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Zimmer AM. Ammonia excretion by the fish gill: discoveries and ideas that shaped our current understanding. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5. [PMID: 38849577 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The fish gill serves many physiological functions, among which is the excretion of ammonia, the primary nitrogenous waste in most fishes. Although it is the end-product of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia serves many physiological functions including acting as an acid equivalent and as a counter-ion in mechanisms of ion regulation. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of ammonia excretion have been influenced by classic experimental work, clever mechanistic approaches, and modern molecular and genetic techniques. In this review, I will overview the history of the study of ammonia excretion by the gills of fishes, highlighting the important advancements that have shaped this field with a nearly 100-year history. The developmental and evolutionary implications of an ammonia and gill-dominated nitrogen regulation strategy in most fishes will also be discussed. Throughout the review, I point to areas in which more work is needed to push forward this field of research that continues to produce novel insights and discoveries that will undoubtedly shape our overall understanding of fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada.
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2
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Marrero M, Monroig Ó, Pérez JA, Betancor MB, Galindo A, Bolaños A, Acosta NG, Rodríguez C. Dietary LC-PUFA and environmental salinity modulate the fatty acid biosynthesis capacity of the euryhaline teleost thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110865. [PMID: 37230375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to biosynthesise long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) depends upon the complement and function of key enzymes commonly known as fatty acyl desaturases and elongases. The presence of a Δ5/Δ6 desaturase enabling the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) through the "Sprecher pathway" has been reported in Chelon labrosus. Research in other teleosts have demonstrated that LC-PUFA biosynthesis can be modulated by diet and ambient salinity. The present study aimed to assess the combined effects of partial dietary replacement of fish oil (FO) by vegetable oil (VO) and reduced ambient salinity (35 ppt vs 20 ppt) on the fatty acid composition of muscle, enterocytes and hepatocytes of C. labrosus juveniles. Moreover, the enzymatic activity over radiolabelled [1-14C] 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) and [1-14C] 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) to biosynthesise n-3 LC-PUFA in hepatocytes and enterocytes, and the gene regulation of the C. labrosus fatty acid desaturase-2 (fads2) and elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 (elovl5) in liver and intestine was also investigated. Recovery of radiolabelled products including stearidonic acid (18:4n-3, SDA), 20:5n-3, tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3, THA) and 22:6n-3 in all treatments except FO35-fish, provided compelling evidence that a complete pathway enabling the biosynthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA is present and active in C. labrosus. Low salinity conditions upregulated fads2 in hepatocytes and elovl5 in both cell types, regardless of dietary composition. Interestingly, FO20-fish showed the highest amount of n-3 LC-PUFA in muscle, while no differences in VO-fish reared at both salinities were found. These results demonstrate a compensatory capacity of C. labrosus to biosynthesise n-3 LC-PUFA under reduced dietary supply, and emphasise the potential of low salinity conditions to stimulate this pathway in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marrero
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José A Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mónica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ana Galindo
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - N Guadalupe Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
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Rodrigues K, Batista-Silva H, de Moura KRS, Van Der Kraak G, Silva FRMB. Dibutyl phthalate disrupts energy metabolism and morphology in the gills and induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:883-893. [PMID: 37537493 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure on energy metabolism and gill histology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The in vitro incubation of gill tissue with 10 μM DBP for 60 min altered tissue energy supply, as shown by decreased lactate content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Higher concentrations of DBP (100 μM and 1 mM) increased lactate content and LDH activity; however, they blocked glucose uptake, depleted the glycogen content in cellular stores, and induced injury to the gills, as measured by LDH release to the extracellular medium. In addition, in vivo exposure of fish to 1 pM DBP for 12 h induced liver damage by increasing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Gill histology indicated hyperemia, lamellar fusion, lamellar telangiectasis, and necrosis. Data indicate that acute exposure of zebrafish gills to the higher DBP concentrations studied induces anaerobic cellular activity and high lactate production, causing gill damage, diminishing cell viability, and incurring liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyla Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Hemily Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kieiv Resende Sousa de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glen Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Huang M, Gao Q, Yang X, Jiang W, Hao L, Yu Y, Tian Y. Free amino acids in response to salinity changes in fishes: relationships to osmoregulation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1031-1042. [PMID: 37782385 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) are believed to play important roles in osmoregulation and buffer capacity in some aquatic animals, such as fishes. However, the potential roles of FAAs have not been systematically summarized and characterized until now. In the present study, the meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between FAAs and environmental salinities. Twenty published documents were included, accounting for 106 study cases. The effect sizes of total free amino acids (TFAAs), total essential amino acids (TEAAs), and total non-essential amino acids (TNEAAs) to salinity increase were calculated and determined by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. It clearly showed that the elevated salinities significantly induced the contents of TFAAs, TEAAs, and TNEAAs at the ratio of 36%, 27%, and 29%, respectively. Faced to the salinity changes, the contents of FAAs in fishes under freshwater and seawater varied significantly, while the individuals under brackish water displayed relatively constant contents of FAAs. When salinity elevated, the contents of 17 amino acids in muscles significantly increased, suggesting the important roles of FAA metabolism in osmoregulation in fishes. The results also indicated that the effect sizes of TFAAs were positively related to the rates of salinity increases, and exhibited a significant quadratic linear relationship with temperatures. Additionally, the contents of FAAs also showed positive correlation with osmotic pressure, concentrations of plasma Na+, Cl-, and urea, implying their potential roles of FAAs in osmoregulation in fishes. These findings suggested that elevated salinities greatly induced the contents of FAAs in fishes, making a great contribution to maintaining the homeostasis of fishes in response to environmental salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yining Yu
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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AlKatrani LMAA. Direct transfer to different salinities and its effect on energy and metabolic enzymes in juveniles and adults of yellowfin sea bream Acanthopagrus arabicus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1510-1516. [PMID: 37009880 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Juveniles and adults of Acanthopagrus arabicus were studied to compare the effect of different salt concentrations (1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 psu) at 6, 24, 48 and 96 h on activities of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) in gills, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in plasma and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in intestine. CK and LDH were found to exhibit superior activity in adults compared to juveniles. All enzymes exhibited heightened activity with the increase in salinity and decreased activity with the passage of time in all salinities. Results showed that three enzymes exhibited excellent performance in adults than in juveniles.
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Chen J, Cai B, Tian C, Jiang D, Shi H, Huang Y, Zhu C, Li G, Deng S. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Analysis Reveals Liver Lipid Metabolism Divergent Adaptive Response to Low- and High-Salinity Stress in Spotted Scat ( Scatophagus argus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091503. [PMID: 37174540 PMCID: PMC10177406 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) can tolerate a wide range of salinity fluctuations. It is a good model for studying environmental salinity adaptation. Lipid metabolism plays an important role in salinity adaptation in fish. To elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism in the osmoregulation, the liver transcriptome was analyzed after 22 d culture with a salinity of 5 ppt (Low-salinity group: LS), 25 ppt (Control group: Ctrl), and 35 ppt (High-salinity group: HS) water by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in spotted scat. RNA-seq analysis showed that 1276 and 2768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the LS vs. Ctrl and HS vs. Ctrl, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the pathways of steroid hormone biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the LS vs. Ctrl. The genes of steroid biosynthesis (sqle, dhcr7, and cyp51a1), steroid hormone biosynthesis (ugt2a1, ugt2a2, ugt2b20, and ugt2b31), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (cept1, pla2g4a, and ptdss2) were significantly down-regulated in the LS vs. Ctrl. The pathways related to lipid metabolisms, such as fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, were significantly enriched in the HS vs. Ctrl. The genes of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (scd1, hacd3, fads2, pecr, and elovl1) and adipocytokine signaling pathway (g6pc1, socs1, socs3, adipor2, pck1, and pparα) were significantly up-regulated in the HS vs. Ctrl. These results suggest that the difference in liver lipid metabolism is important to adapt to low- and high-salinity stress in spotted scat, which clarifies the molecular regulatory mechanisms of salinity adaptation in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Bosheng Cai
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Siping Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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He Z, Shou C, Han Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Marbled Rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus under Salinity Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030400. [PMID: 36766289 PMCID: PMC9913653 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The marbled rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus, belongs to the euryhaline fish and is an oviparous scleractinian fish. There are few studies on the adaptation mechanism, functional genes, and related pathways of S. marmoratus and salinity. The results showed that a total of 72.1 GB of clean reads were obtained and all clean reads annotated a total of 25,278 Unigenes, of which 2,160 were novel genes. Compared to 20‱, 479 and 520 differential genes were obtained for 35‱ and 10‱, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in protein binding, ion binding, ATP binding, and catalytic activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that differentially expressed genes significantly expressed under salinity stress were mainly involved in the pathways of the cytochrome P450 metabolism of xenobiotics, tryptophan metabolism, cellular senescence, and calcium signaling pathways. Among them, pik3r6b, cPLA2γ-like, and WSB1 were differentially expressed in all three groups, and they were associated with apoptosis, inflammation, DNA damage, immune regulation, and other physiological processes. Six differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for qRT-PCR validation, and the results showed that the transcriptomic data were of high confidence.
