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Balhara M, Neikirk K, Marshall A, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hypertension and Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:273-290. [PMID: 38602583 PMCID: PMC11166838 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension is a principal risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with its severity exacerbated by high sodium intake, particularly in individuals with salt-sensitive blood pressure. However, the mechanisms underlying hypertension and salt sensitivity are only partly understood. Herein, we review potential interactions in hypertension pathophysiology involving the immune system, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and proteostasis pathways; identify knowledge gaps; and discuss future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advancements by our research group and others reveal interactions within and between adaptive and innate immune responses in hypertension pathophysiology. The salt-immune-hypertension axis is further supported by the discovery of the role of dendritic cells in hypertension, marked by isolevuglandin (IsoLG) formation. Alongside these broadened understandings of immune-mediated salt sensitivity, the contributions of T cells to hypertension have been recently challenged by groups whose findings did not support increased resistance of Rag-1-deficient mice to Ang II infusion. Hypertension has also been linked to ER stress and the UPR. Notably, a holistic approach is needed because the UPR engages in crosstalk with autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome, and other proteostasis pathways, that may all involve hypertension. There is a critical need for studies to establish cause and effect relationships between ER stress and the UPR in hypertension pathophysiology in humans and to determine whether the immune system and ER stress function mainly to exacerbate or initiate hypertension and target organ injury. This review of recent studies proposes new avenues for future research for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balhara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212-8802, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212-8802, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, USA.
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Savani R, Park E, Busannagari N, Lu Y, Kwon H, Wang L, Pang Z. Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231846. [PMID: 38227343 PMCID: PMC10830444 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals. METHODS In this study, we stereotactically injected AAV8-hSyn-Cre or a control AAV8-hSyn-GFP both Crh-floxed and wild-type mouse PVN to assess behavioral and metabolic impacts. We then used immunohistochemical markers to systematically evaluate the density of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons and glial cells. RESULTS We found that delivery of one specific preparation of AAV8-hSyn-Cre in the PVN led to the development of obesity, hyperphagia, and anxiety-like behaviors. This effect occurred independent of sex and in both floxed and wild-type mice. We subsequently found that AAV8-hSyn-Cre led to neuronal cell death and gliosis at the site of viral vector injections. These behavioral and metabolic deficits were dependent on injection into the PVN. An alternatively sourced AAV-Cre did not reproduce the same results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that delivery of a specific batch of AAV-Cre could lead to cellular toxicity and lesions in the PVN that cause robust metabolic and behavioral impacts. These alterations can complicate the interpretation of Cre-mediated gene knockout and highlight the need for rigorous controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Savani
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Erin Park
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Nidhi Busannagari
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Yi Lu
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
| | - Le Wang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
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3
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Savani R, Park E, Busannagari N, Lu Y, Kwon H, Wang L, Pang ZP. Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564009. [PMID: 37961695 PMCID: PMC10634907 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals. Methods In this study, we stereotactically injected AAV8-hSyn-Cre or a control AAV8-hSyn-GFP both Crh-floxed and wild-type mouse PVN to assess behavioral and metabolic impacts. We then used immunohistochemical markers to systematically evaluate the density of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons and glial cells. Results We found that delivery of one specific preparation of AAV8-hSyn-Cre in the PVN led to the development of obesity, hyperphagia, and anxiety-like behaviors. This effect occurred independent of sex and in both floxed and wild-type mice. We subsequently found that AAV8-hSyn-Cre led to neuronal cell death and gliosis at the site of viral vector injections. These behavioral and metabolic deficits were dependent on injection into the PVN. An alternatively sourced AAV-Cre did not reproduce the same results. Conclusions Our findings reveal that delivery of a specific batch of AAV-Cre could lead to cellular toxicity and lesions in the PVN that cause robust metabolic and behavioral impacts. These alterations can complicate the interpretation of Cre-mediated gene knockout and highlight the need for rigorous controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Savani
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Erin Park
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nidhi Busannagari
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Le Wang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Ong WY, Satish RL, Herr DR. ACE2, Circumventricular Organs and the Hypothalamus, and COVID-19. Neuromolecular Med 2022; 24:363-373. [PMID: 35451691 PMCID: PMC9023728 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus gains entry to cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Since circumventricular organs and parts of the hypothalamus lack a blood-brain barrier, and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that ACE2 is highly expressed in circumventricular organs which are intimately connected to the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamus itself, these might be easy entry points for SARS-CoV-2 into the brain via the circulation. High ACE2 protein expression is found in the subfornical organ, area postrema, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). The subfornical organ and PVH are parts of a circuit to regulate osmolarity in the blood, through the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone into the posterior pituitary. The PVH is also the stress response centre in the brain. It controls not only pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons, but is also a source of corticotropin-releasing hormone, that induces the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary. It is proposed that the function of ACE2 in the circumventricular organs and the PVH could be diminished by binding with SARS-CoV-2, thus leading to a reduction in the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) signalling axis, that modulates ACE/Ang II/AT1R signalling. This could result in increased presympathetic activity/neuroendocrine secretion from the PVH, and effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Besides the bloodstream, the hypothalamus might also be affected by SARS-CoV-2 via transneuronal spread along the olfactory/limbic pathways. Exploring potential therapeutic pathways to prevent or attenuate neurological symptoms of COVID-19, including drugs which modulate ACE signalling, remains an important area of unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - R L Satish
