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Al-Sammarraie SHA, Ayaz-Güner Ş, Acar MB, Şimşek A, Sınıksaran BS, Bozalan HD, Özkan M, Saraymen R, Dündar M, Özcan S. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue prone to lose their stemness associated markers in obesity related stress conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19702. [PMID: 39181924 PMCID: PMC11344827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a health problem characterized by large expansion of adipose tissue. During this expansion, genotoxic stressors can be accumulated and negatively affect the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of adipose tissue. Due to the oxidative stress generated by these genotoxic stressors, senescence phenotype might be observed in adipose tissue MSCs. Senescent MSCs lose their proliferations and differentiation properties and secrete senescence-associated molecules to their niche thus triggering senescence for the rest of the tissue. Accumulation of senescent cells in adipose tissue results in decreased tissue regeneration and functional impairment not only in the close vicinity but also in the other tissues. Here we hypothesized that declined tissue regeneration might be associated with loss of stemness markers in MSCs population. We analyzed the expression of several stemness-associated genes of in vitro cultured MSCs originated from adipose tissue of high-fat diet and normal diet mice models. Since the heterogenous MSCs population covers a small percentage of the pluripotent stem cells, which have roles in proliferation and tissue regeneration, we measured the percentage of these cells via TRA-1-60 pluripotent state antigen. Additionally, by conducting a shotgun proteomic approach using LC-MS/MS, whole cell proteome of the adipose tissue MSCs of high-fat diet and normal diet mice were analyzed and identified proteins were evaluated via gene ontology and PPI network analysis. MSCs of obese mice showed senescent phenotype and altered cell cycle distribution due to a hostile environment with oxidative stress in adipose tissue where they reside. Additionally, the number of pluripotent markers expressing cells declined in the MSC population of the high-fat diet mice. Gene expression analysis evidenced the loss of stemness with a decrease in the expression of stemness-associated genes. Of the proteomic comparison of the normal and the high-fat diet group, MSCs revealed that stemness-associated molecules were decreased while inflammation and senescence-associated phenotypes emerged in obese mice MSCs. Our results showed us that the MSCs of adipose tissue may lose their stemness properties due to obesity-associated stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura Hilal Ahmed Al-Sammarraie
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKÖK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Şerife Ayaz-Güner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Burak Acar
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKÖK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Şimşek
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKÖK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | | | - Miray Özkan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKÖK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Recep Saraymen
- Department of Biochemistry, Private Tekden Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munis Dündar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Servet Özcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKÖK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Mabrok HB, Ramadan AA, Hamed IM, Mohamed DA. Obesity as Inducer of Cognitive Function Decline via Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:807. [PMID: 39199499 PMCID: PMC11353248 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is a global phenomenon that affects the population worldwide with manifestations at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. Cognitive function decline is a major global health challenge. The relation between obesity and cognitive function is a debatable issue. The main goal of the current research was to study the implications of obesity on cognitive function and gut microbiota diversity and its impact on plasma and brain metabolic parameters in rats. Obesity was induced in rats by feeding on a high-fat (HF) or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. The results reveal that both the HF (0.683) and HFHS (0.688) diets were effective as obesity inducers, which was confirmed by a significant increase in the body mass index (BMI). Both diet groups showed dyslipidemia and elevation of oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), and inflammatory markers with alterations in liver and kidney functions. Obesity led to a reduction in cognitive function through a reduction in short-term memory by 23.8% and 30.7% in the rats fed HF and HFHS diets, respectively, and learning capacity and visuo-spatial memory reduced by 8.9 and 9.7 s in the rats fed an HF or HFHS diet, respectively. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Spirochaetes phyla were detected. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B) significantly decreased in the HF group, while it increased in the HFHS group compared to the normal control. The two species, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Bacteroides ovatus, which are associated with IR, were drastically compromised by the high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Some species that have been linked to reduced inflammation showed a sharp decrease in the HFHS group, while Prevotella copri, which is linked to carbohydrate metabolism, was highly enriched. In conclusion: Obesity led to cognitive impairment through changes in short-term and visuo-spatial memory. A metagenomic analysis revealed alterations in the abundance of some microbial taxa associated with obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance in the HF and HFHS groups.
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Grants
- a626035bfd925943, 4c6c6a0dc9645904, 175e6bf937114ef5, 18dca4e8f29e587c, aaf09103eb8bd6ee, 3740a1d4a23d772f, 1b07773fd3c8c954, 4f8fa1a570a3a4b7, 490e7e4e51713e71, 1e87a07edec11a96, 7642f29d62c1068b, c06bc3bf279a8491, c78b30a55528e880, e160d996ffb69ed4, 133 Discount Vouchers
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Doha A. Mohamed
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Food Industries and Nutrition Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (H.B.M.); (A.A.R.); (I.M.H.)
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3
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Vijayashankar U, Ramashetty R, Rajeshekara M, Vishwanath N, Yadav AK, Prashant A, Lokeshwaraiah R. Leptin and ghrelin dynamics: unraveling their influence on food intake, energy balance, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:427-440. [PMID: 38932792 PMCID: PMC11196531 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of hunger and satiety hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the development and progression of T2DM. In this context, the present literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how ghrelin and leptin influences food intake and maintain energy balance and its implications in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Methods A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to choose the studies that associated leptin and ghrelin with T2DM. Original articles and reviews were included, letters to editors and case reports were excluded. Results This narrative review article provides a comprehensive summary on mechanism of action of leptin and ghrelin, its association with obesity and T2DM, how they regulate energy and glucose homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications of leptin and ghrelin in managing T2DM. Conclusion Ghrelin, known for its appetite-stimulating effects, and leptin, a hormone involved in the regulation of energy balance, have been implicated in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Understanding the complexities of ghrelin and leptin interactions in the context of T2DM may offer insights into novel therapeutic strategies for this prevalent metabolic disorder. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these hormone actions and to explore their clinical implications for T2DM prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Vijayashankar
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajalakshmi Ramashetty
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Mahesh Rajeshekara
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, 560002 India
| | - Nagashree Vishwanath
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajeshwari Lokeshwaraiah
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
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Guo X, Asthana P, Zhai L, Cheng KW, Gurung S, Huang J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Mahato AK, Saarma M, Ustav M, Kwan HY, Lyu A, Chan KM, Xu P, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. Artesunate treats obesity in male mice and non-human primates through GDF15/GFRAL signalling axis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1034. [PMID: 38310105 PMCID: PMC10838268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, is a major risk factor for multiple life-threatening diseases, including diabetes, fatty liver, and cancer. There is an ongoing need to identify safe and tolerable therapeutics for obesity management. Herein, we show that treatment with artesunate, an artemisinin derivative approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe malaria, effectively reduces body weight and improves metabolic profiles in preclinical models of obesity, including male mice with overnutrition-induced obesity and male cynomolgus macaques with spontaneous obesity, without inducing nausea and malaise. Artesunate promotes weight loss and reduces food intake in obese mice and cynomolgus macaques by increasing circulating levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), an appetite-regulating hormone with a brainstem-restricted receptor, the GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL). Mechanistically, artesunate induces the expression of GDF15 in multiple organs, especially the liver, in mice through a C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-directed integrated stress response. Inhibition of GDF15/GFRAL signalling by genetic ablation of GFRAL or tissue-specific knockdown of GDF15 abrogates the anti-obesity effect of artesunate in mice with diet-induced obesity, suggesting that artesunate controls bodyweight and appetite in a GDF15/GFRAL signalling-dependent manner. These data highlight the therapeutic benefits of artesunate in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wing Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susma Gurung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arun Kumar Mahato
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Neto A, Fernandes A, Barateiro A. The complex relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases: an updated review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1294420. [PMID: 38026693 PMCID: PMC10665538 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1294420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, affecting roughly 30% of the world's population and predicted to rise. This disease results from genetic, behavioral, societal, and environmental factors, leading to excessive fat accumulation, due to insufficient energy expenditure. The adipose tissue, once seen as a simple storage depot, is now recognized as a complex organ with various functions, including hormone regulation and modulation of metabolism, inflammation, and homeostasis. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD). Mechanistically, reduced adipose expandability leads to hypertrophic adipocytes, triggering inflammation, insulin and leptin resistance, blood-brain barrier disruption, altered brain metabolism, neuronal inflammation, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline. Obesity impacts neurodegenerative disorders through shared underlying mechanisms, underscoring its potential as a modifiable risk factor for these diseases. Nevertheless, further research is needed to fully grasp the intricate connections between obesity and neurodegeneration. Collaborative efforts in this field hold promise for innovative strategies to address this complex relationship and develop effective prevention and treatment methods, which also includes specific diets and physical activities, ultimately improving quality of life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Neto