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Taugbøl A, Solbakken MH, Jakobsen KS, Vøllestad LA. Salinity-induced transcriptome profiles in marine and freshwater threespine stickleback after an abrupt 6-hour exposure. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9395. [PMID: 36311407 PMCID: PMC9596333 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Saltwater and freshwater environments have opposing physiological challenges, yet, there are fish species that are able to enter both habitats during short time spans, and as individuals they must therefore adjust quickly to osmoregulatory contrasts. In this study, we conducted an experiment to test for plastic responses to abrupt salinity changes in two populations of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, representing two ecotypes (freshwater and ancestral saltwater). We exposed both ecotypes to abrupt native (control treatment) and non‐native salinities (0‰ and 30‰) and sampled gill tissue for transcriptomic analyses after 6 h of exposure. To investigate genomic responses to salinity, we analyzed four different comparisons; one for each ecotype (in their control and exposure salinity; (1) and (2), one between ecotypes in their control salinity (3), and the fourth comparison included all transcripts identified in (3) that did not show any expressional changes within ecotype in either the control or the exposed salinity (4)). Abrupt salinity transfer affected the expression of 10 and 1530 transcripts for the saltwater and freshwater ecotype, respectively, and 1314 were differentially expressed between the controls, including 502 that were not affected by salinity within ecotype (fixed expression). In total, these results indicate that factors other than genomic expressional plasticity are important for osmoregulation in stickleback, due to the need for opposite physiological pathways to survive the abrupt change in salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)LillehammerNorway
| | - Monica Hongrø Solbakken
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
| | - Kjetill S. Jakobsen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
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Jasim SA, Golgouneh S, Jaber MM, Indiaminov SI, Alsaikhan F, Hammid AT, Mustafa YF, Karim YS, Sultan MQ, Norbakhsh M. Effects of short-term exposure to the heavy metal, nickel chloride (Nicl 2) on gill histology and osmoregulation components of the gray mullet, Mugil cephalus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 258:109361. [PMID: 35525465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The gray mullet, Mugil cephalus is an inshore and bottom-feeding fish species of Oman sea. Therefore, the gray mullet may be more exposed to heavy metal contamination, as the toxic impacts of heavy metals mullet has been reported in various studies. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of the heavy metal, nickel (as NiCl2) on osmoregulation of the gray mullet by measuring blood biochemicals, hormones, minerals and gill histology. Fish (10 fish/tank) were experimentally exposed to NiCl2 at three environmentally relevant concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 μg/l for 96 h. Then, fish were challenged with seawater (35 mg/l) for a period of 120 min. The samples (blood and gill tissue) were collected After 96 exposure to NiCl2 and during salinity challenge (30, 60 and 120 min post challenge). The plasma levels of cortisol and glucose significantly increased in NiCl2-exposed fish. In addition, cortisol increased in all experimental groups 30 min after salinity challenge and then returned gradually to the same levels as the control at 120 min post salinity challenge (PSC). The triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels significantly decreased in response to 10 and 15 μg/l NiCl2. In all groups, the thyroid hormones significantly elevated at 30 min PSC. After 30 min PSC, T3 levels in all NiCl2-exposed fish and T4 in the treatment, 10 μg/l NiCl2 remained unchanged throughout the salinity challenge. In the treatment, 5 μg/l NiCl2, T4 levels were recovered at 120 min PSC and reached the same levels as the control. Exposure of fish to high concentrations of NiCl2 and salinity stress increased the lactate levels. However, lactate levels in 5 and 10 μg/l NiCl2 groups were recovered at 120 min PSC and reached the same levels as the control. Furthermore, plasma protein increased in response to 10 and 15 μg/l NiCl2. At 30 PSC, the protein levels decreased in control and 5 μg/l NiCl2 group, while it remained unchanged in fish exposed to 10 and 15 μg/l NiCl2 throughout the salinity challenge. Exposure of fish to NiCl2 disrupted the electrolyte (Na+, Cl-) balance both before and after salinity challenge, which may be due to gill lesions induced by the heavy metal and following alternations in gill permeability. However, fish in 5 μg/l NiCl2 re-established the ionic balance in the blood at the end of salinity challenge period. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in response to 10 and 15 μg/l NiCl2. The MDA levels returned to the same levels as the control group at 120 min PSC. The results of the present study showed that nickel-induced toxicity (especially at high concentrations) can reduce the osmoregulation capabilities of mullet. However, fish are able to recover from the toxic effects over time, if contamination be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-maarif University College, Al-anbar-Ramadi, Iraq.
| | - Sahar Golgouneh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Musa Jaber
- Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Dijlah University College, Baghdad 10021, Iraq; Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 10021, Iraq
| | - Sayit I Indiaminov
- Doctor of Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | | | | | - Maryam Norbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Qin H, Yu Z, Zhu Z, Lin Y, Xia J, Jia Y. The integrated analyses of metabolomics and transcriptomics in gill of GIFT tilapia in response to long term salinity challenge. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Angadi P, Das M, Roy R. Effect of high salinity acclimation on glucose homeostasis in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:2055-2065. [PMID: 34766241 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During salinity stress, osmoregulatory processes in euryhaline fish need to modify for their survival, and glucose is the preferred mode of extra energy during such conditions. These organisms must have a proper mechanism to maintain glucose homeostasis during such modified osmoregulatory process across different body fluids. Hence, we studied high salinity effect on regulation of glucose homeostasis in Mozambique tilapia. The fish were induced to 15‰ salinity for 21 days. Glucose, glycogen, ion concentrations, Na+-K+-ATPase, pyruvate kinase, γ-amylase activities and GLUT mRNA expressions were investigated in liver, intestine, gill and white muscle tissues. At the end of experiment, Na+ ion concentrations, glucose content and activity of Na+-K+-ATPase especially in the gill and intestine were increased, while decrease in liver and gill glycogen content was seen. Lower concentration of glycogen decrease was observed in the intestine and white muscle of the treated group. High pyruvate kinase activity was noticed in liver and gill tissues that correlates with high Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Elevated γ-amylase activity was observed in the liver and intestine suggesting breakdown of glycogen; however, gill and white muscle did not show any increased activity. Increase in GLUT1 and GLUT4 mRNA expressions was observed especially in the gill and intestine, while increase in GLUT2 mRNA expressions was observed in the liver. Upregulations of GLUTs suggest higher influx of glucose into the cell for catabolism to provide energy and further to drive the enhanced osmoregulatory process. These findings suggest glucose homeostasis being regulated in Mozambique tilapia during salinity acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Angadi
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao, Panaji, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Moitreyi Das
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao, Panaji, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Ramaballav Roy
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao, Panaji, Goa, 403206, India.