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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5
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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Chen XY, Lin C, Liu GY, Pei C, Xu GQ, Gao L, Wang SZ, Pan YX. ACE2 gene combined with exercise training attenuates central AngII/AT1 axis function and oxidative stress in a prehypertensive rat model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1460-1467. [PMID: 35546127 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or exercise training (ExT) is beneficial to hypertension, but their combined effects remain unknown. In this study, lentivirus containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and ACE2 were microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of young male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs), and SHRs were assigned into 5 groups: sedentary (SHR), SHR-ExT, SHR-eGFP, ACE2 gene (SHR-ACE2), ACE2 gene combined with ExT (SHR-ACE2-ExT). Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as a control. ACE2 gene or ExT significantly delayed the elevation of blood pressure, the combined effect prevented the development and progression of prehypertension. Either ACE2 over-expression or ExT improved arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), while combined effect normalized BRS in SHR. Compared with SHR, SHR-ACE2 and SHR-ExT displayed a significantly higher level in ACE2 protein, but had lower plasma norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AngII) as well as angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) protein expression in the PVN. SHR-ACE2-ExT showed the largest decrease in AngII and AT1 protein expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and NADPH oxidase (NOX2 and NOX4) protein expression in PVN were also decreased in SHR-ACE2-ExT group than in SHR-ACE2 and SHR-ExT groups. It was concluded that the combined effect has effectively prevented prehypertension progression and baroreflex dysfunction in SHR, which is associated with the reduction in AngII/AT1 axis function and oxidative stress in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun Pei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lie Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shi-Zhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Multiple Aspects of Inappropriate Action of Renin-Angiotensin, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin Systems in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040908. [PMID: 35207180 PMCID: PMC8877782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system and the central nervous system (CNS) closely cooperate in the regulation of primary vital functions. The autonomic nervous system and several compounds known as cardiovascular factors, especially those targeting the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), the vasopressin system (VPS), and the oxytocin system (OTS), are also efficient modulators of several other processes in the CNS. The components of the RAS, VPS, and OTS, regulating pain, emotions, learning, memory, and other cognitive processes, are present in the neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels of the CNS. Increasing evidence shows that the combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS is altered in neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in patients with depression, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism, and schizophrenia. The altered function of the RAS may also contribute to CNS disorders in COVID-19. In this review, we present evidence that there are multiple causes for altered combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as genetic predispositions and the engagement of the RAS, VAS, and OTS in the processes underlying emotions, memory, and cognition. The neuroactive pharmaceuticals interfering with the synthesis or the action of angiotensins, vasopressin, and oxytocin can improve or worsen the effectiveness of treatment for neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases. Better knowledge of the multiple actions of the RAS, VPS, and OTS may facilitate programming the most efficient treatment for patients suffering from the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
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Controlled Hemorrhage Sensitizes Angiotensin II-Elicited Hypertension through Activation of the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System Independently of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6371048. [PMID: 35069977 PMCID: PMC8776443 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6371048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock is associated with activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Previous studies demonstrated that central RAS activation produced by various challenges sensitizes angiotensin (Ang) II-elicited hypertension and that ERS contributes to the development of neurogenic hypertension. The present study investigated whether controlled hemorrhage could sensitize Ang II-elicited hypertension and whether the brain RAS and ERS mediate this sensitization. Results showed that hemorrhaged (HEM) rats had a significantly enhanced hypertensive response to a slow-pressor infusion of Ang II when compared to sham HEM rats. Treatment with either angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 1 inhibitor, captopril, or ACE2 activator, diminazene, abolished the HEM-induced sensitization of hypertension. Treatment with the ERS agonist, tunicamycin, in sham HEM rats also sensitized Ang II-elicited hypertension. However, blockade of ERS with 4-phenylbutyric acid in HEM rats did not alter HEM-elicited sensitization of hypertension. Either HEM or ERS activation produced a greater reduction in BP after ganglionic blockade, upregulated mRNA and protein expression of ACE1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and elevated plasma levels of Ang II but reduced mRNA expression of the Ang-(1-7) receptor, Mas-R, and did not alter plasma levels of Ang-(1-7). Treatment with captopril or diminazene, but not phenylbutyric acid, reversed these changes. No treatments had effects on PVN protein expression of the ERS marker glucose-regulated protein 78. The results indicate that controlled hemorrhage sensitizes Ang II-elicited hypertension by augmenting RAS prohypertensive actions and reducing RAS antihypertensive effects in the brain, which is independent of ERS mechanism.
