1
|
Haller N, Lutz TA. Incretin therapy in feline diabetes mellitus - A review of the current state of research. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106869. [PMID: 38870560 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Incretin hormones potentiate the glucose-induced insulin secretion following enteral nutrient intake. The best characterised incretin hormones are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) which are produced in and secreted from the gut in response to nutrient ingestion. The property of incretins to enhance endogenous insulin secretion only at elevated blood glucose levels makes them interesting therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus with a better safety profile than exogenous insulin. While incretin therapeutics (especially GLP-1 agonists, and more recently also GLP-1 / GIP dual agonists and other drugs that influence the incretin metabolism (e.g., dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors)) are already widely used treatment options for human type 2 diabetes, these drugs are not yet approved for the therapy of feline diabetes mellitus. This review provides an introduction to incretins and feline diabetes mellitus in general and summarises the current study situation on incretins as therapeutics for feline diabetes mellitus to assess their possible future potential in feline medicine. Studies to date on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) in healthy cats largely confirm their insulinotropic effect known from other species. In diabetic cats, GLP-1RAs appear to significantly reduce glycaemic variability (GV, an indicator for the quality of glycaemic control), which is important for the management of the disease and prevention of long-term complications. However, for widespread use in feline diabetes mellitus, further studies are required that include larger numbers of diabetic cats, and that consider and test a possible need for dose adjustments to overweight and diabetic cats. Also evaluation of the outcome of GLP-1RA monotherapy will be neceessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Haller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 204, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blevins JE, Honeycutt MK, Slattery JD, Goldberg M, Rambousek JR, Tsui E, Dodson AD, Shelton KA, Salemeh TS, Elfers CT, Chichura KS, Ashlaw EF, Zraika S, Doyle RP, Roth CL. The novel chimeric multi-agonist peptide (GEP44) reduces energy intake and body weight in male and female diet-induced obese mice in a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-dependent manner. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1432928. [PMID: 39104812 PMCID: PMC11298355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1432928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a novel chimeric peptide (GEP44) targeting both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y1- and Y2 receptor (Y1R and Y2R) reduced energy intake and body weight (BW) in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. We hypothesized that GEP44 reduces energy intake and BW primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, GLP-1R+/+ mice and GLP-1R null (GLP-1R-/-) mice were fed a high fat diet for 4 months to elicit diet-induced obesity prior to undergoing a sequential 3-day vehicle period, 3-day drug treatment (5, 10, 20 or 50 nmol/kg; GEP44 vs the selective GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4) and a 3-day washout. Energy intake, BW, core temperature and activity were measured daily. GEP44 (10, 20 and 50 nmol/kg) reduced BW after 3-day treatment in DIO male GLP-1R+/+ mice by -1.5 ± 0.6, -1.3 ± 0.4 and -1.9 ± 0.4 grams, respectively (P<0.05), with similar effects being observed in female GLP-1R+/+ mice. These effects were absent in male and female DIO GLP-1R-/- mice suggesting that GLP-1R signaling contributes to GEP44-elicited reduction of BW. Further, GEP44 decreased energy intake in both male and female DIO GLP-1R+/+ mice, but GEP44 appeared to produce more consistent effects across multiple doses in males. In GLP-1R-/- mice, the effects of GEP44 on energy intake were only observed in males and not females, suggesting that GEP44 may reduce energy intake, in part, through a GLP-1R independent mechanism in males. In addition, GEP44 reduced core temperature and activity in both male and female GLP-1R+/+ mice suggesting that it may also reduce energy expenditure. Lastly, we show that GEP44 reduced fasting blood glucose in DIO male and female mice through GLP-1R. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the chimeric peptide, GEP44, reduces energy intake, BW, core temperature, and glucose levels in male and female DIO mice primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mackenzie K. Honeycutt
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jared D. Slattery
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matvey Goldberg
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - June R. Rambousek
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edison Tsui
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Dodson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kyra A. Shelton
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Kylie S. Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Emily F. Ashlaw
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Christian L. Roth