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Vick LV, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ. Multifaceted effects of obesity on cancer immunotherapies: Bridging preclinical models and clinical data. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 95:88-102. [PMID: 37499846 PMCID: PMC10836337 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, defined by excessive body fat, is a highly complex condition affecting numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, proliferation, and cellular homeostasis. These multifaceted effects impact cells and tissues throughout the host, including immune cells as well as cancer biology. Because of the multifaceted nature of obesity, common parameters used to define it (such as body mass index in humans) can be problematic, and more nuanced methods are needed to characterize the pleiotropic metabolic effects of obesity. Obesity is well-accepted as an overall negative prognostic factor for cancer incidence, progression, and outcome. This is in part due to the meta-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of obesity. Immunotherapy is increasingly used in cancer therapy, and there are many different types of immunotherapy approaches. The effects of obesity on immunotherapy have only recently been studied with the demonstration of an "obesity paradox", in which some immune therapies have been demonstrated to result in greater efficacy in obese subjects despite the direct adverse effects of obesity and excess body fat acting on the cancer itself. The multifactorial characteristics that influence the effects of obesity (age, sex, lean muscle mass, underlying metabolic conditions and drugs) further confound interpretation of clinical data and necessitate the use of more relevant preclinical models mirroring these variables in the human scenario. Such models will allow for more nuanced mechanistic assessment of how obesity can impact, both positively and negatively, cancer biology, host metabolism, immune regulation, and how these intersecting processes impact the delivery and outcome of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan V Vick
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Malignant Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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7
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Tejera-Muñoz A, Guerra-Menéndez L, Amor S, González-Hedström D, García-Villalón ÁL, Granado M. Postnatal Overfeeding during Lactation Induces Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Adult Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14443. [PMID: 37833890 PMCID: PMC10572650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early overnutrition is associated with cardiometabolic alterations in adulthood, likely attributed to reduced insulin sensitivity due to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to assess the long-term effects of early overnutrition on the development of cardiovascular insulin resistance. An experimental childhood obesity model was established using male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were organized into litters of 12 pups/mother (L12-Controls) or 3 pups/mother (L3-Overfed) at birth. After weaning, animals from L12 and L3 were housed three per cage and provided ad libitum access to food for 6 months. L3 rats exhibited elevated body weight, along with increased visceral, subcutaneous, and perivascular fat accumulation. However, heart weight at sacrifice was reduced in L3 rats. Furthermore, L3 rats displayed elevated serum levels of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, total lipids, and triglycerides compared to control rats. In the myocardium, overfed rats showed decreased IL-10 mRNA levels and alterations in contractility and heart rate in response to insulin. Similarly, aortic tissue exhibited modified gene expression of TNFα, iNOS, and IL-6. Additionally, L3 aortas exhibited endothelial dysfunction in response to acetylcholine, although insulin-induced relaxation remained unchanged compared to controls. At the molecular level, L3 rats displayed reduced Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin, both in myocardial and aortic tissues, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was elevated solely in the myocardium. Overfeeding during lactation in rats induces endothelial dysfunction and cardiac insulin resistance in adulthood, potentially contributing to the cardiovascular alterations observed in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Research Support Unit, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, 13600 Alcázar de San Juan, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lucía Guerra-Menéndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA) Nemesio Díez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain;
| | - Sara Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Ángel Luis García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lagou MK, Karagiannis GS. Obesity-induced thymic involution and cancer risk. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:3-19. [PMID: 37088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Declining thymic functions associated either with old age (i.e., age-related thymic involution), or with acute involution as a result of stress, infectious disease, or cytoreductive therapies (e.g., chemotherapy/radiotherapy), have been associated with cancer development. A key mechanism underlying such increased cancer risk is the thymus-dependent debilitation of adaptive immunity, which is responsible for orchestrating immunoediting mechanisms and tumor immune surveillance. In the past few years, a blooming set of evidence has intriguingly linked obesity with cancer development and progression. The majority of such studies has focused on obesity-driven chronic inflammation, steroid/sex hormone and adipokine production, and hyperinsulinemia, as principal factors affecting the tumor microenvironment and driving the development of primary malignancy. However, experimental observations about the negative impact of obesity on T cell development and maturation have existed for more than half a century. Here, we critically discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of obesity-driven thymic involution as a previously underrepresented intermediary pathology leading to cancer development and progression. This knowledge could be especially relevant in the context of childhood obesity, because impaired thymic function in young individuals leads to immune system abnormalities, and predisposes to various pediatric cancers. A thorough understanding behind the molecular and cellular circuitries governing obesity-induced thymic involution could therefore help towards the rationalized development of targeted thymic regeneration strategies for obese individuals at high risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Lagou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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9
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Kim YC, Fattah H, Fu Y, Nespoux J, Vallon V. Expression of leptin receptor in renal tubules is sparse but implicated in leptin-dependent kidney gene expression and function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F544-F557. [PMID: 37102688 PMCID: PMC10228677 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00279.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin regulates energy balance via leptin receptors expressed in central and peripheral tissues, but little is known about leptin-sensitive kidney genes and the role of the tubular leptin receptor (Lepr) in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Lepr splice variants A, B, and C revealed a ratio of ∼100:10:1 in the mouse kidney cortex and medulla, with medullary levels being ∼10 times higher. Leptin replacement in ob/ob mice for 6 days reduced hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and albuminuria, associated with normalization of kidney mRNA expression of molecular markers of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid synthesis, and megalin. Normalization of leptin for 7 h in ob/ob mice did not normalize hyperglycemia or albuminuria. Tubular knockdown of Lepr [Pax8-Lepr knockout (KO)] and in situ hybridization revealed a minor fraction of Lepr mRNA in tubular cells compared with endothelial cells. Nevertheless, Pax8-Lepr KO mice had lower kidney weight. Moreover, while HFD-induced hyperleptinemia, increases in kidney weight and glomerular filtration rate, and a modest blood pressure lowering effect were similar compared with controls, they showed a blunted rise in albuminuria. Use of Pax8-Lepr KO and leptin replacement in ob/ob mice identified acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and gremlin 1 as tubular Lepr-sensitive genes that are increased and reduced by leptin, respectively. In conclusion, leptin deficiency may increase albuminuria via systemic metabolic effects that impinge on kidney megalin expression, whereas hyperleptinemia may induce albuminuria by direct tubular Lepr effects. Implications of Lepr variants and the novel tubular Lepr/acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase/gremlin 1 axis remain to be determined.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides new insights into kidney gene expression of leptin receptor splice variants, leptin-sensitive kidney gene expression, and the role of the leptin receptor in renal tubular cells for the response to diet-induced hyperleptinemia and obesity including albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Hadi Fattah
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Yiling Fu
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Josselin Nespoux
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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Faccioli N, Poitou C, Clément K, Dubern B. Current Treatments for Patients with Genetic Obesity. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 15:108-119. [PMID: 37191347 PMCID: PMC10234057 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity derives from impaired central control of body weight, implying interaction between environment and an individual genetic predisposition. Genetic obesities, including monogenic and syndromic obesities, are rare and complex neuro-endocrine pathologies where the genetic contribution is predominant. Severe and early-onset obesity with eating disorders associated with frequent comorbidities make these diseases challenging. Their current estimated prevalence of 5-10% in severely obese children is probably underestimated due to the limited access to genetic diagnosis. A central alteration of hypothalamic regulation of weight implies that the leptin-melanocortin pathway is responsible for the symptoms. The management of genetic obesity has so far been only based, above all, on lifestyle intervention, especially regarding nutrition and physical activity. New therapeutic options have emerged in the last years for these patients, raising great hope to manage their complex situation and improve quality of life. Implementation of genetic diagnosis in clinical practice is thus of paramount importance to allow individualized care. This review describes the current clinical management of genetic obesity and the evidence on which it is based. Some insights will also be provided into new therapies under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Faccioli
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases (PRADORT, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Other Rare Forms of Obesity with Eating Behavior Disorders), Paris, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases (PRADORT, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Other Rare Forms of Obesity with Eating Behavior Disorders), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases (PRADORT, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Other Rare Forms of Obesity with Eating Behavior Disorders), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases (PRADORT, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Other Rare Forms of Obesity with Eating Behavior Disorders), Paris, France
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11