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Understanding the role of nACE2 in neurogenic hypertension among COVID-19 patients. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:254-269. [PMID: 34848886 PMCID: PMC8630198 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the third and fourth waves of the coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) pandemic are creating havoc in many parts of the world. Although vaccination programs have been launched in most countries, emerging new strains of the virus along with geographical variations are leading to varying success rates of the available vaccines. The presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension is responsible for increasing the severity of COVID-19 and, thus, the COVID-19 mortality rate. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is utilized by SARS-CoV-2 for entry into host cells, is widely expressed in the lungs, kidneys, testes, gut, adipose tissue, and brain. Infection within host cells mediates RAS overactivation, which leads to a decrease in the ACE2/ACE ratio, AT2R/AT1R ratio, and MasR/AT1R ratio. Such imbalances lead to the development of heightened inflammatory responses, such as cytokine storms, leading to post-COVID-19 complications and mortality. As the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypertension remains unclear, this report provides an overview of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on patients with hypertension. We discuss here the interaction of ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, focusing on neuronal ACE2 (nACE2), and further shed light on the possible involvement of nACE2 in hypertension. SARS-CoV-2 enters the brain through neuronal ACE2 and spreads in various regions of the brain. The effect of viral binding to neuronal ACE2 in areas of the brain that regulate salt/water balance and blood pressure is also discussed in light of the neural regulation of hypertension in COVID-19.
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10
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Emathinger JM, Nelson JW, Gurley SB. Advances in use of mouse models to study the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111255. [PMID: 33789143 PMCID: PMC9119406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a highly complex hormonal cascade that spans multiple organs and cell types to regulate solute and fluid balance along with cardiovascular function. Much of our current understanding of the functions of the RAS has emerged from a series of key studies in genetically-modified animals. Here, we review key findings from ground-breaking transgenic models, spanning decades of research into the RAS, with a focus on their use in studying blood pressure. We review the physiological importance of this regulatory system as evident through the examination of mouse models for several major RAS components: angiotensinogen, renin, ACE, ACE2, and the type 1 A angiotensin receptor. Both whole-animal and cell-specific knockout models have permitted critical RAS functions to be defined and demonstrate how redundancy and multiplicity within the RAS allow for compensatory adjustments to maintain homeostasis. Moreover, these models present exciting opportunities for continued discovery surrounding the role of the RAS in disease pathogenesis and treatment for cardiovascular disease and beyond.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/deficiency
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensinogen/deficiency
- Angiotensinogen/genetics
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Renin/deficiency
- Renin/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Emathinger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Miličić Stanić B, Maddox S, de Souza AMA, Wu X, Mehranfard D, Ji H, Speth RC, Sandberg K. Male bias in ACE2 basic science research: missed opportunity for discovery in the time of COVID-19. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R925-R937. [PMID: 33848207 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, including the United States, men have worse outcomes from COVID-19 than women. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain cellular entry. ACE2 is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays an important role in counteracting the harmful effects mediated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Therefore, we conducted Ovid MEDLINE and Embase database searches of basic science studies investigating the impact of the biological variable of sex on ACE2 expression and regulation from 2000, the year ACE2 was discovered, through December 31, 2020. Out of 2,131 publications, we identified 853 original research articles on ACE2 conducted in primary cells, tissues, and/or whole mammals excluding humans. The majority (68.7%) of these studies that cited the sex of the animal were conducted in males, while 11.2% were conducted solely in females; 9.26% compared ACE2 between the sexes, while 10.8% did not report the sex of the animals used. General findings are that sex differences are tissue-specific and when present, are dependent upon gonadal state. Renal, cardiac, and adipose ACE2 is increased in both sexes under experimental conditions that model co-morbidities associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes including hypertension, obesity, and renal and cardiovascular diseases; however, ACE2 protein was generally higher in the males. Studies in Ace2 knockout mice indicate ACE2 plays a greater role in protecting the female from developing hypertension than the male. Studying the biological variable of sex in ACE2 research provides an opportunity for discovery in conditions involving RAS dysfunction and will shed light on sex differences in COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Miličić Stanić
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sydney Maddox
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aline M A de Souza
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Danial Mehranfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Hong Ji
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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12
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Hmazzou R, Marc Y, Flahault A, Gerbier R, De Mota N, Llorens-Cortes C. Brain ACE2 activation following brain aminopeptidase A blockade by firibastat in salt-dependent hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:775-791. [PMID: 33683322 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, aminopeptidase A (APA), a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease, generates angiotensin III from angiotensin II. Brain angiotensin III exerts a tonic stimulatory effect on the control of blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats and increases vasopressin release. Blocking brain angiotensin III formation by the APA inhibitor prodrug RB150/firibastat normalizes arterial BP in hypertensive deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats without inducing angiotensin II accumulation. We therefore hypothesized that another metabolic pathway of brain angiotensin II, such as the conversion of angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) might be activated following brain APA inhibition. We found that the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of RB150/firibastat in conscious DOCA-salt rats both inhibited brain APA activity and induced an increase in brain ACE2 activity. Then, we showed that the decreases in BP and vasopressin release resulting from brain APA inhibition with RB150/firibastat were reduced if ACE2 was concomitantly inhibited by MLN4760, a potent ACE2 inhibitor, or if the Mas receptor (MasR) was blocked by A779, a MasR antagonist. Our findings suggest that in the brain, the increase in ACE2 activity resulting from APA inhibition by RB150/firibastat treatment, subsequently increasing Ang 1-7 and activating the MasR while blocking angiotensin III formation, contributes to the antihypertensive effect and the decrease in vasopressin release induced by RB150/firibastat. RB150/firibastat treatment constitutes an interesting therapeutic approach to improve BP control in hypertensive patients by inducing in the brain renin-angiotensin system, hyperactivity of the beneficial ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR axis while decreasing that of the deleterious APA/Ang II/Ang III/ATI receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Hmazzou
