1
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Sladen RN. Perioperative Acute Renal Injury: Revisiting Pathophysiology. Anesthesiology 2024; 141:151-158. [PMID: 38728065 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal dysfunction and subsequent acute renal failure after cardiac surgery are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Early therapeutic or preventive intervention is hampered by the lack of an early biomarker for acute renal injury. Recent studies showed that urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL or lipocalin 2) is upregulated early (within 1 to 3 h) after murine renal injury and in pediatric acute renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery. The authors hypothesized that postoperative urinary NGAL concentrations are increased in adult patients developing acute renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery compared with patients without acute renal dysfunction. METHODS After institutional review board approval, 81 cardiac surgical patients were prospectively studied. Urine samples were collected immediately before incision and at various time intervals after surgery for NGAL analysis by quantitative immunoblotting. Acute renal dysfunction was defined as peak postoperative serum creatinine increase by 50% or greater compared with preoperative serum creatinine. RESULTS Sixteen of 81 patients (20%) developed postoperative acute renal dysfunction, and the mean urinary NGAL concentrations in patients who developed acute renal dysfunction were significantly higher early after surgery (after 1 h, mean ± SD, 4,195 ± 6,520 vs. 1,068 ± 2,129 ng/ml; P < 0.01) compared with patients who did not develop acute renal dysfunction. Mean urinary NGAL concentrations continued to increase and remained significantly higher at 3 and 18 h after cardiac surgery in patients with acute renal dysfunction. In contrast, urinary NGAL in patients without acute renal dysfunction decreased rapidly after cardiac surgery. CONCLUSIONS Patients developing postoperative acute renal dysfunction had significantly higher urinary NGAL concentrations early after cardiac surgery. Urinary NGAL may therefore be a useful early biomarker of acute renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery. These findings may facilitate the early detection of acute renal injury and potentially prevent progression to acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Sladen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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2
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Yang H, Zhang Z, Zhao K, Zhang Y, Yin X, Zhu G, Wang Z, Yan X, Li X, He T, Wang K. Targeting the adenosine signaling pathway in macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110774. [PMID: 38521664 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the ways in which macrophages support tumorigenic growth is by producing adenosine, which acts to dampen antitumor immune responses and is generated by both tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Two cell surface expressed molecules, CD73 and CD39, boost catalytic adenosine triphosphate, leading to further increased adenosine synthesis, under hypoxic circumstances in the TME. There are four receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) expressed on macrophages that allow adenosine to perform its immunomodulatory effect. Researchers have shown that adenosine signaling is a key factor in tumor progression and an attractive therapeutic target for treating cancer. Several antagonistic adenosine-targeting biological therapies that decrease the suppressive action of tumor-associated macrophages have been produced and explored to transform this result from basic research into a therapeutic advantage. Here, we'll review the newest findings from studies of pharmacological compounds that target adenosine receptors, and their potential therapeutic value based on blocking the suppressive action of macrophages in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Zongliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Xinbao Yin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Guanqun Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Xuechuan Yan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Xueyu Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Tianzhen He
- Nantong University, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China.
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3
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Rao JS, Pruett TL. Immunology of the transplanted cryopreserved kidney. Cryobiology 2023; 110:1-7. [PMID: 36640932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation has substituted dysfunctional organs with healthy organs from donors to significantly lower morbidity and mortality associated with end-stage organ disease. Since the advent of transplantation, the promise of functional replacement has attracted an exponential mismatch between organ supply and demand. Theoretical proposals to counter the increasing needs have either been to create a source through genetic engineering of porcine donors for xenotransplantation (with more potent immunosuppression protocols) or recreate one's organ in a pig using interspecies blastocyst complementation for exogenic organ transplantation (without immunosuppression). Another promising avenue has been organ banking through cryopreservation for transplantation. Although ice free preservation and acceptable early function following rewarming is critical for success in transplantation, the immunological response that predominantly defines short- and long-term graft survival has failed to captivate attention to date. It is well sorted that thermal and metabolic stress incurred at 4 °C during recovery and reperfusion of organs for clinical transplantation has varying impact on graft survival. Considering the magnitude of cellular imbalance and injury at sub-zero/ultralow temperatures in addition to the chemical toxicity of cryoprotective agents (CPA), it is essential to assess and address the immunological response associated following transplantation to maximize the success of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sushil Rao
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Timothy L Pruett
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine: a master switch in renal health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:509-524. [PMID: 32641760 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the activation of P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively. Extracellular purines can modulate immune responses, balancing inflammatory processes and immunosuppression; indeed, alterations in extracellular nucleotide and adenosine signalling determine outcomes of inflammation and healing processes. The functional activities of ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, which hydrolyse pro-inflammatory ATP to generate immunosuppressive adenosine, are therefore pivotal in acute inflammation. Protracted inflammation may result in aberrant adenosinergic signalling, which serves to sustain inflammasome activation and worsen fibrotic reactions. Alterations in the expression of ectonucleotidases on various immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and macrophages, as well as components of the renal vasculature, control purinergic receptor-mediated effects on target tissues within the kidney. The role of CD39 as a rheostat that can have an impact on purinergic signalling in both acute and chronic inflammation is increasingly supported by the literature, as detailed in this Review. Better understanding of these purinergic processes and development of novel drugs targeting these pathways could lead to effective therapies for the management of acute and chronic kidney disease.
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5
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Babich V, Vadnagara K, Di Sole F. Adenosine A 2A receptor blocks the A 1 receptor inhibition of renal Na + transport and oxygen consumption. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13917-13930. [PMID: 30633335 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high renal oxygen (O2 ) need is primarily associated with the renal tubular O2 consumption (VO2 ) necessary for a high rate of sodium (Na+ ) transport. Limited O2 availability leads to increased levels of adenosine, which regulates the kidney via activation of both A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR, respectively). The relative contributions of A1R and A2AR to the regulation of renal Na+ transport and VO2 have not been determined. We demonstrated that A1R activation has a dose-dependent biphasic effect on both renal Na+ /H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3), a major player in Na+ transport, and VO2 . Here, we report concentration-dependent effects of adenosine: less than 5 × 10-7 M adenosine-stimulated NHE3 activity; between 5 × 10-7 M and 10-5 M adenosine-inhibited NHE3 activity; and greater than 10-5 M adenosine reversed the change in NHE3 activity (returned to baseline). A1R activation mediated the activation and inhibition of NHE3 activity, whereas 10-4 M adenosine had no effect on the NHE3 activity due to A2AR activation. The following occurred when A1R and A2AR were activated: (a) Blockade of the A2AR receptor restored the NHE3 inhibition mediated by A1R activation, (b) the NHE-dependent effect on VO2 mediated by A1R activation became NHE independent, and (c) A2AR bound to A1R. In summary, A1R affects VO2 via NHE-dependent mechanisms, whereas A2AR acts via NHE-independent mechanisms. When both A1R and A2AR are activated, the A2AR effect on NHE3 and VO2 predominates, possibly via an A1R-A2AR protein interaction. A2AR-A1R heterodimerization is proposed as the molecular mechanism enabling the NHE-independent control of renal VO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Babich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mercy College of Health Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Komal Vadnagara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Soleimani A, Bahreyni A, Roshan MK, Soltani A, Ryzhikov M, Shafiee M, Soukhtanloo M, Jaafari MR, Mashkani B, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potency of pharmacological adenosine receptors agonist/antagonist on cancer cell apoptosis in tumor microenvironment, current status, and perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2329-2336. [PMID: 30191994 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic niche of tumor leads to a tremendous increase in the extracellular adenosine concentration through alteration of adenosine metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This consequently affects cancer progression, local immune responses, and apoptosis of tumor cells. Regulatory effect of adenosine on apoptosis in TME depends on the cancer cell type, pharmacological characteristics of adenosine receptor subtypes, and the adenosine concentration in the tumor niche. Exploiting specific pharmacological adenosine receptor agonist and antagonist inducing apoptosis in cancer cells can be considered as a proper procedure to control cancer progression. This review summarizes the regulatory role of adenosine in cancer cell apoptosis for a better understanding, and hence better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvar Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mostafa K Roshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud R Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Khayami R, Toroghian Y, Bahreyni A, Bahrami A, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Ebrahimi S, Soleimani A, Fiuji H, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Role of adenosine signaling in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7905-7912. [PMID: 30011093 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of adenosine may increase under ischemic conditions in the tumor microenvironment, and then it enters the systemic circulation. Adenosine controls cancer progression and responses to therapy by regulating angiogenesis, cell survival, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and metastases in tumors. Hence, adenosine metabolism, adenosine-generating enzymes, and adenosine signaling are potentially novel therapeutic targets in a wide range of pathological conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischemic diseases, inflammatory disorders, immunomodulatory disorders, and, of special interest in this review, cancer. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer for a better understanding of how this may be applied to treating this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khayami