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Koch CA, Kjeldsen EW, Frikke-Schmidt R. Vegetarian or vegan diets and blood lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2023:7177660. [PMID: 37226630 PMCID: PMC10361023 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Due to growing environmental focus, plant-based diets are increasing steadily in popularity. Uncovering the effect on well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death worldwide, is thus highly relevant. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the effect of vegetarian and vegan diets on blood levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies published between 1980 and October 2022 were searched for using PubMed, Embase, and references of previous reviews. Included studies were randomized controlled trials that quantified the effect of vegetarian or vegan diets vs. an omnivorous diet on blood lipids and lipoprotein levels in adults over 18 years. Estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Thirty trials were included in the study. Compared with the omnivorous group, the plant-based diets reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with mean differences of -0.34 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, -0.44, -0.23; P = 1 × 10-9), -0.30 mmol/L (-0.40, -0.19; P = 4 × 10-8), and -12.92 mg/dL (-22.63, -3.20; P = 0.01), respectively. The effect sizes were similar across age, continent, duration of study, health status, intervention diet, intervention program, and study design. No significant difference was observed for triglyceride levels. CONCLUSION Vegetarian and vegan diets were associated with reduced concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B-effects that were consistent across various study and participant characteristics. Plant-based diets have the potential to lessen the atherosclerotic burden from atherogenic lipoproteins and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Koch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie W Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Kim LJ, Alexandre C, Pho H, Latremoliere A, Polotsky VY, Pham LV. Diet-induced obesity leads to sleep fragmentation independently of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1284-1294. [PMID: 36201322 PMCID: PMC9678416 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00386.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and unrefreshing sleep. Residual daytime sleepiness and sleep impairments often persist after SDB treatment in patients with obesity, which suggests an independent effect of obesity on breathing and sleep. However, examining the relationship between sleep architecture and SDB in patients with obesity is complex and can be confounded by multiple factors. The main goal of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity-related changes in sleep architecture and SDB. Sleep recordings were performed in 15 lean C57BL/6J and 17 diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice of the same genetic background. Arousals from sleep and apneas were manually scored. Respiratory arousals were classified as events associated with ≥30% drops in minute ventilation (VE) from baseline. We applied Poincaré analysis of VE during sleep to estimate breathing variability. Obesity augmented the frequency of arousals by 45% and this increase was independent of apneas. Respiratory arousals comprised only 15% of the arousals in both groups of mice. Breathing variability during non-rapid-eye-movment (NREM) sleep was significantly higher in DIO mice, but it was not associated with arousal frequency. Our results suggest that obesity induces sleep fragmentation independently of SDB severity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our diet-induced obesity (DIO) model reproduces sleep features of human obesity, including sleep fragmentation, increased apnea frequency, and larger breathing variability. DIO induces sleep fragmentation independently of apnea severity. Sleep fragmentation in DIO mice is mainly attributed to non-respiratory arousals. Increased breathing variability during sleep did not account for the higher arousal frequency in DIO. Our results provide a rationale to examine sleep in patients with obesity even when they are adequately treated for sleep-disordered breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chloe Alexandre
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luu V Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Hypothalamic TTF-1 orchestrates the sensitivity of leptin. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101636. [PMID: 36375792 PMCID: PMC9700031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, is predominantly expressed in discrete areas of the hypothalamus, which acts as the central unit for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Current study designed to identify the roles of TTF-1 on the responsiveness of the hypothalamic circuit activity to circulating leptin and the development of obesity linked to the insensitivity of leptin. METHODS We generated conditional knock-out mice by crossing TTF-1flox/flox mice with leptin receptor (ObRb)Cre or proopiomelanocortin (POMC)Cre transgenic mice to interrogate the contributions of TTF-1 in leptin signaling and activity. Changes of food intake, body weight and energy expenditure were evaluated in standard or high fat diet-treated transgenic mice by using an indirect calorimetry instrument. Molecular mechanism was elucidated with immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, quantitative PCR, and promoter assays. RESULTS The selective deletion of TTF-1 gene expression in cells expressing the ObRb or POMC enhanced the anorexigenic effects of leptin as well as the leptin-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. We further determined that TTF-1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of the ObRb gene. In line with these findings, the selective deletion of the TTF-1 gene in ObRb-positive cells led to protective effects against diet-induced obesity via the amelioration of leptin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that hypothalamic TTF-1 participates in the development of obesity as a molecular component involved in the regulation of cellular leptin signaling and activity. Thus, TTF-1 may represent a therapeutic target for the treatment, prevention, and control of obesity.
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14
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Aymen J, Delnatte P, Beaufrère H, Chalil D, Steckel KE, Gourlie S, Stark KD, McAdie M. Comparison of blood leptin and vitamin E and blood and adipose fatty acid compositions in wild and captive populations of critically endangered Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Zoo Biol 2022; 42:308-321. [PMID: 36176181 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) (VIMs) are a critically endangered species of fat-storing hibernators, endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. In addition to in-situ conservation efforts, a captive breeding program has been ongoing since 1997. The captive diet is mostly pellet-based and rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In captivity, overall length of hibernation is shortened, and marmots have higher adipose tissue reserves compared to their wild-born counterparts, which may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in captive marmots. To investigate differences in lipid metabolism between wild and captive populations of VIMs, blood vitamin E, fatty acid (FA) profiles and leptin, and white adipose tissue (WAT) FA profiles were compared during the active season (May to September 2019). Gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and multiplex kits were used to obtain FA profiles, α-tocopherol, and leptin values, respectively. In both plasma and WAT, the concentration of the sum of all FA in the total lipids was significantly increased in captive VIMs. The n-6/n-3 ratio, saturated FAs, and n-6 PUFAS were higher in captive marmots, whereas n-3 PUFAs and the HUFA score were higher in wild marmots. Serum concentrations of α-tocopherol were greater by an average of 45% in captive marmots, whereas leptin concentrations did not differ. Results from this study may be applied to improve the diet and implement weight management to possibly enhance the quality of hibernation and decrease the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases of captive VIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aymen
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Chalil
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaudia E Steckel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm McAdie
- Marmot Recovery Foundation, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Idrees M, Sohail A. Explainable machine learning of the breast cancer staging for designing smart biomarker sensors. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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16
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Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:201-223. [PMID: 34815532 PMCID: PMC8609996 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in the last half-century in the management of diseases closely integrated with excess body weight, such as hypertension, adult-onset diabetes and elevated cholesterol. However, the treatment of obesity itself has proven largely resistant to therapy, with anti-obesity medications (AOMs) often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety. Here, we provide an overview of the history of AOM development, focusing on lessons learned and ongoing obstacles. Recent advances, including increased understanding of the molecular gut-brain communication, are inspiring the pursuit of next-generation AOMs that appear capable of safely achieving sizeable and sustained body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- grid.411339.d0000 0000 8517 9062Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
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17
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Anwer H, Morris MJ, Noble DWA, Nakagawa S, Lagisz M. Transgenerational effects of obesogenic diets in rodents: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13342. [PMID: 34595817 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health condition that affects millions worldwide. There is an increased interest in understanding the adverse outcomes associated with obesogenic diets. A multitude of studies have investigated the transgenerational impacts of maternal and parental obesogenic diets on subsequent generations of offspring, but results have largely been mixed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on rodent studies to elucidate how obesogenic diets impact the mean and variance of grand-offspring traits. Our study focused on transgenerational effects (i.e., F2 and F3 generations) in one-off and multigenerational exposure studies. From 33 included articles, we obtained 407 effect sizes representing pairwise comparisons of control and treatment grand-offspring groups pertaining to measures of body weight, adiposity, glucose, insulin, leptin, and triglycerides. We found evidence that male and female grand-offspring descended from grandparents exposed to an obesogenic diet displayed phenotypes consistent with metabolic syndrome, especially in cases where the obesogenic diet was continued across generations. Further, we found stronger evidence for the effects of grand-maternal than grand-paternal exposure on grand-offspring traits. A high-fat diet in one-off exposure studies did not seem to impact phenotypic variation, whereas in multigenerational exposure studies it reduced variation in several traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Anwer
