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Harrison DG, Patrick DM. Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:1659-1674. [PMID: 38881474 PMCID: PMC11254551 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
It is now apparent that immune mediators including complement, cytokines, and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system contribute not only to blood pressure elevation but also to the target organ damage that occurs in response to stimuli like high salt, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and sympathetic outflow. Alterations of vascular hemodynamic factors, including microvascular pulsatility and shear forces, lead to vascular release of mediators that affect myeloid cells to become potent antigen-presenting cells and promote T-cell activation. Research in the past 2 decades has defined specific biochemical and molecular pathways that are engaged by these stimuli and an emerging paradigm is these not only lead to immune activation, but that products of immune cells, including cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and metalloproteinases act on target cells to further raise blood pressure in a feed-forward fashion. In this review, we will discuss these molecular and pathophysiological events and discuss clinical interventions that might prove effective in quelling this inflammatory process in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - David M. Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
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Bode M, Diemer JN, Luu TV, Ehnert N, Teigeler T, Wiech T, Lindenmeyer MT, Herrnstadt GR, Bülow J, Huber TB, Tomas NM, Wenzel UO. Complement component C3 as a new target to lower albuminuria in hypertensive kidney disease. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2412-2435. [PMID: 37076314 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Complement activation may drive hypertension through its effects on immunity and tissue integrity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined expression of C3, the central protein of the complement cascade, in hypertension. KEY RESULTS Increased C3 expression was found in kidney biopsies and micro-dissected glomeruli of patients with hypertensive nephropathy. Renal single cell RNA sequence data from normotensive and hypertensive patients confirmed expression of C3 in different cellular compartments of the kidney. In angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertension renal C3 expression was up-regulated. C3-/- mice revealed a significant lower albuminuria in the early phase of hypertension. However, no difference was found for blood pressure, renal injury (histology, glomerular filtration rate, inflammation) and cardiac injury (fibrosis, weight, gene expression) between C3-/- and wildtype mice after Ang II infusion. Also, in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt hypertension, a significantly lower albuminuria was found in the first weeks of hypertension in C3 deficient mice but no significant difference in renal and cardiac injury. Down-regulation of C3 by C3 targeting GalNAc (n-acetylgalactosamine) small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugate decreased C3 in the liver by 96% and lowered albuminuria in the early phase but showed no effect on blood pressure and end-organ damage. Inhibition of complement C5 by siRNA showed no effect on albuminuria. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Increased C3 expression is found in the kidneys of hypertensive mice and men. Genetic and therapeutic knockdown of C3 improved albuminuria in the early phase of hypertension but did not ameliorate arterial blood pressure nor renal and cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Bode
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Diemer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - The Vinh Luu
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Ehnert
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Teigeler
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, Section Nephropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg R Herrnstadt
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Bülow
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola M Tomas
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich O Wenzel
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Huang Q, Su J, Xu J, Yu H, Jin X, Wang Y, Yan M, Yu J, Chen S, Wang Y, Lv G. Beneficial effects of Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen flower saponins in rats with metabolic hypertension by inhibiting the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through complement 3. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:13. [PMID: 36653797 PMCID: PMC9847118 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic hypertension (MH) has become the most common type of hypertension in recent years due to unhealthy eating habits and lifestyles of people, such as over-eating alcohol, high fat, and sugar diets (ACHFSDs). Therefore, effective means to combat MH are needed. Previous studies have shown that Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen flower saponins (PNFS) can lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). However, whether it acts on MH and its mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS: The pharmacodynamic effects of PNFS were evaluated in rats with ACHFSDs-induced MH. The blood pressure, blood biochemical, grip strength, face temperature, vertigo time, and liver index were estimated. The histological changes in the liver and aorta were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of ET-1, TXB2, NO, PGI2, Renin, ACE, Ang II, and ALD in plasma were detected using ELISA. The levels of C3, KLF5, LXRα, and Renin in kidney tissues were measured using qRT-PCR.The expression levels of C3, KLF5, LXRα, and Renin in kidney tissues were examined using Western blotting. RESULTS