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Hamuro J, Yamashita T, Otsuki Y, Hiramoto N, Adachi M, Miyatani T, Tanaka H, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C. Spatiotemporal Coordination of RPE Cell Quality by Extracellular Vesicle miR-494-3p Via Competitive Interplays With SIRT3 or PTEN. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:9. [PMID: 37163276 PMCID: PMC10179576 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying degeneration in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells with dysfunctional mitochondrial homeostasis. Methods The expression of recently identified miR-494-3p in extracellular vesicles (EV) released from induced-pluripotential-stem-cell-derived human RPE (iPS-hRPE), during coculture with macrophages (Mps) was investigated in iPS-hRPE and ARPE cells differentiated in the presence of nicotinamide (Nic-ARPE). The expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), sirtuin3 (SIRT3), and mitochondrial marker proteins before and after the transfection of miR-494-3p inhibitor and mimic, and the changes in mitochondrial metabolism, membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were monitored. Results Compared with senescent dedifferentiated ARPE19 cells, iPS-hRPE and Nic-ARPE cells expressed elevated levels of mitochondrial marker proteins but a repressed cellular miR-494-3p level. The expression of target proteins of miR-494-3p, PTEN, and SIRT3 was upregulated along with the differentiation disposition of these RPE cells. The ratio of PTEN/SIRT3 in de-differentiated ARPE19 cells was surprisingly elevated by around 20 times compared with that in iPS-hRPE and Nic-ARPE cells. The novel molecular interplay of EV miR-494-3p either with mitochondria selective SIRT3 or organelle nonselective PTEN was found to participate in the degeneration of hRPE cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunctions and repressed OXPHOS, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP and NAD+ production. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a clear causal link between miR-494-3p and hRPE cell degeneration via the regulation of mitochondrial integrity. EV miR-494-3p may play a pivotal role in pathogenic spreading of degenerated hRPE cells from the local perifovea throughout the macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamashita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Otsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Hiramoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayuka Adachi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Cellular and mitochondrial taurine depletion in bile duct ligated rats: a justification for taurine supplementation in cholestasis/cirrhosis. Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 8:195-210. [PMID: 36685263 PMCID: PMC9850306 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2022.119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine (TAU) is a free amino acid abundant in the human body. Various physiological roles have been attributed to TAU. At the subcellular level, mitochondria are the primary targets for TAU function. Meanwhile, it has been found that TAU depletion is associated with severe pathologies. Cholestasis is a severe clinical complication that can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. Bile duct ligation (BDL) is a reliable model for assessing cholestasis/cirrhosis and related complications. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of cholestasis/cirrhosis on tissue and mitochondrial TAU reservoirs. Cholestatic rats were monitored (14 and 42 days after BDL surgery), and TAU levels were assessed in various tissues and isolated mitochondria. There was a significant decrease in TAU in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, intestine, lung, testis, and ovary of the BDL animals (14 and 42 days after surgery). Mitochondrial levels of TAU were also significantly depleted in BDL animals. Tissue and mitochondrial TAU levels in cirrhotic animals (42 days after the BDL operation) were substantially lower than those in the cholestatic rats (14 days after BDL surgery). These data indicate an essential role for tissue and mitochondrial TAU in preventing organ injury induced by cholestasis/cirrhosis and could justify TAU supplementation for therapeutic purposes.