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blevins JE, Honeycutt MK, Slattery JD, Goldberg M, Rambousek JR, Tsui E, Dodson AD, Shelton KA, Salemeh TS, Elfers CT, Chichura KS, Ashlaw EF, Zraika S, Doyle RP, Roth CL. The Novel Chimeric Multi-Agonist Peptide (GEP44) Reduces Energy Intake and Body Weight in Male and Female Diet-Induced Obese Mice in a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Dependent Manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.594690. [PMID: 38826286 PMCID: PMC11142068 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.594690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported that a novel chimeric peptide (GEP44) targeting both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y1- and Y2 receptor (Y1R and Y2R) reduced energy intake and body weight (BW) in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. We hypothesized that GEP44 reduces energy intake and BW primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, GLP-1R +/+ mice and GLP-1R null (GLP-1R -/- ) mice were fed a high fat diet for 4 months to elicit diet-induced obesity prior to undergoing a sequential 3-day vehicle period, 3-day drug treatment (5, 10, 20 or 50 nmol/kg; GEP44 vs the selective GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4) and a 3-day washout. Energy intake, BW, core temperature and activity were measured daily. GEP44 (10, 20 and 50 nmol/kg) reduced BW after 3-day treatment in DIO male GLP-1R +/+ mice by - 1.5±0.6, -1.3±0.4 and -1.9±0.4 grams, respectively ( P <0.05), with similar effects being observed in female GLP-1R +/+ mice. These effects were absent in male and female DIO GLP-1R -/- mice suggesting that GLP-1R signaling contributes to GEP44-elicited reduction of BW. Further, GEP44 decreased energy intake in both male and female DIO GLP-1R +/+ mice, but GEP44 appeared to produce more consistent effects across multiple doses in males. In GLP-1R -/- mice, the effects of GEP44 on energy intake were only observed in males and not females, suggesting that GEP44 may reduce energy intake, in part, through a GLP-1R independent mechanism in males. In addition, GEP44 reduced core temperature and activity in both male and female GLP-1R +/+ mice suggesting that it may also reduce energy expenditure. Lastly, we show that GEP44 reduced fasting blood glucose in DIO male and female mice through GLP-1R. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the chimeric peptide, GEP44, reduces energy intake, BW, core temperature, and glucose levels in male and female DIO mice primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism.
Collapse
|
4
|
Varin EM, Hanson AA, Beaudry JL, Nguyen MA, Cao X, Baggio LL, Mulvihill EE, Drucker DJ. Hematopoietic cell- versus enterocyte-derived dipeptidyl peptidase-4 differentially regulates triglyceride excursion in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140418. [PMID: 32663193 PMCID: PMC7455127 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial triglycerides (TGs) are elevated in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucose-lowering agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, also reduce postprandial TG excursion. Although the glucose-lowering mechanisms of DPP-4 have been extensively studied, how the reduction of DPP-4 activity improves lipid tolerance remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that gut-selective and systemic inhibition of DPP-4 activity reduces postprandial TG excursion in young mice. Genetic inactivation of Dpp4 simultaneously within endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells using Tie2-Cre reduced intestinal lipoprotein secretion under regular chow diet conditions. Bone marrow transplantation revealed a key role for hematopoietic cells in modulation of lipid responses arising from genetic reduction of DPP-4 activity. Unexpectedly, deletion of Dpp4 in enterocytes increased TG excursion in high-fat diet–fed (HFD-fed) mice. Moreover, chemical reduction of DPP-4 activity and increased levels of GLP-1 were uncoupled from TG excursion in older or HFD-fed mice, yet lipid tolerance remained improved in older Dpp4–/– and Dpp4EC–/– mice. Taken together, this study defines roles for specific DPP-4 compartments, age, and diet as modifiers of DPP-4 activity linked to control of gut lipid metabolism. Gut-selective and systemic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity reveals roles in gut lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taguchi K, Bessho N, Kaneko N, Okudaira K, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increased the vascular relaxation response via AMPK/Akt signaling in diabetic mice aortas. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172776. [PMID: 31697935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elicits direct favorable effects on the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of GLP-1 on improving aortic endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice. Additionally, we examined whether GLP-1 elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Using the diabetic mouse models induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin, we investigated the functional changes in the aorta caused by GLP-1. Organ baths were performed for vascular reactivity in isolated aortic rings, and western blotting was used for protein analysis. The diabetic aortas showed enhanced GLP-1-induced relaxation response and nitric oxide (NO) production. However, the pretreatment of GLP-1 did not significantly change the endothelial-dependent relaxation response to acetylcholine and -independent relaxation response to sodium nitroprusside. On the other hand, the GLP-1-induced relaxation response and NO production were abolished by the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor antagonist, Akt inhibitor, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. Finally, in diabetic mice, considerable increases in phosphorylation of Akt and AMPK were found in aortas stimulated with GLP-1, both of which were decreased by pretreatment with the AMPK inhibitor. GLP-1 significantly enhanced endothelial-dependent relaxation in diabetic aortas. The effect may be mediated through activation of the AMPK/Akt pathway via a GLP-1 receptor-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nanami Bessho