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Churova MV, Shulgina NS, Krupnova MY, Efremov DA, Nemova NN. Activity of Energy and Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in the Juvenile Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb.) during the Transition from Freshwater to a Marine Environment. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902104004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biochemical adaptations of energy metabolism and some pathways of glucose oxidation during a change in salinity of the environment in larvae and smolts of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb.) inhabiting the White Sea were studied. We assayed the activity of energy and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase (COХ), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (1-GPDH), and aldolase) in pink salmon larvae in a short-term aquarium experiment and in pink salmon smolts in a long-term cage experiment simulating the transition of juveniles from freshwater to a marine environment. A decrease in the activity of COX, LDH, 1‑GPDH, and aldolase already in the first hour after the transfer of larvae to seawater was shown. Smolts kept in the estuary and in the sea had low levels of activity of 1-GPDH and aldolase in comparison with individuals from the river. Most likely, in the salmon juveniles studied, there was a redistribution of carbohydrates between the reactions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in favor of anaerobic ATP synthesis. No changes in the enzyme activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, G-6-PDH, were found in either larvae or smolts compared with the individuals kept in freshwater. Maintenance of the required levels of anaerobic metabolism and of the pentose phosphate pathway is probably one of the mechanisms of biochemical adaptation of pink salmon to changes in salinity.
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Environmental Salinity Modifies Mucus Exudation and Energy Use in European Sea Bass Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061580. [PMID: 34071210 PMCID: PMC8230262 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a euryhaline marine teleost that can often be found in brackish and freshwater or even in hypersaline environments. Here, we exposed sea bass juveniles to sustained salinity challenges for 15 days, simulating one hypoosmotic (3‰), one isosmotic (12‰) and one hyperosmotic (50‰) environment, in addition to control (35‰). We analyzed parameters of skin mucus exudation and mucus biomarkers, as a minimally invasive tool, and plasma biomarkers. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was measured, as well as the gill mucous cell distribution, type and shape. The volume of exuded mucus increased significantly under all the salinity challenges, increasing by 130% at 50‰ condition. Significantly greater amounts of soluble protein (3.9 ± 0.6 mg at 50‰ vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 mg at 35‰, p < 0.05) and lactate (4.0 ± 1.0 µg at 50‰ vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 µg at 35‰, p < 0.05) were released, with clear energy expenditure. Gill ATPase activity was significantly higher at the extreme salinities, and the gill mucous cell distribution was rearranged, with more acid and neutral mucin mucous cells at 50‰. Skin mucus osmolality suggested an osmoregulatory function as an ion-trap layer in hypoosmotic conditions, retaining osmosis-related ions. Overall, when sea bass cope with different salinities, the hyperosmotic condition (50‰) demanded more energy than the extreme hypoosmotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Falco F, Barra M, Wu G, Dioguardi M, Stincone P, Cuttitta A, Torri M, Bonanno A, Cammarata M. Engraulis encrasicolus larvae from two different environmental spawning areas of the Central Mediterranean Sea: first data on amino acid profiles and biochemical evaluations. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1823493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Falco
- Marine Biological and Biotechnological Resources Institute (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Italy
| | - M. Barra
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), Units of Capo Granitola (TP) and Naples, Italy
| | - G. Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - M. Dioguardi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - P. Stincone
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A. Cuttitta
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), Units of Capo Granitola (TP) and Naples, Italy
| | - M. Torri
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), Units of Capo Granitola (TP) and Naples, Italy
| | - A. Bonanno
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), Units of Capo Granitola (TP) and Naples, Italy
| | - M. Cammarata
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
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Cheng Y, Zhao J, Ayisi CL, Cao X. Effects of salinity and alkalinity on fatty acids, free amino acids and related substance anabolic metabolism of Nile tilapia. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Linking coping styles and enzymatic activity of energy metabolism in the wedge sole (Dicologlossa cuneata). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091546. [PMID: 32882946 PMCID: PMC7552241 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skin mucus biomarkers have become relevant indicators for studying fish physiological status and welfare. Here, we evaluated them in terms of the acute osmotic response of the sea bass. Change of mucus volume exuded and main stress-related metabolites explain the putative energy loss implied in a hyper/hypo-osmotic response. We demonstrated that skin mucus is a valuable tool, comparable to classical blood markers, for evaluating sea bass response to acute salinity challenges as well as some other potentially stressful situations. This technique will allow ecologists, physiologists, and aquafarmers to monitor fish welfare and to analyse endangered migrating species without affecting their vulnerable populations. Abstract European sea bass is a marine teleost which can inhabit a broad range of environmental salinities. So far, no research has studied the physiological response of this fish to salinity challenges using modifications in skin mucus as a potential biological matrix. Here, we used a skin mucus sampling technique to evaluate the response of sea bass to several acute osmotic challenges (for 3 h) from seawater (35‰) to two hypoosmotic environments, diluted brackish water (3‰) and estuarine waters (12‰), and to one hyperosmotic condition (50‰). For this, we recorded the volume of mucus exuded and compared the main stress-related biomarkers and osmosis-related parameters in skin mucus and plasma. Sea bass exuded the greatest volume of skin mucus with the highest total contents of cortisol, glucose, and protein under hypersalinity. This indicates an exacerbated acute stress response with possible energy losses if the condition is sustained over time. Under hyposalinity, the response depended on the magnitude of the osmotic change: shifting to 3‰ was an extreme salinity change, which affected fish aerobic metabolism by acutely modifying lactate exudation. All these data enhance the current scarce knowledge of skin mucus as a target through which to study environmental changes and fish status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Rind K, Rodriguez-Barucg Q, Nicolas D, Cucchi P, Lignot JH. Morphological and physiological traits of Mediterranean sticklebacks living in the Camargue wetland (Rhone river delta). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:51-63. [PMID: 32166744 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) living at the southern limit of the species distribution range could possess specific morphological and physiological traits that enable these fish to live at the threshold of their physiological capacities. Morphological analysis was carried out on samples of sticklebacks living in different saline habitats of the Camargue area (Rhone delta, northern Mediterranean coast) obtained from 1993 to 2017. Salinity acclimation capacities were also investigated using individuals from freshwater-low salinity drainage canals and from mesohaline-euryhaline lagoons. Fish were maintained in laboratory conditions at salinity values close to those of their respective habitats: low salinity (LS, 5‰) or seawater (SW, 30‰). Fish obtained from a mesohaline brackish water lagoon (BW, 15‰) were acclimated to SW or LS. Oxygen consumption rates and branchial Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA) activity (indicator of fish osmoregulatory capacity) were measured in these LS or SW control fish and in individuals subjected to abrupt SW or LS transfers. At all the studied locations, only the low-plated "leiurus" morphotype showed no spatial or temporal variations in their body morphology. Gill rakers were only longer and denser in fish sampled from the LS-freshwater (FW) drainage canals. All fish presented similar physiological capacities. Oxygen consumption rates were not influenced by salinity challenge except in SW fish transferred to LS immediately and 1 h after transfer. However, and as expected, gill NKA activity was salinity dependent. Sticklebacks of the Camargue area sampled from habitats with contrasted saline conditions are homogenously euryhaline, have low oxygen consumption rates and do not appear to experience significantly greater metabolic costs when challenged with salinity. However, an observed difference in gill raker length and density is most probably related to the nutritional condition of their habitat, indicating that individuals can rapidly acclimatize to different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rind
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Pakistan
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Evans TG, Kültz D. The cellular stress response in fish exposed to salinity fluctuations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:421-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University East Bay Hayward California
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences University of California Davis Meyer Hall Davis California
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20
