origin, progression and pathology by basic scientists and clinicians contributes to insights in the basic principles of lung biology. However, the use of different model systems, experimental approaches and readout systems may generate somewhat conflicting or contradictory results. In an effort to summarize the latest developments in the lung epithelial stem cell biology, we provide an overview of the current status of the field. We first describe the different stem cells, or progenitor cells, residing in the homeostatic lung. Next, we focus on the plasticity of the different cell types upon several injury-induced activation or repair models, and highlight the regenerative capacity of lung cells. Lastly, we summarize the generation of lung mimics, such as air-liquid interface cultures, organoids and lung on a chip, that are required to test emerging hypotheses. Moreover, the increasing collaboration between distinct specializations will contribute to the eventual development of an artificial lung device capable of assisting reduced lung function and capacity in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A A Schilders
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André A Poot
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chen C, Breslin MB, Lan MS. Ectopic expression of a small cell lung cancer transcription factor, INSM1 impairs alveologenesis in lung development. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:49. [PMID: 27072116 PMCID: PMC4830008 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulinoma associated-1 (INSM1) gene is expressed exclusively in early embryonic neuroendocrine tissues, but has been found highly re-activated in most of the neuroendocrine tumors including small cell lung carcinoma. Methods In order to elucidate the functional effects of INSM1 in normal lung development, we used a conditional lung-specific INSM1 transgenic mouse model. Transgenic (Tet-on system) CMV-INSM1 responder mice were bred with the lung-specific, club cell secretory protein (CCSP) promoter-rtTA activator mice to produce bi-transgenic progeny carrying both alleles, CCSP-rtTA and Tet-on-INSM1. Mice were fed with doxycycline containing food at the initial mating day to the postnatal day 21. Lung samples were collected at embryonic day 17.5, newborn, and postnatal day 21 for analyses. Results Northern blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that doxycycline induced respiratory epithelium-specific INSM1 expression in bi-transgenic mice. Samples from postnatal day 21 mice revealed a larger lung size in the bi-transgenic mouse as compared to the single-transgenic or wild-type littermates. The histopathology results showed that the alveolar space in the bi-transgenic mice were 4 times larger than those in the single transgenic or wild-type littermates. In contrast, the size was not significantly different in the lungs collected at E17.5 or newborn among the bi-transgenic, single transgenic, or wild type mice. The respiratory epithelium with INSM1 ectopic expression suppressed cyclin D1 signal. Further in vitro studies revealed that the ectopic expression of INSM1 suppresses cyclin D1 expression and delays cell cycle progression. Conclusion The current study suggests that CCSP promoter-driven INSM1 ectopic expression impairs normal lung development especially in postnatal alveologenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiachen Chen
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mary B Breslin
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michael S Lan
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Departments of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Kuo CS, Krasnow MA. Formation of a Neurosensory Organ by Epithelial Cell Slithering. Cell 2015; 163:394-405. [PMID: 26435104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are normally stably anchored, maintaining their relative positions and association with the basement membrane. Developmental rearrangements occur through cell intercalation, and cells can delaminate during epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and metastasis. We mapped the formation of lung neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), innervated clusters of neuroendocrine/neurosensory cells within the bronchial epithelium, revealing a targeted mode of cell migration that we named "slithering," in which cells transiently lose epithelial character but remain associated with the membrane while traversing neighboring epithelial cells to reach cluster sites. Immunostaining, lineage tracing, clonal analysis, and live imaging showed that NEB progenitors, initially distributed randomly, downregulate adhesion and polarity proteins, crawling over and between neighboring cells to converge at diametrically opposed positions at bronchial branchpoints, where they reestablish epithelial structure and express neuroendocrine genes. There is little accompanying progenitor proliferation or apoptosis. Activation of the slithering program may explain why lung cancers arising from neuroendocrine cells are highly metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin S Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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Donne ML, Lechner AJ, Rock JR. Evidence for lung epithelial stem cell niches. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:32. [PMID: 26376663 PMCID: PMC4574358 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations of the lung. We are just beginning to understand the mechanisms that regulate their homeostatic, regenerative and maladaptive behaviors. Here, we discuss evidence of regulatory niches for epithelial stem cells of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt L Donne
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andrew J Lechner
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Current Perspectives in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapies for Airway Tissue Defects. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:746392. [PMID: 26167186 PMCID: PMC4475757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and respiratory diseases are the third cause of death in industrialized countries; for this reason the airways and cardiopulmonary system have been the focus of extensive investigation, in particular of the new emerging branch of regenerative medicine. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells that naturally reside within the human body, which can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages when cultured in specific inducing media. MSCs have the ability to migrate and engraft at sites of inflammation and injury in response to cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors at a wound site and they can exert local reparative effects through transdifferentiation and differentiation into specific cell types or via the paracrine secretion of soluble factors with anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. Experimental and clinical evidence exists regarding MSCs efficacy in airway defects restoration; although clinical MSCs use, in the daily practice, is not yet completely reached for airway diseases, we can argue that MSCs do not represent any more merely an experimental approach to airway tissue defects restoration but they can be considered as a “salvage” therapeutic tool in very selected patients and diseases.