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Kim LJ, Shin MK, Pho H, Otvos L, Tufik S, Andersen ML, Pham LV, Polotsky VY. Leptin Receptor Blockade Attenuates Hypertension, but Does Not Affect Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in a Model of Polygenic Obesity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:688375. [PMID: 34276408 PMCID: PMC8283021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.688375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity can cause hypertension and exacerbates sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Leptin is an adipocyte-produced hormone, which increases metabolic rate, suppresses appetite, modulates control of breathing, and increases blood pressure. Obese individuals with high circulating levels of leptin are resistant to metabolic and respiratory effects of leptin, but they appear to be sensitive to hypertensive effects of this hormone. Obesity-induced hypertension has been associated with hyperleptinemia. New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, a model of polygenic obesity, have high levels of circulating leptin and hypertension, and are prone to develop SDB, similarly to human obesity. We hypothesize that systemic leptin receptor blocker Allo-aca will treat hypertension in NZO mice without any effect on body weight, food intake, or breathing. Methods Male NZO mice, 12–13 weeks of age, were treated with Allo-aca (n = 6) or a control peptide Gly11 (n = 12) for 8 consecutive days. Doses of 0.2 mg/kg were administered subcutaneously 2×/day, at 10 AM and 6 PM. Blood pressure was measured by telemetry for 48 h before and during peptide infusion. Ventilation was assessed by whole-body barometric plethysmography, control of breathing was examined by assessing the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and polysomnography was performed during light-phase at baseline and during treatment. Heart rate variability analyses were performed to estimate the cardiac autonomic balance. Results Systemic leptin receptor blockade with Allo-aca did not affect body weight, body temperature, and food intake in NZO mice. Plasma levels of leptin did not change after the treatment with either Allo-aca or the control peptide Gy11. NZO mice were hypertensive at baseline and leptin receptor blocker Allo-aca significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure from 134.9 ± 3.1 to 124.9 ± 5.7 mmHg during the light phase (P < 0.05), whereas the control peptide had no effect. Leptin receptor blockade did not change the heart rate or cardiac autonomic balance. Allo-aca did not affect minute ventilation under normoxic or hypoxic conditions and HVR. Ventilation, apnea index, and oxygen desaturation during NREM and REM sleep did not change with leptin receptor blockade. Conclusion Systemic leptin receptor blockade attenuates hypertension in NZO mice, but does not exacerbate obesity and SDB. Thus, leptin receptor blockade represents a potential pharmacotherapy for obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Arrevus, Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States.,OLPE, LLC, Audubon, PA, United States
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luu V Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Shin MK, Mitrut R, Gu C, Kim LJ, Yeung BH, Lee R, Pham L, Tang WY, Sham JSK, Cui H, Polotsky VY. Pharmacological and Genetic Blockade of Trpm7 in the Carotid Body Treats Obesity-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 78:104-114. [PMID: 33993722 PMCID: PMC8192446 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roxana Mitrut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenjuan Gu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie H.Y. Yeung
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luu Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wan-Yee Tang
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James S. K. Sham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y. Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Pho H, Berger S, Freire C, Kim LJ, Shin MK, Streeter SR, Hosamane N, Cabassa ME, Anokye-Danso F, Dergacheva O, Amorim MR, Fleury-Curado T, Jun JC, Schwartz AR, Ahima RS, Mendelowitz D, Polotsky VY. Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice. Sleep 2021; 44:6149135. [PMID: 33624805 PMCID: PMC8193564 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obesity leads to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), hypoventilation during sleep resulting in daytime hypercapnia. Impaired leptin signaling in the brain was implicated in both conditions, but mechanisms are unknown. We have previously shown that leptin stimulates breathing and treats OSA and OHS in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin-resistant diet-induced obese mice and that leptin's respiratory effects may occur in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). We hypothesized that leptin receptor LepRb-deficient db/db mice have obesity hypoventilation and that restoration of leptin signaling in the DMH will increase ventilation during sleep in these animals. METHODS We measured arterial blood gas in unanesthetized awake db/db mice. We subsequently infected these animals with Ad-LepRb or control Ad-mCherry virus into the DMH and measured ventilation during sleep as well as CO2 production after intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions of phosphate-buffered saline or leptin. RESULTS Awake db/db mice had elevated CO2 levels in the arterial blood. Ad-LepRb infection resulted in LepRb expression in the DMH neurons in a similar fashion to wildtype mice. In LepRb-DMH db/db mice, ICV leptin shortened REM sleep and increased inspiratory flow, tidal volume, and minute ventilation during NREM sleep without any effect on the quality of NREM sleep or CO2 production. Leptin had no effect on upper airway obstruction in these animals. CONCLUSION Leptin stimulates breathing and treats obesity hypoventilation acting on LepRb-positive neurons in the DMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Slava Berger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carla Freire
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stone R Streeter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nishitha Hosamane
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meaghan E Cabassa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frederick Anokye-Danso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mateus R Amorim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomaz Fleury-Curado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan C Jun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. Vsevolod (Seva) Y. Polotsky, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Rm 4B65, Baltimore, MD 21224.
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21
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Seitz BM, Tomiyama AJ, Blaisdell AP. Eating behavior as a new frontier in memory research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:795-807. [PMID: 34087276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of memory is commonly associated with neuroscience, aging, education, and eyewitness testimony. Here we discuss how eating behavior is also heavily intertwined-and yet considerably understudied in its relation to memory processes. Both are influenced by similar neuroendocrine signals (e.g., leptin and ghrelin) and are dependent on hippocampal functions. While learning processes have long been implicated in influencing eating behavior, recent research has shown how memory of recent eating modulates future consumption. In humans, obesity is associated with impaired memory performance, and in rodents, dietary-induced obesity causes rapid decrements to memory. Lesions to the hippocampus disrupt memory but also induce obesity, highlighting a cyclic relationship between obesity and memory impairment. Enhancing memory of eating has been shown to reduce future eating and yet, little is known about what influences memory of eating or how memory of eating differs from memory for other behaviors. We discuss recent advancements in these areas and highlight fruitful research pursuits afforded by combining the study of memory with the study of eating behavior.
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22
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Carey AN, Pintea GI, Van Leuven S, Gildawie KR, Squiccimara L, Fine E, Rovnak A, Harrington M. Red raspberry ( Rubus ideaus) supplementation mitigates the effects of a high-fat diet on brain and behavior in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:406-416. [PMID: 31328696 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1641284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has shown that berries may have the ability to reverse, reduce, or slow the progression of behavioral dysfunction associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, high-energy and high-fat diets (HFD) may result in behavioral deficits like those seen in aging animals. This research examined whether red raspberry (Rubus ideaus) mitigates the effects of HFD on mouse brain and behavior. METHODS Eight-week-old mice consumed a HFD (60% calories from fat) or a control diet (CD) with and without 4% freeze-dried red raspberry (RB). Behavioral tests and biochemical assays of brain tissue and serum were conducted. RESULTS After 12 weeks on the diets, mice fed CD and HFD had impaired novel object recognition, but mice on the RB-supplemented diets did not. After approximately 20 weeks on the diets, mice fed HFD + RB had shorter latencies to find the escape hole in the Barnes maze than the HFD-fed mice. Interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly elevated in the cortex of mice fed HFD; while mice fed the CD, CD + RB, and HFD + RB did not show a similar elevation. There was also evidence of increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brains of mice fed RB diets. This reduction in IL-6 and increase in BDNF may contribute to the preservation of learning and memory in HFD + RB mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that RB may protect against the effects HFD has on brain and behavior; however, further research with human subjects is needed to confirm these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Carey
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia I Pintea
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelby Van Leuven
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelsea R Gildawie
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Squiccimara
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fine
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail Rovnak
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Harrington
- Department of Psychology, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University (formerly Simmons College), Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Larsen JK, Bode L. Obesogenic Programming Effects during Lactation: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Model Focusing on Underlying Mechanisms and Promising Future Research Avenues. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020299. [PMID: 33494303 PMCID: PMC7911998 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that maternal obesity and a high-fat diet during lactation enhances obesity risk in the offspring. However, less is known about these potential obesogenic programming effects in obese humans. We propose three important pathways that may explain obesogenic programming effects of human breastmilk. First, human milk components and hormones may directly affect child eating and satiety characteristics. Second, human milk constituents can affect child microbiota that, in turn, may influence child eating and weight outcomes. Third, human milk composition may affect child eating and weight outcomes through flavor exposure. We reviewed a few very recent findings from well-powered longitudinal or experimental human research with regard to these three pathways. Moreover, we provide a research agenda for future intervention research with the overarching aim to prevent excessive pediatric weight gain during lactation and beyond. The ideas presented in this paper may represent important “black box” constructs that explain obesogenic programming effects during lactation. It should be noted, however, that given the scarcity of studies, findings should be seen as working hypotheses to further test in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junilla K. Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist-Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92101, USA;
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24