In the present study, PNFS was found to reduce blood pressure, face temperature, and vertigo time, increase grip strength and improve dyslipidemia in rats with MH. In addition, PNFS decreased the plasma levels of ET-1 and TXB2, elevated the levels of NO and PGI2, and improved pathological aortic injury. Meanwhile, PNFS decreased the plasma levels of Renin, ACE, Ang II, and ALD. QRT-PCR and Western bolt showed that PNFS downregulated C3, KLF5, LXRα, and Renin protein and mRNA expression in the kidneys of rats with MH. CONCLUSION The finding of the present study suggested that PNFS could downregulate C3 and KLF-5 expression in rats with MH, thereby inhibiting the overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, while improving vascular endothelial function and ultimately reducing blood pressure in rats with MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiqiu Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suhong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Youhua Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Chen Y, Han Y, Wu Y, Hui R, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Zhang S, Zhang W. Pharmacogenetic association of the NR1H3 promoter variant with antihypertensive response among patients with hypertension: A longitudinal study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1083134. [PMID: 36950018 PMCID: PMC10025344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The genetic factors in assessing therapeutic efficacy and predicting antihypertensive drug response are unclear. Therefore, this study aims to identify the associations between variants and antihypertensive drug response. Methods: A longitudinal study including 1837 hypertensive patients was conducted in Northern China and followed up for a median 2.24 years. The associations of 11 candidate variants with blood pressure changes in response to antihypertensive drugs and with the risk of cardiovascular events during the follow-up were examined. The dual-luciferase assay was carried out to assess the effect of genetic variants on gene transcriptional activity. Results: The variant rs11039149A>G in the promoter of nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3) was associated with the change in systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) in response to calcium channel blockers (CCBs) monotherapy. Patients carrying rs11039149AG genotype showed a significant increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP) at follow-up compared with AA carriers, and the difference of ΔSBP between AG and AA carriers was 5.94 mm Hg (95%CI: 2.09-9.78, p = 0.002). In 1,184 patients with CCBs therapy, SBP levels decreased in AA carriers, but increased in AG carriers, the difference of ΔSBP between AG and AA carriers was 8.04 mm Hg (95%CI: 3.28-12.81, p = 0.001). Further analysis in 359 patients with CCBs monotherapy, the difference of ΔSBP between AG and AA carriers was 15.25 mm Hg (95%CI: 6.48-24.02, p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in ΔSBP between AG and AA carriers with CCBs multitherapy. The rs11039149A>G was not associated with the cardiovascular events incidence during the follow-up. Additionally, transcriptional factor forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) bound to the NR1H3 promoter containing rs11039149A and significantly increased the transcriptional activity, while rs11039149 A to G change led to a loss-of-function and disabled FOXC1 binding. For the other 10 variants, associations with blood pressure changes or risk of cardiovascular events were not observed. Conclusion: Hypertensive patients with rs11039149AG genotype in the NR1H3 gene have a significant worse SBP control in response to CCBs monotherapy compared with AA carriers. Our findings suggest that the NR1H3 gene might act as a promising genetic factor to affect individual sensitivity to antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, The First People’s Hospital of Huainan City, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yixuan Zhong
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Cardiovascular Disease Center, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weili Zhang,
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Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Bruggeman LA, DeWalt M, Nguyen JK, O'Toole JF, Sedor JR. Essential role of Wtip in mouse development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F272-F287. [PMID: 35862649 PMCID: PMC9394782 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) has been implicated in cell junction assembly and cell differentiation and interacts with proteins in the podocyte slit diaphragm, where it regulates podocyte phenotype. To define Wtip expression and function in the kidney, we created a Wtip-deleted mouse model using β-galactosidase-neomycin (β-geo) gene trap technology. Wtip gene trap mice were embryonic lethal, suggesting additional developmental roles outside kidney function. Using β-geo heterozygous and normal mice, Wtip expression was identified in the developing kidneys, heart, and eyes. In the kidney, expression was restricted to podocytes, which appeared initially at the capillary loop stage coinciding with terminal podocyte differentiation. Heterozygous mice had an expected lifespan and showed no evidence of proteinuria or glomerular pathology. However, heterozygous mice were more susceptible to glomerular injury than wild-type littermates and developed more significant and prolonged proteinuria in response to lipopolysaccharide or adriamycin. In normal human kidneys, WTIP expression patterns were consistent with observations in mice and were lost in glomeruli concurrent with loss of synaptopodin expression in disease. Mechanistically, we identified the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 (ARHGEF12) as a binding partner for WTIP. ARHGEF12 was expressed in human podocytes and formed high-affinity interactions through their LIM- and PDZ-binding domains. Our findings suggest that Wtip is essential for early murine embryonic development and maintaining normal glomerular filtration barrier function, potentially regulating slit diaphragm and foot process function through Rho effector proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterized dynamic expression patterns of Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) and demonstrates the novel role of Wtip in murine development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu M Madhavan