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kaneko
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kanami Okudaira
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cusi K, Sattar N, García-Pérez LE, Pavo I, Yu M, Robertson KE, Karanikas CA, Haupt A. Dulaglutide decreases plasma aminotransferases in people with Type 2 diabetes in a pattern consistent with liver fat reduction: a post hoc analysis of the AWARD programme. Diabet Med 2018; 35:1434-1439. [PMID: 29869810 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of dulaglutide vs placebo on liver and glycaemic/metabolic measurements in a population with Type 2 diabetes and in a subgroup with non-alcoholic fatty liver/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS A total of 1499 participants from AWARD-1, AWARD-5, AWARD-8 and AWARD-9 clinical trials were included in this analysis (dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=971 and placebo, n=528). Thresholds of alanine aminotransferase levels ≥30 IU/l in men and ≥19 IU/l in women were used to determine the subgroup who had non-alcoholic fatty liver/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Objectives included changes from baseline to 6 months in: (1) alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in the overall population and (2) alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glycaemic/metabolic measurements (e.g. HbA1c , fasting serum glucose, body weight, lipids and homeostatic model assessment) in the non-alcoholic fatty liver/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis subgroup. RESULTS In the overall population at 6 months, dulaglutide significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels vs placebo [least squares mean treatment differences: -1.7 IU/l (95% CI -2.8, -0.6), P=0.003; -1.1 IU/l (95% CI -2.1, -0.1), P=0.037; -6.6 IU/l (95% CI -12.4, -0.8), P=0.025, respectively]. In the subgroup with non-alcoholic fatty liver/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (alanine aminotransferase levels greater than or equal to the upper limit of normal), mean baseline liver enzyme values were 38.0 IU/l, 27.8 IU/l and 43.9 IU/l for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, respectively. In this population, more pronounced reductions from baseline in alanine aminotransferase were observed with dulaglutide vs placebo (-8.8 IU/l vs -6.7 IU/l). In the subgroup of people with alanine aminotransferase levels less than the upper limit of normal, changes from baseline in alanine aminotransferase did not significantly differ between treatment groups (0.0 IU/l vs 0.7 IU/l). CONCLUSIONS Once-weekly dulaglutide improved alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels compared with placebo in a pattern consistent with liver fat reductions. Our results add further weight to the notion that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may provide benefit in lowering liver fat in addition to their other metabolic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - N Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - I Pavo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Yu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - A Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Drucker DJ. The Ascending GLP-1 Road From Clinical Safety to Reduction of Cardiovascular Complications. Diabetes 2018; 67:1710-1719. [PMID: 30135132 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) was originally identified as a gut-derived incretin hormone that lowered glycemia through potentiation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Subsequent studies expanded the actions of GLP-1 to include inhibition of glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and appetite, collectively useful attributes for a glucose-lowering agent. The introduction of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes was associated with questions surrounding their safety, principally with regard to medullary thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer, yet cardiovascular outcome trials subsequently revealed reductions in rates of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death with a paucity of major safety signals. We discuss the controversies, unanswered questions, and established use of GLP-1R agonists from a mechanistic and clinical perspective. We highlight methods for detection and cellular sites of GLP-1R expression, key uncertainties, recent insights, and experimental caveats surrounding the use of GLP-1R agonists for the treatment of diabetes and the reduction of diabetes-related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 decreases relapse-like drinking in socially housed mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 160:14-20. [PMID: 28778739 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut peptide that regulates food intake and glucose metabolism. GLP-1 is also produced and released in the brain, and GLP-1 receptors are expressed in brain regions important for alcohol and drug reward, and for the development of addiction. GLP-1 receptor agonists