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Younes Toroghian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anvar Soleimani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Jackson EK. Discovery and Roles of 2',3'-cAMP in Biological Systems. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:229-252. [PMID: 26721674 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, investigators using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure, by selected reaction monitoring, 3',5'-cAMP in the renal venous perfusate from isolated, perfused kidneys detected a large signal at the same m/z transition (330 → 136) as 3',5'-cAMP but at a different retention time. Follow-up experiments demonstrated that this signal was due to a positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP, namely, 2',3'-cAMP. Soon thereafter, investigative teams reported the detection of 2',3'-cAMP and other 2',3'-cNMPs (2',3'-cGMP, 2',3'-cCMP, and 2',3'-cUMP) in biological systems ranging from bacteria to plants to animals to humans. Injury appears to be the major stimulus for the release of these unique noncanonical cNMPs, which likely are formed by the breakdown of RNA. In mammalian cells in culture, in intact rat and mouse kidneys, and in mouse brains in vivo, 2',3'-cAMP is metabolized to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP; and these AMPs are subsequently converted to adenosine. In rat and mouse kidneys and mouse brains, injury releases 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP into the extracellular compartment; and in humans, traumatic brain injury is associated with large increases in 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings motivate the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway hypothesis: intracellular production of 2',3'-cAMP → export of 2',3'-cAMP → extracellular metabolism of 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP → extracellular metabolism of 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP to adenosine. Since 2',3'-cAMP has been shown to activate mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs) leading to apoptosis and necrosis and since adenosine is generally tissue protective, the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway may be a protective mechanism [i.e., removes 2',3'-cAMP (an intracellular toxin) and forms adenosine (a tissue protectant)]. This appears to be the case in the brain where deficiency in CNPase (the enzyme that metabolizes 2',3'-cAMP to 2-AMP) leads to increased susceptibility to brain injury and neurological diseases. Surprisingly, CNPase deficiency in the kidney actually protects against acute kidney injury, perhaps by preventing the formation of 2'-AMP (which turns out to be a renal vasoconstrictor) and by augmenting the mitophagy of damaged mitochondria. With regard to 2',3'-cNMPs and their downstream metabolites, there is no doubt much more to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, Room 514, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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9
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Chen H, Busse LW. Novel Therapies for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:785-799. [PMID: 29270486 PMCID: PMC5733745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disease with a complex pathophysiology. The old paradigm of identifying renal injury based on location-prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal-is now being supplanted with a new paradigm based on observable kidney injury patterns. The pathophysiology of AKI on a molecular and microanatomical level includes inflammation, immune dysregulation, oxidative injury, and impaired microcirculation. Treatment has traditionally been supportive, including the avoidance of nephrotoxins, judicious volume and blood pressure management, hemodynamic monitoring, and renal replacement therapy. Fluid overload and chloride-rich fluids are now implicated in the development of AKI, and resuscitation with a balanced, buffered solution at a conservative rate will mitigate risk. Novel therapies, which address specific observable kidney injury patterns include direct oxygen-free radical scavengers such as α-lipoic acid, curcumin, sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulphonate, propofol, and selenium. In addition, angiotensin II and adenosine receptor antagonists hope to ameliorate kidney injury via manipulation of renal hemodynamics and tubulo-glomerular feedback. Alkaline phosphatase, sphingosine 1 phosphate analogues, and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors counteract kidney injury via manipulation of inflammatory pathways. Finally, genetic modifiers such as 5INP may mitigate AKI via transcriptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laurence William Busse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Kazemi MH, Raoofi Mohseni S, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2032-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sahar Raoofi Mohseni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK); Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Bushehr Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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11
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Sung SSJ, Li L, Huang L, Lawler J, Ye H, Rosin DL, Vincent IS, Le TH, Yu J, Görldt N, Schrader J, Okusa MD. Proximal Tubule CD73 Is Critical in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Protection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:888-902. [PMID: 27628903 PMCID: PMC5328157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73-derived adenosine plays an anti-inflammatory role in various organs. However, its role in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is controversial. We targeted CD73 mutant mice to determine the function of CD73 expressed by various renal cell types under mild IRI conditions. Mice with CD73 deletion in proximal tubules exhibited exacerbated IRI, comparable with that of CD73-/- mice compared with WT mice. Mice with CD73 deletions in other cell types, including cortical type 1 fibroblast-like cells, mesangial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, showed small or no increases in injury above control mice when subjected to threshold levels of ischemia. Results from adoptive transfer experiments between WT and CD73-/- mice and pharmacologic studies modulating enzymatic activity of CD73 and extracellular adenosine levels supported a critical role of adenosine generated by proximal tubule CD73 expression in abrogating IRI. Renal adenosine levels were lower before and after ischemia in CD73-deficient mice. However, reduction in total acid-extractable renal adenosine levels was inadequate to explain the marked difference in kidney injury in these CD73-deficient mice. Furthermore, CD73 inhibition and enzyme replacement studies showed no change in total kidney adenosine levels in treated mice compared with vehicle-treated controls. Protection from IRI in neutrophil-depleted WT recipients was sustained by repopulation with bone marrow neutrophils from WT mice but not by those lacking adenosine 2a receptors (from Adora2a-/- mice). These data support the thesis that local adenosine generated by cells at the injury site is critical for protection from IRI through bone marrow-derived adenosine 2a receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sang J Sung
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Li Li
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Jessica Lawler
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Diane L Rosin
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
- Departments of Pharmacology and
| | - Issah S Vincent
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Jing Yu
- Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Nicole Görldt
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
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12
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Puri N, Mohey V, Singh M, Kaur T, Pathak D, Buttar HS, Singh AP. Dipyridamole attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced acute kidney injury through adenosinergic A1 and A2A receptor agonism in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:361-8. [PMID: 26728617 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dipyridamole (DYP) is an anti-platelet agent with marked vasodilator, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study investigated the role of adenosine receptors in DYP-mediated protection against ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. The rats were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 40 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The renal damage induced by ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) was assessed by measuring creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, plasma potassium, fractional excretion of sodium, and microproteinuria in rats. The oxidative stress in renal tissues was assessed by quantification of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione level. The hematoxylin-eosin staining was carried out to observe histopathological changes in renal tissues. DYP (10 and 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.) was administered 30 min before subjecting the rats to renal IRI. In separate groups, caffeine (50 mg/kg, i.p.), an adenosinergic A1 and A2A receptor antagonist was administered with and without DYP treatment before subjecting the rats to renal IRI. The ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI was demonstrated by significant changes in serum as well as urinary parameters, enhanced oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in renal tissues. The administration of DYP demonstrated protection against AKI. The prior treatment with caffeine abolished DYP-mediated reno-protection suggesting role of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors in DYP-mediated reno-protection in rats. It is concluded that adenosine receptors find their definite involvement in DYP-mediated anti-oxidative and reno-protective effect against ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkita Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Vinita Mohey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Tajpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, India
| | - Devendra Pathak
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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13
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Rabadi MM, Lee HT. Adenosine receptors and renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:222-31. [PMID: 25287331 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the frequent clinical complications that results in billions of dollars in healthcare costs annually in the United States is acute kidney injury (AKI). Ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury is a major cause AKI. Unfortunately, no effective treatment or preventive measure for AKI exists. With increased surgical complexity coupled with increasing number of elderly, the incidence of AKI is becoming more frequent. Adenosine is a metabolic breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and contributes to the regulation of multiple physiological events. Extracellular adenosine activates four subtypes of adenosine receptors (AR) including A1 AR, A2 A AR, A2 B AR and A3 AR. In the kidney, adenosine regulates glomerular filtration rate, vascular tone, renin release and is an integrative part of tubular glomerular feedback signal to the afferent arterioles. In addition, each AR subtype powerfully modulates renal IR injury. The A1 AR activation protects against ischaemic insult by reducing apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation. Activation of A2 A AR protects against renal injury by modulating leucocyte-mediated inflammation as well as directly reducing renal tubular inflammation. Activation of A2 B AR acts via direct activation of renal parenchymal as well as renovascular receptors and is important in kidney preconditioning. Finally, activation of A3 AR exacerbates renal damage following renal IR injury while A3 AR antagonism attenuates renal damage following ischaemic insult. Latest body of research suggests that kidney AR modulation may be a promising approach to treat ischaemic AKI. This brief review focuses on the signalling pathways of adenosine in the kidney followed by the role for various AR modulations in protecting against ischaemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Rabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - H. T. Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University; New York NY USA
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14
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Roberts VS, Cowan PJ, Alexander SI, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. The role of adenosine receptors A2A and A2B signaling in renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:685-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