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan DeWalt
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jane K Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John F O'Toole
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Otsuki T, Fukuda N, Chen L, Tsunemi A, Abe M. Twist-related protein 1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis through the upregulation of complement 3. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272917. [PMID: 36018840 PMCID: PMC9417022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that complement 3 (C3) is upregulated and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon and renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidney. We investigated roles of twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) in EMT phenomenon and renal fibrosis through C3 upregulation in a mouse UUO model with gene silencer pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides targeting TWIST1. We designed and synthesized PI polyamides targeting TWIST1 binding site on mouse pre-pro C3 promoter. Increased expression C3 mRNA with interferon-γ was significantly inhibited with PI polyamide in nephrotubular epithelial cells. Immunofluorescence showed suppression of E-cadherin and enhancement of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stainings as EMT phenomena in UUO kidney. TWIST1 and C3 expression was significantly increased in UUO kidney versus contralateral unobstructed kidney (CUK). Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), α-SMA and renin mRNAs was increased in UUO kidney versus CUK. Systemic administration of TWIST1 PI polyamide significantly suppressed increased C3 expression in UUO kidney versus CUK. PI polyamide administration also suppressed the increased expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA and renin mRNAs and histologically improved renal fibrosis in UUO kidney. These findings indicate that TWIST1 induces EMT phenomenon and renal fibrosis by TGF-β1 upregulation of C3 in mouse UUO model and that TWIST1 PI polyamide may be a novel medicine for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Otsuki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (NF); (MA)
| | - Lan Chen
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsunemi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (NF); (MA)
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Ohara H, Nabika T. Genetic Modifications to Alter Blood Pressure Level. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081855. [PMID: 36009402 PMCID: PMC9405136 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation is one of the indispensable techniques to examine gene functions both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, cardiovascular phenotypes such as blood pressure cannot be evaluated in vitro system, necessitating the creation of transgenic or gene-targeted knock-out and knock-in experimental animals to understand the pathophysiological roles of specific genes on the disease conditions. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in various human populations have identified multiple genetic variations associated with increased risk for hypertension and/or its complications, the causal links remain unresolved. Genome-editing technologies can be applied to many different types of cells and organisms for creation of knock-out/knock-in models. In the post-GWAS era, it may be more worthwhile to validate pathophysiological implications of the risk variants and/or candidate genes by creating genome-edited organisms.
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TWIST1 transcriptionally upregulates complement 3 in glomerular mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:66-74. [PMID: 34616033 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that complement 3 (C3) is upregulated in cardiovascular and renal organs, which induces the synthetic phenotype and exaggerates the growth of mesenchymal cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). However, the mechanisms of the upregulation of C3 have remained unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of TWIST1, a transcription factor that regulates mesodermal embryogenesis, in the upregulation of C3 in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) from SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Immunocytochemical staining and western blot analysis showed that the expression of TWIST1 in GMCs from SHRs was higher than that in GMCs from WKY rats in vivo and in vitro. Real-time PCR analysis showed increases in the expression of Twist1 mRNA with attenuated expression of miR-151-3p in GMCs from SHRs compared to that in cells from WKY rats. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed increases in TWIST1 binding to the C3 promoter in GMCs from SHRs compared to that in cells from WKY rats. Transfection of Twist1 cDNA by a lentiviral vector increased the expression of C3 mRNA in GMCs from WKY rats. TWIST1 siRNA significantly decreased the mRNA expression of C3 and osteopontin in GMCs from SHRs. These results indicate that the increases in TWIST1 expression, attenuation of miR-151-3p, and strong binding of TWIST1 upregulate C3 gene expression in GMCs from SHRs. The enhanced TWIST1-C3 system induces the synthetic phenotype of mesenchymal tissue that may be associated with cardiovascular and renal remodeling in hypertension.