can decrease alcohol intake acutely in rodents. However, alcohol use disorder is a chronic condition that requires treatments to be effective in promoting abstinence from excessive alcohol consumption over time. Here, we assessed the effect of daily treatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 in an assay of relapse-like drinking in socially housed mice. Male C57BL/6NTac mice were allowed continuous access to alcohol without tastant in the home cage for 37days. Then, alcohol bottles were removed and Exendin-4 (1.5μg/kg/day) or saline was administered subcutaneously for 8days during alcohol deprivation. Treatment continued for 8 additional days after reintroducing access to alcohol. A high-precision automated fluid consumption system was used to monitor intake of alcohol and water, drinking kinetics, and locomotor activity. Exendin-4 prevented the deprivation-induced increase in alcohol intake observed in control mice, without significantly affecting total fluid intake, body weight, or locomotor activity. The reduced alcohol intake was caused by a protracted latency to the first drink of alcohol and a reduced number of drinking bouts, while bout size and duration were not affected. The effect was maintained undiminished throughout the treatment period. These findings support the possible use of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mulvihill EE, Varin EM, Gladanac B, Campbell JE, Ussher JR, Baggio LL, Yusta B, Ayala J, Burmeister MA, Matthews D, Bang KWA, Ayala JE, Drucker DJ. Cellular Sites and Mechanisms Linking Reduction of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Activity to Control of Incretin Hormone Action and Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Metab 2017; 25:152-165. [PMID: 27839908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) enzyme potentiates incretin action and is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the precise cells and tissues critical for incretin degradation and glucose homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we use mouse genetics and pharmacologic DPP4 inhibition to identify DPP4+ cell types essential for incretin action. Although enterocyte DPP4 accounted for substantial intestinal DPP4 activity, ablation of enterocyte DPP4 in Dpp4Gut-/- mice did not produce alterations in plasma DPP4 activity, incretin hormone levels, and glucose tolerance. In contrast, endothelial cell (EC)-derived DPP4 contributed substantially to levels of soluble plasma DPP4 activity, incretin degradation, and glucose control. Surprisingly, DPP4+ cells of bone marrow origin mediated the selective degradation of fasting GIP, but not GLP-1. Collectively, these findings identify distinct roles for DPP4 in the EC versus the bone marrow compartment for selective incretin degradation and DPP4i-mediated glucoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Bojana Gladanac
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Bernardo Yusta
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ayala
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Melissa A Burmeister
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - K W Annie Bang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cirincione B, Mager DE. Population pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:517-526. [PMID: 27650681 PMCID: PMC5306477 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present analysis was to develop a core population pharmacokinetic model for the pharmacokinetic properties of immediate-release (IR) exenatide, which can be used in subsequent analyses of novel sustained-release formulations. METHODS Data from eight clinical trials, evaluating a wide range of doses and different administration routes, were available for analysis. All modelling and simulations were conducted using the nonlinear mixed-effect modelling program NONMEM. External model validation was performed using data from the phase III clinical trials programme through standard visual predictive checks. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of IR exenatide was described by a two-compartment model, and the absorption of subcutaneous exenatide was described with a sequential zero-order rate constant followed by a saturable nonlinear absorption process. Drug elimination was characterized by two parallel routes (linear and nonlinear), with significant relationships between renal function and the linear elimination route, and between body weight and volume of distribution. For a subject with normal renal function, the linear clearance was estimated to be 5.06 l hr-1 . The nonlinear elimination was quantified with a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) of 567 pg ml-1 and a maximum rate of metabolism (Vmax ) of 1.6 μg h-1 . For subcutaneous administration, 37% of the subcutaneous dose is absorbed via the zero-order process, and the remaining 63% via the nonlinear pathway. CONCLUSIONS The present analysis provides a comprehensive population pharmacokinetic model for exenatide, expanding the elimination process to include both linear and nonlinear components, providing a suitable platform for a broad range of concentrations and patient conditions that can be leveraged in future modelling efforts of sustained-release exenatide formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Cirincione