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Kültz D. Evolution of cellular stress response mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:359-378. [PMID: 31970941 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular stress response (CSR) is pervasive to all domains of life. It has shaped the interaction between organisms and their environment since the origin of the first cell. Although the CSR has been subject to a myriad of nuanced modifications in the various branches of life present today, its core features remain preserved. The scientific literature covering the CSR is enormous and the broad scope of this brief overview was challenging. However, it is critical to conceptually understand how cells respond to stress in a holistic sense and to point out how fundamental aspects of the CSR framework are integrated. It was necessary to be extremely selective and not feasible to even mention many interesting and important developments in this expansive field. The purpose of this overview is to sketch out general and emerging CSR concepts with an emphasis on the initial cellular strain resulting from stress (macromolecular damage) and the evolutionarily most highly conserved elements of the CSR. Examples emphasize fish and aquatic invertebrates to highlight what is known in organisms beyond mammals, yeast, and other common models. Nonetheless, select pioneering studies using canonical models are also considered and the concepts discussed are applicable to all cells. More detail on important aspects of the CSR in aquatic animals is provided in the accompanying articles of this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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21
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Soto-Dávila M, Martinez D, Oyarzún R, Pontigo JP, Vargas-Lagos C, Morera FJ, Saravia J, Zanuzzo F, Vargas-Chacoff L. Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:111-127. [PMID: 31709576 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen interactions with cultured fish populations are well studied, but their effects on native fishes have not been characterized. In Chile, the disease caused by bacterial species Piscirickettsia salmonis represents one of the main issues and is considered to be one of the important pathogens in the field of aquaculture. They have been found to infect native fish. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the impact of P. salmonis on native species of local commercial value, as well as the potential impact associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of P. salmonis. Due to this purpose, the native fish Eleginops maclovinus was used in our study. Fish were randomly distributed in tanks and intraperitoneally inoculated with two strains of P. salmonis. No mortality was recorded during the experiment. Cortisol, glucose and total α-amino acid levels increased in fish injected with AUSTRAL-005 strain compared to sham-injected and LF-89-inoculated fish. Moreover, results showed an increase in the activity of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in liver; and an increase in the carbohydrates, lipids and total α-amino acid metabolism in muscle after injection with AUSTRAL-005. Our results suggest that P. salmonis modulates the physiology of E. maclovinus and the physiological impact increase in the presence of the antibiotic-resistant strain AUSTRAL-005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Danixa Martinez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julia Saravia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Fábio Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Modulation of Pituitary Response by Dietary Lipids and Throughout a Temperature Fluctuation Challenge in Gilthead Sea Bream. FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures provoke drastic reductions in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) activity and nourishment, leading to growth arrest and a halt in production. However, scarce data exist concerning the implications of central core control during the cold season. The aim of this work was to study the effects of low temperature and recovery from such exposure on the pituitary activity of sea bream juveniles fed 18% or 14% dietary lipid. A controlled indoor trial was performed to simulate natural temperature fluctuation (22 °C to 14 °C to 22 °C). Meanwhile, we determined the regulatory role of the pituitary by analyzing the gene expression of some pituitary hormones and hormone receptors via qPCR, as well as plasma levels of thyroidal hormones. In response to higher dietary lipids, hormone pituitary expressions were up-regulated. Induced low temperatures and lower ingesta modulated pituitary function up-regulating GH and TSH and thyroid and glucocorticoid receptors. All these findings demonstrate the capacity of the pituitary to recognize both external conditions and to modulate its response accordingly. However, growth, peripheral tissues and metabolism were not linked or connected to pituitary function at low temperatures, which opens an interesting field of study to interpret the hypothalamus–pituitary–target axis during temperature fluctuations in fish.
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Skrzynska AK, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Gozdowska M, Kulczykowska E, Mancera JM, Martos-Sitcha JA. Aroclor 1254 inhibits vasotocinergic pathways related to osmoregulatory and stress functions in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:98-109. [PMID: 31082703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses the response of vasotocinergic system in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) after administering two doses of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254 (15 or 50 μg g-1 fresh body mass). Seven days post-administration, eight fish of each experimental group were sampled, and the remaining animals were challenged with a hyperosmotic stress by being transferred from seawater (36 ppt) to high salinity water (55 ppt) and being sampled 3 days post-transfer. Aroclor 1254 affected gene expression of avt, together with Avt concentrations in pituitary and plasma, inhibiting the stimulation observed in vasotocinergic system after hyperosmotic challenge. This was noted by the accumulation of Avt at hypophyseal level as well as by its undetectable values in plasma. Hyperosmotic transfer significantly changed branchial avtrv1a, avtrv2, atp1a and cftr mRNA expression levels in control fish, while in Aroclor 1254-treated fish they remained mostly unchanged. This desensitization also occurred for avtrs in hypothalamus, caudal kidney and liver. In addition, an enhancement in plasma cortisol concentration, together with the orchestration of several players of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (crh, crhbp, trh, star), was also observed mostly at the highest dose used (50 μg g-1 body mass), affecting plasma and hepatic metabolites. Our results demonstrated that Aroclor 1254 compromises the hypoosmoregulatory function of vasotocinergic system in S. aurata, also inducing a concomitant stress response. In summary, this study demonstrates that Aroclor 1254 can be considered an important endocrine disruptor in relation with the correct arrangement of vasotocinergic, metabolic and stress pathways after their stimulation by transfer to hyperosmotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleta Krystyna Skrzynska
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, E-11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, Spanish National Research Council (ICMAN-CSIC), E-11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gozdowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Kulczykowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, E-11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, E-11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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24
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Herrera M, Miró JM, Giráldez I, Salamanca N, Martos-Sitcha JA, Mancera JM, López JR. Metabolic and Stress Responses in Senegalese Soles ( Solea senegalensis Kaup) Fed Tryptophan Supplements: Effects of Concentration and Feeding Period. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060320. [PMID: 31195735 PMCID: PMC6616905 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different dietary Trp concentrations on the stress and metabolism response of juvenile Senegalese soles (Solea senegalensis). Fish (38.1 ± 1.9 g) were fed different Trp-enriched feeds (0%, 1% and 2% Trp added) for two and eight days, and later exposed to air stress for three min. Samples were taken pre- and 1 h post-stress (condition). Plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose and proteins were significantly affected by the sampling time, showing higher values at 1 h post-stress. Trp concentration in food also had significant effects on lactate and glucose levels. However, the feeding period did not affect these parameters. Post-stress values were higher than in the pre-stress condition for every plasma parameter, except for lactate in two days and 1% Trp treatment. Nevertheless, cortisol, glucose and lactate did not vary significantly between pre- and post-stress samplings in fish fed the 1% Trp-enriched diet for two days. The lack of variability in cortisol response was also due to the high pre-stress value, significantly superior to pre-stress control. The exposure time to Trp feeding did not significantly affect any enzyme activity; however, Trp added and condition influenced protein-related enzyme activities. In spite of decreasing stress markers, Trp-enriched diets altered the protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelino Herrera
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, km 4, Carretera El Rompido-Punta Umbría, 21450 Cartaya, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Juan M Miró
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Seville Aquarium R+D+I Biological Research Area, Zoology Department, University of Seville, Avd. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Giráldez
- Dpto. Química "Prof. J.C. Vilchez Martín", Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Research Center in Technology of Products and Chemical Processes, PRO2TECS, University of Huelva, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Natalia Salamanca
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, km 4, Carretera El Rompido-Punta Umbría, 21450 Cartaya, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Juan A Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Juan M Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Jose R López
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, km 4, Carretera El Rompido-Punta Umbría, 21450 Cartaya, Huelva, Spain.