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Menendez-Castro C, Cordasic N, Fahlbusch FB, Ekici AB, Kirchner P, Daniel C, Amann K, Velkeen R, Wölfle J, Schiffer M, Hartner A, Hilgers KF. RNA sequencing reveals induction of specific renal inflammatory pathways in a rat model of malignant hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1727-1740. [PMID: 34528115 PMCID: PMC8599225 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In malignant hypertension, far more severe kidney injury occurs than in the "benign" form of the disease. The role of high blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is well recognized, but the pathogenesis of the renal injury of malignant hypertension (MH) remains incompletely understood. Using the rat model of two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension in which some but not all animals develop MH, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of gene expression by RNA sequencing to identify transcriptional changes in the kidney cortex specific for MH. Differential gene expression was assessed in three groups: MH, non-malignant hypertension (NMH), and normotensive, sham-operated controls. To distinguish MH from NMH, we considered two factors: weight loss and typical renovascular lesions. Mean blood pressure measured intraarterially was elevated in MH (220 ± 6.5 mmHg) as well as in NMH (192 ± 6.4 mmHg), compared to controls (119 ± 1.7 mmHg, p < 0.05). Eight hundred eighty-six genes were exclusively regulated in MH only. Principal component analysis revealed a separated clustering of the three groups. The data pointed to an upregulation of many inflammatory mechanisms in MH including pathways which previously attracted relatively little attention in the setting of hypertensive kidney injury: Transcripts from all three complement activation pathways were upregulated in MH compared to NMH but not in NMH compared with controls; immunohistochemistry confirmed complement deposition in MH exclusively. The expression of chemokines attracting neutrophil granulocytes (CXCL6) and infiltration of myeloperoxidase-positive cells were increased only in MH rats. The data suggest that these pathways, especially complement deposition, may contribute to kidney injury under MH. KEY MESSAGES: The most severe hypertension-induced kidney injury occurs in malignant hypertension. In a rat model of malignant hypertension, we assessed transcriptional responses in the kidney exposed to high blood pressure. A broad stimulation of inflammatory mechanisms was observed, but a few specific pathways were activated only in the malignant form of the disease, notably activation of the complement cascades. Complement inhibitors may alleviate the thrombotic microangiopathy of malignant hypertension even in the absence of primary complement abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nada Cordasic
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Institute of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Institute of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Velkeen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Wölfle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl F Hilgers
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Autoimmune-mediated renal disease and hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2165-2196. [PMID: 34533582 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and mortality. Troublingly, hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with autoimmune renal disease and hastens renal functional decline. Although progress has been made over the past two decades in understanding the inflammatory contributions to essential hypertension more broadly, the mechanisms active in autoimmune-mediated renal diseases remain grossly understudied. This Review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of each of the major autoimmune diseases affecting the kidney that are associated with hypertension, and describes the current state of knowledge regarding hypertension in these diseases and their management. Specifically, discussion focuses on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Lupus Nephritis (LN), Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy, Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN), Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis, and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). A summary of disease-specific animal models found to exhibit hypertension is also included to highlight opportunities for much needed further investigation of underlying mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Wenzel UO, Kemper C, Bode M. The role of complement in arterial hypertension and hypertensive end organ damage. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2849-2862. [PMID: 32585035 PMCID: PMC10725187 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that hypertension and hypertensive end organ damage are not only mediated by haemodynamic injury but that inflammation also plays an important role. The complement system protects the host from a hostile microbial environment and maintains tissue and cell integrity through the elimination of altered or dead cells. As an important effector arm of innate immunity, it plays also central roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Thus, complement activation may drive the pathology of hypertension through its effects on innate and adaptive immune responses, aside from direct effects on the vasculature. Recent experimental data strongly support a role for complement in all stages of arterial hypertension. The remarkably similar clinical and histopathological features of malignant nephrosclerosis and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome suggest also a role for complement in the development of malignant nephrosclerosis. Here, we review the role of complement in hypertension and hypertensive end organ damage. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich O Wenzel
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marlies Bode