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald E Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hansen HH, Fabricius K, Barkholt P, Kongsbak-Wismann P, Schlumberger C, Jelsing J, Terwel D, Termont A, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Vrang N. Long-Term Treatment with Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Has No Effect on β-Amyloid Plaque Load in Two Transgenic APP/PS1 Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158205. [PMID: 27421117 PMCID: PMC4946784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is cerebral deposits of extracellular β-amyloid peptides. Preclinical studies have pointed to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors as a potential novel target in the treatment of AD. GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exendin-4 and liraglutide, have been shown to promote plaque-lowering and mnemonic effects of in a number of experimental models of AD. Transgenic mouse models carrying genetic mutations of amyloid protein precursor (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) are commonly used to assess the pharmacodynamics of potential amyloidosis-lowering and pro-cognitive compounds. In this study, effects of long-term liraglutide treatment were therefore determined in two double APP/PS1 transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease carrying different clinical APP/PS1 mutations, i.e. the ‘London’ (hAPPLon/PS1A246E) and ‘Swedish’ mutation variant (hAPPSwe/PS1ΔE9) of APP, with co-expression of distinct PS1 variants. Liraglutide was administered in 5 month-old hAPPLon/PS1A246E mice for 3 months (100 or 500 ng/kg/day, s.c.), or 7 month-old hAPPSwe/PS1ΔE9 mice for 5 months (500 ng/kg/day, s.c.). In both models, regional plaque load was quantified throughout the brain using stereological methods. Vehicle-dosed hAPPSwe/PS1ΔE9 mice exhibited considerably higher cerebral plaque load than hAPPLon/PS1A246E control mice. Compared to vehicle-dosed transgenic controls, liraglutide treatment had no effect on the plaque levels in hAPPLon/PS1A246E and hAPPSwe/PS1ΔE9 mice. In conclusion, long-term liraglutide treatment exhibited no effect on cerebral plaque load in two transgenic mouse models of low- and high-grade amyloidosis, which suggests differential sensitivity to long-term liraglutide treatment in various transgenic mouse models mimicking distinct pathological hallmarks of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H. Hansen
- Gubra, Agern Allé 1, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHH); (NV)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dick Terwel
- reMYND NV, Gaston Greenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Diabetes Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bjerre Knudsen
- Diabetes Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra, Agern Allé 1, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHH); (NV)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hansen HH, Fabricius K, Barkholt P, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Jelsing J, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Farr SA, Vrang N. The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Improves Memory Function and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Numbers in a Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:877-88. [PMID: 25869785 PMCID: PMC4878312 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, currently used in the management of type 2 diabetes, exhibit neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the potential pro-cognitive and neuroprotective effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a model of age-related sporadic AD not dominated by amyloid plaques. Six-month-old SAMP8 mice received liraglutide (100 or 500 μg/kg/day, s.c.) or vehicle once daily for 4 months. Vehicle-dosed age-matched 50% back-crossed as well as untreated young (4-month-old) SAMP8 mice were used as control groups for normal memory function. Vehicle-dosed 10-month-old SAMP8 mice showed significant learning and memory retention deficits in an active-avoidance T-maze, as compared to both control groups. Also, 10-month-old SAMP8 mice displayed no immunohistological signatures of amyloid-β plaques or hyperphosphorylated tau, indicating the onset of cognitive deficits prior to deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in this AD model. Liraglutide significantly increased memory retention and total hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron numbers in SAMP8 mice, as compared to age-matched vehicle-dosed SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, liraglutide delayed or partially halted the progressive decline in memory function associated with hippocampal neuronal loss in a mouse model of pathological aging with characteristics of neurobehavioral and neuropathological impairments observed in early-stage sporadic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Diabetes Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Susan A Farr
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma ZG, Dai J, Zhang WB, Yuan Y, Liao HH, Zhang N, Bian ZY, Tang QZ. Protection against cardiac hypertrophy by geniposide involves the GLP-1 receptor / AMPKα signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1502-16. [PMID: 26845648 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor exerts a range of cardioprotective effects. Geniposide is an agonist of GLP-1 receptor, but its role in cardiac hypertrophy remains completely unknown. Here, we have investigated its protective effects and clarified the underlying molecular mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The transverse aorta was constricted in C57/B6 mice and then geniposide was given orally for 7 weeks. Morphological changes, echocardiographic parameters, histological analyses and hypertrophic markers