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
- Université René Descartes, "Ecole doctorale MTCI n°563", Paris F-75270, France
| | - Yannick Marc
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
- Quantum Genomics SA, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Adrien Flahault
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
- Université René Descartes, "Ecole doctorale MTCI n°563", Paris F-75270, France
| | - Romain Gerbier
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
| | - Nadia De Mota
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM U1050, Paris F-75231 France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris F-75231 France
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13
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Mussa BM, Srivastava A, Verberne AJM. COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030498. [PMID: 33802995 PMCID: PMC8002703 DOI: 10.3390/v13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The virus infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global concern, as almost all countries around the world are affected. Clinical reports have confirmed several neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients such as headaches, vomiting, and nausea, indicating the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neuroinvasion of coronaviruses is not a new phenomenon, as it has been demonstrated by previous autopsies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) patients who experienced similar neurologic symptoms. The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many nuclei and diverse neuronal cell groups. It is characterized by intricate intrahypothalamic circuits that orchestrate a finely tuned communication within the CNS and with the PNS. Hypothalamic circuits are critical for maintaining homeostatic challenges including immune responses to viral infections. The present article reviews the possible routes and mechanisms of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, with a specific focus on the role of the hypothalamic circuits in mediating the neurological symptoms noted during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashair M. Mussa
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-65057220
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Anthony J. M. Verberne
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
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14
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Role of brain renin angiotensin system in neurodegeneration: An update. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:905-912. [PMID: 32127770 PMCID: PMC7042626 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is an endocrine system widely known for its physiological roles in electrolyte homeostasis, body fluid volume regulation and cardiovascular control in peripheral circulation. However, brain RAS is an independent form of RAS expressed locally in the brain, which is known to be involved in brain functions and disorders. There is strong evidence for a major involvement of excessive brain angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (Ang II)/Angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT-1R) axis in increased activation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation causing neurodegeneration in several brain disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated strong neuroprotective effects by blocking AT1R in these brain disorders. Additionally, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Angiotensin (1–7)/Mas receptor (MASR), is another axis of brain RAS which counteracts the damaging effects of ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis on neurons in the brain. Thus, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and activation of ACE2/Angiotensin (1–7)/MASR axis may serve as an exciting and novel method for neuroprotection in several neurodegenerative diseases. Here in this review article, we discuss the expression of RAS in the brain and highlight how altered RAS level may cause neurodegeneration. Understanding the pathophysiology of RAS and their links to neurodegeneration has enormous potential to identify potentially effective pharmacological tools to treat neurodegenerative diseases in the brain.
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15
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Mukerjee S, Gao H, Xu J, Sato R, Zsombok A, Lazartigues E. ACE2 and ADAM17 Interaction Regulates the Activity of Presympathetic Neurons. Hypertension 2019; 74:1181-1191. [PMID: 31564162 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain renin angiotensin system within the paraventricular nucleus plays a critical role in balancing excitatory and inhibitory inputs to modulate sympathetic output and blood pressure regulation. We previously identified ACE2 and ADAM17 as a compensatory enzyme and a sheddase, respectively, involved in brain renin angiotensin system regulation. Here, we investigated the opposing contribution of ACE2 and ADAM17 to hypothalamic presympathetic activity and ultimately neurogenic hypertension. New mouse models were generated where ACE2 and ADAM17 were selectively knocked down from all neurons (AC-N) or Sim1 neurons (SAT), respectively. Neuronal ACE2 deletion revealed a reduction of inhibitory inputs to AC-N presympathetic neurons relevant to blood pressure regulation. Primary neuron cultures confirmed ACE2 expression on GABAergic neurons synapsing onto excitatory neurons within the hypothalamus but not on glutamatergic neurons. ADAM17 expression was shown to colocalize with angiotensin-II type 1 receptors on Sim1 neurons, and the pressor relevance of this neuronal population was demonstrated by photoactivation. Selective knockdown of ADAM17 was associated with a reduction of FosB gene expression, increased vagal tone, and prevented the acute pressor response to centrally administered angiotensin-II. Chronically, SAT mice exhibited a blunted blood pressure elevation and preserved ACE2 activity during development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Bicuculline injection in those models confirmed the supporting role of ACE2 on GABAergic tone to the paraventricular nucleus. Together, our study demonstrates the contrasting impact of ACE2 and ADAM17 on neuronal excitability of presympathetic neurons within the paraventricular nucleus and the consequences of this mutual regulation in the context of neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Mukerjee
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans.,Brain Institute (H.G., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,SouthEast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans (J.X., E.L.)