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Kokaji T, Hatano A, Ito Y, Yugi K, Eto M, Morita K, Ohno S, Fujii M, Hironaka KI, Egami R, Terakawa A, Tsuchiya T, Ozaki H, Inoue H, Uda S, Kubota H, Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Arita M, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Hirayama A, Soga T, Kuroda S. Transomics analysis reveals allosteric and gene regulation axes for altered hepatic glucose-responsive metabolism in obesity. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/660/eaaz1236. [PMID: 33262292 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose tolerance associated with obesity causes postprandial hyperglycemia and can lead to type 2 diabetes. To study the differences in liver metabolism in healthy and obese states, we constructed and analyzed transomics glucose-responsive metabolic networks with layers for metabolites, expression data for metabolic enzyme genes, transcription factors, and insulin signaling proteins from the livers of healthy and obese mice. We integrated multiomics time course data from wild-type and leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice after orally administered glucose. In wild-type mice, metabolic reactions were rapidly regulated within 10 min of oral glucose administration by glucose-responsive metabolites, which functioned as allosteric regulators and substrates of metabolic enzymes, and by Akt-induced changes in the expression of glucose-responsive genes encoding metabolic enzymes. In ob/ob mice, the majority of rapid regulation by glucose-responsive metabolites was absent. Instead, glucose administration produced slow changes in the expression of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolic enzyme-encoding genes to alter metabolic reactions on a time scale of hours. Few regulatory events occurred in both healthy and obese mice. Thus, our transomics network analysis revealed that regulation of glucose-responsive liver metabolism is mediated through different mechanisms in healthy and obese states. Rapid changes in allosteric regulators and substrates and in gene expression dominate the healthy state, whereas slow changes in gene expression dominate the obese state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kokaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,Division of Integrated Omics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yugi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-8520, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miki Eto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keigo Morita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima city, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hironaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Riku Egami
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Akira Terakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takaho Tsuchiya
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Ozaki
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Uda
- Division of Integrated Omics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kubota
- Division of Integrated Omics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Shinya Kuroda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Harris RBS. Consuming sucrose solution promotes leptin resistance and site specifically modifies hypothalamic leptin signaling in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 320:R182-R194. [PMID: 33206557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rats consuming 30% sucrose solution and a sucrose-free diet (LiqS) become leptin resistant, whereas rats consuming sucrose from a formulated diet (HS) remain leptin responsive. This study tested whether leptin resistance in LiqS rats extended beyond a failure to inhibit food intake and examined leptin responsiveness in the hypothalamus and hindbrain of rats offered HS, LiqS, or a sucrose-free diet (NS). Female LiqS Sprague-Dawley rats initially only partially compensated for the calories consumed as sucrose, but energy intake matched that of HS and NS rats when they were transferred to calorimetry cages. There was no effect of diet on energy expenditure, intrascapular brown fat tissue (IBAT) temperature, or fat pad weight. A peripheral injection of 2 mg of leptin/kg on day 23 or day 26 inhibited energy intake of HS and NS but not LiqS rats. Inhibition occurred earlier in HS rats than in NS rats and was associated with a smaller meal size. Leptin had no effect on energy expenditure but caused a transient rise in IBAT temperature of HS rats. Leptin increased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in the hindbrain and ventromedial hypothalamus of all rats. There was a minimal effect of leptin in the arcuate nucleus, and only the dorsomedial hypothalamus showed a correlation between pSTAT3 and leptin responsiveness. These data suggest that the primary response to leptin is inhibition of food intake and the pattern of sucrose consumption, rather than calories consumed as sucrose, causes leptin resistance associated with site-specific differences in hypothalamic leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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26
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Silvah JH, Marchini JS, Mártires Lima CM, Ferreira Nicoletti C, Alexandre Santos L, Nobuyuki Itikawa E, Trevisan AC, Arriva Pitella F, Kato M, Iucif Junior N, Gai Frantz F, Freire Carvalho Cunha S, Buchpiguel CA, Wichert-Ana L. Regional cerebral blood flow at rest in obesity. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Diz-Chaves Y, Herrera-Pérez S, González-Matías LC, Lamas JA, Mallo F. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the Integration of Neural and Endocrine Responses to Stress. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113304. [PMID: 33126672 PMCID: PMC7692797 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) within the brain is produced by a population of preproglucagon neurons located in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. These neurons project to the hypothalamus and another forebrain, hindbrain, and mesolimbic brain areas control the autonomic function, feeding, and the motivation to feed or regulate the stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) controls both food intake and feeding behavior (hunger-driven feeding, the hedonic value of food, and food motivation). The activation of GLP-1 receptors involves second messenger pathways and ionic events in the autonomic nervous system, which are very relevant to explain the essential central actions of GLP-1 as neuromodulator coordinating food intake in response to a physiological and stress-related stimulus to maintain homeostasis. Alterations in GLP-1 signaling associated with obesity or chronic stress induce the dysregulation of eating behavior. This review summarized the experimental shreds of evidence from studies using GLP-1R agonists to describe the neural and endocrine integration of stress responses and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo FB3A, Laboratorio de Endocrinología, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.-C.); (F.M.); Tel.: +34-(986)-130226 (Y.D.-C.); +34-(986)-812393 (F.M.)
| | - Salvador Herrera-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo FB3B, Laboratorio de Neurociencia, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (S.H.-P.); (J.A.L.)
| | | | - José Antonio Lamas
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo FB3B, Laboratorio de Neurociencia, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (S.H.-P.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Federico Mallo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo FB3A, Laboratorio de Endocrinología, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.-C.); (F.M.); Tel.: +34-(986)-130226 (Y.D.-C.); +34-(986)-812393 (F.M.)
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28
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Kim LJ, Polotsky VY. Carotid Body and Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5117. [PMID: 32698380 PMCID: PMC7404212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is responsible for the peripheral chemoreflex by sensing blood gases and pH. The CB also appears to act as a peripheral sensor of metabolites and hormones, regulating the metabolism. CB malfunction induces aberrant chemosensory responses that culminate in the tonic overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympatho-excitation evoked by CB may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, inducing systemic hypertension, insulin resistance and sleep-disordered breathing. Several molecular pathways are involved in the modulation of CB activity, and their pharmacological manipulation may lead to overall benefits for cardiometabolic diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of the CB in the regulation of metabolism and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic dysfunction induced by CB overactivity. We will also explore the potential pharmacological targets in the CB for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
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29
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Sudhakaran M, Doseff AI. The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2020; 25:E2477. [PMID: 32471061 PMCID: PMC7321129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is approaching pandemic levels, affecting nearly 30% of the world's total population. Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, consequentially impacting the quality of life and imposing a serious socioeconomic burden. Hence, reducing obesity and related life-threatening conditions has become a paramount health challenge. The chronic systemic inflammation characteristic of obesity promotes adipose tissue remodeling and metabolic changes. Macrophages, the major culprits in obesity-induced inflammation, contribute to sustaining a dysregulated immune function, which creates a vicious adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk, leading to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Therefore, targeting regulatory inflammatory pathways has attracted great attention to overcome obesity and its related conditions. However, the lack of clinical efficacy and the undesirable side-effects of available therapeutic options for obesity provide compelling reasons for the need to identify additional approaches for the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced inflammation. Plant-based active metabolites or nutraceuticals and diets with an increased content of these compounds are emerging as subjects of intense scientific investigation, due to their ability to ameliorate inflammatory conditions and offer safe and cost-effective opportunities to improve health. Flavones are a class of flavonoids with anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Preclinical studies have laid foundations by establishing the potential role of flavones in suppressing adipogenesis, inducing browning, modulating immune responses in the adipose tissues, and hindering obesity-induced inflammation. Nonetheless, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-obesogenic activity of flavones remains scarce and requires further investigations. This review recapitulates the molecular aspects of obesity-induced inflammation and the crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages, while focusing on the current evidence on the health benefits of flavones against obesity and chronic inflammation, which has been positively correlated with an enhanced cancer incidence. We conclude the review by highlighting the areas of research warranting a deeper investigation, with an emphasis on flavones and their potential impact on the crosstalk between adipocytes, the immune system, the gut microbiome, and their role in the regulation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sudhakaran
- Physiology Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea I. Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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30