were used to evaluate hypertrophy. KEY RESULTS Geniposide inhibited the hypertrophic response induced by constriction of the transverse aorta or by isoprenaline. Activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin, ERK and endoplasmic reticulum stress were observed in hypertrophic hearts that were treated with geniposide. Furthermore, Compound C (CpC) or knock-down of AMPKα restricted protection of geniposide against cell hypertrophy and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and ERK induced by hypertrophic stimuli. CpC or shAMPKα also abolished the protection of geniposide against endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by thapsigargin or dihtiothreitol. The cardio-protective effects of geniposide were ablated in mice subjected to CpC. GLP-1receptor blockade counteracted the anti-hypertrophic response and activation of AMPKα by geniposide. Knock-down of GLP-1 receptor also offset the inhibitory effects of geniposide on cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Geniposide protected against cardiac hypertrophy via activation of the GLP-1 receptor/AMPKα pathway. Geniposide is a potential therapeutic drug for cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Han Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hansen HH, Barkholt P, Fabricius K, Jelsing J, Terwel D, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Vrang N. The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide reduces pathology-specific tau phosphorylation and improves motor function in a transgenic hTauP301L mouse model of tauopathy. Brain Res 2016; 1634:158-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
16
|
Van Gaal L, Scheen A. Weight management in type 2 diabetes: current and emerging approaches to treatment. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1161-72. [PMID: 25998297 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing global health concern, as is obesity. Diabetes and obesity are intrinsically linked: obesity increases the risk of diabetes and also contributes to disease progression and cardiovascular disease. Although the benefits of weight loss in the prevention of diabetes and as a critical component of managing the condition are well established, weight reduction remains challenging for individuals with type 2 diabetes due to a host of metabolic and psychological factors. For many patients, lifestyle intervention is not enough to achieve weight loss, and alternative options, such as pharmacotherapy, need to be considered. However, many traditional glucose-lowering medications may lead to weight gain. This article focuses on the potential of currently available pharmacological strategies and on emerging approaches in development to support the glycemic and weight-loss goals of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Two pharmacotherapy types are considered: those developed primarily for blood glucose control that have a favorable effect on body weight and those developed primarily to induce weight loss that have a favorable effect on blood glucose control. Finally, the potential of combination therapies for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - André Scheen
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gagnon J, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Ghrelin Is a Novel Regulator of GLP-1 Secretion. Diabetes 2015; 64:1513-21. [PMID: 25412624 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 is a gastrointestinal L-cell hormone that enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Hence, strategies that prevent GLP-1 degradation or activate the GLP-1 receptor are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 secretion occurs after a meal and is partly regulated by other circulating hormones. Ghrelin is a stomach-derived hormone that plays a key role in whole-body energy metabolism. Because ghrelin levels peak immediately before mealtimes, we hypothesized that ghrelin plays a role in priming the intestinal L-cell for nutrient-induced GLP-1 release. The intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin into mice 15 min before the administration of oral glucose enhanced glucose-stimulated GLP-1 release and improved glucose tolerance, whereas the ghrelin receptor antagonist D-Lys GHRP-6 reduced plasma levels of GLP-1 and insulin and diminished oral glucose tolerance. The ghrelin-mediated improvement in glucose tolerance was lost in mice coinjected with a GLP-1 receptor antagonist as well as in Glp1r(-/-) mice lacking the GLP-1 receptor. The impaired oral glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice was also improved by ghrelin preadministration. Importantly, ghrelin directly stimulated GLP-1 release from L-cell lines (murine GLUTag, human NCI-H716) through an extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2-dependent pathway. These studies demonstrate a novel role for ghrelin in enhancing the GLP-1 secretory response to ingested nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gagnon