- III. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Fischer LM, Fichte LA, Büttner-Herold M, Ferrazzi F, Amann K, Benz K, Daniel C. Complement in Renal Disease as a Potential Contributor to Arterial Hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:362-376. [PMID: 34077925 DOI: 10.1159/000515823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement deposition is prevalent in kidney biopsies of patients with arterial hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy, but an association of hypertension and complement deposition or involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy has not been shown to date. METHODS In this study, we analyzed complement C1q and C3c deposition in a rat model of overload and hypertension by subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) and in archival human renal biopsies from 217 patients with known hypertension and 91 control patients with no history of hypertension using semiquantitative scoring of C1q and C3c immunohistochemistry and correlation with parameters of renal function. To address whether complement was only passively deposited or actively expressed by renal cells, C1q and C3 mRNA expression were additionally analyzed. RESULTS Glomerular C1q and C3c complement deposition were significantly higher in kidneys of hypertensive SNX rats and hypertensive compared to nonhypertensive patients. Mean arterial blood pressure (BP) in SNX rats correlated well with the amount of glomerular C1q and C3c deposition and with left ventricular weight, as an indirect parameter of high BP. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that C3 was not only deposited but also actively produced by glomerular cells of hypertensive SNX rats and in human renal biopsies. Of note, in patients CKD-stage correlated significantly with the intensity of glomerular C3c staining, but not with that of C1q. CONCLUSION Renal complement deposition correlated with experimental hypertension as well as the presence of hypertension in a variety of renal diseases. To answer the question, if and how exactly renal complement is causative for the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in men, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maren Fischer
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura A Fichte
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Benz
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Okamura M, Ueno T, Tanaka S, Murata Y, Kobayashi H, Miyamoto A, Abe M, Fukuda N. Increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 in the kidney with plasma phytanic acid and altered gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:651-661. [PMID: 33504992 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We performed a DNA microarray analysis of the renal medulla and cortex from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), stroke-prone SHRs (SHRSPs), and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to identify pivotal molecules in the kidney associated with the onset of hypertension and found increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (Acox2) mRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Acox2 mRNA expression in the renal medulla and cortex of SHRs and SHRSPs was increased in comparison to WKY rats. These findings indicate that increased renal ACOX2 (an enzyme that induces the β-oxidation of fatty acids) is associated with the onset of hypertension. Immunostaining of ACOX2 in the distal tubules from SHRs was stronger than that in the distal tubules from WKY rats. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of ACOX2 protein in renal medulla from SHRs. Regarding the overexpression of ACOX2, plasma levels of phytanic acid in SHRs were significantly higher than those in WKY rats. There were no differences in other short-chain fatty acids. Plasma phytanic acid was affected by the gut microbiota through the conversion from phytol by yeast in the intestinal tract. We compared the gut microbiota profile in three strains of 5-week-old rats by the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The gut microbiota profile and ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides differed between SHRs and WKY rats. These findings suggest that the increased expression of ACOX2 in the kidney along with increases in plasma phytanic acid and the altered gut microbiota may be involved in the oxidation in the kidney and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okamura
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aoi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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15
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Li J, Liu L, Zhou W, Cai L, Xu Z, Rane MJ. Roles of Krüppel-like factor 5 in kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2342-2355. [PMID: 33523554 PMCID: PMC7933973 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a member of the Krüppel-like factors' (KLFs) family. KLF5 regulates a number of cellular functions, such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, KLF5 can play a role in many diseases, including, cancer, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disorders. An important role for KLF5 in the kidney was recently reported, such that KLF5 regulated podocyte apoptosis, renal cell proliferation, tubulointerstitial inflammation and renal fibrosis. In this review, we have summarized the available information in the literature with a brief description on how transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications of KLF5 modulate its function in a variety of organs including the kidney with a focus of its importance on the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. Furthermore, we also have outlined the current and possible mechanisms of KLF5 activation in kidney diseases. These studies suggest a need for more systemic investigations, particularly for generation of animal models with renal cell-specific deletion or overexpression of KLF5 gene to examine direct contributions of KLF5 to various kidney diseases. This will promote further experimentation in the development of therapies to prevent or treat various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of NephrologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of PediatricsPediatric Research InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of RadiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wen‐Qian Zhou
- Department of PediatricsPediatric Research InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- The Center of Cardiovascular DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of PediatricsPediatric Research InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Zhong‐Gao Xu
- Department of NephrologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Madhavi J. Rane
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
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16