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Zhao S, Li N, Zhu Y, Straub L, Zhang Z, Wang MY, Zhu Q, Kusminski CM, Elmquist JK, Scherer PE. Partial leptin deficiency confers resistance to diet-induced obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100995. [PMID: 32289482 PMCID: PMC7229277 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyperleptinemia per se is sufficient to promote leptin resistance in the obese state. Leptin sensitivity can be restored by reducing circulating leptin levels within a physiologically healthy range and is a viable antiobesity and antidiabetic strategy. However, a previous study suggests that partial leptin deficiency favors diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders in mice, arguing that a lower leptin level may indeed promote diet-induced obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Here, we aim to elucidate what the impact of partial leptin deficiency is on fat mass and insulin sensitivity. Methods We used two different mouse models of partial leptin deficiency: an adipocyte-specific congenital heterozygous leptin knockout mouse line (LepHZ) and the well-established whole body heterozygous leptin knockout mouse (OBHZ). The metabolic studies of OBHZ and LepHZ mice were performed both on normal carbohydrate-rich chow diet and on a high-fat diet (HFD). Male and female mice were included in the study to account for sex-specific differences. Body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were tested. Histology of adipose tissue and liver tissue allowed insights into adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic triglyceride content. Immunohistochemistry was paired with RT-PCR analysis for expression levels of inflammatory markers. Results Both OBHZ and LepHZ mice displayed reduced circulating leptin levels on the chow diet and HFD. On chow diet, male OBHZ and LepHZ mice showed elevated fat mass and body weight, while their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged. However, the inability in partially leptin-deficient mice to fully induce circulating leptin during the development of diet-induced obesity results in reduced food intake and leaner mice with lower body weight compared to their littermate controls. Importantly, a strong reduction of adipose tissue inflammation is observed along with improvements in insulin sensitivity and enhanced glucose tolerance. Additionally, partial leptin deficiency protects the mice from fatty liver and liver fibrosis. Chronically HFD-fed OBHZ and LepHZ mice remain more sensitive to exogenous leptin injection, as reflected by their reduced food intake upon an acute leptin treatment. Conclusion In response to HFD feeding, the inability to upregulate leptin levels due to partial leptin deficiency protects mice from diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Thus, in an obesogenic environment, maintaining lower leptin levels is highly beneficial for both obesity and diabetes management. Chronic leptin reduction represents a viable preventive strategy whose efficacy awaits clinical testing. Partial leptin deficiency protects from diet-induced obesity. Reduced leptin protects from diet-induced obesity independent of sex. Reduction of circulating leptin levels inhibits HFD-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Partial leptin deficiency confers resistance to HFD-induced liver fibrosis. Partial leptin deficiency enhances leptin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leon Straub
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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31
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Cheng Y, Buchan M, Vitanova K, Aitken L, Gunn-Moore FJ, Ramsay RR, Doherty G. Neuroprotective actions of leptin facilitated through balancing mitochondrial morphology and improving mitochondrial function. J Neurochem 2020; 155:191-206. [PMID: 32157699 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a recognised role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Cerebral perfusion becomes increasingly inefficient throughout ageing, leading to unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. This effect is exaggerated by amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, two hallmark proteins of AD pathology. A neuroprotective role for the adipose-derived hormone, leptin, has been demonstrated in neuronal cells. However, its effects with relation to mitochondrial function in AD remain largely unknown. To address this question, we have used both a glucose-serum-deprived (CGSD) model of ischaemic stroke in SH-SY5Y cells and a Aβ1-42 -treatment model of AD in differentiated hippocampal cells. Using a combination of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and MitoRed staining techniques, we show that leptin prevents depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation induced by both CGSD and Aβ1-42 . Thereafter, we used ELISAs and a number of activity assays to reveal the biochemical underpinnings of these processes. Specifically, leptin was seen to inhibit up-regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein Fis1 and down-regulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein, Mfn2. Furthermore, leptin was seen to up-regulate the expression and activity of the antioxidant enzyme, monoamine oxidase B. Herein we provide the first demonstration that leptin is sufficient to protect against aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and resulting loss of function induced by both CGSD and Aβ1-42 . We conclude that the established neuroprotective actions of leptin may be facilitated through regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Matthew Buchan
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Karina Vitanova
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Laura Aitken
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Rona R Ramsay
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Gayle Doherty
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Kim LJ, Freire C, Fleury Curado T, Jun JC, Polotsky VY. The Role of Animal Models in Developing Pharmacotherapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122049. [PMID: 31766589 PMCID: PMC6947279 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease characterized by recurrent closure of the upper airway during sleep. It has a complex pathophysiology involving four main phenotypes. An abnormal upper airway anatomy is the key factor that predisposes to sleep-related collapse of the pharynx, but it may not be sufficient for OSA development. Non-anatomical traits, including (1) a compromised neuromuscular response of the upper airway to obstruction, (2) an unstable respiratory control (high loop gain), and (3) a low arousal threshold, predict the development of OSA in association with anatomical abnormalities. Current therapies for OSA, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral appliances, have poor adherence or variable efficacy among patients. The search for novel therapeutic approaches for OSA, including pharmacological agents, has been pursued over the past years. New insights into OSA pharmacotherapy have been provided by preclinical studies, which highlight the importance of appropriate use of animal models of OSA, their applicability, and limitations. In the present review, we discuss potential pharmacological targets for OSA discovered using animal models.
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Alhadeff AL, Conway SM, Ong ZY, Wald HS, Roitman MF, Grill HJ. Central leptin signaling transmits positive valence. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146441. [PMID: 31513793 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hunger resulting from food deprivation is associated with negative affect. This is supported by recent evidence showing that hunger-sensitive neurons drive feeding through a negative valence teaching signal. However, the complementary hypothesis that hormonal signals of energy surfeit counteract this negative valence, or even transmit positive valence, has received less attention. The adipose-derived hormone leptin signals in proportion to fat mass, is an indicator of energy surplus, and reduces food intake. Here, we showed that centrally-delivered leptin reduced food intake and conditioned a place preference in food-restricted as well as ad libitum fed rats. In contrast, leptin did not reduce food intake nor condition a place preference in obese rats, likely due to leptin resistance. Despite a well-known role for hindbrain leptin receptor signaling in energy balance control, hindbrain leptin delivery did not condition a place preference in food-restricted rats, suggesting that leptin acting in midbrain or forebrain sites mediates place preference conditioning. Supporting the hypothesis that leptin signaling induces a positive affective state, leptin also decreased the threshold for ventral tegmental area brain stimulation reward. Together, these data suggest that leptin signaling is intrinsically preferred, and support the view that signals of energy surfeit are associated with positive affect. Harnessing the positive valence of signals such as leptin may attenuate the negative affect associated with hunger, providing a compelling new approach for weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Sineadh M Conway
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zhi Yi Ong
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hallie S Wald
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Lasisi TJ, Shittu STT, Alada AR. Re-establishing normal diet following high fat-diet-induced obesity reverses the altered salivary composition in Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:111-120. [PMID: 30120910 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity has been implicated in impaired salivary secretion. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of diet-induced obesity on salivary secretion and how re-feeding with normal diet would affect changes in salivary secretion associated with diet-induced obesity. Methods Weaning rats weighing 55-65 g were randomly divided into three groups (control, diet-induced obese, re-fed obese) of seven rats each. The diet-induced obese group was fed a high-fat diet for 15 weeks, whereas the re-fed obese group received normal diet for another 15 weeks following the 15 weeks of high-fat diet. After treatment, blood and stimulated saliva samples were collected for the analyses of total protein, electrolytes, amylase, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), leptin and ghrelin. Tissue total protein, nitric oxide level, expressions of Na+/K+-ATPase, muscarinic (M3) receptor and aquaporin 5 in the submandibular glands were determined. Data were presented as mean±SEM and compared using independent student t-test and ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. Results Results indicated increases in the levels of salivary calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate and leptin, whereas the levels of salivary amylase and ghrelin showed reduction in the obese group compared with the control. Most of these changes were reversed in the re-fed obese group. There were no significant differences in salivary lag time, flow rate, levels of tissue total protein, nitric oxide and the relative expressions of M3 receptor, Na++/K+-ATPase and aquaporin 5 in the submandibular glands between the obese and control groups. Conclusions Diet-induced obesity lead to some changes in salivary factors which were reversed by returning to normal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Jemilat Lasisi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Oral Pathology, University College Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Phone: +2348053513471
| | | | - Akinola Rasak Alada
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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35
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Aytekin N, Godfri B, Cunliffe A. 'The hunger trap hypothesis': New horizons in understanding the control of food intake. Med Hypotheses 2019; 129:109247. [PMID: 31371077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic continues to present significant challenges to individuals and healthcare providers. Public health initiatives to tackle the rise in overweight and obesity in developed and developing nations have largely failed to tackle the problem and research into the underlying causes is of increasing importance. Central to understanding overconsumption of calories is an appreciation of the mechanisms of hunger and satiety. Research to date has revealed considerable detail regarding meal size, macronutrient composition of the diet and control of energy balance via adipose store derived signalling. It is clear however that such control mechanisms are overwhelmed in a significant proportion of the population. We hypothesize the hitherto under-researched possibility that micronutrient status may have an important role in energy balance. Poor vitamin and mineral profiles in the diets of the obese may potentiate overconsumption of calories due to an insufficiency of micronutrient intake relative to macronutrient consumption, a situation aggravated by increased requirements in the obese state. Amongst the multiplicity of metabolic and biochemical processes dependent upon micronutrients and which are impacted by their relative insufficiency, there may be triggers for increased food consumption in an attempt to bridge the gap between high energy consumption and low co-factor availability. This 'hunger trap' will continue as long as low nutrient density foods represent the mainstay of the diet. The accepted paradigm of variety seeking leading to vitamin and mineral adequacy of diets may not apply in the context of highly processed foods which use technological means to mimic organoleptic properties of nutrient density without delivering the same at the level of metabolism.