In cultured renal cells and isolated perfused kidneys, extracellular guanosine augments extracellular adenosine and inosine (the major renal metabolite of adenosine) levels by altering the extracellular disposition of these purines. The present study addressed whether this "guanosine-adenosine mechanism" exists in vivo. In rats (n = 15), intravenous infusions of adenosine (1 µmol/kg per minute) decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) from 114 ± 4 to 83 ± 5 mm Hg, heart rate (HR) from 368 ± 11 to 323 ± 9 beats/min), and renal blood flow (RBF) from 6.2 ± 0.5 to 5.3 ± 0.6 ml/min). In rats (n = 15) pretreated with intravenous guanosine (10 µmol/kg per minute), intravenous adenosine (1 µmol/kg per minute) decreased MABP (from 109 ± 4 to 58 ± 5 mm Hg), HR (from 401 ± 10 to 264 ± 20 beats/min), and RBF (from 6.2 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.3). Two-factor analysis of variance (2F-ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction (P < 0.0001) between guanosine and adenosine for MABP, HR, and RBF. In control rats, the urinary excretion rate of endogenous inosine was 211 ± 103 ng/30 minutes (n = 9); however, in rats treated with intravenous guanosine (10 µmol/kg per minute), the excretion rate of inosine was 1995 ± 300 ng/30 minutes (n = 12; P < 0.0001 versus controls). Because adenosine inhibits inflammatory cytokine production, we also examined the effects of intravenous guanosine on endotoxemia-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In control rats (n = 7), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli 026:B6 endotoxin; 30 mg/kg) increased plasma TNF-α from 164 ± 56 to 4082 ± 730 pg/ml, whereas in rats pretreated with intravenous guanosine (10 µmol/kg per minute; n = 6), LPS increased plasma TNF-α from 121 ± 45 to 1821 ± 413 pg/ml (2F-ANOVA interaction effect, P = 0.0022). We conclude that the guanosine-adenosine mechanism exists in vivo and that guanosine may be a useful therapeutic for reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Jackson EK, Gillespie DG, Mi Z, Cheng D, Bansal R, Janesko-Feldman K, Kochanek PM. Role of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase in the renal 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F14-24. [PMID: 24808540 PMCID: PMC4080157 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy depletion increases the renal production of 2',3'-cAMP (a positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP that opens mitochondrial permeability transition pores) and 2',3'-cAMP is converted to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP, which in turn are metabolized to adenosine. Because the enzymes involved in this "2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway" are unknown, we examined whether 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) participates in the renal metabolism of 2',3'-cAMP. Western blotting and real-time PCR demonstrated expression of CNPase in rat glomerular mesangial, preglomerular vascular smooth muscle and endothelial, proximal tubular, thick ascending limb and collecting duct cells. Real-time PCR established the expression of CNPase in human glomerular mesangial, proximal tubular and vascular smooth muscle cells; and the level of expression of CNPase was greater than that for phosphodiesterase 4 (major enzyme for the metabolism of 3',5'-cAMP). Overexpression of CNPase in rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells increased the metabolism of exogenous 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP. Infusions of 2',3'-cAMP into isolated CNPase wild-type (+/+) kidneys increased renal venous 2'-AMP, and this response was diminished by 63% in CNPase knockout (-/-) kidneys, whereas the conversion of 3',5'-cAMP to 5'-AMP was similar in CNPase +/+ vs. -/- kidneys. In CNPase +/+ kidneys, energy depletion (metabolic poisons) increased kidney tissue levels of adenosine and its metabolites (inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) without accumulation of 2',3'-cAMP. In contrast, in CNPase -/- kidneys, energy depletion increased kidney tissue levels of 2',3'-cAMP and abolished the increase in adenosine and its metabolites. In conclusion, kidneys express CNPase, and renal CNPase mediates in part the renal 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
In cell culture, extracellular guanosine increases extracellular adenosine by attenuating the disposition of extracellular adenosine (American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 304: C406–C421, 2013). The goal of this investigation was to determine whether this “guanosine–adenosine mechanism” is operative in an intact organ. Twenty‐seven isolated, perfused mouse kidneys were subjected to metabolic poisons (iodoacetate plus 2,4‐dinitrophenol) to cause energy depletion and thereby stimulate renal adenosine production. Adenosine levels in the renal venous perfusate increased from a baseline of 36 ± 8 to 499 ± 96, 258 ± 50, and 71 ± 13 nmol/L at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively, after administering metabolic poisons (% of basal; 1366 ± 229, 715 ± 128, and 206 ± 33, respectively). Changes in renal venous levels of guanosine closely mirrored the time course of changes in adenosine: baseline of 15 ± 2 to 157 ± 13, 121 ± 8, and 50 ± 5 nmol/L at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively (% of basal; 1132 ± 104, 871 ± 59, and 400 ± 51, respectively). Freeze‐clamp experiments in 12 kidneys confirmed that metabolic poisons increased kidney tissue levels of adenosine and guanosine. In eight additional kidneys, we examined the ability of guanosine to reduce the renal clearance of exogenous adenosine; and these experiments revealed that guanosine significantly decreased the renal extraction of adenosine. Because guanosine is metabolized by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase), in another set of 16 kidneys we examined the effects of 8‐aminoguanine (PNPase inhibitor) on renal venous levels of adenosine and inosine (adenosine metabolite). Kidneys treated with 8‐aminoguanine showed a more robust increase in both adenosine and inosine in response to metabolic poisons. We conclude that in the intact kidney, guanosine regulates adenosine levels. In cell culture, extracellular guanosine increases extracellular adenosine by attenuating the disposition of extracellular adenosine (American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 304: C406–C421, 2013). The goal of this study was to determine whether the “guanosine–adenosine mechanism” is operative in an intact organ. In isolated, perfused mouse kidneys, inhibition of energy production induced changes in renal venous levels of guanosine that closely mirrored the time course of changes in adenosine, and freeze‐clamp experiments confirmed that metabolic poisons similarly increased kidney tissue levels of adenosine and guanosine. Moreover, exogenous guanosine significantly decreased the renal extraction of exogenous adenosine, and inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (metabolizes guanosine) augmented the effects of energy depletion on renal levels of both guanosine and adenosine. We conclude that in the intact kidney, guanosine regulates adenosine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Patinha D, Afonso J, Sousa T, Morato M, Albino-Teixeira A. Activation of adenosine receptors improves renal antioxidant status in diabetic Wistar but not SHR rats. Ups J Med Sci 2014; 119:10-8. [PMID: 24195577 PMCID: PMC3916712 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2013.851748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and hypertension independently contribute to renal injury, and the major mechanisms involved are increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) bioavailability and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation. We investigated the role of adenosine in controlling ROS production and RAS activation associated with renal dysfunction in hypertension and diabetes. METHODS Fourteen days after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin in 12-week-old male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, animals were treated during 7 days with 2-chloroadenosine (CADO group, 5 mg/kg/d), a stable analogue of adenosine, or underwent a sham operation procedure. At the end of the study (day 21), intra-arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, and 24-h urine and plasma samples and renal tissue were collected. RESULTS CADO treatment decreased the plasma glucose concentration and glucose and protein excretion by more than 30% in both strains. CADO treatment decreased SBP in diabetic SHR rats (143 ± 8 versus 114 ± 4 mmHg, p < 0.05), but not in diabetic Wistar rats. The hypotensive effect of CADO was associated to a ∼70% increase in plasma angiotensinogen (AGT) concentration and a ∼50% decrease in urinary AGT excretion. CADO also caused a decrease in medullary and cortical hydrogen peroxide production of about 40%, which was associated with a proportional increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in diabetic Wistar but not in diabetic SHR animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activation of adenosine receptors improves renal antioxidant capacity in diabetic Wistar but not SHR rats, although it improves glucose metabolism in both strains. Furthermore, activation of adenosine receptors does not seem to be directly influencing AGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Afonso
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wang L, Velazquez H, Moeckel G, Chang J, Ham A, Lee HT, Safirstein R, Desir GV. Renalase prevents AKI independent of amine oxidase activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1226-35. [PMID: 24511138 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI is characterized by increased catecholamine levels and hypertension. Renalase, a secretory flavoprotein that oxidizes catecholamines, attenuates ischemic injury and the associated increase in catecholamine levels in mice. However, whether the amine oxidase activity of renalase is involved in preventing ischemic injury is debated. In this study, recombinant renalase protected human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells against cisplatin- and hydrogen peroxide-induced necrosis. Similarly, genetic depletion of renalase in mice (renalase knockout) exacerbated kidney injury in animals subjected to cisplatin-induced AKI. Interestingly, compared with the intact renalase protein, a 20-amino acid peptide (RP-220), which is conserved in all known renalase isoforms, but lacks detectable oxidase activity, was equally effective at protecting HK-2 cells against toxic injury and preventing ischemic injury in wild-type mice. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with RP-220 or recombinant renalase rapidly activated Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and downregulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In summary, renalase promotes cell survival and protects against renal injury in mice through the activation of intracellular signaling cascades, independent of its ability to metabolize catecholamines, and we have identified the region of renalase required for these effects. Renalase and related peptides show potential as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Renal Division, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - John Chang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahrom Ham
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Peters E, Heemskerk S, Masereeuw R, Pickkers P. Alkaline phosphatase: a possible treatment for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:1038-48. [PMID: 24462020 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disease in the intensive care unit and accounts for high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis, the predominant cause of AKI in this setting, involves a complex pathogenesis in which renal inflammation and hypoxia are believed to play an important role. A new therapy should be aimed at targeting both these processes, and the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, with its dual mode of action, might be a promising candidate. First, alkaline phosphatase is able to reduce inflammation through dephosphorylation and thereby detoxification of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), which is an important mediator of sepsis. Second, adenosine triphosphate, released during cellular stress caused by inflammation and hypoxia, has detrimental effects but can be converted by alkaline phosphatase into adenosine with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects. These postulated beneficial effects of alkaline phosphatase have been confirmed in animal experiments and two phase 2a clinical trials showing that kidney function improved in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated AKI. Because renal inflammation and hypoxia also are observed commonly in AKI induced by other causes, it would be of interest to investigate the therapeutic effect of alkaline phosphatase in these nephropathies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Peters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Heemskerk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Kim JY, Kim M, Ham A, Brown KM, Greene RW, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. IL-11 is required for A1 adenosine receptor-mediated protection against ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1558-70. [PMID: 23813214 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A1 adenosine receptor activation ameliorates ischemic AKI through the induction of renal proximal tubular sphingosine kinase-1. However, systemic adverse effects may limit A1 adenosine receptor-based therapy for ischemic AKI, indicating a need to identify alternative therapeutic targets within this pathway. Here, we evaluated the function of renal proximal tubular IL-11, a clinically approved hematopoietic cytokine, in A1 adenosine receptor-mediated induction of sphingosine kinase-1 and renal protection. Treatment of human proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells with a selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist, chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), induced the expression of IL-11 mRNA and protein in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent manner, and administration of CCPA in mice induced renal synthesis of IL-11. Pretreatment with CCPA protected against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in wild-type mice, but not in IL-11 receptor-deficient mice. Administration of an IL-11-neutralizing antibody abolished the renal protection provided by CCPA. Similarly, CCPA did not induce renal IL-11 expression or protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice lacking the renal proximal tubular A1 adenosine receptor. Finally, treatment with CCPA induced sphingosine kinase-1 in HK-2 cells and wild-type mice, but not in IL-11 receptor-deficient or renal proximal tubule A1 adenosine receptor-deficient mice. Taken together, these results suggest that induction of renal proximal tubule IL-11 is a critical intermediary in A1 adenosine receptor-mediated renal protection that warrants investigation as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic AKI.