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koehler JA, Baggio LL, Cao X, Abdulla T, Campbell JE, Secher T, Jelsing J, Larsen B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists increase pancreatic mass by induction of protein synthesis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1046-56. [PMID: 25277394 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls glucose homeostasis by regulating secretion of insulin and glucagon through a single GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). GLP-1R agonists also increase pancreatic weight in some preclinical studies through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the increase in pancreatic weight following activation of GLP-1R signaling in mice reflects an increase in acinar cell mass, without changes in ductal compartments or β-cell mass. GLP-1R agonists did not increase pancreatic DNA content or the number of Ki67(+) cells in the exocrine compartment; however, pancreatic protein content was increased in mice treated with exendin-4 or liraglutide. The increased pancreatic mass and protein content was independent of cholecystokinin receptors, associated with a rapid increase in S6 phosphorylation, and mediated through the GLP-1R. Rapamycin abrogated the GLP-1R-dependent increase in pancreatic mass but had no effect on the robust induction of Reg3α and Reg3β gene expression. Mass spectrometry analysis identified GLP-1R-dependent upregulation of Reg family members, as well as proteins important for translation and export, including Fam129a, eIF4a1, Wars, and Dmbt1. Hence, pharmacological GLP-1R activation induces protein synthesis, leading to increased pancreatic mass, independent of changes in DNA content or cell proliferation in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Koehler
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tahmid Abdulla
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Brett Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou H, Yang J, Xin T, Li D, Guo J, Hu S, Zhou S, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Han T, Chen Y. Exendin-4 protects adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide through the PI3K/Akt-Sfrp2 pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:363-75. [PMID: 25452142 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)-based therapy is a promising modality for the treatment of myocardial infarction in the future. However, the majority of transplanted cells are readily lost after transplantation because of hypoxia and oxidative stress. An efficient means to enhance the ability of ADMSCs to survive under pathologic conditions is required. In our study, we explored the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) on ADMSCs apoptosis in vitro induced by hydrogen peroxide, focusing in particular on mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and PI3K/Akt-secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) survival signaling. We demonstrated that ADMSCs subjected to H2O2 for 12h exhibited impaired mitochondrial function and higher apoptotic rate. However, Ex-4 (1-20 nM) preconditioning for 12h could protect ADMSCs against H2O2-mediated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Ex-4 pretreatment upregulated the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione as well as downregulating the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Western blots revealed that increased antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and c-IAP1/2 as well as decreased proapoptotic proteins Bax and cytochrome c appeared in ADMSCs with Ex-4 incubation, which inhibited the caspase-9-involved mitochondrial apoptosis pathways with evidence showing inactivation of caspase-9/3 and preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we illustrated that Ex-4 enhanced Akt phosphorylation, which increased the expression of Sfrp2. Notably, blockade of the PI3K/Akt pathway or knockdown of Sfrp2 with siRNA obviously abolished the protective effects of Ex-4 on mitochondrial function and ADMSCs apoptosis under H2O2. In summary, this study confirmed that H2O2 induced ADMSCs apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways, and Ex-4 preconditioning may reduce such apoptosis of ADMSCs through the PI3K/Akt-Sfrp2 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shunyin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianwen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Cowley MA, Dalbøge LS, Hansen G, Grove KL, Pyke C, Raun K, Schäffer L, Tang-Christensen M, Verma S, Witgen BM, Vrang N, Bjerre Knudsen L. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4473-88. [PMID: 25202980 DOI: 10.1172/jci75276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully understood how liraglutide induces weight loss or to what degree liraglutide acts directly in the brain. Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate GLP-1-producing neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body weight reduction in rats was independent of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and paraventricular nucleus. Peripheral injection of fluorescently labeled liraglutide in mice revealed the presence of the drug in the circumventricular organs. Moreover, labeled liraglutide bound neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other discrete sites in the hypothalamus. GLP-1R was necessary for liraglutide uptake in the brain, as liraglutide binding was not seen in Glp1r(-/-) mice. In the ARC, liraglutide was internalized in neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Electrophysiological measurements of murine brain slices revealed that GLP-1 directly stimulates POMC/CART neurons and indirectly inhibits neurotransmission in neurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) via GABA-dependent signaling. Collectively, our findings indicate that the GLP-1R on POMC/CART-expressing ARC neurons likely mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sandberg K, Verbalis JG, Yosten GLC, Samson WK. Sex and basic science. A Title IX position. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R361-5. [PMID: 24944252 PMCID: PMC5504397 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Willis K Samson