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Miskovic J, Brekalo Z, Vukojevic K, Miskovic HR, Kraljevic D, Todorovic J, Soljic V. Co-expression of TTF-1 and neuroendocrine markers in the human fetal lung and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:451-9. [PMID: 25722034 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and neuroendocrine markers, neuron cell adhesion molecule (NCAM; CD56), chromogranin A (CgA) and synaptophysin (Syp), of different lung cell lineages was histologically analyzed in 15 normal human fetal lungs and 12 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) using immunohistochemical methods. During pseudoglandular phase strong nuclear TTF-1 staining was detected in the columnar nonciliated epithelial cells, while NCAM, CgA and Syp had a moderate expression in the proximal airways and mild expression in the distal airways. Neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in proximal lung airway were co-localizing TTF-1 and other neuroendocrine markers while neuroendocrine bodies (NEBs) exhibit only staining with NCAM and Syp. In the canalicular phase TTF-1 nuclear staining was expressed only in several epithelial cells in proximal airways, while budding airways epithelium showed strong TTF-1 expression. Expression of NCAM, CgA and Syp in this phase equals the one in pseudoglandular phase. NEBs cells were co-localizing TTF-1 and NCAM in proximal airways and few NECs in distal airway were co-localizing TTF-1 and Syp. TTF-1 staining in the saccular phase was limited to subsets of epithelial cells in the proximal airways with stronger positivity in the distal airways. NCAM expression is moderate only in proximal airways, while Syp and CgA show mild expression in proximal and distal airways. NECs were co-localizing TTF-1 and NCAM in proximal lung airway. With regard to NECs, all small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells had strong TTF-1, NCAM, Syp and CgA positivity and TTF-1 co-localized with other neuroendocrine markers. All pulmonary typical carcinoids were TTF-1 negative, while pulmonary atypical carcinoids were focal positive for TTF-1 and some neoplastic cells co-localized TTF-1 with neuroendocrine markers. Our results indicate that TTF-1 expression in NECs suggests a possible role in their normal development and differentiation. Our results also indicate that possible cell of origin for poorly differentiated SCLC and some atypical carcinoid could be a progenitor cell in neuroendocrine lineage while in typical carcinoids possible cell of origin is localized in terminally differentiated NECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Miskovic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Mostar, KraljaTvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zdrinko Brekalo
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Mostar, KraljaTvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Helena Radic Miskovic
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daniela Kraljevic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jelena Todorovic
- Department of Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Violeta Soljic
- Department of Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital in Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Diversity of epithelial stem cell types in adult lung. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:728307. [PMID: 25810726 PMCID: PMC4354973 DOI: 10.1155/2015/728307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung is a complex organ lined with epithelial cells. In order to maintain its homeostasis and normal functions following injuries caused by varied extraneous and intraneous insults, such as inhaled environmental pollutants and overwhelming inflammatory responses, the respiratory epithelium normally undergoes regenerations by the proliferation and differentiation of region-specific epithelial stem/progenitor cells that resided in distinct niches along the airway tree. The importance of local epithelial stem cell niches in the specification of lung stem/progenitor cells has been recently identified. Studies using cell differentiating and lineage tracing assays, in vitro and/or ex vivo models, and genetically engineered mice have suggested that these local epithelial stem/progenitor cells within spatially distinct regions along the pulmonary tree contribute to the injury repair of epithelium adjacent to their respective niches. This paper reviews recent findings in the identification and isolation of region-specific epithelial stem/progenitor cells and local niches along the airway tree and the potential link of epithelial stem cells for the development of lung cancer.