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Impact of the replacement of dietary fish oil by animal fats and environmental salinity on the metabolic response of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 233:46-59. [PMID: 31004746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of fish oil (FO) with other lipid sources (e.g. animal fats, AF) in aquafeeds improves the sustainability of aquaculture, even though alternatives have different fatty acid (FA) profiles. FO contains a higher proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) than AF. LC-PUFAs have key physiological roles, despite limited biosynthetic capacity in marine fish. Therefore, replacing FO in feeds may limit physiological responses when fish face environmental challenges such as an acute change in salinity. To test this hypothesis, juvenile seabass (62.6 ± 1.6 g, 50 fish/ 500 L tank) were fed three different isoproteic and isolipidic diets in which the replacement levels of FO by AF varied (0%, 75% or 100% AF). Fish were fed the experimental diets at 2% their body weight (BW) daily for 85 days (20.0 ± 1.0 °C; 35‰). Thereafter, half of the fish were transferred to tanks at 15‰ or 35‰ salinity and sampled at 24 h and 72 h. Plasma osmolality, Na+, glucose, cholesterol and lactate levels were altered by the changing salinity, although cortisol remained unchanged. Standard metabolic rate was similar irrespective of the experimental factors. However, maximal metabolic rate decreased by 4-10% in fish subjected to a 15‰ salinity. Intestinal chymotrypsin activity was modified by the diet, with this digestive enzyme along with trypsin showing a two-fold increase in activity at 15‰ salinity. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) showed a ~1.4-fold increase at 15‰ salinity. Additionally, LPO and glutathione reductase activity were ~1.6-fold higher in fish fed the FO diet. Citrate synthase activity in gills was increased in fish fed the 100% AF diet. Therefore, both dietary replacement of FO by AF and environmental salinity have an impact on the metabolic response of seabass, although interactions between both factors (diet and salinity) are negligible in the metabolic parameters investigated. The results are relevant to the aquaculture industry considering the potential usage of AF to replace FO in aquafeeds and because of the variations in salinity experienced by fish cultured in transitional waters.
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Cádiz L, Gozdowska M, Kulczykowska E, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM. Arginine Vasotocin and Cortisol Co-regulate Vasotocinergic, Isotocinergic, Stress, and Thyroid Pathways in the Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata). Front Physiol 2019; 10:261. [PMID: 30949066 PMCID: PMC6437069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In teleosts, a complex interaction between several endocrine axes modulates physiological functions related to metabolism, stress, and osmoregulation. Although many studies in fish underline the interconnection between the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) endocrine axes, their relationship with the vasotocinergic and isotocinergic systems remains unknown. The aim of the present study is therefore to shed light on the potential cross-regulations between HPT, HPI, and the vasotocinergic and isotocinergic axes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at hypothalamic, hypophyseal, and plasma levels. Sea breams were administered with intraperitoneal slow-release implants containing different doses of vasotocin (the active peptide in vasotocinergic system) or cortisol (the last component of HPI axis). Plasma osmolality was higher in active neuropeptides vasotocin (Avt)-treated fish, indicating an osmoregulatory function of this hormone. Low concentrations of Avt increased hypothalamic arginine vasotocin precursor (avt) mRNA levels and increased Avt storage in the pituitary. Avt treatment down-regulated hypothalamic arginine vasotocin receptor v1a-type (avtrv1a), suggesting a negative paracrine co-regulation of the HPI axis due to the close location of avtrv1a and adrenocorticotropin hormone (Acth) cells in the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, the up-regulation observed in arginine vasotocin receptor v2-type (avtrv2) suggests their involvement in metabolic and cortisol-related pathways in the hypothalamus. The decrease in isotocin (It) pituitary storage and the up-regulation of it receptor, observed in the Avt-treated group, reinforce the idea of an interconnection between the vasotocinergic and isotocinergic systems. Cortisol and Avt administration each inhibited the HPI axis, down-regulating crh gene expression in the absence of variations in corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein (crhbp). Finally, both hormonal treatments activated the HPT axis via up-regulation of trh and down-regulation of thrb. Our results provide evidence for strong interactions among the Avt/It, HPI, and HPT axes of marine teleosts, particularly at the hypothalamic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Marine Biology and Aquacuture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Laura Cádiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gozdowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Kulczykowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquacuture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Puga S, Cardoso V, Pinto-Ribeiro F, Pacheco M, Almeida A, Pereira P. Brain morphometric profiles and their seasonal modulation in fish (Liza aurata) inhabiting a mercury contaminated estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:318-328. [PMID: 29499575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a potent neurotoxicant known to induce important adverse effects on fish, but a deeper understanding is lacking regarding how environmental exposure affects the brain morphology and neural plasticity of specific brain regions in wild specimens. In this work, it was evaluated the relative volume and cell density of the lateral pallium, hypothalamus, optic tectum and molecular layer of the cerebellum on wild Liza aurata captured in Hg-contaminated (LAR) and non-contaminated (SJ) sites of a coastal system (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). Given the season-related variations in the environment that fish are naturally exposed, this assessment was performed in the winter and summer. Hg triggered a deficit in cell density of hypothalamus during the winter that could lead to hormonal dysfunctions, while in the summer Hg promoted larger volumes of the optic tectum and cerebellum, indicating the warm period as the most critical for the manifestation of putative changes in visual acuity and motor-dependent tasks. Moreover, in fish from the SJ site, the lateral pallium relative volume and the cell density of the hypothalamus and optic tectum were higher in the winter than in summer. Thus, season-related stimuli strongly influence the size and/or cell density of specific brain regions in the non-contaminated area, pointing out the ability of fish to adapt to environmental and physiological demands. Conversely, fish from the Hg-contaminated site showed a distinct seasonal profile of brain morphology, presenting a larger optic tectum in the summer, as well as a larger molecular layer of the cerebellum with higher cell density. Moreover, Hg exposure impaired the winter-summer variation of the lateral pallium relative size (as observed at SJ). Altogether, seasonal variations in fish neural morphology and physiology should be considered when performing ecotoxicological studies in order to better discriminate the Hg neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Puga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vera Cardoso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Skrzynska AK, Martos-Sitcha JA. Osmoregulatory role of vasotocinergic and isotocinergic systems in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:177-183. [PMID: 28065737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., is an important fish species for the Mediterranean aquaculture and is considered a good model for studying the osmoregulatory process, due to its capacity to cope with great changes in environmental salinity (5-60‰). Our group studied the osmoregulatory role of different endocrine systems in this species, focusing on the vasotocinergic and isotocinergic systems over several years. For this purpose, the cDNAs coding for pro-vasotocin (pro-vt), pro-isotocin (pro-it), two arginine vasotocin (AVT) receptors (avtr v1a2- and v2-types) and one IT receptor (itr) were cloned. Acclimation to different environmental salinities induced a direct lineal relationship between plasma AVT levels and salinity, with no changes in plasma IT values. In addition, higher values in vasotocinergic, isotocinergic and stress pathways (pro-vt and pro-it gene expression, AVT and IT storage and plasma cortisol levels) in both hypo- and/or hyper-osmotic transfers, suggest an interaction between cortisol and AVT/IT pathways. Moreover, gene expression of specific receptors, as well as the use of different in vitro techniques, demonstrated an important osmoregulatory orchestration in different organs. In addition, individuals intraperitoneally injected with AVT and transferred to different environmental salinities enhanced plasma cortisol levels and/or gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. These effects could be related to the energy repartitioning process occurring during osmotic adaptation of S. aurata to extreme environmental salinities, which could be mediated not only by plasma cortisol but also by AVT. Finally, our results indicated a very important role of the vasotocinergic and/or isotocinergic systems in both osmoregulatory and non-osmoregulatory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Spain
| | - Arleta Krystyna Skrzynska
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Spain; Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Spain.