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22
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Jackson EK, Mi Z. In vivo cardiovascular pharmacology of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:190-200. [PMID: 23759508 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The naturally occurring purine 2',3'-cAMP is metabolized in vitro to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP, which are subsequently metabolized to adenosine. Whether in vivo 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, or 3'-AMP are rapidly converted to adenosine and exert rapid effects via adenosine receptors is unknown. To address this question, we compared the cardiovascular and renal effects of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, 3',5'-cAMP, 5'-AMP, and adenosine in vivo in the rat. Purines were infused intravenously while monitoring mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output, and renal and mesenteric blood flows. Total peripheral (TPR), renal vascular (RVR), and mesenteric vascular (MVR) resistances were calculated. Urine was collected for determination of urine excretion rate [urine volume (UV)]. When sufficient urine was available, the sodium excretion rate (Na(+)ER) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined. 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP dose-dependently and profoundly reduced MABP, HR, TPR, and MVR with efficacy and potency similar to adenosine and 5'-AMP. These effects of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP were attenuated by blockade of adenosine receptors with 1,3-dipropyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthine. 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, adenosine, and 5'-AMP variably affected RVR, but profoundly (nearly 100%) decreased UV at higher doses. GFR and Na(+)ER could be measured at the lower doses and were suppressed by 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP, but not by adenosine or 5'-AMP. 2',3'-cAMP increased urinary excretion rates of 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine. 3',5'-cAMP exerted no adverse hemodynamic effects yet increased urinary adenosine as efficiently as 2',3'-cAMP. CONCLUSIONS In vivo 2',3'-cAMP is rapidly converted to adenosine. Because both cAMPs increase adenosine in the urinary compartment, these agents may provide unique therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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Jackson EK, Gillespie DG. Extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway in proximal tubular, thick ascending limb, and collecting duct epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F49-55. [PMID: 23077101 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00571.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that human proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from a commercial source metabolized extracellular 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP and extracellular 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP to adenosine (the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway; extracellular 2',3'-cAMP → 2'-AMP + 3'-AMP → adenosine). The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolism of extracellular 2',3'-cAMP in proximal tubular vs. thick ascending limb vs. collecting duct epithelial cells freshly isolated from their corresponding nephron segments obtained from rat kidneys. In epithelial cells from all three nephron segments, 1) extracellular 2',3'-cAMP was metabolized to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP, with 2'-AMP > 3'-AMP, 2) the metabolism of extracellular 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP was not inhibited by either 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (ecto-phosphodiesterase inhibitor), 3) extracellular 2',3'-cAMP increased extracellular adenosine levels, 4) 3'-AMP and 2'-AMP were metabolized to adenosine with an efficiency similar to that of 5'-AMP, and 5) the metabolism of 5'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 2'-AMP was not inhibited by α,β-methylene-adenosine-5'-diphosphate (CD73 inhibitor). These results support the conclusion that renal epithelial cells all along the nephron can metabolize extracellular 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP and can efficiently metabolize extracellular 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP to adenosine and that the metabolic enzymes involved are not the classical phosphodiesterases nor ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Because 2',3'-cAMP is released by injury and because previous studies demonstrate that the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway stimulates epithelial cell proliferation via adenosine A(2B) receptors, the present results suggest that the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway may help restore epithelial cells along the nephron following kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Sindhvananda W, Phisaiphun K, Prapongsena P. No renal protection from volatile-anesthetic preconditioning in open heart surgery. J Anesth 2012; 27:48-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-012-1461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Lee HT, Park SW, Kim M, Ham A, Anderson LJ, Brown KM, D'Agati VD, Cox GN. Interleukin-11 protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1216-24. [PMID: 22859402 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00220.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury causes renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation leading to acute and chronic kidney dysfunction. IL-11 is a multifunctional hematopoietic cytokine clinically approved to treat chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Recent studies suggest that IL-11 also has potent antiapoptotic and antinecrotic properties. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous IL-11 protects against renal IR injury and determined the mechanisms involved in renal protection. Pretreatment with human recombinant IL-11 (HR IL-11) or with long-acting site-specific polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated human IL-11 analog (PEGylated IL-11) produced partial but significant protection against renal IR injury in mice. In addition, HR IL-11 or PEGylated IL-11 given 30-60 min after IR also provided renal protection in mice. Significant reductions in renal tubular necrosis and neutrophil infiltration as well as tubular apoptosis were observed in mice treated with HR IL-11 or PEGylated IL-11. Furthermore, HR IL-11 or PEGylated IL-11 decreased both necrosis and apoptosis in human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells in culture. Mechanistically, IL-11 increased nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and induced sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) expression and activity in HK-2 cells. Moreover, selective HIF-1α inhibitors blocked IL-11-mediated induction of SK1 in HK-2 cells. Finally, HR IL-11 or PEGylated IL-11 failed to protect against renal IR injury in SK1-deficient mice. Together, our data show powerful renal protective effects of exogenous IL-11 against IR injury by reducing necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis through induction of SK1 via HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Columbia University, West 168th St., New York, NY 10032-3784, USA.