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Bustos ML, Mura M, Hwang D, Ludkovski O, Wong AP, Keating A, Waddell TK. Depletion of bone marrow CCSP-expressing cells delays airway regeneration. Mol Ther 2014; 23:561-9. [PMID: 25409745 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of bone marrow cells (BMC) in lung repair is controversial. We previously reported a subpopulation of BMC that express Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP). To determine the contribution of endogenous CCSP(+) BMC to airway regeneration, we performed bone marrow transplantation studies using the CCtk mouse, which expresses a thymidine kinase suicide gene under regulation of the CCSP promoter. Mice were transplanted with wild-type or CCtk BMC and treated with ganciclovir to eliminate CCSP(+) cells. After airway injury using naphthalene, mice depleted of CCSP(+) BMC had more inflammatory cells in lung and decreased levels of oxygen in arterial blood. They also had reduced expression of airway epithelial genes and less Clara cells compared to control mice that had intact CCSP(+) BMC and bone marrow derived CCSP(+) cells in the airways. After naphthalene injury, administration of CCSP reproduced the beneficial effect of CCSP(+) BMC by improving recovery of airway epithelium, reducing lung inflammation and increasing oxygen in arterial blood from mice depleted of CCSP(+) BMC. Our data demonstrate that ablation of CCSP(+) BMC delays airway recovery and suggests the beneficial effect of CCSP(+) BMC in lung recovery is in part due to production of CCSP itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Bustos
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Mura
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hwang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Ludkovski
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy P Wong
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Harnessing the potential of lung stem cells for regenerative medicine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:82-91. [PMID: 25450456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In response to recurrent exposure to environmental insults such as allergens, pollution, irritants, smoke and viral/bacterial infection, the epithelium of the lung is continually damaged. Homeostasis of the lung requires a balance between immune regulation and promotion of tissue regeneration, which requires the co-ordinated proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. In this review we reflect on the current understanding of lung epithelial stem and progenitor cells and advocate a model hierarchy in which self-renewing multipotent lung epithelial stem cells give rise to lineage restricted progenitor cells that repopulate airway and alveolar epithelial cell lineages during homeostasis and repair. We also discuss the role of mesenchymal progenitor cells in maintaining the structural integrity of the lung and propose a model in which mesenchymal cells act as the quintessential architects of lung regeneration by providing molecular signals, such as FGF-10, to regulate the fate and specificity of epithelial stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, we discuss the current status and future prospects for translating lung stem cell therapies to the clinic to replace, repair, or regenerate diseased lung tissue. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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46
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Brechbuhl HM, Li B, Smith RW, Reynolds SD. Epidermal growth factor receptor activity is necessary for mouse basal cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L800-10. [PMID: 25217659 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00201.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ERB family receptors (EGFR, ERB-B2, ERB-B3, and ERB-B4) regulate epithelial cell function in many tissue types. In the human airway epithelium, changes in ERB receptor expression are associated with epithelial repair defects. However, the specific role(s) played by ERB receptors in repair have not been determined. We aimed to determine whether ERB receptors regulate proliferation of the tracheobronchial progenitor, the basal cell. Receptor tyrosine kinase arrays were used to evaluate ERB activity in normal and naphthalene (NA)-injured mouse trachea and in air-liquid interface cultures. Roles for epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGFR, and ERB-B2 in basal cell proliferation were evaluated in vitro. NA injury and transgenic expression of an EGFR-dominant negative (DN) receptor were used to evaluate roles for EGFR signaling in vivo. EGFR and ERB-B2 were active in normal and NA-injured trachea and were the only active ERB receptors detected in proliferating basal cells in vitro. EGF was necessary for basal cell proliferation in vitro. The EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, decreased proliferation by 99, and the Erb-B2 inhibitor, AG825, decreased proliferation by ∼66%. In vivo, EGFR-DN expression in basal cells significantly decreased basal cell proliferation after NA injury. EGF and EGFR are necessary for basal cell proliferation. The EGFR/EGFR homo- and the EGFR/ERB-B2 heterodimer account for ∼34 and 66%, respectively, of basal cell proliferation in vitro. Active EGFR is necessary for basal cell proliferation after NA injury. We conclude that EGFR activation is necessary for mouse basal cell proliferation and normal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Russell W Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Susan D Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Kotton DN, Morrisey EE. Lung regeneration: mechanisms, applications and emerging stem cell populations. Nat Med 2014; 20:822-32. [PMID: 25100528 PMCID: PMC4229034 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the respiratory system has an extensive ability to respond to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells. The unperturbed adult lung is remarkably quiescent, but after insult or injury progenitor populations can be activated or remaining cells can re-enter the cell cycle. Techniques including cell-lineage tracing and transcriptome analysis have provided novel and exciting insights into how the lungs and trachea regenerate in response to injury and have allowed the identification of pathways important in lung development and regeneration. These studies are now informing approaches for modulating the pathways that may promote endogenous regeneration as well as the generation of exogenous lung cell lineages from pluripotent stem cells. The emerging advances, highlighted in this Review, are providing new techniques and assays for basic mechanistic studies as well as generating new model systems for human disease and strategies for cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell N Kotton