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29
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Li S, He F, Wen H, Li J, Si Y, Liu M, Huang Y, Meng L. Low salinity affects cellularity, DNA methylation, and mRNA expression of igf1 in the liver of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1587-1602. [PMID: 28730461 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal growth depends on feedback regulation of hormone levels and environmental conditions. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) promotes cell growth and differentiation and represses apoptosis and is highly regulated by the environment. Moreover, animals modify physiological homeostasis under stressful conditions through epigenetics and genetic regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of salt on fish growth is needed. In this study, half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were subjected to 15‰ salinity for 0, 7, and 60 days (D) to assess the effects of low salinity on liver cellularity and growth. The results show that low salinity changed liver morphology, suggesting an increase in energy expenditure to recover from the osmotic disruption. igf1 was upregulated in female fish under 15‰ salinity after 7D and may participate in molecular repair. igf1 was downregulated after 60D of salt stress, resulting in retarded growth. Methylation levels were opposite to those of gene expression, suggesting inhibited regulation. Furthermore, three exons in the igf1 gene had significantly different methylation levels in fish under salt stress. Notably, more putative transcription factor binding sites were located in CpG sites at higher methylation levels. igf1 is not a sex-related gene, as no difference in methylation level was detected between males and females in the control group. These results clarify liver damage and changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of igf1, providing insight into the adverse effects of low salt on growth of C. semilaevis and the epigenetics and regulatory mechanisms involved in stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Feng He
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Haishen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jifang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yufeng Si
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yajuan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lingcai Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
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30
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Rodríguez-Viera L, Perera E, Montero-Alejo V, Perdomo-Morales R, García-Galano T, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM. Carbohydrates digestion and metabolism in the spiny lobster ( Panulirus argus): biochemical indication for limited carbohydrate utilization. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3975. [PMID: 29114440 PMCID: PMC5672836 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As other spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus is supposed to use preferentially proteins and lipids in energy metabolism, while carbohydrates are well digested but poorly utilized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on digestion and metabolism in the spiny lobster P. argus. We used complementary methodologies such as post-feeding flux of nutrients and metabolites, as well as measurements of α-amylase expression and activity in the digestive tract. Lobsters readily digested and absorbed carbohydrates with a time-course that is dependent on their content in diet. Lobster showed higher levels of free glucose and stored glycogen in different tissues as the inclusion of wheat flour increased. Modifications in intermediary metabolism revealed a decrease in amino acids catabolism coupled with a higher use of free glucose as carbohydrates rise up to 20%. However, this effect seems to be limited by the metabolic capacity of lobsters to use more than 20% of carbohydrates in diets. Lobsters were not able to tightly regulate α-amylase expression according to dietary carbohydrate level but exhibited a marked difference in secretion of this enzyme into the gut. Results are discussed to highlight the limitations to increasing carbohydrate utilization by lobsters. Further growout trials are needed to link the presented metabolic profiles with phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodríguez-Viera
- Center for Marine Research, University of Havana, Havana, Havana, Cuba.,Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Erick Perera
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Castellón, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vivian Montero-Alejo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Juan M Mancera
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Zhang Q, Wong MKS, Li Y, Li Y, Takei Y. Changes in Plasma and Tissue Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (LC-PUFA) Content in the Eel Anguilla japonica After External and Internal Osmotic Stress. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:429-437. [PMID: 28990478 DOI: 10.2108/zs170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of external and internal osmotic stress on the profile of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in euryhaline eels Anguilla japonica. Freshwater (FW) fish were transferred to seawater (SW) for external osmotic stress or subjected to internal stress through injection with hypertonic saline. FW eels injected with isotonic saline served as controls. Plasma osmolality, Na+ concentration, and gill Na+/K+ -ATPase activity increased, but hematocrit decreased compared with controls in eels exposed to external or internal osmotic stress. The expression of two major transporter genes for SW adaptation, the Na+ -K+ -2Cl - co-transporter 1a (NKCC1a) in the gill and NKCC2b in the intestine, was up-regulated only in SW-transferred eels, suggesting a direct impact of SW on the gill and intestine via SW ingestion. Total LC-PUFA contents and DHA (22:6 n-3) increased in the gill and liver of SW-transferred eels and in the intestine of hypertonic saline-injected eels. However, total LC-PUFA content in plasma decreased after both external and internal osmotic stimuli. In contrast, the gene expression of two key enzymes involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, Δ6 fatty acid desaturase and elongase, did not change in the gill, intestine and liver of osmotically stressed eels. These results indicate that LC-PUFA is possibly involved in osmoregulation and the increased LC-PUFA contents of osmoregulatory organs might be a result of LC-PUFA transport via circulation, rather than through de novo biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhang
- 1 Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Marty K S Wong
- 2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yiqi Li
- 3 School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yuanyou Li
- 1 Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.,2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.,4 School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yoshio Takei
- 2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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Hajirezaee S, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H, Agh N. NMR-based metabolomic study on the toxicological effects of pesticide, diazinon on adaptation to sea water by endangered Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus fingerlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:213-226. [PMID: 28697427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NMR-based metabolomics was applied to explore metabolic impacts of diazinon on sea water adaptation of Persian sturgeon fingerlings, Acipenser persicus. Fingerlings were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of diazinon in freshwater (FW) for 96 h (short-term trial) and 12 days (long-term trial) and then exposed in brackish water (BW) (12 mg L-1 salinity) for 24 h. After 96 h and 12 days exposure in FW, identified metabolites (amino acids, osmolytes, energy metabolites) showed different change-patterns compared to control group (P < 0.05) as follow: (A) short-term trial: higher plasma levels of glucose, lactate (in all diazinon-exposed fish), acetate and acetoacetate (in 0.9 mg L-1diazinon treatment); lower levels of creatine (in all diazinon-exposed fish), trimethylamine-N-oxide, choline, taurine, betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and almost all amino acids in fish exposed to high concentrations of diazinon (0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon). (B) Long-term trial: higher plasma levels of lipid oxidation metabolites and almost all amino acids in fish exposed to 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon; lower levels of creatine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, choline (in all diazinon-exposed fish), glucose (in 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1diazinon treatments) and taurine (in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment). When fish were exposed in BW for 24 h, the plasma levels of osmolytes decreased significantly in almost all experimental groups of short-term and long-term trial (P < 0.05). In short-term trial, the plasma levels of glucose in all groups and lactate in 0.18 and 0.54 mg L-1 diazinon treatments increased after salinity challenge (P < 0.05). However, a significant decrease was observed in lactate levels in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). Also, the plasma levels of amino acids decreased mostly in fish of control group than exposed fish (P < 0.05). The plasma glycerol concentration showed a significant decrease only in fish of 0.54 mg L-1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). In long term trial, the energetic metabolites (acetate, acetoacetate, glycerol) showed significant increases mostly in fish exposed to high concentrations of diazinon (P < 0.05). Phosphocreatine was detected only in groups exposed to 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon. Some amino acids decreased in control and diazinon-exposed groups while glycine (in control and 0.18 mg L-1 diazinon treatment), glutamine and alanine (in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment) elevated significantly after 24 h acclimation in BW (P < 0.05). Our results may help to understand the effects of pesticides on fish osmoregulation from a metabolic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hajirezaee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirvaghefi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamid Farahmand
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naser Agh