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen Z, Guo L, Zhang Y, Walzem RL, Pendergast JS, Printz RL, Morris LC, Matafonova E, Stien X, Kang L, Coulon D, McGuinness OP, Niswender KD, Davies SS. Incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria into gut microbiota inhibits obesity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3391-406. [PMID: 24960158 DOI: 10.1172/jci72517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are widespread in Westernized nations. Gut microbiota composition is a contributing factor to the susceptibility of an individual to the development of these disorders; therefore, altering a person's microbiota may ameliorate disease. One potential microbiome-altering strategy is the incorporation of modified bacteria that express therapeutic factors into the gut microbiota. For example, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) are precursors to the N-acylethanolamide (NAE) family of lipids, which are synthesized in the small intestine in response to feeding and reduce food intake and obesity. Here, we demonstrated that administration of engineered NAPE-expressing E. coli Nissle 1917 bacteria in drinking water for 8 weeks reduced the levels of obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mice that received modified bacteria had dramatically lower food intake, adiposity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis compared with mice receiving standard water or control bacteria. The protective effects conferred by NAPE-expressing bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks after their removal from the drinking water. Moreover, administration of NAPE-expressing bacteria to TallyHo mice, a polygenic mouse model of obesity, inhibited weight gain. Our results demonstrate that incorporation of appropriately modified bacteria into the gut microbiota has potential as an effective strategy to inhibit the development of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ussher JR, Baggio LL, Campbell JE, Mulvihill EE, Kim M, Kabir MG, Cao X, Baranek BM, Stoffers DA, Seeley RJ, Drucker DJ. Inactivation of the cardiomyocyte glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) unmasks cardiomyocyte-independent GLP-1R-mediated cardioprotection. Mol Metab 2014; 3:507-17. [PMID: 25061556 PMCID: PMC4099509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GLP-1R agonists improve outcomes in ischemic heart disease. Here we studied GLP-1R-dependent adaptive and cardioprotective responses to ventricular injury. Glp1r−/− hearts exhibited chamber-specific differences in gene expression, but normal mortality and left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) or experimental doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Selective disruption of the cardiomyocyte GLP-1R in Glp1rCM−/− mice produced no differences in survival or LV remodeling following LAD coronary artery occlusion. Unexpectedly, the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide still produced robust cardioprotection and increased survival in Glp1rCM−/− mice following LAD coronary artery occlusion. Although liraglutide increased heart rate (HR) in Glp1rCM−/− mice, basal HR was significantly lower in Glp1rCM−/− mice. Hence, endogenous cardiomyocyte GLP-1R activity is not required for adaptive responses to ischemic or cardiomyopathic injury, and is dispensable for GLP-1R agonist-induced cardioprotection or enhanced chronotropic activity. However the cardiomyocyte GLP-1R is essential for the control of HR in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Golam Kabir
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Baranek
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Doris A Stoffers
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- UC College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sisley S, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Scott M, D'Alessio DA, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Neuronal GLP1R mediates liraglutide's anorectic but not glucose-lowering effect. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2456-63. [PMID: 24762441 DOI: 10.1172/jci72434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose control and weight loss are cornerstones of type 2 diabetes treatment. Currently, only glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) analogs are able to achieve both weight loss and glucose tolerance. Both glucose and body weight are regulated by the brain, which contains GLP1 receptors (GLP1R). Even though the brain is poised to mediate the effects of GLP1 analogs, it remains unclear whether the glucose- and body weight-lowering effects of long-acting GLP1R agonists are via direct action on CNS GLP1R or the result of downstream activation of afferent neuronal GLP1R. We generated mice with either neuronal or visceral nerve-specific deletion of Glp1r and then administered liraglutide, a long-acting GLP1R agonist. We found that neither reduction of GLP1R in the CNS nor in the visceral nerves resulted in alterations in body weight or food intake in animals fed normal chow or a high-fat diet. Liraglutide treatment provided beneficial glucose-lowering effects in both chow- and high-fat-fed mice lacking GLP1R in the CNS or visceral nerves; however, liraglutide was ineffective at altering food intake, body weight, or causing a conditioned taste aversion in mice lacking neuronal GLP1R. These data indicate that neuronal GLP1Rs mediate body weight and anorectic effects of liraglutide, but are not required for glucose-lowering effects.
Collapse
|