- 1] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Pulmonary Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [3] Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [4] Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang Y, He Q, Shi W, Wang J, Ji H. A mixture of carcinoid tumors, extensive neuroendocrine proliferation, and multiple pulmonary sclerosing hemangiomas. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:209. [PMID: 25022617 PMCID: PMC4110236 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We encountered an extremely rare case of multiple pulmonary sclerosing hemangiomas (PSH) with extensive neuroendocrine lesions, including pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNC) hyperplasia, multiple carcinoid tumorlets and typical carcinoid tumors within one pulmonary lobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the English medical literature of PSH combined and admixed with carcinoid tumors and extensive neuroendocrine proliferation. This case is noteworthy for several reasons. First, the lesion is multi-nodular and unusually large for a typical PSH, which may mimic malignancy on imaging studies and cause diagnostic difficulties. Second, sampling bias may lead to diagnostic errors for a lesion containing two different types of neoplasms. Third, our case displays a rare mixed and mosaic pattern of PSH with a full spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine lesions, which may imply a potential intrinsic association in pathogenesis between PSH and concomitant neuroendocrine neoplasms. The clinical implication of multiple PSHs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
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Aoshiba K, Tsuji T, Itoh M, Semba S, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura H, Watanabe H. A murine model of airway fibrosis induced by repeated naphthalene exposure. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2014; 66:169-77. [PMID: 24480153 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium serves as a biological barrier essential for host defense against inhaled pollutants. While chronic epithelial injury, commonly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, often results in airway fibrosis, limited animal models of airway fibrosis have been established. Club cells (Clara cells) in the small airways represent an important population of epithelial progenitor cells and also the principal site of localization of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system, which metabolically activates xenobiotic chemicals such as naphthalene by converting them to toxic epoxide intermediates. We hypothesized that repeated exposure to naphthalene may cause prolonged loss of club cells, triggering aberrant local epithelial repair mechanisms that lead to peribronchial fibrosis. We administered intraperitoneal injections of naphthalene to C57/BL6J mice once a week for 14 consecutive weeks. Repeated club cell injury caused by naphthalene triggered regional hyperproliferation of epithelial progenitor cells, while other regions remained denuded or squamated, resulting in fibroblast proliferation and peribronchial collagen deposition associated with upregulation of the fibrogenic cytokines transforming growth factor-β and connective tissue growth factor. The total collagen content of the lung assessed by measurement of the hydroxyproline content was also increased after repeated exposure to naphthalene. These results lend support to the relevance of repeated injury of airway epithelial cells as a trigger for resting fibroblast proliferation and airway fibrosis. This model of airway fibrosis is simple and easy to reproduce, and may be expected to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis and potential treatment of airway fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan.
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan
| | - Seitaro Semba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Comprehensive and Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Japan
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Quan Y, Wang D. Clinical potentials of human pluripotent stem cells in lung diseases. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:15. [PMID: 24995122 PMCID: PMC4072658 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung possesses very limited regenerative capacity. Failure to maintain homeostasis of lung epithelial cell populations has been implicated in the development of many life-threatening pulmonary diseases leading to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently there is no known cure for these end-stage pulmonary diseases. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess unlimited self-renewal capacity and great potential to differentiate to various cell types of three embryonic germ layers (ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal). Therapeutic use of human ESC/iPSC-derived lung progenitor cells for regeneration of injured or diseased lungs will have an enormous clinical impact. This article provides an overview of recent advances in research on pluripotent stem cells in lung tissue regeneration and discusses technical challenges that must be overcome for their clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Quan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street/IMM 437D, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dachun Wang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street/IMM 437D, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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