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans.,Brain Institute (H.G., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,SouthEast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans (J.X., E.L.)
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16
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Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Neuroinflammation in hypertension: the renin-angiotensin system versus pro-resolution pathways. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:279-291. [PMID: 31039397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overstimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathways within brain areas responsible for sympathetic outflow is well evidenced as a primary contributing factor to the establishment and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms and stimuli responsible for promoting a pro-inflammatory state are not fully elucidated. Recent work has unveiled novel compounds derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which actively regulate the resolution of inflammation. Failure or dysregulation of the resolution process has been linked to a variety of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the pathologic role of neuroinflammation in the hypertensive state, SPMs and their associated pathways may provide a link between hypertension and the long-standing association of dietary ω-3 PUFAs with cardioprotection. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the RAS-driven pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension, particularly in regards to the chronic low-grade neuroinflammatory response. In addition, we examine the potential for an impaired resolution of inflammation process in the context of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Elisabeth Mowry
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA; Center for Neurosciences Research Initiative, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
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17
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Rezai Amin S, Gruszczynski C, Guiard BP, Callebert J, Launay JM, Louis F, Betancur C, Vialou V, Gautron S. Viral vector-mediated Cre recombinase expression in substantia nigra induces lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway associated with perturbations of dopamine-related behaviors and hallmarks of programmed cell death. J Neurochem 2019; 150:330-340. [PMID: 30748001 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cre/loxP recombination is a widely used approach to study gene function in vivo, using mice models expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of specific promoters or through viral delivery of Cre-expressing constructs. A profuse literature on transgenic mouse lines points out the deleterious effects of Cre expression in various cell types and tissues, presumably by acting on illegitimate loxP-like sites present in the genome. However, most studies reporting the consequences of Cre-lox gene invalidation often omit adequate controls to exclude the potential toxic effects of Cre, compromising the interpretation of data. In this study, we report the anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral consequences in mice of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Cre expression in the dopaminergic nuclei substantia nigra, at commonly used viral titers (3 × 109 genome copies/0.3 μL or 2 × 109 genome copies/0.6 μL). We found that injecting AAV-eGFP-Cre into the SN engendered drastic and reproducible modifications of behavior, with increased basal locomotor activity as well as impaired locomotor response to cocaine compared to AAV-eGFP-injected controls. Cre expression in the SN induced a massive decrease in neuronal populations of both pars compacta and pars reticulata and dopamine depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway. This anatomical injury was associated with typical features of programmed cell death, including an increase in DNA break markers, evidence of apoptosis, and disrupted macroautophagy. These observations underscore the need for careful control of Cre toxicity in the brain and the reassessment of previous studies. In addition, our findings suggest that Cre-mediated ablation may constitute an efficient tool to explore the function of specific cell populations and areas in the brain, and the impact of neurodegeneration in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rezai Amin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Carole Gruszczynski
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- INSERM U942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- INSERM U942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Louis
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vialou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gautron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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18
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Santos RAS. Genetic Models. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered rat and mouse models have been instrumental in the functional analysis of genes in a physiological context. In particular, studies on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have profited from this technology in the past. In this review, we summarize the existing animal models for the protective axis of the RAS consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7), and its receptor Mas. With the help of models with altered expression of the components of this axis in the brain and cardiovascular organs, its physiological and pathophysiological functions have been elucidated. Thus, novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases were revealed targeting ACE2 or Mas.
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19
