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Veloso Pereira BM, Zeng Y, Maggiore JC, Schweickart RA, Eng DG, Kaverina N, McKinzie SR, Chang A, Loretz CJ, Thieme K, Hukriede NA, Pippin JW, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Podocyte injury at young age causes premature senescence and worsens glomerular aging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F120-F134. [PMID: 37855038 PMCID: PMC11198990 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy continues to rise, age-related diseases are becoming more prevalent. For example, proteinuric glomerular diseases typified by podocyte injury have worse outcomes in the elderly compared with young patients. However, the reasons are not well understood. We hypothesized that injury to nonaged podocytes induces senescence, which in turn augments their aging processes. In primary cultured human podocytes, injury induced by a cytopathic antipodocyte antibody, adriamycin, or puromycin aminonucleoside increased the senescence-related genes CDKN2A (p16INK4a/p14ARF), CDKN2D (p19INK4d), and CDKN1A (p21). Podocyte injury in human kidney organoids was accompanied by increased expression of CDKN2A, CDKN2D, and CDKN1A. In young mice, experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) induced by adriamycin and antipodocyte antibody increased the glomerular expression of p16, p21, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal). To assess the long-term effects of early podocyte injury-induced senescence, we temporally followed young mice with experimental FSGS through adulthood (12 m of age) and middle age (18 m of age). p16 and Sudan black staining were higher at middle age in mice with earlier FSGS compared with age-matched mice that did not get FSGS when young. This was accompanied by lower podocyte density, reduced canonical podocyte protein expression, and increased glomerular scarring. These results are consistent with injury-induced senescence in young podocytes, leading to increased senescence of podocytes by middle age accompanied by lower podocyte lifespan and health span.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glomerular function is decreased by aging. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in age-related glomerular changes and which factors could contribute to a worse glomerular aging process. Here, we reported that podocyte injury in young mice and culture podocytes induced senescence, a marker of aging, and accelerates glomerular aging when compared with healthy aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sierra R McKinzie
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Karina Thieme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Huang Z, Peng Y, Ke G, Xiao Y, Chen Y. CaMKII may regulate renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis through YAP/NFAT2 in acute kidney injury mice. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2172961. [PMID: 36718671 PMCID: PMC9891164 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2172961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) apoptosis is important in acute kidney injury (AKI). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays an important role in cell apoptosis, but its potential role in AKI remains unknown. METHODS Using co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, flow cytometry, and cell transfection, this study aimed to verify whether CaMKII is involved in RTEC apoptosis and to explore the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that CaMKII was involved in RTEC apoptosis. In adriamycin-induced AKI mice, serum creatinine levels, cell apoptosis, CaMKII activity, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) levels increased, whereas nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression decreased; inhibition of CaMKII activity reversed these changes. Phosphorylated CaMKII could bind to phosphorylated YAP in the cytoplasm and block it from entering the nucleus, thereby failing to inhibit NFAT2-mediated cell apoptosis. Sequestrated phosphorylated YAP in the RTEC cytoplasm was finally degraded by ubiquitination. CONCLUSION CaMKII may regulate RTEC apoptosis through YAP/NFAT2 in AKI mice. CaMKII may be a potent molecular target for AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,CONTACT Zongshun Huang Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151, Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yonghua Peng
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guibao Ke
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Tang X, Miao Y, Cao L, Liu Y, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang D, Li X, Zhang L, Huo J, Chen J. Adverse outcome pathway exploration of furan-induced liver fibrosis in rats: Genotoxicity pathway or oxidative stress pathway through CYP2E1 activation? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139998. [PMID: 37657698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Furan is a widespread endogenous contaminant in heat-processed foods that can accumulate rapidly in the food chain and has been widely detected in foods, such as wheat, bread, coffee, canned meat products, and baby food. Dietary exposure to this chemical may bring health risk. Furan is classified as a possible category 2B human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with the liver as its primary target organ. Hepatic fibrosis is the most important nontumoral harmful effect of furan and also an important event in the carcinogenesis of furan. Although the specific mechanism of furan-induced liver fibrosis is still unclear, it may involve oxidative stress and genetic toxicity, in which the activation of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) may be the key event. Thus, we conducted a study using an integrating multi-endpoint genotoxicity platform in 120-day in vivo subchronic toxicity test in rats. Results showed that the rats with activated CYP2E1 exhibited DNA double-strand breaks in D4, gene mutations in D60, and increased expression of reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in D120. Necrosis, apoptosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, and fibrosis also occurred in the liver, suggesting that furan can independently affect liver fibrosis through oxidative stress and genotoxicity pathways. Point of Departure (PoD) was obtained by benchmark-dose (BMD) method to establish health-based guidance values. The human equivalent dose of PoD derived from BMDL05 was 2.26 μg/kg bw/d. The findings laid a foundation for the safety evaluation and risk assessment of furan and provided data for the further construction and improvement of the adverse outcome pathway network in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yeqiu Miao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Cao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Huo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Sun D, Li H, Du Y, Chen Y, Yao L, Wang L. Metformin modulates mitochondrial autophagy in renal tubular epithelial injury induced by high glucose via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04843-8. [PMID: 37831352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the role and underpinning molecular mechanisms of metformin in renal cellular injury induced by high glucose levels. Male C57BL/KsJ (db/db) and (db/m +) mice were utilized in this study. The experimental group was administered 1 mg/mL of metformin through drinking water. Renal tissues were harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity detection, biochemical indices analysis, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. HK-2 cells were utilized for Nrf2 siRNA transfection and to establish a high level of glucose-induced cell models. Metformin was administered at a concentration of 1 mmol/L in the experimental group. Cellular viability was assessed using CCK-8, whereas acridine orange (AO) staining and LC3-mitotracker co-localization staining were employed to evaluate autophagy. The expression of Nrf2, P21, LC3, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) were determined through Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Metformin mitigated renal tissue inflammatory damage in diabetic mice, as indicated by upregulated expression of Nrf2, PINK1, LC3, and TOMM20, and downregulated expression of Keap1 and P21. High level of glucose treatment in HK-2 cells resulted in decreased autophagy, and reduced expression of Nrf2, PINK1, LC3, and TOMM20 alongside elevated the expression of Keap1 and P21. Notably, metformin treatment partially counteracted these effects. Nrf2 knockdown intensified these phenomena in the high level of glucose-induced model. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that Nrf2 could regulate the majority autophagy-related proteins via Keap1. Metformin modulates mitochondrial autophagy in high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial senescence via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yinke Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lining Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Kaverina N, Schweickart RA, Chan GC, Maggiore JC, Eng DG, Zeng Y, McKinzie SR, Perry HS, Ali A, O’Connor C, Pereira BMV, Theberge AB, Vaughan JC, Loretz CJ, Chang A, Hukriede NA, Bitzer M, Pippin JW, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Inhibiting NLRP3 signaling in aging podocytes improves their life- and health-span. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6658-6689. [PMID: 37487005 PMCID: PMC10415579 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the podocyte's lifespan and health-span that typify healthy kidney aging cause a decrease in their normal structure, physiology and function. The ability to halt and even reverse these changes becomes clinically relevant when disease is superimposed on an aged kidney. RNA-sequencing of podocytes from middle-aged mice showed an inflammatory phenotype with increases in the NLRP3 inflammasome, signaling for IL2/Stat5, IL6 and TNF, interferon gamma response, allograft rejection and complement, consistent with inflammaging. Furthermore, injury-induced NLRP3 signaling in podocytes was further augmented in aged mice compared to young ones. The NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL1β IL-18) was also increased in podocytes of middle-aged humans. Higher transcript expression for NLRP3 in human glomeruli was accompanied by reduced podocyte density and increased global glomerulosclerosis and glomerular volume. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 with MCC950, or gene deletion, reduced podocyte senescence and the genes typifying aging in middle-aged mice, which was accompanied by an improved podocyte lifespan and health-span. Moreover, modeling the injury-dependent increase in NLRP3 signaling in human kidney organoids confirmed the anti-senescence effect of MC9950. Finally, NLRP3 also impacted liver aging. Together, these results suggest a critical role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in podocyte and liver aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R. Allen Schweickart