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Xie Z, Chen J, Wang C, Zhang J, Wu Y, Yan X. Current knowledge of Krüppel-like factor 5 and vascular remodeling: providing insights for therapeutic strategies. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:79-90. [PMID: 33493334 PMCID: PMC8104942 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a pathological basis of various disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the occurrence, prevention, and treatment of vascular remodeling. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) has been identified as a significant factor in cardiovascular diseases during the last two decades. This review provides a mechanism network of function and regulation of KLF5 in vascular remodeling based on newly published data and gives a summary of its potential therapeutic applications. KLF5 modulates numerous biological processes, which play essential parts in the development of vascular remodeling, such as cell proliferation, phenotype switch, extracellular matrix deposition, inflammation, and angiogenesis by altering downstream genes and signaling pathways. Considering its essential functions, KLF5 could be developed as a potent therapeutic target in vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junye Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanxiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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17
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Chen L, Fukuda N, Otsuki T, Tanaka S, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi H, Matsumoto T, Abe M. Increased Complement 3 With Suppression of miR-145 Induces the Synthetic Phenotype in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e012327. [PMID: 31070083 PMCID: PMC6585333 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously reported that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) show the increased expression of complement 3 (C3) and the synthetic phenotype. We targeted the SHR C3 gene (C3 knockout [C3KO] SHRs) by the zinc finger gene editing method. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the increased expression of C3 and the role of endogenous C3 in the synthetic phenotype of SHR VSMCs in comparison to cells from Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats and C3KO SHRs. Methods and Results Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain staining of aortas from SHRs at 1 day after birth was stronger in comparison to WKY rats and C3KO SHRs. DNA synthesis in VSMCs from SHRs was significantly higher in comparison to WKY rats and C3KO SHRs. Immunohistochemical staining of renin and liver X receptor α in VSMCs from SHRs was stronger in comparison to WKY rats and C3KO SHRs. The expression of renin, Krüppel‐like factor 5, and liver X receptor α proteins in VSMCs from SHRs was significantly higher in comparison to WKY rats and C3KO SHRs. The expression of synthetic phenotype markers osteopontin, matrix gla, and l‐caldesmon, growth factors transforming growth factor‐β1 and platelet‐derived growth factor‐A, transcription factors Krüppel‐like factor 5 and liver X receptor α, and angiotensinogen mRNAs in VSMCs from SHRs was significantly higher in comparison to WKY rats and C3KO SHRs. The expression of miR‐145 mRNA in VSMCs from SHRs was suppressed in comparison to cells from WKY rats. miR‐145 inhibitor significantly increased the expression of C3 in VSMCs from WKY rats, but not in cells from SHRs. Conclusions These findings indicate that the increased C3 with the suppression of miR‐145 induces the synthetic phenotype through Krüppel‐like factor 5 and the activation of the renin‐angiotensin system through liver X receptor α in VSMCs from SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- 1 Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation Department of Functional Morphology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- 1 Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation Department of Functional Morphology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,3 Research Center Nihon University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Otsuki
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakamura
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- 1 Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation Department of Functional Morphology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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18
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Chen L, Fukuda N, Shimizu S, Kobayashi H, Tanaka S, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto T, Abe M. Role of complement 3 in renin generation during the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C981-C990. [PMID: 32208992 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00461.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We showed that increased expression of complement 3 (C3) induces dedifferentiation of mesenchymal cells and epithelial mesenchymal transition, which activate the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that contributes to cardiovascular and renal remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In the present study, to investigate contributions of C3 to the development of the pathogenesis of hypertension, we evaluated the formation of renin-producing cells and roles of C3 in renin generation during differentiation of primary bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from C57BL/6 mice, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and SHRs to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with transforming growth factor-β1. The expression of renin transiently increased with increases in transcription factor liver X receptor α (LXRα), and expression of C3 and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) increased during differentiation of MSCs from C57BL/6 mice, WKY rats, and SHRs to SMCs. Exogenous C3a stimulated renin and LXRα expression accompanied by nuclear translocation of LXRα. C3a receptor antagonist SB290157 suppressed renin and LXRα expression, with inhibition of nuclear translocation of LXRα during the differentiation of mouse MSCs to SMCs. The expression of C3 and KLF5 was significantly higher in the differentiated cells from SHRs compared with the cells from WKY rats during differentiation. Renin-producing cells were formed during differentiation of MSCs to SMCs, and renin generation was observed in undifferentiated SMCs, in which transient expression of renin in the differentiated cells with lower differentiation stage was stronger from SHRs than that from WKY rats. Expression and nuclear localization of LXRα in the differentiated cells from SHRs were stronger than that from WKY rats. C3 was important in forming and maintaining this undifferentiated state of SMCs from MSCs to generate renin with increases in transcription factor LXRα and KLF5. Increases in C3 expression maintain the undifferentiated state of SMCs from MSCs to generate renin that activates RAS and contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakamura