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Park SW, Kim JY, Ham A, Brown KM, Kim M, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. A1 adenosine receptor allosteric enhancer PD-81723 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F721-32. [PMID: 22759398 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00157.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of A(1) adenosine receptors (ARs) protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by reducing necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, extrarenal side effects (bradycardia, hypotension, and sedation) may limit A(1)AR agonist therapy for ischemic acute kidney injury. Here, we hypothesized that an allosteric enhancer for A(1)AR (PD-81723) protects against renal I/R injury without the undesirable side effects of systemic A(1)AR activation by potentiating the cytoprotective effects of renal adenosine generated locally by ischemia. Pretreatment with PD-81723 produced dose-dependent protection against renal I/R injury in A(1)AR wild-type mice but not in A(1)AR-deficient mice. Significant reductions in renal tubular necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammation as well as tubular apoptosis were observed in A(1)AR wild-type mice treated with PD-81723. Furthermore, PD-81723 decreased apoptotic cell death in human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells in culture, which was attenuated by a specific A(1)AR antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine). Mechanistically, PD-81723 induced sphingosine kinase (SK)1 mRNA and protein expression in HK-2 cells and in the mouse kidney. Supporting a critical role of SK1 in A(1)AR allosteric enhancer-mediated renal protection against renal I/R injury, PD-81723 failed to protect SK1-deficient mice against renal I/R injury. Finally, proximal tubule sphingosine-1-phosphate type 1 receptors (S1P(1)Rs) are critical for PD-81723-induced renal protection, as mice selectively deficient in renal proximal tubule S1P(1)Rs (S1P(1)R(flox/flox) PEPCK(Cre/-) mice) were not protected against renal I/R injury with PD-81723 treatment. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate potent renal protection with PD-81723 against I/R injury by reducing necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis through the induction of renal tubular SK1 and activation of proximal tubule S1P(1)Rs. Our findings imply that selectively enhancing A(1)AR activation by locally produced renal adenosine may be a clinically useful therapeutic option to attenuate ischemic acute kidney injury without systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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Proximal tubule sphingosine kinase-1 has a critical role in A1 adenosine receptor-mediated renal protection from ischemia. Kidney Int 2012; 82:878-91. [PMID: 22695326 PMCID: PMC3443517 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute kidney injury. We previously found that renal A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) activation attenuated multiple cell death pathways including necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Here, we tested whether induction of cytoprotective sphingosine kinase (SK)-1 and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) synthesis might be the mechanism of protection. A selective A1AR agonist (CCPA) increased the synthesis of S1P and selectively induced SK-1 in mouse kidney and HK-2 cells. This agonist failed to protect SK1-knockout but protected SK2-knockout mice against renal ischemia reperfusion injury indicating a critical role of SK1 in A1AR-mediated renal protection. Inhibition of SK prevented A1AR-mediated defense against necrosis and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. A selective S1P1R antagonist (W146) and global in vivo gene knockdown of S1P1Rs with small interfering RNA completely abolished the renal protection provided by CCPA. Mice selectively deficient in renal proximal tubule S1P1Rs (S1P1Rflox/flox PEPCKCre/−) were not protected against renal ischemia reperfusion injury by CCPA. Mechanistically, CCPA increased nuclear translocation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in HK-2 cells and selective hypoxia inducible factor-1α inhibition blocked A1AR-mediated induction of SK1. Thus, proximal tubule SK-1 has a critical role in A1AR-mediated protection against renal ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical problem without effective therapy. Development of AKI among hospitalized patients drastically increases mortality and morbidity. With increases in complex surgical procedures together with a growing elderly population, the incidence of AKI is rising. Renal adenosine receptor manipulation may have great therapeutic potential in mitigating AKI. In this review, we discuss renal adenosine receptor biology and potential clinical therapies for AKI. RECENT FINDINGS The four adenosine receptor subtypes (A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, and A(3)AR) have diverse effects on the kidney. The pathophysiology of AKI may dictate the specific adenosine receptor subtype activation needed to produce renal protection. The A(1)AR activation in renal tubules and endothelial cells produces beneficial effects against ischemia and reperfusion injury by modulating metabolic demand, decreasing necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. The A(2A)AR protects against AKI by modulating leukocyte-mediated renal and systemic inflammation, whereas the A(2B)AR activation protects by direct activation of renal parenchymal adenosine receptors. In contrast, the A(1)AR antagonism may play a protective role in nephrotoxic AKI and radiocontrast induced nephropathy by reversing vascular constriction and inducing naturesis and diuresis. Furthermore, as the A(3)AR activation exacerbates apoptosis and tissue damage due to renal ischemia and reperfusion, selective A(3)AR antagonism may hold promise to attenuate renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Finally, renal A(1)AR activation also protects against renal endothelial dysfunction caused by hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. SUMMARY Despite the current lack of therapies for the treatment and prevention of AKI, recent research suggests that modulation of renal adenosine receptors holds promise in treating AKI and extrarenal injury.
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Isoflurane protects against human endothelial cell apoptosis by inducing sphingosine kinase-1 via ERK MAPK. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:977-993. [PMID: 22312298 PMCID: PMC3269732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a major clinical problem affecting virtually every patient requiring critical care. Volatile anesthetics are frequently used during the perioperative period and protect the heart and kidney against ischemia and reperfusion injury. We aimed to determine whether isoflurane, the most commonly used volatile anesthetic in the USA, protects against endothelial apoptosis and necrosis and the mechanisms involved in this protection. Human endothelial EA.hy926 cells were pretreated with isoflurane or carrier gas (95% room air + 5% CO2) then subjected to apoptosis with tumor necrosis factor-α or to necrosis with hydrogen peroxide. DNA laddering and in situ Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biotin-dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining determined EA.hy926 cell apoptosis and percent LDH released determined necrosis. We also determined whether isoflurane modulates the expression and activity of sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) and induces the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK MAPK) as both enzymes are known to protect against cell death. Isoflurane pretreatment significantly decreased apoptosis in EA.hy926 cells as evidenced by reduced TUNEL staining and DNA laddering without affecting necrosis. Mechanistically, isoflurane induces the phosphorylation of ERK MAPK and increased SK1 expression and activity in EA.hy926 cells. Finally, selective blockade of SK1 (with SKI-II) or S1P1 receptor (with W146) abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of isoflurane. Taken together, we demonstrate that isoflurane, in addition to its potent analgesic and anesthetic properties, protects against endothelial apoptosis most likely via SK1 and ERK MAPK activation. Our findings have significant clinical implication for protection of endothelial cells during the perioperative period and patients requiring critical care.
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Jackson EK. The 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F1160-7. [PMID: 21937608 PMCID: PMC3233866 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00450.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies employing HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze venous perfusate from isolated, perfused kidneys demonstrate that intact kidneys produce and release into the extracellular compartment 2',3'-cAMP, a positional isomer of the second messenger 3',5'-cAMP. To our knowledge, this represents the first detection of 2',3'-cAMP in any cell/tissue/organ/organism. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with isolated RNases and experiments in isolated, perfused kidneys suggest that 2',3'-cAMP likely arises from RNase-mediated transphosphorylation of mRNA. Both in vitro and in vivo kidney experiments demonstrate that extracellular 2',3'-cAMP is efficiently metabolized to 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP, both of which can be further metabolized to adenosine. This sequence of reactions is called the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2',3'-cAMP → 2'-AMP/3'-AMP → adenosine). Experiments in rat and mouse kidneys show that metabolic poisons increase extracellular levels of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine; however, little is known regarding the pharmacology of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP. What is known is that 2',3'-cAMP facilitates activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, a process that can lead to apoptosis and necrosis, and inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and glomerular mesangial cells. In summary, there is mounting evidence that at least some types of cellular injury, by triggering mRNA degradation, engage the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway, and therefore this pathway should be added to the list of biochemical pathways that produce adenosine. Although speculative, it is possible that the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway may protect against some forms of acute organ injury, for example acute kidney injury, by both removing an intracellular toxin (2',3'-cAMP) and increasing an extracellular renoprotectant (adenosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Park SW, Kim M, Brown KM, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:266-80. [PMID: 22095950 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P(1)R) protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and inflammation, but the role of other members of this receptor family in modulating renal IR injury is unknown. We found that a selective S1P(2)R antagonist protected against renal IR injury in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with this observation, both S1P(2)R-deficient mice and wild-type mice treated with S1P(2)R small interfering RNA had reduced renal injury after IR. In contrast, a selective S1P(2)R agonist exacerbated renal IR injury. The S1P(2)R antagonist increased sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) expression via Rho kinase signaling in renal proximal tubules; the S1P(2)R agonist decreased SK1. S1P(2)R antagonism failed to protect the kidneys of SK1-deficient mice or wild-type mice pretreated with an SK1 inhibitor or an S1P(1)R antagonist, suggesting that the renoprotection conferred by S1P(2)R antagonism results from pathways involving activation of S1P(1)R by SK1. In cultured human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells, the S1P(2)R antagonist selectively upregulated SK1 and attenuated both H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis and TNF-α/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis; the S1P(2)R agonist had the opposite effects. In addition, increased nuclear hypoxia inducible factor-1α was critical in mediating the renoprotective effects of S1P(2)R inhibition. Finally, induction of SK1 and S1P(2)R in response to renal IR and S1P(2)R antagonism occurred selectively in renal proximal tubule cells but not in renal endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that S1P(2)R may be a therapeutic target to attenuate the effects of renal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wong Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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Vuaden FC, Savio LEB, Ramos DB, Casali EA, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. Endotoxin-induced effects on nucleotide catabolism in mouse kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:422-9. [PMID: 22108548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as a proinflammatory mediator. Adenosine, the final product of ATP breakdown, is an anti-inflammatory compound, acting mainly on adenosine A(2A) receptors. Considering that the kidney is an organ strongly affected during systemic inflammatory responses and that ectonucleotidases are responsible for the control of extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside levels, we examined the endotoxin-induced effects on ectonucleotidases in kidney membranes of mice, and whether CGS-21680 hydrochloride (3-[4-[2-[[6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid), a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist, antagonizes the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced effects on nucleotide catabolism in kidney. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 12 mg/kg LPS and/or 0.5mg/kg CGS-21680 or saline. Nucleotidase activities were determined in kidney membrane preparations and ATP metabolism was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Analysis of ectonucleotidase expression was carried out by semi-quantitative semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Exposure to endotoxemia promoted an increase in ATP and p-Nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) hydrolysis, and a decrease in adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis. CGS-21680 treatment failed to reverse these changes. HPLC analysis indicated a decrease in extracellular ATP and adenosine levels in groups treated with LPS and LPS plus CGS-21680. The expression pattern of ectonucleotidases revealed an increase in Entpd3, Enpp2, and Enpp3 mRNA levels after LPS injection. These findings indicate that nucleotide and nucleoside availability in mouse kidney is altered at different stages of endotoxemia, in order to protect the integrity of this organ when exposed to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Vuaden