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Joseph C. Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sierra R. McKinzie
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannah S. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Adilijiang Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol J. Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neil A. Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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An X, Li G, Wang S, Xie T, Ren X, Zhao Y. Renoprotection by Inhibiting Connexin 43 Expression in a Mouse Model of Obesity-Related Renal Injury. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1415-1424. [PMID: 37220614 PMCID: PMC10200121 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s412546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our previous study conducted in an obesity-related renal injury rat model have established a connection between increased connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and renal injury. In this study, we investigated whether inhibiting Cx43 expression could provide renoprotection in a mouse model of obesity-related renal injury. Methods Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish an obesity-related renal injury model, then they were treated with Cx43 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS) or scrambled oligodeoxynucleotide (SCR) by an implanted osmotic pump for 4 weeks. Finally, the glomerular filtration function, the histological change in the glomeruli, and the markers of podocyte injury (WT-1, Nephrin) and inflammatory infiltration of renal tissue (CD68, F4/80 and VCAM-1) were examined respectively. Results The results showed that inhibiting Cx43 expression by AS in this mouse model of obesity-related renal injury can effectively improve glomerular filtration function, alleviate glomerular expansion and podocyte injury, and attenuate the inflammatory infiltration of renal tissue. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that inhibiting Cx43 expression by AS could provide renoprotection for the mouse model of obesity-related renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin An
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, 710003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianrun Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, People’s Republic of China
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Guo F, Song Y, Wu L, Zhao Y, Ma X, Wang J, Shao M, Ji H, Huang F, Fan X, Wang S, Qin G, Yang B. SUMO specific peptidase 6 regulates the crosstalk between podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166685. [PMID: 36889557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the crosstalk between podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) exacerbates the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here, we investigated the underlying role of SUMO specific peptidase 6 (SENP6) in this crosstalk. In the diabetic mice, SENP6 was decreased in glomerular tissues and its knockdown further exacerbated glomerular filtration barrier injury. In the mouse podocyte cell line MPC5 cells, SENP6 overexpression reversed HG-induced podocyte loss by suppressing the activation of Notch1 signaling. Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) is the active form of Notch1. SENP6 upregulated the ubiquitination of N1ICD by deSUMOylating Notch1, thereby reducing N1ICD and suppressing Notch1 signaling activation in MPC5 cells. Endothelin-1 (EDN1) is a protein produced by podocytes and has been reported to promote GEC dysfunction. The supernatant from HG-treated MPC5 cells induced mitochondrial dysfunction and surface layer injury in GECs, and the supernatant from SENP6-deficient podocytes further exacerbated the above GEC dysfunction, while this trend was reversed by an EDN1 antagonist. The following mechanism study showed that SENP6 deSUMOylated KDM6A (a histone lysine demethylase) and then decreased the binding potency of KDM6A to EDN1. The latter led to the upregulation of H3K27me2 or H3K27me3 of EDN1 and suppressed its expression in podocytes. Taken together, SENP6 suppressed the HG-induced podocyte loss and ameliorated GEC dysfunction caused by crosstalk between podocytes and GECs, and the protective effect of SENP6 on DKD is attributed to its deSUMOylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fengjuan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xunjie Fan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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8
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Burt MA, Kalejaiye TD, Bhattacharya R, Dimitrakakis N, Musah S. Adriamycin-Induced Podocyte Injury Disrupts the YAP-TEAD1 Axis and Downregulates Cyr61 and CTGF Expression. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3341-3351. [PMID: 34890187 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The most severe forms of kidney diseases are often associated with irreversible damage to the glomerular podocytes, the highly specialized epithelial cells that encase glomerular capillaries and regulate the removal of toxins and waste from the blood. Several studies revealed significant changes to podocyte cytoskeletal structure during disease onset, suggesting possible roles of cellular mechanosensing in podocyte responses to injury. Still, this topic remains underexplored partly due to the lack of appropriate in vitro models that closely recapitulate human podocyte biology. Here, we leveraged our previously established method for the derivation of mature podocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to help uncover the roles of yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator and mechanosensor, in podocyte injury response. We found that while the total expression levels of YAP remain relatively unchanged during Adriamycin (ADR)-induced podocyte injury, the YAP target genes connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) are significantly downregulated. Intriguingly, TEAD1 is significantly downregulated in podocytes injured with ADR. By examining multiple independent modes of cellular injury, we found that CTGF and Cyr61 expression are downregulated only when podocytes were exposed to molecules known to disrupt the cell's mechanical integrity or cytoskeletal structure. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the YAP-TEAD1 signaling axis is disrupted when stem cell-derived human podocytes experience biomechanical injury. Together, these results could help improve the understanding of kidney disease mechanisms and highlight CTGF and Cyr61 as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Burt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Titilola D Kalejaiye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nikolaos Dimitrakakis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Samira Musah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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9
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Pippin JW, Kaverina N, Wang Y, Eng DG, Zeng Y, Tran U, Loretz CJ, Chang A, Akilesh S, Poudel C, Perry HS, O’Connor C, Vaughan JC, Bitzer M, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Upregulated PD-1 signaling antagonizes glomerular health in aged kidneys and disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e156250. [PMID: 35968783 PMCID: PMC9374384 DOI: 10.1172/jci156250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With an aging population, kidney health becomes an important medical and socioeconomic factor. Kidney aging mechanisms are not well understood. We previously showed that podocytes isolated from aged mice exhibit increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) surface receptor and its 2 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). PDCD1 transcript increased with age in microdissected human glomeruli, which correlated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher segmental glomerulosclerosis and vascular arterial intima-to-lumen ratio. In vitro studies in podocytes demonstrated a critical role for PD-1 signaling in cell survival and in the induction of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. To prove PD-1 signaling was critical to podocyte aging, aged mice were injected with anti-PD-1 antibody. Treatment significantly improved the aging phenotype in both kidney and liver. In the glomerulus, it increased the life span of podocytes, but not that of parietal epithelial, mesangial, or endothelial cells. Transcriptomic and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that anti-PD-1 antibody treatment improved the health span of podocytes. Administering the same anti-PD-1 antibody to young mice with experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) lowered proteinuria and improved podocyte number. These results suggest a critical contribution of increased PD-1 signaling toward both kidney and liver aging and in FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, and
| | | | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah S. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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USP40 deubiquitinates HINT1 and stabilizes p53 in podocyte damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Angiotensin II type-2-receptor stimulation ameliorates focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:715-731. [PMID: 35502764 PMCID: PMC9851172 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte damage and loss are the early event in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Podocytes express angiotensin II type-2-receptor (AT2R), which may play a key role in maintaining kidney integrity and function. Here, we examined the effects of AT2R deletion and AT2R agonist compound 21 (C21) on the evolution of FSGS. FSGS was induced by adriamycin (ADR) injection in both male wild-type (WT) and AT2R knockout (KO) mice. C21 was administered to WT-FSGS mice either one day before or 7 days after ADR (Pre-C21 or Post-C21), using two doses of C21 at either 0.3 (low dose, LD) or 1.0 (high dose, HD) mg/kg/day. ADR-induced FSGS was more severe in AT2RKO mice compared with WT-FSGS mice, and included profound podocyte loss, glomerular fibrosis, and albuminuria. Glomerular cathepsin L expression increased more in AT2RKO-FSGS than in WT-FSGS mice. C21 treatment ameliorated podocyte injury, most significantly in the Pre C21-HD group, and inhibited glomerular cathepsin L expression. In vitro, Agtr2 knock-down in mouse podocyte cell line given ADR confirmed the in vivo data. Mechanistically, C21 inhibited cathepsin L expression, which protected synaptopodin from destruction and stabilized actin cytoskeleton. C21 also prevented podocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, AT2R activation by C21 ameliorated ADR-induced podocyte injury in mice by the inhibition of glomerular cathepsin L leading to the maintenance of podocyte integrity and prevention of podocyte apoptosis.