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Basting T, Xu J, Mukerjee S, Epling J, Fuchs R, Sriramula S, Lazartigues E. Glutamatergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus are critical contributors to the development of neurogenic hypertension. J Physiol 2018; 596:6235-6248. [PMID: 30151830 PMCID: PMC6292814 DOI: 10.1113/jp276229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recurrent periods of over-excitation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus could contribute to chronic over-activation of this nucleus and thus enhanced sympathetic drive. Stimulation of the PVN glutamatergic population utilizing channelrhodopsin-2 leads to an immediate frequency-dependent increase in baseline blood pressure. Partial lesions of glutamatergic neurons of the PVN (39.3%) result in an attenuated rise in blood pressure following Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment and reduced index of sympathetic activity. These data suggest that stimulation of PVN glutamatergic neurons is sufficient to cause autonomic dysfunction and drive the increase in blood pressure during hypertension. ABSTRACT Neuro-cardiovascular dysregulation leads to increased sympathetic activity and neurogenic hypertension. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a key hub for blood pressure (BP) control, producing or relaying the increased sympathetic tone in hypertension. We hypothesize that increased central sympathetic drive is caused by chronic over-excitation of glutamatergic PVN neurons. We tested how stimulation or lesioning of excitatory PVN neurons in conscious mice affects BP, baroreflex and sympathetic activity. Glutamatergic PVN neurons were unilaterally transduced with channelrhodopsin-2 using an adeno-associated virus (CamKII-ChR2-eYFP-AAV2) in wildtype mice (n = 7) to assess the impact of acute stimulation of excitatory PVN neurons selectively on resting BP in conscious mice. Stimulation of the PVN glutamatergic population resulted in an immediate frequency-dependent (2, 10 and 20 Hz) increase in BP from baseline by ∼9 mmHg at 20 Hz stimulation (P < 0.001). Additionally, in vGlut2-cre mice glutamatergic neurons of the PVN were bilaterally lesioned utilizing a cre-dependent caspase (AAV2-flex-taCASP3-TEVp). Resting BP and urinary noradrenaline (norepinephrine) levels were then recorded in conscious mice before and after DOCA-salt hypertension. Partial lesions of glutamatergic neurons of the PVN (39.3%, P < 0.05) resulted in an attenuated rise in BP following DOCA-salt treatment (P < 0.05 at 7 day time point, n = 8). Noradrenaline levels as an index of sympathetic activity between the lesion and wildtype groups showed a significant reduction after DOCA-salt treatment in the lesioned animals (P < 0.05). These experiments suggest that stimulation of PVN glutamatergic neurons is sufficient to cause autonomic dysfunction and drive the increase in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Basting
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Snigdha Mukerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Joel Epling
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC27834USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
- Cardiovascular Center of ExcellenceLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
- Neuroscience Center of ExcellenceLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care SystemNew OrleansLAUSA
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20
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Alenina N, Bader M. ACE2 in Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology: Evidence from Transgenic Animal Models. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1323-1329. [PMID: 30443713 PMCID: PMC7089194 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a protein consisting of two domains, the N-terminus is a carboxypeptidase homologous to ACE and the C-terminus is homologous to collectrin and responsible for the trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 to the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells. The carboxypeptidase domain not only metabolizes angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1–7), but also other peptide substrates, such as apelin, kinins and morphins. In addition, the collectrin domain regulates the levels of some amino acids in the blood, in particular of tryptophan. Therefore it is of no surprise that animals with genetic alterations in the expression of ACE2 develop a diverse pattern of phenotypes ranging from hypertension, metabolic and behavioural dysfunctions, to impairments in serotonin synthesis and neurogenesis. This review summarizes the phenotypes of such animals with a particular focus on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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21
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Angiotensin generation in the brain: a re-evaluation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:839-850. [PMID: 29712882 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a so-called brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is controversial. Given the presence of the blood-brain barrier, angiotensin generation in the brain, if occurring, should depend on local synthesis of renin and angiotensinogen. Yet, although initially brain-selective expression of intracellular renin was reported, data in intracellular renin knockout animals argue against a role for this renin in angiotensin generation. Moreover, renin levels in brain tissue at most represented renin in trapped blood. Additionally, in neurogenic hypertension brain prorenin up-regulation has been claimed, which would generate angiotensin following its binding to the (pro)renin receptor. However, recent studies reported no evidence for prorenin expression in the brain, nor for its selective up-regulation in neurogenic hypertension, and the (pro)renin receptor rather displays RAS-unrelated functions. Finally, although angiotensinogen mRNA is detectable in the brain, brain angiotensinogen protein levels are low, and even these low levels might be an overestimation due to assay artefacts. Taken together, independent angiotensin generation in the brain is unlikely. Indeed, brain angiotensin levels are extremely low, with angiotensin (Ang) I levels corresponding to the small amounts of Ang I in trapped blood plasma, and Ang II levels at most representing Ang II bound to (vascular) brain Ang II type 1 receptors. This review concludes with a unifying concept proposing the blood origin of angiotensin in the brain, possibly resulting in increased levels following blood-brain barrier disruption (e.g. due to hypertension), and suggesting that interfering with either intracellular renin or the (pro)renin receptor has consequences in an RAS-independent manner.