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Valdearcos M, Myers MG, Koliwad SK. Hypothalamic microglia as potential regulators of metabolic physiology. Nat Metab 2019; 1:314-320. [PMID: 32694719 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident myeloid cells initiate local inflammation in response to infectious or injurious stimuli. Sixteen years ago, macrophages in the adipose tissue (ATMs) were shown to undergo a form of activation in response to diet-induced obesity, thus leading to the conclusion that these macrophages sense a type of pro-inflammatory injury. ATMs are now known to be central to adipose tissue development, plasticity, maintenance and function. Indeed, their involvement in obesity may represent hijacking of these functions. More recently, microglia, 'CNS macrophages', have been shown to accumulate and undergo activation in response to dietary excess in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), and early studies have implicated these cells as injury-responsive mediators of hypothalamic dysfunction. However, microglia are amazingly diverse cells now known to have moment-to-moment sensory functions and to communicate with neighbouring neurons to maintain and shape brain circuitry. Here, we build on this view, detailing our rapidly evolving understanding of microglial heterogeneity in the MBH and their roles as nutrient and environmental sensors. We propose that microglia, instead of simply responding to diet-induced damage, act as critical metabolic regulators that may coordinate a complex cellular network in the MBH. Understanding their roles in hypothalamic development and function should reveal unexpected mechanistic information relevant to important diseases such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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37
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Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, Dyleva Y, Barbarash O. Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:191-198. [PMID: 30774404 PMCID: PMC6354688 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s182406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and its receptors have been identified as key regulators of body weight and energy homeostasis. A decrease in tissue sensitivity to leptin leads to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Mechanisms underlying the development of leptin resistance include mutations in the genes encoding leptin and its receptors, as well as proteins involved in self-regulation of leptin synthesis and blood-brain barrier permeability. Leptin resistance encompasses a complex pathophysiological phenomenon with a number of potential research lines. In this review, we analyze the existing data on the methods used to diagnose leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gruzdeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Kemerovo State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Borodkina
- Autonomous Public Healthcare Institution of the Kemrovo Region, Kemerovo Regional Clinical Hospital Named After S.V. Beliyaev, Regional Center for Diabetes, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenya Uchasova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
| | - Yulia Dyleva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
| | - Olga Barbarash
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Kemerovo State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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38
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Sergi D, Campbell FM, Grant C, Morris AC, Bachmair EM, Koch C, McLean FH, Muller A, Hoggard N, de Roos B, Porteiro B, Boekschoten MV, McGillicuddy FC, Kahn D, Nicol P, Benzler J, Mayer CD, Drew JE, Roche HM, Muller M, Nogueiras R, Dieguez C, Tups A, Williams LM. SerpinA3N is a novel hypothalamic gene upregulated by a high-fat diet and leptin in mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2018; 13:28. [PMID: 30519364 PMCID: PMC6263559 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Energy homeostasis is regulated by the hypothalamus but fails when animals are fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and leptin insensitivity and obesity develops. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying these effects, a microarray-based transcriptomics approach was used to identify novel genes regulated by HFD and leptin in the mouse hypothalamus. Results Mouse global array data identified serpinA3N as a novel gene highly upregulated by both a HFD and leptin challenge. In situ hybridisation showed serpinA3N expression upregulation by HFD and leptin in all major hypothalamic nuclei in agreement with transcriptomic gene expression data. Immunohistochemistry and studies in the hypothalamic clonal neuronal cell line, mHypoE-N42 (N42), confirmed that alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (α1AC), the protein encoded by serpinA3, is localised to neurons and revealed that it is secreted into the media. SerpinA3N expression in N42 neurons is upregulated by palmitic acid and by leptin, together with IL-6 and TNFα, and all three genes are downregulated by the anti-inflammatory monounsaturated fat, oleic acid. Additionally, palmitate upregulation of serpinA3 in N42 neurons is blocked by the NFκB inhibitor, BAY11, and the upregulation of serpinA3N expression in the hypothalamus by HFD is blunted in IL-1 receptor 1 knockout (IL-1R1−/−) mice. Conclusions These data demonstrate that serpinA3 expression is implicated in nutritionally mediated hypothalamic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Fiona M Campbell
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Christine Grant
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Amanda C Morris
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | | | - Christiane Koch
- 2Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,3Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Fiona H McLean
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Aifric Muller
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Baukje de Roos
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Begona Porteiro
- 4Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,5CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- 6Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona C McGillicuddy
- 7Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darcy Kahn
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Phyllis Nicol
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Jonas Benzler
- 2Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,3Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Claus-Dieter Mayer
- 8Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Janice E Drew
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Helen M Roche
- 7Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Muller
- 9Nutrigenomics and Systems Nutrition Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- 4Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,5CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- 4Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,5CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Tups
- 2Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,3Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Lynda M Williams
- 1Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
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Côté I, Green SM, Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Toklu HZ, Morgan D, Carter CS, Tümer N, Scarpace PJ. Oestradiol and leptin have separate but additive anorexigenic effects and differentially target fat mass in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12646. [PMID: 30246441 PMCID: PMC6251747 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that male rats exhibit lower hypophagia and body weight loss compared to female rats following central leptin delivery, suggesting a role for oestradiol in leptin responsiveness. Accordingly, we delivered Ob (leptin) or GFP (control) gene into the brain of male rats that were simultaneously treated with oestradiol or vehicle. In a reciprocal approach, we compared oestradiol-deficient (OVX) with intact females (sham) that received leptin or control vector. Changes in food intake), body weight and body composition were examined. In males, oestradiol and leptin resulted in lower cumulative food intake (15%) and endpoint body weight (5%), although rats receiving dual treatment (oestradiol-leptin) ate 28% less and weighed 22% less than vehicle-control. Changes in food intake were unique to each treatment, with a rapid decrease in vehicle-leptin followed by gradual renormalisation. By contrast, hypophagia in oestradiol-control was of lower amplitude and sporadic. Leptin selectively targeted fat mass and endpoint abdominal fat mass was 65%-80% lower compared to their respective control groups. In females, both leptin groups had lower body weight (endpoint values 20% lower than control groups) with the highest extent in sham animals (endpoint value was 28% less in sham-leptin than in sham-control). OVX rats rapidly started regaining their lost body weight reminiscent of the pattern in males. Leptin rapidly and robustly reduced fat mass with endpoint values 30%-35% less than control treated animals. It appears that leptin and oestradiol decreased food intake and body weight via different mechanisms, with the pattern of oestradiol-leptin being reminiscent of that observed in females and the pattern of OVX-leptin reminiscent of that observed in males. Oestrogen status did not influence initial fat mass loss by leptin. It can be concluded that oestradiol modulates the long-term response to central leptin overexpression, although its actions on energy homeostasis are additive and independent of those of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sara M. Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Joshua F. Yarrow
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Malcom Randall, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christine F. Conover
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Malcom Randall, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Hale Z. Toklu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Philip J. Scarpace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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40
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Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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Sudhakar M, Silambanan S, Chandran AS, Prabhakaran AA, Ramakrishnan R. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Leptin Receptor in Obesity: Binding of Monomeric CRP to Leptin Receptor. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1167. [PMID: 29910808 PMCID: PMC5992430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While leptin deficiency or dysfunction leads to morbid obesity, obese subjects are characterized paradoxically by hyperleptinemia indicating lack of response to leptin. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been suggested to be a key plasma protein that could bind to leptin. To examine whether CRP interferes with leptin action, mediated through its cell surface receptor, docking studies of CRP with the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor were done employing bioinformatics tools. Monomeric CRP docked with better Z-rank score and more non-bond interactions than pentameric CRP at the CRH2–FNIII domain proximal to the cell membrane, distinct from the leptin-docking site. Interaction of CRP with leptin receptor was validated by solid phase binding assay and co-immunoprecipitation of CRP and soluble leptin receptor (sOb R) from human plasma. Analysis of the serum levels of leptin, CRP, and sOb R by ELISA showed that CRP levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) in non-morbid obese subjects (n = 42) compared to lean subjects (n = 32) and correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001) and leptin (r = 0.8, p < 0.0001); levels of sOb R were significantly low in obese subjects (p < 0.001) and showed a negative correlation with BMI (r = −0.26, p < 0.05) and leptin (r = −0.23, p < 0.05) indicating a minimal role for sOb R in sequestering leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sudhakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santhi Silambanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhinand S Chandran
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Athira A Prabhakaran
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ramya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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42
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Is leptin resistance the cause or the consequence of diet-induced obesity? Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1445-1457. [PMID: 29789721 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is strongly associated with leptin resistance. It is unclear whether leptin resistance results from the (over)consumption of energy-dense diets or if reduced leptin sensitivity is also a pre-existing factor in rodent models of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We here tested whether leptin sensitivity on a chow diet predicts subsequent weight gain and leptin sensitivity on a free choice high-fat high-sucrose (fcHFHS) diet. METHODS Based upon individual leptin sensitivity on chow diet, rats were grouped in leptin sensitive (LS, n = 22) and leptin resistant (LR, n = 19) rats (P = 0.000), and the development of DIO on a fcHFHS diet was compared. The time-course of leptin sensitivity was measured over weeks in individual rats. RESULTS Both on a chow and a fcHFHS diet, high variability in leptin sensitivity was observed between rats, but not over time per individual rat. Exposure to the fcHFHS diet revealed that LR rats were more prone to develop DIO (P = 0.013), which was independent of caloric intake (p ≥ 0.320) and the development of diet-induced leptin resistance (P = 0.769). Reduced leptin sensitivity in LR compared with LS rats before fcHFHS diet exposure, was associated with reduced leptin-induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) levels in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus (P ≤ 0.049), but not the arcuate nucleus (P = 0.558). CONCLUSIONS A pre-existing reduction in leptin sensitivity determines the susceptibility to develop excessive DIO after fcHFHS diet exposure. Rats with a pre-existing reduction in leptin sensitivity develop excessive DIO without eating more calories or altering their leptin sensitivity.