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12
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Song H, Zhuang L, Xu X, Shi J, Hu W, Liu Z, Shi S. MCC Regulator of WNT Signaling Pathway (MCC) Is a Podocyte Essential Gene. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:777563. [PMID: 34926519 PMCID: PMC8674659 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are an integral part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Many genes are already known to be essential for podocyte survival, structure and function, but there are more podocyte essential genes to be identified. By single-cell RNA-seq of mouse podocytes, we detected the expression of gene encoding MCC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (MCC) in majority of the podocytes and speculated that MCC is essential for podocytes. We confirmed MCC expression in mouse podocytes and further showed its expression in human podocytes. To experimentally prove the essentiality of MCC for podocytes, we knocked down MCC in cultured podocytes and found marked morphological change of cell shape, cytoskeletal F-actin stress fiber disruption, increased apoptosis, and downregulation of podocyte essential genes, CD2AP and WT1, demonstrating that MCC is essential for podocytes. Since MCC has been implicated in cell cycle and β-catenin signaling, we examined the expression of cell cycle related genes and activity of β-catenin in the MCC knockdown podocytes, but did not find significant changes. To further explore the mechanism underlying the role of MCC in podocytes, we performed RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of MCC knockdown podocytes and found a significant enrichment of the regulated genes in lamellipodia formation. Consistently, we found that MCC is present in lamellipodia and MCC knockdown resulted in loss of lamellipodia in the cells. Lastly, we found that MCC was downregulated in podocytes treated with puromycin aminonucleosides and in glomeruli of diabetic mice and FSGS patients, implicating MCC is involved in the development of podocytopathy and proteinuria. In conclusion, MCC is potentially essential for podocytes and its downregulation may be involved in podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Zhuang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingsong Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixin Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Wu YS, Liang S, Li DY, Wen JH, Tang JX, Liu HF. Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Renal Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714320. [PMID: 34900982 PMCID: PMC8660570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of cell cycle is essential for tissue homeostasis and development, while cell cycle dysregulation is associated with many human diseases including renal fibrosis, a common process of various chronic kidney diseases progressing to end-stage renal disease. Under normal physiological conditions, most of the renal cells are post-mitotic quiescent cells arrested in the G0 phase of cell cycle and renal cells turnover is very low. Injuries induced by toxins, hypoxia, and metabolic disorders can stimulate renal cells to enter the cell cycle, which is essential for kidney regeneration and renal function restoration. However, more severe or repeated injuries will lead to maladaptive repair, manifesting as cell cycle arrest or overproliferation of renal cells, both of which are closely related to renal fibrosis. Thus, cell cycle dysregulation of renal cells is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis. In this review, we focus on cell cycle regulation of renal cells in healthy and diseased kidney, discussing the role of cell cycle dysregulation of renal cells in renal fibrosis. Better understanding of the function of cell cycle dysregulation in renal fibrosis is essential for the development of therapeutics to halt renal fibrosis progression or promote regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jun-Hao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University (Foshan Shunde Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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14
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Li Z, Lian Z, Ma J, Zhang L, Lian X, Liu S, Xie J, Feng Z, Lin T, Zhang H, Liang X. Integrin β3 overexpression contributes to podocyte injury through inhibiting RhoA/YAP signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1138-1149. [PMID: 33818281 PMCID: PMC8806314 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1906097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axis formed by integrin β3 (ITGβ3)-Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), and Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays an important role in atherosclerosis. In addition, ITGβ3 overexpression was noted in high-glucose (HG) exposure podocytes. However, the ITGβ3–RhoA–YAP axis on HG-induced podocyte injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ITGβ3 regulates podocyte injury by regulating the RhoA–YAP axis. The function and potential mechanism of ITGβ3 were observed through in vitro wound-healing assays, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blot assay. Results showed that HG treatment increased the ability of wound closure and apoptosis; however, in spite of HG treatment, ITGβ3 inhibition mitigated the ability of wound closure and apoptosis in podocytes. By contrast, overexpression of ITGβ3 increased the wound closure and apoptosis abilities of podocytes. Under HG treatment, ITGβ3 knockdown is associated with upregulation of RhoA, total YAP1, and nucleus YAP1, whereas ITGβ3 overexpression has opposite effect. In addition, RhoA overexpression in podocytes reverses the effect of ITGβ3 overexpression on the wound closure and apoptosis abilities of podocytes, rescue the expression of YAP in ITGβ3 overexpression podocytes. Taken together, ITGβ3 overexpression promotes podocytes injury by inhibiting RhoA-YAP axis. This will provide a new clue for preventing podocyte from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Lian
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingji Lian
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianteng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Shirai Y, Miura K, Yokoyama T, Horita S, Nakayama H, Seino H, Ando T, Shiratori A, Yabuuchi T, Kaneko N, Ishiwa S, Ishizuka K, Hara M, Hattori M. Morphologic Analysis of Urinary Podocytes in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:477-486. [PMID: 35369007 PMCID: PMC8785995 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0005612020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of glomerulosclerosis in FSGS is associated with a reduction in podocyte number in the glomerular capillary tufts. Although it has been reported that the number of urinary podocytes in FSGS exceeds that of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, the nature of events that promote podocyte detachment in FSGS remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we provide detailed, morphologic analysis of the urinary podocytes found in FSGS by examining the size of the urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS, minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, and GN. In addition, in urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, we analyzed podocyte hypertrophy and mitotic catastrophe using immunostaining of p21 and phospho-ribosomal protein S6. RESULTS The size of the urinary podocytes was strikingly larger in samples obtained from patients with FSGS compared with those with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome and GN (P=0.008). Urinary podocytes from patients with FSGS had a higher frequency of positive immunostaining for p21 (P<0.001) and phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (P=0.02) than those from patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Characteristic features of mitotic catastrophe were more commonly observed in FSGS than in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome urinary samples (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS We posit that the significant increase in the size of urinary podocytes in FSGS, compared with those in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, may be explained by hypertrophy and mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Horita
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seino
- Department of Pathology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Ando
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Shiratori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Yabuuchi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Kaneko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Ishiwa
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Ishizuka
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Motoshi Hattori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Wang Y, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Loretz CJ, Koirala A, Akilesh S, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Global transcriptomic changes occur in aged mouse podocytes. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1160-1173. [PMID: 32592814 PMCID: PMC7606654 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes undergo structural and functional changes with advanced age, that increase susceptibility of aging kidneys to worse outcomes following superimposed glomerular diseases. To delineate transcriptional changes in podocytes in aged mice, RNA-seq was performed on isolated populations of reporter-labeled (tdTomato) podocytes from multiple young (two to three months) and advanced aged mice (22 to 24 months, equivalent to 70 plus year old humans). Of the 2,494 differentially expressed genes, 1,219 were higher and 1,275 were lower in aged podocytes. Pathway enrichment showed that major biological processes increased in aged podocytes included immune responses, non-coding RNA metabolism, gene silencing and MAP kinase signaling. Conversely, aged podocytes showed downregulation of developmental, morphogenesis and metabolic processes. Canonical podocyte marker gene expression decreased in aged podocytes, with increases in apoptotic and senescence genes providing a mechanism for the progressive loss of podocytes seen with aging. In addition, we revealed aberrations in the podocyte autocrine signaling network, identified the top transcription factors perturbed in aged podocytes, and uncovered candidate gene modulations that might promote healthy aging in podocytes. The transcriptional signature of aging is distinct from other kidney diseases. Thus, our study provides insights into biomarker discovery and molecular targeting of the aging process itself within podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abbal Koirala
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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17
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Liu GW, Pippin JW, Eng DG, Lv S, Shankland SJ, Pun SH. Nanoparticles exhibit greater accumulation in kidney glomeruli during experimental glomerular kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14545. [PMID: 32786069 PMCID: PMC7422806 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss and dysfunction of glomerular podocytes result in increased macromolecule permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier and nephrotic syndrome. Current therapies can induce and maintain disease remission, but cause serious and chronic complications. Nanoparticle drug carriers could mitigate these side effects by delivering drugs to the kidneys more efficiently than free drug through tailoring of carrier properties. An important extrinsic factor of nanoparticle biodistribution is local pathophysiology, which may drive greater nanoparticle deposition in certain tissues. Here, we hypothesized that a "leakier" filtration barrier during glomerular kidney disease would increase nanoparticle distribution into the kidneys. We examined the effect of nanoparticle size and disease state on kidney accumulation in male BALB/c mice. The effect of size was tested using a panel of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles of size 20-200 nm, due to the relevance of this size range for drug delivery applications.Experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was induced using an anti-podocyte antibody that causes abrupt podocyte depletion. Nanoparticles were modified with carboxymethyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) for stability and biocompatibility. After intravenous injection, fluorescence from nanoparticles of size 20 and 100 nm, but not 200 nm, was observed in kidney glomeruli and peritubular capillaries. During conditions of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the number of fluorescent nanoparticle punctae in kidney glomeruli increased by 1.9-fold for 20 and 100 nm nanoparticles compared to normal conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding and leveraging kidney pathophysiology in engineering new, targeted drug carriers that accumulate more in diseased glomeruli to treat glomerular kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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18