- Department of Aquaculture, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich 1825), a Clupeid Fish That Exhibits Elevated Batch Fecundity in Hypersaline Waters. FISHES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes2030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang X, Wen H, Wang H, Ren Y, Zhao J, Li Y. RNA-Seq analysis of salinity stress-responsive transcriptome in the liver of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173238. [PMID: 28253338 PMCID: PMC5333887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most prominent abiotic factors, which greatly influence reproduction, development, growth, physiological and metabolic activities of fishes. Spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), as a euryhaline marine teleost, has extraordinary ability to deal with a wide range of salinity changes. However, this species is devoid of genomic resources, and no study has been conducted at the transcriptomic level to determine genes responsible for salinity regulation, which impedes the understanding of the fundamental mechanism conferring tolerance to salinity fluctuations. Liver, as the major metabolic organ, is the key source supplying energy for iono- and osmoregulation in fish, however, little attention has been paid to its salinity-related functions but which should not be ignored. In this study, we perform RNA-Seq analysis to identify genes involved in salinity adaptation and osmoregulation in liver of spotted sea bass, generating from the fishes exposed to low and high salinity water (5 vs 30ppt). After de novo assembly, annotation and differential gene expression analysis, a total of 455 genes were differentially expressed, including 184 up-regulated and 271 down-regulated transcripts in low salinity-acclimated fish group compared with that in high salinity-acclimated group. A number of genes with a potential role in salinity adaptation for spotted sea bass were classified into five functional categories based on the gene ontology (GO) and enrichment analysis, which include genes involved in metabolites and ion transporters, energy metabolism, signal transduction, immune response and structure reorganization. The candidate genes identified in L. maculates liver provide valuable information to explore new pathways related to fish salinity and osmotic regulation. Besides, the transcriptomic sequencing data supplies significant resources for identification of novel genes and further studying biological questions in spotted sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haishen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
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Molecular details on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) sensitivity to low water temperatures from 1H NMR metabolomics. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 204:129-136. [PMID: 27872009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biometric and metabolic responses of gilthead sea bream to cold challenge are described following a growth trial divided into three water temperature steps, namely cooling, cold maintenance and recovery. Experimental data provide a useful description of fish response to thermal stress at both zootechnical and molecular level. Although no mortality has been observed, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-based metabolomics confirms the marked sensitivity of this fish species to low water temperature, and explains some key molecular events associated to fish response to cold. Increase in hepatosomatic index is associated to liver fat accumulation, as a consequence of lipid mobilization from muscle and other extrahepatic tissues, and metabolic rearrangements linked to homeoviscous adaptation of cellular membranes are observed. Following primary responses to descending temperature from 18°C to 11°C, the energetic metabolism (insulin signaling, glycolysis) is first clearly affected; then, at constant low water temperature (11°C), the most perturbed metabolic pathways are related to methionine cycle in liver, while osmoregulatory function is exerted by TMAO in muscle. Water temperature recovery from 11°C to 18°C stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis activities at hepatic level, although the rate of a thermo-compensatory response seems to be slower than that of the cooling phase. The obtained results are intended to guide novel high-performance feed formulations for gilthead sea bream reared during winter.
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Sui Y, Huang X, Kong H, Lu W, Wang Y. Physiological responses to salinity increase in blood parrotfish (Cichlasoma synspilum ♀ × Cichlasoma citrinellum ♂). SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1246. [PMID: 27536529 PMCID: PMC4972809 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of adding salt to water on the physiological parameters of the blood parrot cichlid (Cichlasoma synspilum ♀ × Cichlasoma citrinellum ♂). The blood parrot cichlid is a popular species in the aquarium trade because of its behaviour and beauty. Salt is usually added to water during the culture or transportation of this fish. However, the manner by which the fish adjusts its physiological responses to salinity change is unclear. The effects of salinity on serum osmolality, immune-related enzyme activities, Na+–K+-ATPase activities in the gill, skin carotenoid content and oxygen consumption were analysed. Blood parrotfish individuals were transferred from freshwater to water with four salinity levels (0.16, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ‰) for 168 h, and physiological responses were evaluated at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 168 h. Results showed no significant differences in serum acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities, skin carotenoid content and oxygen consumption rate among the different groups. However, the serum osmolality at 6 h was significantly elevated. Moreover, salinity increase stimulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity from 0 to 6 h. SOD activity increased from 6 to 24 h but significantly reduced at 168 h when the fish were exposed to salt water. The SOD activity in the salinity 2.5 ‰ group recovered the initial level, whereas those in the salinity 5 and 7.5 ‰ groups decreased to levels lower than the initial level. The gill Na+–K+-ATPase activity significantly declined with time and salinity increase. Thus, adding an appropriate amount of salt can save energy consumption during osmoregulation and temporarily enhance the antioxidant activity of blood parrotfish. However, this strategy is insufficient for long-term culture. Therefore, adding salt to water only provides short-term benefit to blood parrot cichlid during transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306 China.,Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090 China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306 China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306 China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306 China
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37
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Effects of changes in salinity on oxygen and food consumption of the young sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus: possible implications of their use of an estuarine habitat. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Population-specific renal proteomes of marine and freshwater three-spined sticklebacks. J Proteomics 2016; 135:112-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Mancera JM, Calduch-Giner JA, Yúfera M, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Pérez-Sánchez J. Unraveling the Tissue-Specific Gene Signatures of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) after Hyper- and Hypo-Osmotic Challenges. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148113. [PMID: 26828928 PMCID: PMC4734831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A custom microarray was used for the transcriptomic profiling of liver, gills and hypothalamus in response to hypo- (38‰ → 5‰) or hyper- (38‰ → 55‰) osmotic challenges (7 days after salinity transfer) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. The total number of differentially expressed genes was 777. Among them, 341 and 310 were differentially expressed in liver after hypo- and hyper-osmotic challenges, respectively. The magnitude of changes was lower in gills and hypothalamus with around 131 and 160 responsive genes in at least one osmotic stress condition, respectively. Regardless of tissue, a number of genes were equally regulated in either hypo- and hyper-osmotic challenges: 127 out of 524 in liver, 11 out of 131 in gills and 19 out of 160 in hypothalamus. In liver and gills, functional analysis of differentially expressed genes recognized two major clusters of overlapping canonical pathways that were mostly related to “Energy Metabolism” and “Oxidative Stress”. The later cluster was represented in all the analyzed tissues, including the hypothalamus, where differentially expressed genes related to “Cell and tissue architecture” were also over-represented. Overall the response for “Energy Metabolism” was the up-regulation, whereas for oxidative stress-related genes the type of response was highly dependent of tissue. These results support common and different osmoregulatory responses in the three analyzed tissues, helping to load new allostatic conditions or even to return to basal levels after hypo- or hyper-osmotic challenges according to the different physiological role of each tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), E-11519, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, E-11519, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, E-11519, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, E-12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuel Yúfera
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), E-11519, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), E-11519, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, E-12595, Castellón, Spain
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40
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Maryoung LA, Lavado R, Bammler TK, Gallagher EP, Stapleton PL, Beyer RP, Farin FM, Hardiman G, Schlenk D. Differential Gene Expression in Liver, Gill, and Olfactory Rosettes of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) After Acclimation to Salinity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:703-17. [PMID: 26260986 PMCID: PMC4636457 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most Pacific salmonids undergo smoltification and transition from freshwater to saltwater, making various adjustments in metabolism, catabolism, osmotic, and ion regulation. The molecular mechanisms underlying this transition are largely unknown. In the present study, we acclimated coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to four different salinities and assessed gene expression through microarray analysis of gills, liver, and olfactory rosettes. Gills are involved in osmotic regulation, liver plays a role in energetics, and olfactory rosettes are involved in behavior. Between all salinity treatments, liver had the highest number of differentially expressed genes at 1616, gills had 1074, and olfactory rosettes had 924, using a 1.5-fold cutoff and a false discovery rate of 0.5. Higher responsiveness of liver to metabolic changes after salinity acclimation to provide energy for other osmoregulatory tissues such as the gills may explain the differences in number of differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes were tissue- and salinity-dependent. There were no known genes differentially expressed that were common to all salinity treatments and all tissues. Gene ontology term analysis revealed biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components that were significantly affected by salinity, a majority of which were tissue-dependent. For liver, oxygen binding and transport terms were highlighted. For gills, muscle, and cytoskeleton-related terms predominated and for olfactory rosettes, immune response-related genes were accentuated. Interaction networks were examined in combination with GO terms and determined similarities between tissues for potential osmosensors, signal transduction cascades, and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindley A Maryoung