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22
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, a Driver or an Innocent Bystander in Endothelial Dysfunction Associated with Hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 19:64. [PMID: 28717886 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension (htn) is a polygenic disorder that effects up to one third of the US population. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is a homeostatic pathway that regulates membrane structure, protein folding, and secretory function. Emerging evidence suggests that ER stress may induce endothelial dysfunction; however, it is unclear whether ER stress-associated endothelial dysfunction modulates htn. RECENT FINDINGS Exogenous and endogenous molecules activate ER stress in the endothelium, and ER stress mediates some forms of neurogenic htn, such as angiotensin II-dependent htn. Human studies suggest that ER stress induces endothelial dysfunction, though direct evidence that ER stress augments blood pressure in humans is lacking. However, animal and cellular models demonstrate direct evidence that ER stress influences htn. ER stress is likely one of many players in a complex interplay among molecular pathways that influence the expression of htn. Targeted activation of specific ER stress pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
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de Morais SDB, Shanks J, Zucker IH. Integrative Physiological Aspects of Brain RAS in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:10. [PMID: 29480460 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in modulating cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. While the systemic actions of the RAS are widely accepted, the role of the RAS in the brain, its regulation of cardiovascular function, and sympathetic outflow remain controversial. In this report, we discuss the current understanding of central RAS on blood pressure (BP) regulation, in light of recent literature and new experimental techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using neuronal or glial-specifc mouse models have allowed for greater understanding into the site-specific expression and role centrally expressed RAS proteins have on BP regulation. While all components of the RAS have been identified in cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, their actions may be site specific. In a number of animal models of hypertension, reduction in Ang II-mediated signaling, or upregulation of the central ACE2/Ang 1-7 pathway, has been shown to reduce BP, via a reduction in sympathetic signaling and increase parasympathetic tone, respectively. Emerging evidence also suggests that, in part, the female protective phenotype against hypertension may be due to inceased ACE2 activity within cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, potentially mediated by estrogen. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of a central renin-angiotensin pathway, although its localization and the mechanisms involved in its expression and regulation still need to be clarified and more precisely defined. All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D B de Morais
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Julia Shanks
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
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Wang K, Xu Y, Yang W, Zhang Y. Insufficient hypothalamic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is associated with hypertension in SHR rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20244-20251. [PMID: 28423630 PMCID: PMC5386759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated the expression of ACE2 in the hypothalamus and pituitary tissues and its relationship to hypertension by comparing them in male WKY and SHR rats. We observed that the plasma levels of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and aldosterone (ALD) were all lower in SHR than WKY rats (P<0.05), whereas plasma angiotensin II (AngII) levels were higher in SHR rats (P<0.05). Levels of ACE mRNA and protein were higher in the hypothalamus of SHR than WKY rats (P<0.05). By contrast, hypothalamic expression of ACE2 protein was lower in SHR rats (P<0.05), despite comparable mRNA levels in SHR and WKY rats. There were no differences in the expression levels of ACE, ACE2, AT1 or Mas mRNA in the pituitaries of SHR and WKY rats (P>0.05). These results suggest that insufficiency of hypothalamic ACE2 is associated with hypertension in SHR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Young CN. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:869-884. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nakagawa
- From the Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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van Thiel BS, Góes Martini A, Te Riet L, Severs D, Uijl E, Garrelds IM, Leijten FPJ, van der Pluijm I, Essers J, Qadri F, Alenina N, Bader M, Paulis L, Rajkovicova R, Domenig O, Poglitsch M, Danser AHJ. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: Does It Exist? Hypertension 2017; 69:1136-1144. [PMID: 28396529 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier, brain renin-angiotensin system activity should depend on local (pro)renin synthesis. Indeed, an intracellular form of renin has been described in the brain, but whether it displays angiotensin (Ang) I-generating activity (AGA) is unknown. Here, we quantified brain (pro)renin, before and after buffer perfusion of the brain, in wild-type mice, renin knockout mice, deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-treated mice, and Ang II-infused mice. Brain regions were homogenized and incubated with excess angiotensinogen to detect AGA, before and after prorenin activation, using a renin inhibitor to correct for nonrenin-mediated AGA. Renin-dependent AGA was readily detectable in brain regions, the highest AGA being present in brain stem (>thalamus=cerebellum=striatum=midbrain>hippocampus=cortex). Brain AGA increased marginally after prorenin activation, suggesting that brain prorenin is low. Buffer perfusion reduced AGA in all brain areas by >60%. Plasma renin (per mL) was 40× to 800× higher than brain renin (per gram). Renin was undetectable in plasma and brain of renin knockout mice. Deoxycorticosterone acetate salt and Ang II suppressed plasma renin and brain renin in parallel, without upregulating brain prorenin. Finally, Ang I was undetectable in brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats, while their brain/plasma Ang II concentration ratio decreased by 80% after Ang II type 1 receptor blockade. In conclusion, brain renin levels (per gram) correspond with the amount of renin present in 1 to 20 μL of plasma. Brain renin disappears after buffer perfusion and varies in association with plasma renin. This indicates that brain renin represents trapped plasma renin. Brain Ang II represents Ang II taken up from blood rather than locally synthesized Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S van Thiel
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandre Góes Martini
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Luuk Te Riet
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - David Severs
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank P J Leijten
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeroen Essers
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Alenina
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Rajkovicova
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Domenig
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Poglitsch
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (B.S.v.T., A.G.M., L.t.R., D.S., E.U., I.M.G., F.P.J.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Vascular Surgery (B.S.v.T., L.t.R., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands (B.S.v.T., I.v.d.P., J.E.), Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine (D.S., E.U.), Department of Radiation Oncology (J.E.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany (F.Q., N.A., M.B.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (N.A., M.B.); Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (M.B.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University (L.P., R.R.); Institute of Normal and Pathophysiological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (L.P.); and Attoquant Diagnostics (O.D., M.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine III (O.D.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Xu Q, Jensen DD, Peng H, Feng Y. The critical role of the central nervous system (pro)renin receptor in regulating systemic blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:126-34. [PMID: 27113409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been recognized as a critically important system in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, extensive evidence has shown that a majority of RAS components are also present in many tissues and play indispensable roles in BP regulation. Here, we review evidence that RAS components, notably including the newly identified (pro)renin receptor (PRR), are present in the brain and are essential for the central regulation of BP. Binding of the PRR to its ligand, prorenin or renin, increases BP and promotes progression of cardiovascular diseases in an angiotensin II-dependent and -independent manner, establishing the PRR a promising antihypertensive drug target. We also review the existing PRR blockers, including handle region peptide and PRO20, and propose a rationale for blocking prorenin/PRR activation as a therapeutic approach that does not affect the actions of the PRR in vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and development. Finally, we summarize categories of currently available antihypertensive drugs and consider future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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29
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Liu MQ, Chen Z, Chen LX. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel mechanism and therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:425-43. [PMID: 26838072 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum is a principal organelle responsible for folding, post-translational modifications and transport of secretory, luminal and membrane proteins, thus palys an important rale in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a condition that is accelerated by accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins after endoplasmic reticulum environment disturbance, triggered by a variety of physiological and pathological factors, such as nutrient deprivation, altered glycosylation, calcium depletion, oxidative stress, DNA damage and energy disturbance, etc. ERS may initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore cellular homeostasis or lead to apoptosis. Numerous studies have clarified the link between ERS and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on ERS-associated molecular mechanisms that participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes of heart and blood vessels. In addition, a number of drugs that regulate ERS was introduced, which may be used to treat cardiovascular diseases. This review may open new avenues for studying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and discovering novel drugs targeting ERS.