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Yes-associated protein regulates podocyte cell cycle re-entry and dedifferentiation in adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31801948 PMCID: PMC6892849 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells with little proliferative capacity. The high expression levels of cell cycle inhibitory proteins, including p21, p27, and p57, play an important role in maintaining the low level of proliferation of mature podocytes. In the present study, we aimed to explore the role of yes-associated protein (YAP) signalling in adriamycin-induced podocyte re-entry into the cell cycle and dedifferentiation. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)-, and Cyclin D1-positive podocytes were found in mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. In vitro, adriamycin administration increased the percentage of cells in S phase and the upregulation of mesenchymal-related marker proteins. CDK4 and cyclin D1 were significantly up-regulated after incubation with adriamycin. Overexpression of YAP in podocytes promoted their entry into the cell cycle; up-regulated cyclin D1, desmin, and snail2 expression and down-regulated Wilms’ tumour 1 (WT1) and nephrin production. Recombinant murine FGF-basic induced podocytes to re-enter the cell cycle, inhibited WT1 and nephrin, and increased desmin and snail2 expression. Pretreating podocytes with verteporfin, an inhibitor of YAP/ TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD), decreased the adriamycin-induced overexpression of cyclin D1 and reduced the ratio of S-phase podocytes. This result was further verified by knocking down YAP expression using RNA interference. In conclusion, adriamycin induced podocytes to re-enter the cell cycle via upregulation of CDK4 and cyclin D1 expression, which was at least partly mediated by YAP signalling. Re-entry into the cell cycle induced the over-expression of mesenchymal markers in podocytes.
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19
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Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Freedman BS, Kutz JN, Chozinski TJ, Vaughan JC, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Dual lineage tracing shows that glomerular parietal epithelial cells can transdifferentiate toward the adult podocyte fate. Kidney Int 2019; 96:597-611. [PMID: 31200942 PMCID: PMC7008116 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated post-mitotic cells that cannot replace themselves after injury. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are proposed to be podocyte progenitors. To test whether a subset of parietal epithelial cells transdifferentiate to a podocyte fate, dual reporter PEC-rtTA|LC1|tdTomato|Nphs1-FLPo|FRT-EGFP mice, named PEC-PODO, were generated. Doxycycline administration permanently labeled parietal epithelial cells with tdTomato reporter (red), and upon doxycycline removal, the parietal epithelial cells (PECs) cannot label further. Despite the presence or absence of doxycycline, podocytes cannot label with tdTomato, but are constitutively labeled with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter (green). Only activation of the Nphs1-FLPo transgene by labeled parietal epithelial cells can generate a yellow color. At day 28 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 20% lower in 20% of glomeruli. At day 56 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 18% lower in 17% of glomeruli. TdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells were restricted to Bowman's capsule in healthy mice. However, by days 28 and 56 of experimental disease, two-thirds of tdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells within glomerular tufts were yellow in color. These cells co-expressed the podocyte markers podocin, nephrin, p57 and VEGF164, but not markers of endothelial (ERG) or mesangial (Perlecan) cells. Expansion microscopy showed primary, secondary and minor processes in tdTomato+EGFP+ cells in glomerular tufts. Thus, our studies provide strong evidence that parietal epithelial cells serve as a source of new podocytes in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - J Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tyler J Chozinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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20
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Balkawade RS, Chen C, Crowley MR, Crossman DK, Clapp WL, Verlander JW, Marshall CB. Podocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase promotes glomerular basement membrane thickening. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1026-F1040. [PMID: 30810063 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00359.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting using Cre recombinase has offered a powerful tool to modify gene function precisely in defined cells/tissues and at specific times. However, in mammalian cells, Cre recombinase can be genotoxic. The importance of including Cre-expressing control mice to avoid misinterpretation and to maximize the validity of the experimental results has been increasingly recognized. While studying the role of podocytes in the pathogenesis of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, we used Cre recombinase driven by the podocyte-specific podocin promoter (NPHS2-Cre) to generate a conditional knockout. By conventional structural and functional measures (histology by periodic acid-Schiff staining, albuminuria, and plasma creatinine), we did not detect significant differences between NPHS2-Cre transgenic and wild-type control mice. However, surprisingly, the group that expressed Cre transgene alone developed signs of podocyte toxicity, including marked GBM thickening, loss of normal foot process morphology, and reduced Wilms tumor 1 expression. GBM thickening was characterized by altered expression of core structural protein laminin isoform α5β2γ1. RNA sequencing analysis of extracted glomeruli identified 230 genes that were significant and differentially expressed (applying a q < 0.05-fold change ≥ ±2 cutoff) in NPHS2-Cre mice compared with wild-type control mice. Many biological processes were reflected in the RNA sequencing data, including regulation of the extracellular matrix and pathways related to apoptosis and cell death. This study highlights the importance of including the appropriate controls for potential Cre-mediated toxicity in conditional gene-targeting experiments. Indeed, omitting the Cre transgene control can result in critical errors during interpretation of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan S Balkawade
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chao Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine Electron Microscopy Core, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael R Crowley
- Heflin Center for Genomic Science, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David K Crossman
- Heflin Center for Genomic Science, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jill W Verlander
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine Electron Microscopy Core, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caroline B Marshall
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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21
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Song CC, Hong Q, Geng XD, Wang X, Wang SQ, Cui SY, Guo MD, Li O, Cai GY, Chen XM, Wu D. New Mutation of Coenzyme Q 10 Monooxygenase 6 Causing Podocyte Injury in a Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Patient. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 131:2666-2675. [PMID: 30425193 PMCID: PMC6247592 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.245158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a kidney disease that is commonly associated with proteinuria and the progressive loss of renal function, which is characterized by podocyte injury and the depletion and collapse of glomerular capillary segments. The pathogenesis of FSGS has not been completely elucidated; however, recent advances in molecular genetics have provided increasing evidence that podocyte structural and functional disruption is central to FSGS pathogenesis. Here, we identified a patient with FSGS and aimed to characterize the pathogenic gene and verify its mechanism. Methods: Using next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we screened the causative gene that was linked to FSGS in this study. The patient's total blood RNA was extracted to validate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of coenzyme Q10 monooxygenase 6 (COQ6) and validated it by immunohistochemistry. COQ6 knockdown in podocytes was performed in vitro with small interfering RNA, and then, F-actin was determined using immunofluorescence staining. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry, the expression of active caspase-3 was determined by Western blot, and mitochondrial function was detected by MitoSOX. Results: Using whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we screened a new causative gene, COQ6, NM_182480: exon1: c.G41A: p.W14X. The mRNA expression of COQ6 in the proband showed decreased. Moreover, the expression of COQ6, which was validated by immunohistochemistry, also had the same change in the proband. Finally, we focused on the COQ6 gene to clarify the mechanism of podocyte injury. Flow cytometry showed significantly increased in apoptotic podocytes, and Western blotting showed increases in active caspase-3 in si-COQ6 podocytes. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased and F-actin immunofluorescence was irregularly distributed in the si-COQ6 group. Conclusions: This study reported a possible mechanism for FSGS and suggested that a new mutation in COQ6, which could cause respiratory chain defect, increase the generation of ROS, destroy the podocyte cytoskeleton, and induce apoptosis. It provides basic theoretical basis for the screening of FSGS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Song
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Geng
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shu-Qiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Man-Di Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ou Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guang-Yan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
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22
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Zhai S, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Ma Q. Interleukin-7 stimulation inhibits nephrin activation and induces podocyte injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:100-105. [PMID: 30454893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular podocytes control filtration barrier permeability in the kidney, and their disturbance underlies the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), a kidney disease that predominantly occurs in children. In this study, we found that the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) was induced in the glomeruli of adriamycin (ADR)-induced mouse nephropathy, a rodent model of nephrotic syndrome. In addition, IL-7R was also induced by ADR in mouse podocytes cultured in vitro. Functionally, we discovered that IL-7R activation through the stimulation of recombinant IL-7 induced apoptosis of podocytes, and moreover, IL-7 stimulation inhibited nephrin activation and caused actin cytoskeleton disorganization, indicating that IL-7 stimulation induces podocyte injury. Furthermore, IL-7 stimulation impaired the filtration barrier function of podocyte monolayer. Together, these results identify IL-7 and its receptor IL-7R as potential regulators of podocyte function, which might offer a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Lengyue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Qingshan Ma
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China.