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Role of complement 3 in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 43:255-262. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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El Karoui K, Boudhabhay I, Petitprez F, Vieira-Martins P, Fakhouri F, Zuber J, Aulagnon F, Matignon M, Rondeau E, Mesnard L, Halimi JM, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. Impact of hypertensive emergency and rare complement variants on the presentation and outcome of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Haematologica 2019; 104:2501-2511. [PMID: 30890598 PMCID: PMC6959192 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.216903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a prototypic thrombotic microangiopathy attributable to complement dysregulation. Hypertensive emergency, characterized by elevation of systolic (>180 mmHg) or diastolic (>120 mmHg) blood pressure together with end-organ damage, can cause thrombotic microangiopathy which may mimic aHUS. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, biological and complement genetic characteristics of 76 and 61 aHUS patients with and without hypertensive emergency, respectively. Patients with hypertensive emergency-aHUS were more frequently males, with neurological involvement, and a slightly higher hemoglobin level. At least one rare complement variant was identified in 51.3% (39/76) and 67% (41/61) patients with or without hypertensive emergency, respectively (P=0.06). In both groups, renal prognosis was severe with 23% and 40% of patients reaching end-stage renal disease after a 5-year follow-up (P=0.1). The 5-year renal survival was 77% in patients without hypertensive emergency or a complement variant, and below 25% in the three groups of patients with hypertensive emergency and/or a complement variant (P=0.02). Among patients without hypertensive emergency, the 5-year renal survival was 100% vs. 40% in those treated or not with eculizumab, respectively (P<0.001). Conversely, the 5-year renal survival of patients with hypertensive emergency was 46% vs. 23% in those treated or not with eculizumab, respectively (P=0.18). In conclusion, information on the presence or absence of hypertensive emergency and rare complement variants is essential to stratify the long-term renal prognosis of patients with aHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El Karoui
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U955, Créteil
| | - Idris Boudhabhay
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U955, Créteil
| | - Florent Petitprez
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris
| | - Paula Vieira-Martins
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes and Department of Nephrology and immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes
| | - Julien Zuber
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Necker Enfant malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
| | - Florence Aulagnon
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Necker Enfant malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
| | - Marie Matignon
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U955, Créteil
| | - Eric Rondeau
- Intensive Care and Renal Transplant Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tenon and Inserm UMR S 1155, Sorbonne University, Paris
| | - Laurent Mesnard
- Intensive Care and Renal Transplant Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tenon and Inserm UMR S 1155, Sorbonne University, Paris
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours and EA4245, François Rabelais University, Tours
| | - Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris .,INSERM UMR_S 1138, Complément et Maladies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Saik OV, Demenkov PS, Ivanisenko TV, Bragina EY, Freidin MB, Dosenko VE, Zolotareva OI, Choynzonov EL, Hofestaedt R, Ivanisenko VA. Search for New Candidate Genes Involved in the Comorbidity of Asthma and Hypertension Based on Automatic Analysis of Scientific Literature. J Integr Bioinform 2018; 15:/j/jib.2018.15.issue-4/jib-2018-0054/jib-2018-0054.xml. [PMID: 30864351 PMCID: PMC6348743 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comorbid states of diseases significantly complicate diagnosis and treatment. Molecular mechanisms of comorbid states of asthma and hypertension are still poorly understood. Prioritization is a way for identifying genes involved in complex phenotypic traits. Existing methods of prioritization consider genetic, expression and evolutionary data, molecular-genetic networks and other. In the case of molecular-genetic networks, as a rule, protein-protein interactions and KEGG networks are used. ANDSystem allows reconstructing associative gene networks, which include more than 20 types of interactions, including protein-protein interactions, expression regulation, transport, catalysis, etc. In this work, a set of genes has been prioritized to find genes potentially involved in asthma and hypertension comorbidity. The prioritization was carried out using well-known methods (ToppGene and Endeavor) and a cross-talk centrality criterion, calculated by analysis of associative gene networks from ANDSystem. The identified genes, including IL1A, CD40LG, STAT3, IL15, FAS, APP, TLR2, C3, IL13 and CXCL10, may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of comorbid asthma/hypertension. An analysis of the dynamics of the frequency of mentioning the most priority genes in scientific publications revealed that the top 100 priority genes are significantly enriched with genes with increased positive dynamics, which may be a positive sign for further studies of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Saik
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel S Demenkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Timofey V Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Bragina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor E Dosenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olga I Zolotareva
- Bielefeld University, International Research Training Group "Computational Methods for the Analysis of the Diversity and Dynamics of Genomes", Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Evgeniy L Choynzonov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ralf Hofestaedt
- Bielefeld University, Technical Faculty, AG Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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