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Menke J, Kriegsmann J, Schimanski CC, Schwartz MM, Schwarting A, Kelley VR. Autocrine CSF-1 and CSF-1 receptor coexpression promotes renal cell carcinoma growth. Cancer Res 2011; 72:187-200. [PMID: 22052465 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is increasing in incidence but the molecular mechanisms regulating its growth remain elusive. Coexpression of the monocytic growth factor colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and its receptor CSF-1R on renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) will promote proliferation and antiapoptosis during regeneration of renal tubules. Here, we show that a CSF-1-dependent autocrine pathway is also responsible for the growth of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CSF-1 and CSF-1R were coexpressed in RCCs and TECs proximally adjacent to RCCs. CSF-1 engagement of CSF-1R promoted RCC survival and proliferation and reduced apoptosis, in support of the likelihood that CSF-1R effector signals mediate RCC growth. In vivo CSF-1R blockade using a CSF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreased RCC proliferation and macrophage infiltration in a manner associated with a dramatic reduction in tumor mass. Further mechanistic investigations linked CSF-1 and epidermal growth factor signaling in RCCs. Taken together, our results suggest that budding RCC stimulates the proximal adjacent microenvironment in the kidney to release mediators of CSF-1, CSF-1R, and epidermal growth factor expression in RCCs. Furthermore, our findings imply that targeting CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling may be therapeutically effective in RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Menke
- Laboratory of Molecular Autoimmune Disease, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Park SW, Kim M, Chen SWC, Brown KM, D’Agati VD, Lee HT. Sphinganine-1-phosphate protects kidney and liver after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion in mice through S1P1 receptor activation. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1209-24. [PMID: 20458275 PMCID: PMC3007623 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure due to ischemia and reperfusion (IR) and subsequent acute kidney injury are significant clinical problems. We showed previously that liver IR selectively reduced plasma sphinganine-1-phosphate levels without affecting sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels. Furthermore, exogenous sphinganine-1-phosphate protected against both liver and kidney injury induced by liver IR. In this study, we elucidated the signaling mechanisms of sphinganine-1-phosphate-mediated renal and hepatic protection. A selective S1P(1) receptor antagonist blocked the hepatic and renal protective effects of sphinganine-1-phosphate, whereas a selective S1P(2) or S1P(3) receptor antagonist was without effect. Moreover, a selective S1P(1) receptor agonist, SEW-2871, provided similar degree of liver and kidney protection compared with sphinganine-1-phosphate. Furthermore, in vivo gene knockdown of S1P(1) receptors with small interfering RNA abolished the hepatic and renal protective effects of sphinganine-1-phosphate. In contrast to sphinganine-1-phosphate, S1P's hepatic protection was enhanced with an S1P(3) receptor antagonist. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt or pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins blocked sphinganine-1-phosphate-mediated liver and kidney protection in vivo. Taken together, our results show that sphinganine-1-phosphate provided renal and hepatic protection after liver IR injury in mice through selective activation of S1P(1) receptors and pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins with subsequent activation of ERK and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sean W. C. Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Vivette D. D’Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - H. Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032,Address for Correspondence: H. Thomas Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Columbia University, P&S Box 46 (PH-5), 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3784, Tel: (212) 305-1807 (Lab), Fax: (212) 305-8980
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Park SW, Chen SWC, Kim M, Brown KM, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. Protection against acute kidney injury via A(1) adenosine receptor-mediated Akt activation reduces liver injury after liver ischemia and reperfusion in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:736-47. [PMID: 20308331 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury causes acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the contribution of AKI to the pathogenesis of liver IR injury is unclear. Furthermore, controversy still exists regarding the role of A(1) adenosine receptors (A(1)ARs) in AKI. In this study, we determined whether exogenous and endogenous A(1)AR activation protects against AKI with subsequent liver protection after hepatic IR in mice. We found that after hepatic IR A(1) knockout (KO) mice and A(1)AR antagonist-treated A(1) wild-type (WT) mice developed worse AKI and liver injury compared with vehicle-treated A(1)WT mice. Moreover, a selective A(1)AR agonist protected against hepatic IR-induced AKI and liver injury in A(1)WT mice. Renal A(1)AR-mediated kidney protection plays a crucial role in protecting the liver after IR because: 1) selective unilateral renal lentiviral overexpression of human A(1)ARs [enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-huA(1)AR] in A(1)KO mice protected against both kidney and liver injury sustained after liver IR, 2) removal of the EGFP-huA(1)AR lentivirus-injected kidney from A(1)KO mice abolished both renal and hepatic protection after liver IR, and 3) bilateral nephrectomy before hepatic ischemia abolished the protective effects of A(1)AR activation in A(1)WT mice. Finally, inhibition of Akt, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase, prevented the kidney and liver protection afforded by A(1)AR agonist treatment. Taken together, we show that endogenous and exogenous activation of renal A(1)ARs protect against liver and kidney injury after liver IR in vivo via pathways involving Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032-3784, USA
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Kim M, Kim M, Park SW, Pitson SM, Lee HT. Isoflurane protects human kidney proximal tubule cells against necrosis via sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate generation. Am J Nephrol 2010; 31:353-62. [PMID: 20234131 DOI: 10.1159/000298339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We previously showed that the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane protects against renal ischemia reperfusion injury in part via sphingosine kinase (SK)-mediated synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that isoflurane directly targets renal proximal tubule cells via SK activation, S1P synthesis and activation of S1P receptors to initiate cytoprotective signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Isoflurane-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt and induction of HSP70 in human kidney proximal tubule (HK-2) cells were inhibited by dimethylsphingosine (DMS), an SK inhibitor, and VPC23019, an S1P(1/3) receptor selective antagonist, in HK-2 cells. A selective S1P(1) receptor agonist, SEW2781, mimicked isoflurane-induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt and induction of HSP70. Moreover, isoflurane-mediated protection against H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis of HK-2 cells was significantly attenuated by an S1P(1/3) receptor antagonist, VPC23019, and by SK inhibitors DMS or 4-[[4- (4-chlorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl]amino]phenol. Finally, overexpression of the SK1 enzyme in HK-2 cells protected against H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study demonstrates that S1P released via isoflurane-mediated SK1 stimulation produces direct anti-necrotic effects probably via S1P(1) receptor-mediated cytoprotective signaling (ERK/Akt phosphorylation and HSP70 induction) in HK-2 cells. Our findings may help to unravel the cellular signaling pathways of volatile anesthetic-mediated renal protection and lead to new therapeutic applications of volatile anesthetics during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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Módis K, Gero D, Nagy N, Szoleczky P, Tóth ZD, Szabó C. Cytoprotective effects of adenosine and inosine in an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1565-78. [PMID: 19906119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have established an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis in rat kidney tubular cells, using combined oxygen-glucose deprivation (COGD) and screened a library of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds for cytoprotective effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used in vitro cell-based, high throughput, screening, with cells subjected to COGD using hypoxia chambers, followed by re-oxygenation. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the Alamar Blue assay measured mitochondrial respiration and the lactate dehydrogenase assay was used to indicate cell death. ATP levels were measured using a luminometric assay. KEY RESULTS Adenosine markedly reduced cellular injury, with maximal cytoprotective effect at 100 microM and an EC(50) value of 14 microM. Inosine was also found to be cytoprotective. The selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist MRS 1523 attenuated the protective effects of adenosine and inosine, while an A(3) adenosine receptor agonist provided a partial protective effect. Adenosine deaminase inhibition attenuated the cytoprotective effect of adenosine but not of inosine during COGD. Inhibition of adenosine kinase reduced the protective effects of both adenosine and inosine during COGD. Pretreatment of the cells with adenosine or inosine markedly protected against the fall in cellular ATP content in the cells subjected to COGD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The cytoprotection elicited by adenosine and inosine in a model of renal ischaemia involved both interactions with cell surface adenosine receptors on renal tubular epithelial cells and intracellular metabolism and conversion of adenosine to ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Módis