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23
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Liu GW, Prossnitz AN, Eng DG, Cheng Y, Subrahmanyam N, Pippin JW, Lamm RJ, Ngambenjawong C, Ghandehari H, Shankland SJ, Pun SH. Glomerular disease augments kidney accumulation of synthetic anionic polymers. Biomaterials 2018; 178:317-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Gewin LS. Renal fibrosis: Primacy of the proximal tubule. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:248-262. [PMID: 29425694 PMCID: PMC6015527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease and best predictor of renal survival. Many different cell types contribute to TIF progression including tubular epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelia, and inflammatory cells. Previously, most of the attention has centered on myofibroblasts given their central importance in extracellular matrix production. However, emerging data focuses on how the response of the proximal tubule, a specialized epithelial segment vulnerable to injury, plays a central role in TIF progression. Several proximal tubular responses such as de-differentiation, cell cycle changes, autophagy, and metabolic changes may be adaptive initially, but can lead to maladaptive responses that promote TIF both through autocrine and paracrine effects. This review discusses the current paradigm of TIF progression and the increasingly important role of the proximal tubule in promoting TIF both in tubulointerstitial and glomerular injuries. A better understanding and appreciation of the role of the proximal tubule in TIF has important implications for therapeutic strategies to halt chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Gewin
- The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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25
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Cardoso VG, Gonçalves GL, Costa-Pessoa JM, Thieme K, Lins BB, Casare FAM, de Ponte MC, Camara NOS, Oliveira-Souza M. Angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress/PKC-δ/p38 MAPK pathway activation and trough increased Na +/H + exchanger isoform 1 activity. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:179. [PMID: 30005635 PMCID: PMC6043975 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II) contributes to the progression of renal diseases associated with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis mainly by inducing podocyte apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether the chronic effects of Ang II via AT1 receptor (AT1R) would result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/PKC-delta/p38 MAPK stimulation, and consequently podocyte apoptosis. Methods Wistar rats were treated with Ang II (200 ng·kg−1·min−1, 42 days) and or losartan (10 mg·kg−1·day−1, 14 days). Immortalized mouse podocyte were treated with 1 μM Ang II and/or losartan (1 μM) or SB203580 (0.1 μM) (AT1 receptor antagonist and p38 MAPK inhibitor) for 24 h. Kidney sections and cultured podocytes were used to evaluate protein expression by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and intracellular pH (pHi) was analyzed using microscopy combined with the fluorescent probe BCECF/AM. Results Compared with controls, Ang II via AT1R increased chaperone GRP 78/Bip protein expression in rat glomeruli (p < 0.001) as well as in podocyte culture (p < 0.01); increased phosphorylated eIf2-α (p < 0.05), PKC-delta (p < 0.01) and p38 MAPK (p < 0.001) protein expression. Furthermore, Ang II induced p38 MAPK-mediated late apoptosis and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (p < 0.001). Simultaneously, Ang II via AT1R induced p38 MAPK-NHE1-mediated increase of pHi recovery rate after acid loading. Conclusion Together, our results indicate that Ang II-induced podocyte apoptosis is associated with AT1R/ER stress/PKC-delta/p38 MAPK axis and enhanced NHE1-mediated pHi recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gerolde Cardoso
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Costa-Pessoa
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Thieme
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Radioimmunoassays (LIM-18), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bezerra Lins
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Malavazzi Casare
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Charleaux de Ponte
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Oliveira-Souza
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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26
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Compound effects of aging and experimental FSGS on glomerular epithelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:524-546. [PMID: 28222042 PMCID: PMC5361679 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age portends a poorer prognosis in FSGS. To understand the impact of age on glomerular podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs), experimental FSGS was induced in 3m-old mice (20-year old human age) and 27m-old mice (78-year old human age) by abruptly depleting podocytes with a cytopathic anti-podocyte antibody. Despite similar binding of the disease-inducing antibody, podocyte density was lower in aged FSGS mice compared to young FSGS mice. Activated PEC density was higher in aged versus young FSGS mice, as was the percentage of total activated PECs. Additionally, the percentage of glomeruli containing PECs with evidence of phosphorylated ERK and EMT was higher in aged FSGS mice. Extracellular matrix, measured by collagen IV and silver staining, was higher in aged FSGS mice along Bowman's capsule. However, collagen IV accumulation in the glomerular tufts alone and in glomeruli with both tuft and Bowman's capsule accumulation were similar in young FSGS and aged FSGS mice. Thus, the major difference in collagen IV staining in FSGS was along Bowman's capsule in aged mice. The significant differences in podocytes, PECs and extracellular matrixaccumulation between young mice and old mice with FSGS might explain the differences in outcomes in FSGS based on age.