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2258 Geology Building, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2258 Geology Building, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patricia L Stapleton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard P Beyer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Federico M Farin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine and Public Health and Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303 MSC 835, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2258 Geology Building, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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41
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Popova O, Blaha L. Toxic effects of metals on two euryhaline ciliate species adapted to variable salinities. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Starving/re-feeding processes induce metabolic modifications in thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus, Risso 1827). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 180:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Hashmi MZ, Naveedullah, Shen C. Hormetic Responses of Food-Supplied Pcb 31 to Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Growth. Dose Response 2015; 13:dose-response.14-013.Chaofeng. [PMID: 26673801 PMCID: PMC4674160 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-013.chaofeng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is commonly defined as a beneficial or stimulatory effect caused by exposure to low doses of a chemical known to be toxic at high doses. Hormetic responses of food-supplied PCB 31 (2, 4', 5-Trichlorobiphenyl) was studied by using zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth as an end point. The results in general followed the hormesis hypothesis, PCB 31 at lower concentrations (0.042 μg/g and 0.084 μg/g) exhibited beneficial effects on the growth of zebrafish by weight and length while higher concentrations (10μg/g and 20μg/g) revealed inhibitory effects. The magnitude of stimulatory responses of zebrafish growth by weight and length at lower concentrations (0.01-0.084 μg/g) on days 14 and 21 were in the range 9.09-18.18%; 10-38.09% and 4-14.4%; 6.25-10.93%, respectively as compared to control. Growth and conditions indices also suggested that the zebrafish was healthier at lower concentrations as compared to those at higher concentrations. The results of the present study will elaborate fish toxicological evaluation regarding the hormetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naveedullah
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Wunderink YS, Straatjes J, Skrzynska AK, Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G. Different stressors induce differential responses of the CRH-stress system in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 177:49-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Tang CH, Leu MY, Yang WK, Tsai SC. Exploration of the mechanisms of protein quality control and osmoregulation in gills of Chromis viridis in response to reduced salinity. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1533-1546. [PMID: 24805086 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish gills are the vital multifunctional organ in direct contact with external environment. Therefore, activation of the cytoprotective mechanisms to maintain branchial cell viability is important for fish upon stresses. Salinity is one of the major factors strongly affecting cellular and organismal functions. Reduction of ambient salinity may occur in coral reef and leads to osmotic stress for reef-associated stenohaline fish. However, the physiological responses to salinity stress in reef-associated fish were not examined substantially. With this regard, the physiological parameters and the responses of protein quality control (PQC) and osmoregulatory mechanisms in gills of seawater (SW; 33-35 ‰)- and brackish water (BW; 20 ‰)-acclimated blue-green damselfish (Chromis viridis) were explored. The results showed that the examined physiological parameters were maintained within certain physiological ranges in C. viridis acclimated to different salinities. In PQC mechanism, expression of heat-shock protein (HSP) 90, 70, and 60 elevated in response to BW acclimation while the levels of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins were similar between the two groups. Thus, it was presumed that upregulation of HSPs was sufficient to prevent the accumulation of aggregated proteins for maintaining the protein quality and viability of gill cells when C. viridis were acclimated to BW. Moreover, gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression and protein amounts of basolaterally located Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter were higher in SW fish than in BW fish. Taken together, this study showed that the cytoprotective and osmoregulatory mechanisms of blue-green damselfish were functionally activated and modulated to withstand the challenge of reduction in salinity for maintaining physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Tang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan,
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46
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A holistic view of dietary carbohydrate utilization in lobster: digestion, postprandial nutrient flux, and metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108875. [PMID: 25268641 PMCID: PMC4182579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans exhibit a remarkable variation in their feeding habits and food type, but most knowledge on carbohydrate digestion and utilization in this group has come from research on few species. The aim of this study was to make an integrative analysis of dietary carbohydrate utilization in the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. We used complementary methodologies such as different assessments of digestibility, activity measurements of digestive and metabolic enzymes, and post-feeding flux of nutrients and metabolites. Several carbohydrates were well digested by the lobster, but maize starch was less digestible than all other starches studied, and its inclusion in diet affected protein digestibility. Most intense hydrolysis of carbohydrates in the gastric chamber of lobster occurred between 2–6 h after ingestion and afterwards free glucose increased in hemolymph. The inclusion of wheat in diet produced a slow clearance of glucose from the gastric fluid and a gradual increase in hemolymph glucose. More intense hydrolysis of protein in the gastric chamber occurred 6–12 h after ingestion and then amino acids tended to increase in hemolymph. Triglyceride concentration in hemolymph rose earlier in wheat-fed lobsters than in lobsters fed other carbohydrates, but it decreased the most 24 h later. Analyses of metabolite levels and activities of different metabolic enzymes revealed that intermolt lobsters had a low capacity to store and use glycogen, although it was slightly higher in wheat-fed lobsters. Lobsters fed maize and rice diets increased amino acid catabolism, while wheat-fed lobsters exhibited higher utilization of fatty acids. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the type of carbohydrate ingested had a profound effect on overall metabolism. Although we found no evidence of a protein-sparing effect of dietary carbohydrate, differences in the kinetics of their digestion and absorption impacted lobster metabolism determining the fate of other nutrients.
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47
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Tseng YC, Liu ST, Hu MY, Chen RD, Lee JR, Hwang PP. Brain functioning under acute hypothermic stress supported by dynamic monocarboxylate utilization and transport in ectothermic fish. Front Zool 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s12983-014-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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48
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Hashmi MZ, Naveedullah, Shen C, Yu C. Hormetic Responses of Food-Supplied PCB 31 to Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Growth. Dose Response 2014. [DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.xx-xxx.name] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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49
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Environmental salinity-modified osmoregulatory response in the sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Fuentes J, Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G. Variations in the expression of vasotocin and isotocin receptor genes in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata during different osmotic challenges. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 197:5-17. [PMID: 24332959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic changes in mRNA expression levels for vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) receptor gene levels were assessed in a time-course response study in immature male specimens of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) submitted to hyper- (55‰ salinity) and hypo-osmotic (5‰ salinity) challenges. Two different cDNAs for the AVT receptor and one for the IT receptor (V1a2-type and V2-type AVTR, and ITR, respectively) were cloned by screening an S. aurata brain cDNA library. Genes for these receptors were expressed differentially and is nearly ubiquitously in 26 of the examined tissues. In the gills, both environmental salinity challenges up-regulated AVTR V1a2-type gene expression concomitantly with mRNA expression protein activity of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase gene expression and protein, whereas the AVTR V2-type and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA levels were associated with mRNAs environmental salinity, indicating a possible connection between AVTRs and these transporters. In kidney, AVTR V1a2-type gene expression peaked rapidly and lasted only a short time (12-24h) in response to both osmotic challenges. In contrast, AVTR V2-type mRNA levels were enhanced in specimens exposed to hyperosmotic conditions, whereas they decreased under hypoosmotic environments, suggesting an antidiuretic role related to the vasoconstriction function. In the hypothalamus, only the expression of the AVTR V2-type gene was enhanced at 7 and 14 days under both experimental conditions. In the liver, both AVTRs had increased mRNA levels, with the upregulation of their AVTR V2-type gene increasing faster than the V1a2-type. The ITR gene was not sensitive to variations of external salinity in any of the analyzed tissues. Our results demonstrate the involvement of the vasotocinergic, but not the isotocinergic, pathway as well as the hypothalamic function, in the adjustments of both osmoregulatory and metabolic processes after osmotic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), CIMAR - Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - J Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), CIMAR - Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - J M Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - G Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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