- CellScreen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Song JH, Kim M, Park SW, Chen SWC, Pitson SM, Lee HT. Isoflurane via TGF-beta1 release increases caveolae formation and organizes sphingosine kinase signaling in renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F1041-50. [PMID: 20053797 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00115.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane protects against renal proximal tubule necrosis via isoflurane-mediated stimulation and translocation of sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) with subsequent synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in renal proximal tubule cells (Kim M, Kim M, Kim N, D'Agati VD, Emala CW Sr, Lee HT. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293: F1827-F1835, 2007). We also demonstrated that the anti-necrotic and anti-inflammatory effect of isoflurane is due in part to phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and subsequent release of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) (Lee HT, Kim M, Kim J, Kim N, Emala CW. Am J Nephrol 27: 416-424, 2007). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that isoflurane, via TGF-beta1 release, increases caveolae formation in the buoyant fraction of the cell membrane of human renal proximal tubule (HK-2) cells to organize SK1 and S1P signaling. To detect SK1 protein in the caveolae/caveolin fractions, we overexpressed human SK1 in HK-2 cells (SK1-HK-2). SK1-HK-2 cells exposed to isoflurane increased caveolae/caveolin formation in the buoyant membrane fractions which contained key signaling intermediates involved in isoflurane-mediated renal tubule protection, including S1P, SK1, ERK MAPK, and TGF-beta1 receptors. Furthermore, treating SK1-HK-2 cells with recombinant TGF-beta1 or PS liposome mixture increased caveolae formation, mimicking the effects of isoflurane. Conversely, TGF-beta1-neutralizing antibody blocked the increase in caveolae formation induced by isoflurane in SK1-HK-2 cells. The increase in SK1 activity in the caveolae-enriched fractions from isoflurane-treated nonlentivirus-infected HK-2 cells, while smaller in magnitude, was qualitatively similar to that found in the SK1-HK-2 cell line. Finally, isoflurane also increased caveolae formation in the kidneys of TGF-beta1 +/+ mice but not in TGF-beta1 +/- mice (mice with reduced levels of TGF-beta1). Our study demonstrates that isoflurane organizes several key cytoprotective signaling intermediates including TGF-beta1 receptors, SK1 and ERK, within the caveolae fraction of the plasma membrane. Our findings may help to unravel the cellular signaling pathways of volatile anesthetic-mediated renal protection and lead to new therapeutic applications of inhalational anesthetics during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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Menke J, Iwata Y, Rabacal WA, Basu R, Yeung YG, Humphreys BD, Wada T, Schwarting A, Stanley ER, Kelley VR. CSF-1 signals directly to renal tubular epithelial cells to mediate repair in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2330-42. [PMID: 19587445 DOI: 10.1172/jci39087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular damage following ischemic renal injury is often reversible, and tubular epithelial cell (TEC) proliferation is a hallmark of tubular repair. Macrophages have been implicated in tissue repair, and CSF-1, the principal macrophage growth factor, is expressed by TECs. We therefore tested the hypothesis that CSF-1 is central to tubular repair using an acute renal injury and repair model, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Mice injected with CSF-1 following I/R exhibited hastened healing, as evidenced by decreased tubular pathology, reduced fibrosis, and improved renal function. Notably, CSF-1 treatment increased TEC proliferation and reduced TEC apoptosis. Moreover, administration of a CSF-1 receptor-specific (CSF-1R-specific) antibody after I/R increased tubular pathology and fibrosis, suppressed TEC proliferation, and heightened TEC apoptosis. To determine the contribution of macrophages to CSF-1-dependent renal repair, we assessed the effect of CSF-1 on I/R in mice in which CD11b+ cells were genetically ablated and determined that macrophages only partially accounted for CSF-1-dependent tubular repair. We found that TECs expressed the CSF-1R and that this receptor was upregulated and coexpressed with CSF-1 in TECs following renal injury in mice and humans. Furthermore, signaling via the CSF-1R stimulated proliferation and reduced apoptosis in human and mouse TECs. Taken together, these data suggest that CSF-1 mediates renal repair by both a macrophage-dependent mechanism and direct autocrine/paracrine action on TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Menke
- Laboratory of Molecular Autoimmune Disease, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Russ AL, Dadarlat IA, Haberstroh KM, Rundell AE. Investigating the role of ischemia vs. elevated hydrostatic pressure associated with acute obstructive uropathy. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1415-24. [PMID: 19381812 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive uropathy can cause irreversible renal damage. It has been hypothesized that elevated hydrostatic pressure within renal tubules and/or renal ischemia contributes to cellular injury following obstruction. However, these assaults are essentially impossible to isolate in vivo. Therefore, we developed a novel pressure system to evaluate the isolated and coordinated effects of elevated hydrostatic pressure and ischemic insults on renal cells in vitro. Cells were subjected to: (1) elevated hydrostatic pressure (80 cm H(2)O); (2) ischemic insults (hypoxia (0% O(2)), hypercapnia (20% CO(2)), and 0 mM glucose media); and (3) elevated pressure + ischemic insults. Cellular responses including cell density, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and intracellular LDH (LDH(i)), were recorded after 24 h of insult and following recovery. Data were analyzed to assess the primary effects of ischemic insults and elevated pressure. Unlike pressure, ischemic insults exerted a primary effect on nearly all response measurements. We also evaluated the data for insult interactions and identified significant interactions between ischemic insults and pressure. Altogether, findings indicate that pressure may sub-lethally effect cells and alter cellular metabolism (LDH(i)) and membrane properties. Results suggest that renal ischemia may be the primary, but not the sole, cause of cellular injury induced by obstructive uropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Russ
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791, USA.
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41
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Joo JD, In JH, Jung HS, Kim YS, Kim DW, Choi WY, Shin EY, Jeon YS. Lidocaine attenuates the expression of ERK1/2 and CREB in a neuropathic pain model of rats. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 56:319-324. [PMID: 30625743 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.56.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to causing the loss of voluntary sensory and motor function, spinal cord injury (SCI) often creates a state of central neuropathic pain. Rats given SCI display increases in the activated form of transcription factors ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and CREB in the spinal cord, which correspond to allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain. The current study was designed to determine if lidocaine had an effect on the development of neuropathic pain in response to SCI. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized and then received a L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (neuropathic rats). The levels of intracellular cell-signaling protein, ERK 1/2 and CREB were then assessed by western blot analysis of samples collected from a sham operated (control) group, a neuropathic pain and normal saline (NP + NS) group, and a neuropathic pain and 5% lidocaine (NP + Lido) group. RESULTS The increased levels of ERK 1/2 and CREB protein that were observed in the neuropathic pain model were reduced by continuous infusion of 5% lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that lidocaine therapy may be an effective method of preventing and treating central neuropathic pain following SCI, and that these effects may occur via the reduced expression of ERK 1/2 and CREB in the intracellular cell-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Deok Joo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jang Hyeok In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hong Soo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yong Shin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Woo Young Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yeon Soo Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Choi JW, In JH, Kim YS, Kang YJ, Lim YG, Cho SM, Shin EY, Joo JD. Low dose ketamine reduces the induction of ERK1/2 and CREB signaling protein in a neuropathic pain model of rats. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57:210-216. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.57.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Hyeok In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Shin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Gul Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Min Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Shin
- The Research Institute of Medical Science, Saint Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Deok Joo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Kim J, Kim M, Song JH, Lee HT. Endogenous A1 adenosine receptors protect against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:845-54. [PMID: 18324658 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is a major clinical problem during the perioperative period and occurs frequently after major hepatic resection or liver transplantation. Exogenous and endogenous A(1) adenosine receptor (A(1)AR) activation protects against renal IR injury. In this study, we questioned whether exogenous and endogenous A(1)AR activation protects against hepatic IR injury in vivo. A(1)AR wild-type (WT) or knockout mice were subjected to 60 minutes of partial hepatic IR. Some animals were treated with a selective A(1)AR agonist, 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 0.1 mg/kg), or a selective A(1)AR antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 0.4 mg/kg), 15 minutes before hepatic ischemia. Twenty-four hours after hepatic IR, the A(1) knockout mice and DPCPX-treated A(1) wild-type (A(1)WT) mice developed significantly worse liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, liver necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and apoptosis) compared to A(1)AR WT mice. However, the selective A(1)AR agonist CCPA failed to protect against hepatic IR injury in A(1)WT mice. Our results show that the endogenous A(1)ARs protect against hepatic IR injury in vivo by primarily reducing apoptosis and necrosis with subsequent reductions in proinflammatory neutrophil infiltration. However, in contrast to the kidneys, in which exogenous A(1)AR activation protected against IR injury, exogenous A(1)AR activation failed to protect against liver injury after IR. We conclude that endogenous A(1)AR activation prevents worsened murine liver IR injury primarily by reducing necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Harnessing the mechanisms of cytoprotection with endogenous A(1)AR activation may lead to new therapies for perioperative hepatic IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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Haskó G, Pacher P. A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:447-55. [PMID: 18160539 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine regulates the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems through targeting virtually every cell type that is involved in orchestrating an immune/inflammatory response. Of the four adenosine receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)), A(2A) receptors have taken center stage as the primary anti-inflammatory effectors of extracellular adenosine. This broad, anti-inflammatory effect of A(2A) receptor activation is a result of the predominant expression of A(2A) receptors on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, as well as lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells. A(2A) receptor activation inhibits early and late events occurring during an immune response, which include antigen presentation, costimulation, immune cell trafficking, immune cell proliferation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. In addition to limiting inflammation, A(2A) receptors participate in tissue remodeling and reparation. Consistent with their multifaceted, immunoregulatory action on immune cells, A(2A) receptors have been shown to impact the course of a wide spectrum of ischemic, autoimmune, infectious, and allergic diseases. Here, we review the regulatory roles of A(2A) receptors in immune/inflammatory diseases of various organs, including heart, lung, gut, liver, kidney, joints, and brain, as well as the role of A(2A) receptors in regulating multiple organ failure and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Haskó
- UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Joo JD, Kim M, Horst P, Kim J, D'Agati VD, Emala CW, Lee HT. Acute and delayed renal protection against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury with A1adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1847-57. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that activation of A1adenosine receptors (AR) protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats and mice. In the heart, transient A1AR activation produces biphasic protective effects: acute protection wanes after several hours but protective effects return 24–72 h later (second window of protection). In this study, we determined whether A1AR activation produces delayed renal protection and elucidated the mechanisms of acute and delayed renal protection. A1AR wild-type mice were subjected to 30-min renal ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion to produce acute renal failure. Pretreatment with a selective A1AR agonist 2-chloro- N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 0.1 mg/kg bolus ip) either 15 min or 24 h before renal ischemia protected against renal IR injury and reduced renal corticomedullary necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Transient A1AR activation led to phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK), Akt, and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). Moreover, induction of HSP27 and Akt occurred with CCPA treatment. Inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine prevented acute but not delayed renal protection with A1AR activation. Moreover, deletion of PI3Kγ or inhibition of Akt, but not inhibition of ERK, prevented delayed and acute renal protection with A1AR activation. Inhibition of Gi/owith pertussis toxin obliterated both acute and delayed A1AR-mediated renal protection. In contrast to renal protection with delayed ischemic preconditioning, nitric oxide synthase activity was not induced with delayed A1AR-mediated renal protection. Therefore, transient activation of renal A1AR led to acute as well as delayed protective effects against renal IR injury via distinct signaling pathways.