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27
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Tang H, Lei CT, Ye C, Gao P, Wan C, Chen S, He FF, Wang YM, Su H, Zhang C. MDM2 is implicated in high-glucose-induced podocyte mitotic catastrophe via Notch1 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28643424 PMCID: PMC5706520 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury and depletion are essential events involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). As a terminally differentiated cell, podocyte is restricted in ‘post‐mitosis’ state and unable to regenerate. Re‐entering mitotic phase will cause podocyte disastrous death which is defined as mitotic catastrophe (MC). Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a cell cycle regulator, is widely expressed in renal resident cells including podocytes. Here, we explore whether MDM2 is involved in podocyte MC during hyperglycaemia. We found aberrant mitotic podocytes with multi‐nucleation in DN patients. In vitro, cultured podocytes treated by high glucose (HG) also showed an up‐regulation of mitotic markers and abnormal mitotic status, accompanied by elevated expression of MDM2. HG exposure forced podocytes to enter into S phase and bypass G2/M checkpoint with enhanced expression of Ki67, cyclin B1, Aurora B and p‐H3. Genetic deletion of MDM2 partly reversed HG‐induced mitotic phase re‐entering of podocytes. Moreover, HG‐induced podocyte injury was alleviated by MDM2 knocking down but not by nutlin‐3a, an inhibitor of MDM2‐p53 interaction. Interestingly, knocking down MDM2 or MDM2 overexpression showed inhibition or activation of Notch1 signalling, respectively. In addition, genetic silencing of Notch1 prevented HG‐mediated podocyte MC. In conclusion, high glucose up‐regulates MDM2 expression and leads to podocyte MC. Notch1 signalling is an essential downstream pathway of MDM2 in mediating HG‐induced MC in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Tao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang He
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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28
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yu C, Zhou F, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Li R, Ma J, Li Z, Lai Y, Lin T, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Ye Z, Liu S, Wang W, Liang X, Liao R, Shi W. RhoA deficiency disrupts podocyte cytoskeleton and induces podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting YAP/dendrin signal. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:66. [PMID: 27389190 PMCID: PMC4936208 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Podocyte apoptosis is a major mechanism that leads to proteinuria in many kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases are not fully understood. RhoA is one of Rho GTPases that has been well studied and plays a key role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture. Previous study showed that insufficient RhoA could result in rat aortic smooth muscle cell apoptosis. However, whether RhoA is involved in podocyte apoptosis remains unknown. Methods Culture podocytes were treated with LPS, ADR or siRNA for 48 h before harvest. Subcellular immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to exam the expression and function of RhoA or YAP in podocytes. Results We found that the expression of RhoA and its activity were significantly decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes, accompanying loss of stress fibers and increased cell apoptosis. Knocking down RhoA or its downstream effector mDia expression by siRNA also caused loss of stress fibers and podocyte apoptosis. Moreover, our results further demonstrated that RhoA deficiency could reduce the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Silenced dendrin expression significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Conclusion RhoA deficiency could disrupt podocyte cytoskeleton and induce podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting YAP/dendrin signal. RhoA/mDia/YAP/dendrin signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. Maintaining necessary RhoA would be one potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshun Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuxiong Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qianmei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuangxin Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruyi Liao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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29
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Cdc42 deficiency induces podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the Nwasp/stress fibers/YAP pathway. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2142. [PMID: 26986510 PMCID: PMC4823952 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte apoptosis is a major mechanism that leads to proteinuria in many chronic kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases are not fully understood. The Rho family of small GTPases has been shown to be required in maintaining podocyte structure and function. Recent studies have indicated that podocyte-specific deletion of Cdc42 in vivo, but not of RhoA or Rac1, leads to congenital nephrotic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis. However, the underlying cellular events in podocyte controlled by Cdc42 remain unclear. Here, we assessed the cellular mechanisms by which Cdc42 regulates podocyte apoptosis. We found that the expression of Cdc42 and its activity were significantly decreased in high glucose-, lipopolysaccharide- or adriamycin-injured podocytes. Reduced Cdc42 expression in vitro and in vivo by small interfering RNA and selective Cdc42 inhibitor ML-141, respectively, caused podocyte apoptosis and proteinuria. Our results further demonstrated that insufficient Cdc42 or Nwasp, its downstream effector, could decrease the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Moreover, our data indicated that the loss of stress fibers caused by Cdc42/Nwasp deficiency also decreased Yes-associated protein (YAP) mRNA and protein expression, and induced podocyte apoptosis. Podocyte apoptosis induced by Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fiber deficiency was significantly inhibited by overexpressing-active YAP. Thus, the Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fibers/YAP signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. Maintaining necessary Cdc42 would be one potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases.
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Stefanska A, Eng D, Kaverina N, Duffield JS, Pippin JW, Rabinovitch P, Shankland SJ. Interstitial pericytes decrease in aged mouse kidneys. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:370-82. [PMID: 26081073 PMCID: PMC4505164 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
With increasing age, the kidney undergoes characteristic changes in the glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments, which are ultimately accompanied by reduced kidney function. Studies have shown age-related loss of peritubular vessels. Normal peritubular vessel tone, function and survival depend on neighboring pericytes. Pericyte detachment leads to vascular damage, which can be accompanied by their differentiation to fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, a state that favors matrix production. To better understand the fate of pericytes in the aged kidney, 27 month-old mice were studied. Compared to 3 month-old young adult mice, aged kidneys showed a substantial decrease in capillaries, identified by CD31 staining, in both cortex and medulla. This was accompanied by a marked decrease in surrounding NG2+ / PDGFRβ+ pericytes. This decrease was more pronounced in the medulla. Capillaries devoid of pericytes were typically dilated in aged mice. Aged kidneys were also characterized by interstitial fibrosis due to increased collagen-I and -III staining. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of pericytes that acquired a pro-fibrotic phenotype, identified by increased PDGFRβ+ / αSMA+ staining. These findings are consistent with the decline in kidney interstitial pericytes as a critical step in the development of changes to the peritubular vasculature with aging, and accompanying fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stefanska
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Diana Eng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Duffield
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Peter Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Glomerular parietal epithelial cells contribute to adult podocyte regeneration in experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2015; 88:999-1012. [PMID: 25993321 PMCID: PMC4654724 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since adult podocytes cannot adequately proliferate following depletion in disease states there has been interest in the potential role of progenitors in podocyte repair and regeneration. To determine if parietal epithelial cells (PECs) can serve as adult podocyte progenitors following disease-induced podocyte depletion, PECs were permanently labeled in adult PECrtTA/LC1/R26 reporter mice. In normal mice, labeled PECs were confined to Bowman's capsule, while in disease (cytotoxic sheep anti-podocyte antibody), labeled PECs were found in the glomerular tuft in progressively higher numbers by days 7, 14 and 28. Early in disease, the majority of PECs in the tuft co-expressed CD44. By day 28, when podocyte numbers were significantly higher and disease severity was significantly lower, the majority of labeled PECs co-expressed podocyte proteins but not CD44. Neither labeled PECs on the tuft, nor podocytes stained for the proliferation marker BrdU. The de novo expression of phospho-ERK colocalized to CD44 expressing PECs, but not to PECs expressing podocyte markers. Thus, in a mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis typified by abrupt podocyte depletion followed by regeneration, PECs undergo two phenotypic changes once they migrate to the glomerular tuft. Initially these cells are predominantly activated CD44 expressing cells coinciding with glomerulosclerosis, and later they predominantly exhibit a podocyte phenotype which is likely reparative.