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Wei SG, Yu Y, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Inhibition of Brain Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Reduces Central Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Heart Failure Rats. Hypertension 2015; 67:229-36. [PMID: 26573710 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the brain have been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension. This study determined whether ER stress occurs in subfornical organ and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in heart failure (HF) and how MAPK signaling interacts with ER stress and other inflammatory mediators. HF rats had significantly higher levels of the ER stress biomarkers (glucose-regulated protein 78, activating transcription factor 6, activating transcription factor 4, X-box binding protein 1, P58(IPK), and C/EBP homologous protein) in subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus, which were attenuated by a 4-week intracerebroventricular infusion of inhibitors selective for p44/42 MAPK (PD98059), p38 MAPK (SB203580), or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SP600125). HF rats also had higher mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-κB p65, and a lower mRNA level of IκB-α, in subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus, compared with SHAM rats, and these indicators of increased inflammation were attenuated in the HF rats treated with the MAPK inhibitors. Plasma norepinephrine level was higher in HF rats than in SHAM rats but was reduced in the HF rats treated with PD98059 and SB203580. A 4-week intracerebroventricular infusion of PD98059 also improved some hemodynamic and anatomic indicators of left ventricular function in HF rats. These data demonstrate that ER stress increases in the subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus of rats with ischemia-induced HF and that inhibition of brain MAPK signaling reduces brain ER stress and inflammation and decreases sympathetic excitation in HF. An interaction between MAPK signaling and ER stress in cardiovascular regions of the brain may contribute to the development of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Guang Wei
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.-G.W., Y.Y., R.M.W., R.B.F.); and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (R.B.F.)
| | - Yang Yu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.-G.W., Y.Y., R.M.W., R.B.F.); and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (R.B.F.)
| | - Robert M Weiss
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.-G.W., Y.Y., R.M.W., R.B.F.); and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (R.B.F.)
| | - Robert B Felder
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.-G.W., Y.Y., R.M.W., R.B.F.); and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (R.B.F.).
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31
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Jo F, Jo H, Hilzendeger AM, Thompson AP, Cassell MD, Rutkowski DT, Davisson RL, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. Brain endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanistically distinguishes the saline-intake and hypertensive response to deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt. Hypertension 2015; 65:1341-8. [PMID: 25895586 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress has become an important mechanism in hypertension. We examined the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating the increased saline-intake and hypertensive effects in response to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. Intracerebroventricular delivery of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-reducing chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid did not affect the magnitude of hypertension, but markedly decreased saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt. Increased saline-intake returned after tauroursodeoxycholic acid was terminated. Decreased saline-intake was also observed after intracerebroventricular infusion of 4-phenylbutyrate, another chemical chaperone. Immunoreactivity to CCAAT homologous binding protein, a marker of irremediable endoplasmic reticulum stress, was increased in the subfornical organ and supraoptic nucleus of DOCA-salt mice, but the signal was absent in control and CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice. Electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum structure (decrease in membrane length, swollen membranes, and decreased ribosome numbers) in the subfornical organ consistent with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Subfornical organ-targeted adenoviral delivery of GRP78, a resident endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, decreased DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The increase in saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt was blunted in CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice, but these mice exhibited a normal hypertensive response. We conclude that (1) brain endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates the saline-intake, but not blood pressure response to DOCA-salt, (2) DOCA-salt causes endoplasmic reticulum stress in the subfornical organ, which when attenuated by GRP78 blunts saline-intake, and (3) CCAAT homologous binding protein may play a functional role in DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The results suggest a mechanistic distinction between the importance of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating effects of DOCA-salt on saline-intake and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusakazu Jo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Hiromi Jo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Aline M Hilzendeger
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Anthony P Thompson
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Martin D Cassell
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - D Thomas Rutkowski
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Robin L Davisson
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.).
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