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Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) represents the first identified mammalian selenoprotein, and our understanding in the metabolic regulation and function of this abundant selenoenzyme has greatly advanced during the past decade. Selenocysteine insertion sequence-associating factors, adenosine, and Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases are potent, Se-independent regulators of GPX1 gene, protein, and activity. Overwhelming evidences have been generated using the GPX1 knockout and transgenic mice for the in vivo protective role of GPX1 in coping with oxidative injury and death mediated by reactive oxygen species. However, GPX1 exerts an intriguing dual role in reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-related oxidative stress. Strikingly, knockout of GPX1 rendered mice resistant to toxicities of drugs including acetaminophen and kainic acid, known as RNS inducers. Intracellular and tissue levels of GPX1 activity affect apoptotic signaling pathway, protein kinase phosphorylation, and oxidant-mediated activation of NFkappaB. Data are accumulating to link alteration or abnormality of GPX1 expression to etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, autoimmune disease, and diabetes. Future research should focus on the mechanism of GPX1 in the pathogeneses and potential applications of GPX1 manipulation in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kockx M, Guo DL, Huby T, Lesnik P, Kay J, Sabaretnam T, Jary E, Hill M, Gaus K, Chapman J, Stow JL, Jessup W, Kritharides L. Secretion of apolipoprotein E from macrophages occurs via a protein kinase A and calcium-dependent pathway along the microtubule network. Circ Res 2007; 101:607-16. [PMID: 17660382 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.157198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-specific expression of apolipoprotein (apo)E protects against atherosclerosis; however, the signaling and trafficking pathways regulating secretion of apoE are unknown. We investigated the roles of the actin skeleton, microtubules, protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium (Ca2+) in regulating apoE secretion from macrophages. Disrupting microtubules with vinblastine or colchicine inhibited basal secretion of apoE substantially, whereas disruption of the actin skeleton had no effect. Structurally distinct inhibitors of PKA (H89, KT5720, inhibitory peptide PKI(14-22)) all decreased basal secretion of apoE by between 50% to 80% (P<0.01). Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that inhibition of PKA reduced the rate of apoE secretion without affecting its degradation. Confocal microscopy and live cell imaging of apoE-green fluorescent protein-transfected RAW macrophages identified apoE-green fluorescent protein in vesicles colocalized with the microtubular network, and inhibition of PKA markedly inhibited vesicular movement. Chelation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) inhibited apoE secretion by 77.2% (P<0.01). Injection of c57Bl6 apoE+/+ bone marrow-derived macrophages into the peritoneum of apoE-/- C57Bl6 mice resulted in time-dependent secretion of apoE into plasma, which was significantly inhibited by transient exposure of macrophages to BAPTA-AM and colchicine and less effectively inhibited by H89. We conclude that macrophage secretion of apoE occurs via a PKA- and calcium-dependent pathway along the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- Macrophage Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Lee HT, Kim M, Jan M, Penn RB, Emala CW. Renal tubule necrosis and apoptosis modulation by A1 adenosine receptor expression. Kidney Int 2007; 71:1249-61. [PMID: 17429344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) are cytoprotective against renal tubular necrosis and apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. To study the role of A1AR numbers on renal epithelial cell survival, we stably overexpressed the human A1 receptor in a porcine renal tubule cell line and utilized primary cultures of proximal tubules obtained from A1AR knockout mice. Receptor-overexpressing cells were protected against peroxide-induced necrosis and tumor necrosis factor-alpha/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis. Conversely, cultured proximal tubule cells from receptor knockout mice showed more necrotic and apoptotic cell loss than corresponding cells from wild-type mice. Overexpression of the receptor resulted in a significantly higher baseline expression of both total and phosphorylated heat-shock protein (HSP)27; the latter due to A1 receptor enhancement of p38 and AP2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities. The resistance to cell death in the porcine cells was reversed by selective A1 receptor antagonism and by a selective inhibitor of HSP synthesis. Receptor activation in wild-type mice in vivo led to increased total and phosphorylated HSP27, whereas receptor knockout mice showed decreased baseline and adenosine-mediated HSP phosphorylation. These studies show that endogenous A1AR activation produces cytoprotective effects in renal proximal tubules by modulating HSP27 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032-3784, USA.
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Russ AL, Haberstroh KM, Rundell AE. Experimental strategies to improve in vitro models of renal ischemia. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:143-59. [PMID: 17490640 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia has elicited a great deal of interest among the scientific community due to its role in life-threatening pathologies such as cancer, stroke, acute renal failure, and myocardial infarction. Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) associated with ischemia has recently become a subject of intense scrutiny. New investigators may find it challenging to induce hypoxic injury in vitro. Researchers may not always be aware of the experimental barriers that contribute to this phenomenon. Furthermore, ischemia is associated with other major insults, such as excess carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), nutrient deprivation, and accumulation of cellular wastes. Ideally, these conditions should also be incorporated into in vitro models. Therefore, the motivation behind this review is to: i. delineate major in vivo ischemic insults; ii. identify and explain critical in vitro parameters that need to be considered when simulating ischemic pathologies; iii. provide recommendations to improve experiments; and as a result, iv. enhance the validity of in vitro results for understanding clinical ischemic pathologies. Undoubtedly, it is not possible to completely replicate the in vivo environment in an ex vivo model system. In fact, the primary goal of many in vitro studies is to elucidate the role of specific stimuli during in vivo pathological events. This review will present methodologies that may be implemented to improve the applicability of in vitro models for understanding the complex pathological mechanisms of ischemia. Finally, although these topics will be discussed within the context of renal ischemia, many are pertinent for cellular models of other organ systems and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Russ
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Intramural Dr. West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791, USA
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Ozacmak VH, Sayan H. Pretreatment with adenosine and adenosine A1 receptor agonist protects against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:538-47. [PMID: 17278219 PMCID: PMC4065975 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i4.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of adenosine and A1 receptor activation on reperfusion-induced small intestinal injury.
METHODS: Rats were randomized into groups with sham operation, ischemia and reperfusion, and systemic treatments with either adenosine or 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, A1 receptor agonist or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, A1 receptor antagonist, plus adenosine before ischemia. Following reperfusion, contractions of ileum segments in response to KCl, carbachol and substance P were recorded. Tissue myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione levels were measured.
RESULTS: Ischemia significantly decreased both contraction and reduced glutathione level which were ameliorated by adenosine and agonist administration. Treatment also decreased neutrophil infiltration and membrane lipid peroxidation. Beneficial effects of adenosine were abolished by pretreatment with A1 receptor antagonist.
CONCLUSION: The data suggest that adenosine and A1 receptor stimulation attenuate ischemic intestinal injury via decreasing oxidative stress, lowering neutrophil infiltration, and increasing reduced glutathione content.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Haktan Ozacmak
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Kozlu 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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