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Hou G, Wu V, Singh G, Holzman LB, Tsui CC. Ret is critical for podocyte survival following glomerular injury in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F774-83. [PMID: 25587123 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00483.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury and loss directly cause proteinuria and the progression to glomerulosclerosis. Elucidation of the mechanisms of podocyte survival and recovery from injury is critical for designing strategies to prevent the progression of glomerular diseases. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret, are upregulated in both nonimmune and immune-mediated in vitro and in vivo models of glomerular diseases. We investigated whether Ret, a known receptor tyrosine kinase critical for kidney morphogenesis and neuronal growth and development, is necessary for glomerular and podocyte development and survival in vivo. Since deletions of both GDNF and Ret result in embryonic lethality due to kidney agenesis, we examined the role of Ret in vivo by generating mice with a conditional deletion of Ret in podocytes (Ret(flox/flox); Nphs2-Cre). In contrast to the lack of any developmental and maintenance deficits, Ret(flox/flox); Nphs2-Cre mice showed a significantly enhanced susceptibility to adriamycin nephropathy, a rodent model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Thus, these findings demonstrated that the Ret signaling pathway is important for podocyte survival and recovery from glomerular injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Victoria Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gulmohar Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Lawrence B Holzman
- Division of Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia C Tsui
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Thomasova D, Anders HJ. Cell cycle control in the kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:1622-30. [PMID: 25538161 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper control of the cell cycle is mandatory during homeostasis and disease. The balance of p53 and MDM2 integrates numerous signalling pathways to regulate the cell cycle, which is executed by multiple proteins including the cyclins, cyclin kinases and cyclin kinase inhibitors. Mutations or environmental factors that affect cell cycle control can lead to inappropriate hyperplasia or cancer as well as to cell loss and tissue atrophy. Normal kidney function is maintained largely by post-mitotic quiescent cells in the G0 phase with a low turnover. Early cell cycle activation during kidney injury contributes to cell death via mitotic catastrophe, i.e. death via mitosis, e.g. of cell with significant DNA damage. At later stages, cell cycle entry supports tissue regeneration and functional reconstitution via cell hypertrophy and/or cell proliferation. It is of note that so-called proliferation markers such as Ki67, PCNA or BrdU identify only cell cycle entry without telling whether this results in cell hypertrophy, cell division or mitotic catastrophe. With this in mind, some established concepts on kidney injury and regeneration are to be re-evaluated. Here, we discuss the components and functional roles of p53/MDM2-mediated cell cycle regulation in kidney homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Thomasova
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Munich, Germany
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Lin MG, Liu LP, Li CY, Zhang M, Chen Y, Qin J, Gu YY, Li Z, Wu XL, Mo SL. Scutellaria Extract Decreases the Proportion of Side Population Cells in a Myeloma Cell Line by Down-regulating the Expression of ABCG2 Protein. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7179-86. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Liapis H, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. New insights into the pathology of podocyte loss: mitotic catastrophe. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1364-1374. [PMID: 24007883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes represent an essential component of the kidney's glomerular filtration barrier. They stay attached to the glomerular basement membrane via integrin interactions that support the capillary wall to withstand the pulsating filtration pressure. Podocyte structure is maintained by a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Terminal differentiation is coupled with permanent exit from the cell cycle and arrest in a postmitotic state. Postmitotic podocytes do not have an infinite life span; in fact, physiologic loss in the urine is documented. Proteinuria and other injuries accelerate podocyte loss or induce death. Mature podocytes are unable to replicate and maintain their actin cytoskeleton simultaneously. By the end of mitosis, cytoskeletal actin forms part of the contractile ring, rendering a round shape to podocytes. Therefore, when podocyte mitosis is attempted, it may lead to aberrant mitosis (ie, mitotic catastrophe). Mitotic catastrophe implies that mitotic podocytes eventually detach or die; this is a previously unrecognized form of podocyte loss and a compensatory mechanism for podocyte hypertrophy that relies on post-G1-phase cell cycle arrest. In contrast, local podocyte progenitors (parietal epithelial cells) exhibit a simple actin cytoskeleton structure and can easily undergo mitosis, supporting podocyte regeneration. In this review we provide an appraisal of the in situ pathology of mitotic catastrophe compared with other proposed types of podocyte death and put experimental and renal biopsy data in a unified perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Liapis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Internal Medicine (Renal), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of de Novo Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy; Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrology Center, Medical Hospital and Health Center IV, University of Munich Clinical Center-LMU, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
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Mulay SR, Thomasova D, Ryu M, Kulkarni OP, Migliorini A, Bruns H, Gröbmayr R, Lazzeri E, Lasagni L, Liapis H, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. Podocyte loss involves MDM2-driven mitotic catastrophe. J Pathol 2013; 230:322-35. [PMID: 23749457 DOI: 10.1002/path.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte apoptosis as a pathway of podocyte loss is often suspected but rarely detected. To study podocyte apoptosis versus inflammatory forms of podocyte death in vivo, we targeted murine double minute (MDM)-2 for three reasons. First, MDM2 inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis; second, MDM2 facilitates NF-κB signalling; and third, podocytes show strong MDM2 expression. We hypothesized that blocking MDM2 during glomerular injury may trigger p53-mediated podocyte apoptosis, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis. Unexpectedly, MDM2 blockade in early adriamycin nephropathy of Balb/c mice had the opposite effect and reduced intra-renal cytokine and chemokine expression, glomerular macrophage and T-cell counts, and plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. In cultured podocytes exposed to adriamycin, MDM2 blockade did not trigger podocyte death but induced G2/M arrest to prevent aberrant nuclear divisions and detachment of dying aneuploid podocytes, a feature of mitotic catastrophe in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these observations, 12 of 164 consecutive human renal biopsies revealed features of podocyte mitotic catastrophe but only in glomerular disorders with proteinuria. Furthermore, delayed MDM2 blockade reduced plasma creatinine levels, blood urea nitrogen, tubular atrophy, interstitial leukocyte numbers, and cytokine expression as well as interstitial fibrosis. Together, MDM2-mediated mitotic catastrophe is a previously unrecognized variant of podocyte loss where MDM2 forces podocytes to complete the cell cycle, which in the absence of cytokinesis leads to podocyte aneuploidy, mitotic catastrophe, and loss by detachment. MDM2 blockade with nutlin-3a could be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent renal inflammation, podocyte loss, glomerulosclerosis, proteinuria, and progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, München, Germany
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Migliorini A, Angelotti ML, Mulay SR, Kulkarni OO, Demleitner J, Dietrich A, Sagrinati C, Ballerini L, Peired A, Shankland SJ, Liapis H, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. The antiviral cytokines IFN-α and IFN-β modulate parietal epithelial cells and promote podocyte loss: implications for IFN toxicity, viral glomerulonephritis, and glomerular regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:431-40. [PMID: 23747509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β are the central regulators of antiviral immunity but little is known about their roles in viral glomerulonephritis (eg, HIV nephropathy). We hypothesized that IFN-α and IFN-β would trigger local inflammation and podocyte loss. We found that both IFNs consistently activated human and mouse podocytes and parietal epithelial cells to express numerous IFN-stimulated genes. However, only IFN-β significantly induced podocyte death and increased the permeability of podocyte monolayers. In contrast, only IFN-α caused cell-cycle arrest and inhibited the migration of parietal epithelial cells. Both IFNs suppressed renal progenitor differentiation into mature podocytes. In Adriamycin nephropathy, injections with either IFN-α or IFN-β aggravated proteinuria, macrophage influx, and glomerulosclerosis. A detailed analysis showed that only IFN-β induced podocyte mitosis. This did not, however, lead to proliferation, but was associated with podocyte loss via podocyte detachment and/or mitotic podocyte death (mitotic catastrophe). We did not detect TUNEL-positive podocytes. Thus, IFN-α and IFN-β have both common and differential effects on podocytes and parietal epithelial cells, which together promote glomerulosclerosis by enhancing podocyte loss while suppressing podocyte regeneration from local progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Migliorini
- Nephrological Center, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München-Ludwig Maximilian University, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
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Kim KB, Yang JY, Kwack SJ, Kim HS, Ryu DH, Kim YJ, Bae JY, Lim DS, Choi SM, Kwon MJ, Bang DY, Lim SK, Kim YW, Hwang GS, Lee BM. Potential metabolomic biomarkers for evaluation of adriamycin efficacy using a urinary 1H-NMR spectroscopy. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1251-9. [PMID: 22782856 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A metabolomics approach using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied to investigate metabolic alterations following adriamycin (ADR) treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma. After BALB/c-nu/nu mice were implanted with human gastric adenocarcinoma, ADR (1 or 3 mg kg(-1) per day) was intraperitoneally administered for 5 days. Urine was collected on days 2 and 5 and analyzed by NMR. The levels of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO, ×0.3), hippurate (×0.3) and taurine (×0.6) decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of 3-indoxylsulfate (×12.6), trigonelline (×1.5), citrate (×2.5), trimethylamine (TMA, ×2.0) and 2-oxoglutarate (×2.3) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the tumor model. After ADR treatment, TMAO, hippuarte and taurine were increased significantly on day 5 compared with those of the tumor model. The levels of 2-oxoglutarate, 3-indoxylsulfate, trigonelline, TMA and citrate, which increased in the tumor model, significantly decreased to those of normal control by ADR treatment. Furthermore, the ratio between TMA and TMAO was dramatically altered in both tumor and ADR-treated groups. Overall, metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, 3-indoxylsulfate, hippurate, trigonelline, citrate and 2-oxoglutarate related to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle might be considered as therapeutic targets to potentiate the efficacy of ADR. Thus, these results suggest that the metabolomics analysis of tumor response to ADR treatment may be applicable for demonstrating the efficacy of anticancer agent, ADR and treatment adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 330-714, Korea