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Gu Z, Sun C, Xiang D. Postoperative Adverse Cardiovascular Events Associated with Leptin and Adverse Age After Elective Major Non-Cardiac Surgery: An Asian Single-Center Study. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2119-2125. [PMID: 29630590 PMCID: PMC5907622 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postoperative adverse cardiovascular events (PACE) after surgery can result in prolonged length of stay and poorer prognosis. The purpose of this Asian single-center study was to investigate the potential predicative role of leptin for PACE in elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients in the study were prospectively recruited from a series of elderly patients (≥60 years) undergoing elective major non-cardiac surgery (≥2 hours) in our hospital from June 2013 to June, 2016. The demographic and clinical data and the preoperative serum biomarkers of each participant were recorded in details. Suspected PACE were assessed by the same experienced expert based on clinical, blood, and other accessory tests. The univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were plotted to evaluate the potential independent predictive factors for PACE. RESULTS A total of 270 elderly patients (145 males and 125 females), undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery, were finally enrolled in this study. Older age, higher revised cardiac risk index score, higher levels of systolic blood pressure, B-type natriuretic peptide and leptin, the preoperative medication of beta blocker and lipid-lowering agents were positive predictors of PACE by univariate analyses (p<0.05). Our results indicated that preoperative leptin level (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.08-3.42; p=0.015) and advanced age (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.94; p=0.041) were significantly associated with the occurrence of PACE by multiple logistic regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative serum leptin level and advanced age were two independent risk factors for PACE among elderly patients undergoing elective major non-cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Canlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Odle A, Allensworth-James M, Childs GV. The War on the Placenta: The Differing Battles of High-Fat Diet and Obesity. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1642-1643. [PMID: 29471404 PMCID: PMC5939634 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Commentary on Mahany et al., “Obesity and High-Fat Diet Induce Distinct Changes in Placental Gene Expression and Pregnancy Outcome.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Melody Allensworth-James
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Correspondence: Gwen V. Childs, PhD, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205. E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiologic processes underlying the regulation of glucose homeostasis are considerably complex at both cellular and systemic level. A comprehensive and structured specification for the several layers of abstraction of glucose metabolism is often elusive, an issue currently solvable with the hierarchical description provided by multi-level models. In this study we propose a multi-level closed-loop model of whole-body glucose homeostasis, coupled with the molecular specifications of the insulin signaling cascade in adipocytes, under the experimental conditions of normal glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The ordinary differential equations of the model, describing the dynamics of glucose and key regulatory hormones and their reciprocal interactions among gut, liver, muscle and adipose tissue, were designed for being embedded in a modular, hierarchical structure. The closed-loop model structure allowed self-sustained simulations to represent an ideal in silico subject that adjusts its own metabolism to the fasting and feeding states, depending on the hormonal context and invariant to circadian fluctuations. The cellular level of the model provided a seamless dynamic description of the molecular mechanisms downstream the insulin receptor in the adipocytes by accounting for variations in the surrounding metabolic context. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combination of a multi-level and closed-loop modeling approach provided a fair dynamic description of the core determinants of glucose homeostasis at both cellular and systemic scales. This model architecture is intrinsically open to incorporate supplementary layers of specifications describing further individual components influencing glucose metabolism.
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46
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Ibitoye OB, Ghali UM, Adekunle JB, Uwazie JN, Ajiboye TO. Antidyslipidemic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:8128125. [PMID: 29234430 PMCID: PMC5672693 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8128125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels leaves are widely used in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular related complications in Nigeria. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effect of aqueous extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii leaves in high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese rats. HFD-fed rats were given 100, 200, and 400 mgkg-1 body weight of aqueous extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii leaves for 4 weeks starting from 9th week of HFD treatment. D. cumminsii leaves aqueous extract reversed HFD-mediated decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Moreover, HFD-mediated elevation in the levels of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and DNA fragmentation in rats liver was lowered. HFD-mediated alterations in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reversed by the extract. The treatment of HFD-fed rats reduced the levels of insulin, leptin, protein carbonyl, fragmented DNA, and tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin- (IL-) 6 and IL- 8 and increased the adiponectin level. This study showed that aqueous extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii leaves has potential antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of obesity-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity-related disorder in HFD-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. B. Ibitoye
- Antioxidants, Redox Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - U. M. Ghali
- Antioxidants, Redox Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - J. B. Adekunle
- Antioxidants, Redox Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - J. N. Uwazie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - T. O. Ajiboye
- Antioxidants, Redox Biology and Toxicology Research Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
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Dodd GT, Tiganis T. Insulin action in the brain: Roles in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28758251 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from research in rodents and humans has identified insulin as an important neuoregulatory peptide in the brain, where it coordinates diverse aspects of energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. This review discusses where and how insulin interacts within the brain and evaluates the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of central insulin signalling in metabolism, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Vargas VE, Gurung S, Grant B, Hyatt K, Singleton K, Myers SM, Saunders D, Njoku C, Towner R, Myers DA. Gestational hypoxia disrupts the neonatal leptin surge and programs hyperphagia and obesity in male offspring in the Sprague-Dawley rat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185272. [PMID: 28957383 PMCID: PMC5619766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gestational hypoxia on the neonatal leptin surge, development of hypothalamic arcuate nuclei (ARH) projections and appetite that could contribute to the programming of offspring obesity is lacking. We examined the effect of 12% O2 from gestational days 15–19 in the Sprague-Dawley rat on post-weaning appetite, fat deposition by MRI, adipose tissue cytokine expression, the neonatal leptin surge, ARH response to exogenous leptin, and αMSH projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in response to a high fat (HFD) or control diet (CD) in male offspring. Normoxia (NMX) and Hypoxia (HPX) offspring exhibited increased food intake when fed a HFD from 5–8 weeks post-birth; HPX offspring on the CD had increased food intake from weeks 5–7 vs. NMX offspring on a CD. HPX offspring on a HFD remained hyperphagic through 23 weeks. Body weight were the same between offspring from HPX vs. NMX dams from 4–12 weeks of age fed a CD or HFD. By 14–23 weeks of age, HPX offspring fed the CD or HFD as well as male NMX offspring fed the HFD were heavier vs. NMX offspring fed the CD. HPX offspring fed a CD exhibited increased abdominal adiposity (MRI) that was amplified by a HFD. HPX offspring fed a HFD exhibited the highest abdominal fat cytokine expression. HPX male offspring had higher plasma leptin from postnatal day (PN) 6 through 14 vs. NMX pups. HPX offspring exhibited increased basal c-Fos labeled cells in the ARH vs. NMX pups on PN16. Leptin increased c-Fos staining in the ARH in NMX but not HPX offspring at PN16. HPX offspring had fewer αMSH fibers in the PVN vs. NMX offspring on PN16. In conclusion, gestational hypoxia impacts the developing ARH resulting in hyperphagia contributing to adult obesity on a control diet and exacerbated by a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Vargas
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sunam Gurung
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Grant
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Hyatt
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Krista Singleton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Myers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Charity Njoku
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Myers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Yu YH. Making sense of metabolic obesity and hedonic obesity. J Diabetes 2017; 9:656-666. [PMID: 28093902 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Body weight is neither stationary nor does it change unidirectionally. Rather, body weight usually oscillates up and down around a set point. Two types of forces determine the direction of weight changes. Forces that push body weight away from the set point are defined as non-homeostatic and are governed by multiple mechanisms, including, but not limited to, hedonic regulation of food intake. Forces that restore the set point weight are defined as homeostatic, and they operate through mechanisms that regulate short-term energy balance driven by hunger and satiation and long-term energy balance driven by changes in adiposity. In the normal physiological state, the deviation of body weight from the set point is usually small and temporary, and is constantly corrected by homeostatic forces. Metabolic obesity develops when body weight set point is shifted to an abnormally high level and the obese body weight becomes metabolically defended. In hedonic obesity, the obese body weight is maintained by consistent overeating due to impairments in the reward system, although the set point is not elevated. Adaptive increases in energy expenditure are elicited in hedonic obesity because body weight is elevated above the set point. Neither subtype of obesity undergoes spontaneous resolution unless the underlying disorders are corrected. In this review, the need for both appropriate patient stratification and tailored treatments is discussed in the context of the new framework of metabolic and hedonic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Greenwich Hospital and Northeast Medical Group, Yale-New Haven Health System, Greenwich, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Mazon JN, de Mello AH, Ferreira GK, Rezin GT. The impact of obesity on neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2017; 182:22-28. [PMID: 28583368 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a growing health concern. The increasing incidences of these disorders have a great impact on the patients' quality of life. Although the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases are still far from being clarified, several studies look for new discoveries about their pathophysiology and prevention. Furthermore, evidence has shown a strong correlation between obesity and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Metabolic changes caused by overweight are related to damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which can lead to neural death, either by apoptosis or cell necrosis, as well as alter the synaptic plasticity of the neuron. This review aims to show the association between neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on AD and PD, and metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Niero Mazon
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, 88704-900 Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Haas de Mello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, 88704-900 Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Kozuchovski Ferreira
- Laboratory Pharmacology and Pathophysiology of Skin, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Coronel Franscisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, 88704-900 Tubarão, SC, Brazil
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