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Yang W, Wang J, Shi L, Yu L, Qian Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Cheng S. Podocyte injury and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Cytokine 2012; 59:370-6. [PMID: 22579701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of nephrin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and podocyte number in adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group and the ADR nephropathy group. The nephropathy was induced by tail-vein injection of ADR (4 mg/kg) twice at a 14-day interval. The expression levels of nephrin, VEGF, and TGF-β1 in glomeruli were assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The podocyte number was also evaluated after anti-Wilms' tumor-1 (WT1) immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the urinary protein content, biochemical parameters in serum samples and glomerular sclerosis index (SI) were compared between groups. In the ADR nephropathy group, the expression levels of nephrin was significantly decreased with the fusion of podocyte foot processes at 6 weeks after the first ADR injection, which was associated with a marked proteinuria. A decrease in podocyte number and an increase in SI with the overexpression of both VEGF and TGF-β1 were also observed in the glomeruli at 10 weeks after the first ADR injection. This was associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The study data suggest that podocyte injury and decreased nephrin, as well as increased VEGF and TGF-β1, may contribute to the development of proteinuria and FSGS in ADR-induced nephropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Medicine School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
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Functional metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5 are expressed in murine podocytes. Kidney Int 2011; 81:458-68. [PMID: 22166849 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In non-neuronal cells, glutamate is an extracellular signaling mediator. Since podocytes have glutamate-containing vesicles, we sought to determine glutamate receptor presence and action in glomerular cells. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) 1, 5, 6, and 8 were found to be expressed in mouse brain and glomeruli; predominantly in podocytes. In two models of proteinuria (BalB/C mice with puromycin aminonucleoside- and doxorubicin-induced podocyte injury) we found that the selective mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) attenuated albuminuria and improved the expression of the podocyte marker WT-1. TUNEL staining showed that the number of podocytes undergoing apoptosis was inversely correlated with the number of WT-1-positive cells in glomeruli. When podocytes were treated with DHPG in vitro, they generated cyclic AMP and activated CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding protein). The selective mGluR1/5 antagonist (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536, and RNA interference knockdown of mGluR1 or mGluR5 all prevented DHPG-induced cAMP generation and CREB activation. DHPG inhibited apoptosis and the decrease of aminonucleoside-induced mitochondrial membrane potential in podocytes but had no effect in the presence of SQ22536 with knockdown mGluR1 or mGluR5. Thus, functional mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed in podocytes and their activation protects against albuminuria and podocyte apoptosis, processes that are, at least in part, dependent on cAMP.
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Chang AM, Ohse T, Krofft RD, Wu JS, Eddy AA, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Albumin-induced apoptosis of glomerular parietal epithelial cells is modulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1330-43. [PMID: 21896500 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological role(s) of glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) is not fully understood in health or disease. Given its location, PECs are constantly exposed to low levels of filtered albumin, which is increased in nephrotic states. We tested the hypothesis that PECs internalize albumin and increased uptake results in apoptosis. METHODS Confocal microscopy of immunofluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry were used to demonstrate albumin internalization in PECs and to quantitate albumin uptake in normal mice and rats as well as experimental models of membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and protein overload nephropathy. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed on immortalized cultured PECs exposed to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled albumin in the presence of an endosomal inhibitor or vehicle. Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst staining in cultured PECs exposed to bovine serum albumin. Levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2) were restored by retroviral infection of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) 1/2 and reduced by U0126 in PECs exposed to high albumin levels in culture and apoptosis measured by Hoechst staining. RESULTS PECs internalized albumin normally, and this was markedly increased in all of the experimental disease models (P<0.05 versus controls). Cultured immortalized PECs also internalize FITC-labeled albumin, which was reduced by endosomal inhibition. A consequence of increased albumin internalization was PEC apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Candidate signaling pathways underlying these events were examined. Data showed markedly reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in PECs exposed to high albumin levels in nephropathy and in culture. A role for ERK1/2 in limiting albumin-induced apoptosis was shown by restoring p-ERK1/2 by retroviral infection, which reduced apoptosis in cultured PECs, while a forced decrease of p-ERK1/2 through inhibition of MEK 1/2 significantly increased albumin-induced PEC apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS A normal role of PECs is to take up filtered albumin. However, this is increased in proteinuric glomerular diseases, leading to apoptosis through changes in ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Chang
- University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Van Beneden K, Geers C, Pauwels M, Mannaerts I, Verbeelen D, van Grunsven LA, Van den Branden C. Valproic acid attenuates proteinuria and kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1863-75. [PMID: 21868496 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in several organs and tissues, but their effect on the progression of renal disease is unknown. Here, we studied the effect of valproic acid in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice. Administration of valproic acid before kidney injury prevented the development of proteinuria and the onset of glomerulosclerosis. Even after postponing treatment until the peak of adriamycin-induced proteinuria, valproic acid rapidly decreased the quantity of proteinuria and attenuated the progression of renal disease. Valproic acid abrogated the decrease in glomerular acetylation observed during adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Furthermore, valproic acid attenuated the significant upregulation of profibrotic and proinflammatory genes, the deposition of collagen, and the infiltration of macrophages into the kidney. Valproic acid decreased glomerular apoptosis and proliferation induced by adriamycin. Ultrastructural studies further supported the protective effect of valproic acid on podocytes in this model. Taken together, these data suggest that HDACs contribute to the pathogenesis of renal disease and that HDAC inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Beneden
- Department of Human Anatomy, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Jung DS, Lee SH, Kwak SJ, Li JJ, Kim DH, Nam BY, Kang HY, Chang TI, Park JT, Han SH, Yoo TH, Kang SW. Apoptosis occurs differentially according to glomerular size in diabetic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:259-66. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Marshall CB, Krofft RD, Blonski MJ, Kowalewska J, Logar CM, Pippin JW, Kim F, Feil R, Alpers CE, Shankland SJ. Role of smooth muscle protein SM22α in glomerular epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1026-42. [PMID: 21289056 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00187.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are considered terminally differentiated cells in the mature kidney under normal conditions. In the face of injury, podocytes may proceed along several possible pathways, including dedifferentiation and proliferation, persistent cell cycle arrest, hypertrophy, apoptosis, or necrosis. There is mounting evidence that transdifferentiation into a dysregulated phenotype may also be a potential cell fate. We have previously reported that the transcript of SM22α, an actin-binding protein considered one of the earliest markers of smooth muscle differentiation, is upregulated nearly 70-fold in glomeruli of rats with passive Heymann nephritis (PHN). In contrast, the SM22α transcript is absent in normal adult rat glomeruli. The purpose of this study was to define SM22α's expression during kidney development and its role in glomerular diseases characterized by podocyte injury and proteinuria. During glomerulogenesis and podocyte differentiation, SM22α was expressed in glomeruli. This expression disappeared with glomerular maturation. Along with SM22α induction in PHN, confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels, SM22α was also induced across a broad range of proteinuric diseases, including experimental animal models (puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy, adriamycin nephropathy, passive nephrotoxic nephritis, and diet-induced obesity) and human diseases (collapsing glomerulopathy, diabetic nephropathy, classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, minimal-change disease, membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis). Crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced in SM22α +/+ and SM22α -/- mice by intraperitoneal injection of sheep anti-rabbit glomeruli antibody 12.5 mg/20 g body wt × 2 doses (n = 12-15/group), with mice euthanized at 7 and 14 days. Compared with SM22α -/- mice, SM22α +/+ mice demonstrated worse disease by histopathological parameters. In addition, there was greater apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining), fewer podocytes (Wilms' tumor-1 immunostaining), and less proliferation (Ki-67 immunostaining) in diseased SM22α +/+ mice. Furthermore, there was decreased activation of Erk1/2 in diseased SM22α +/+ mice. We conclude that the de novo expression of SM22α in glomerular epithelial cells affects the course of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Marshall
- Div. of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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