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Hasanov E, Yeboa DN, Tucker MD, Swanson TA, Beckham TH, Rini B, Ene CI, Hasanov M, Derks S, Smits M, Dudani S, Heng DYC, Brastianos PK, Bex A, Hanalioglu S, Weinberg JS, Hirsch L, Carlo MI, Aizer A, Brown PD, Bilen MA, Chang EL, Jaboin J, Brugarolas J, Choueiri TK, Atkins MB, McGregor BA, Halasz LM, Patel TR, Soltys SG, McDermott DF, Elder JB, Baskaya MK, Yu JB, Timmerman R, Kim MM, Mut M, Markert J, Beal K, Tannir NM, Samandouras G, Lang FF, Giles R, Jonasch E. An interdisciplinary consensus on the management of brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin 2022; 72:454-489. [PMID: 35708940 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are a challenging manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. We have a limited understanding of brain metastasis tumor and immune biology, drivers of resistance to systemic treatment, and their overall poor prognosis. Current data support a multimodal treatment strategy with radiation treatment and/or surgery. Nonetheless, the optimal approach for the management of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma remains unclear. To improve patient care, the authors sought to standardize practical management strategies. They performed an unstructured literature review and elaborated on the current management strategies through an international group of experts from different disciplines assembled via the network of the International Kidney Cancer Coalition. Experts from different disciplines were administered a survey to answer questions related to current challenges and unmet patient needs. On the basis of the integrated approach of literature review and survey study results, the authors built algorithms for the management of single and multiple brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The literature review, consensus statements, and algorithms presented in this report can serve as a framework guiding treatment decisions for patients. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72:454-489.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshad Hasanov
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Debra Nana Yeboa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mathew D Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Todd A Swanson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas Hendrix Beckham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian Rini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chibawanye I Ene
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Merve Hasanov
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sophie Derks
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shaan Dudani
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Y C Heng
- Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Axel Bex
- The Royal Free London National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sahin Hanalioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey S Weinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laure Hirsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Public Assistance Hospital of Paris, Paris, France
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria I Carlo
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ayal Aizer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul David Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric Lin Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, California, Los Angeles
| | - Jerry Jaboin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Bradley A McGregor
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lia M Halasz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Toral R Patel
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Scott G Soltys
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California
| | - David F McDermott
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Bradley Elder
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mustafa K Baskaya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James B Yu
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Timmerman
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michelle Miran Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - James Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kathryn Beal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - George Samandouras
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rachel Giles
- International Kidney Cancer Coalition, Duivendrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Hotait ZS, Lo Cascio JN, Choos END, Shepard BD. The sugar daddy: the role of the renal proximal tubule in glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C791-C803. [PMID: 35912988 PMCID: PMC9448277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00225.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal blood flow represents >20% of total cardiac output and with this comes the great responsibility of maintaining homeostasis through the intricate regulation of solute handling. Through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, the kidneys ensure that solutes and other small molecules are either returned to circulation, catabolized within renal epithelial cells, or excreted through the process of urination. Although this occurs throughout the renal nephron, one segment is tasked with the bulk of solute reabsorption-the proximal tubule. Among others, the renal proximal tubule is entirely responsible for the reabsorption of glucose, a critical source of energy that fuels the body. In addition, it is the only other site of gluconeogenesis outside of the liver. When these processes go awry, pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes and acidosis result. In this review, we highlight the recent advances made in understanding these processes that occur within the renal proximal tubule. We focus on the physiological mechanisms at play regarding glucose reabsorption and glucose metabolism, emphasize the conditions that occur under diseased states, and explore the emerging class of therapeutics that are responsible for restoring homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa S Hotait
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Julia N Lo Cascio
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elijah N D Choos
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Blythe D Shepard
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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5
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Impacts of Oxidative Stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR on Metabolism and the Future Direction of Investigating Fucoidan-Modulated Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050911. [PMID: 35624775 PMCID: PMC9137824 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical factors for regulating cancer metabolism are oxidative stress and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT serine-threonine kinase/mechanistic target of the rapamycin kinase (PI3K/AKT/mTOR). However, the metabolic impacts of oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR on individual mechanisms such as glycolysis (Warburg effect), pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), fatty acid synthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are complicated. Therefore, this review summarizes the individual and interacting functions of oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR on metabolism. Moreover, natural products providing oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR modulating effects have anticancer potential. Using the example of brown algae-derived fucoidan, the roles of oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR were summarized, although their potential functions within diverse metabolisms were rarely investigated. We propose a potential application that fucoidan may regulate oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to modulate their associated metabolic regulations. This review sheds light on understanding the impacts of oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT/mTOR on metabolism and the future direction of metabolism-based cancer therapy of fucoidan.
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6
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Ali MZ, Dholaniya PS. Oxidative phosphorylation mediated pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and its implication via Akt signaling. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105344. [PMID: 35483538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantia Nigra Pars-compacta (SNpc), in the basal ganglion region, is a primary source of dopamine release. These dopaminergic neurons require more energy than other neurons, as they are highly arborized and redundant. Neurons meet most of their energy demand (∼90%) from mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the primary pathway for energy production. Many genes involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been associated with OxPhos, especially complex I. Abrogation in complex I leads to reduced ATP formation in these neurons, succumbing to death by inducing apoptosis. This review discusses the interconnection between complex I-associated PD genes and specific mitochondrial metabolic factors (MMFs) of OxPhos. Interestingly, all the complex I-associated PD genes discussed here have been linked to the Akt signaling pathway; thus, neuron survival is promoted and smooth mitochondrial function is ensured. Any changes in these genes disrupt the Akt pathway, which hampers the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) via GSK3β dephosphorylation; promotes destabilization of OxPhos; and triggers the release of pro-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zainul Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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7
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Fernandes DGF, Morello J, Sequeira CO, Calado J, Antunes AMM, Almeida MS, Branco P, Monteiro EC, Vicente JB, Serpa J, Pereira SA. Cysteine as a Multifaceted Player in Kidney, the Cysteine-Related Thiolome and Its Implications for Precision Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:1416. [PMID: 35209204 PMCID: PMC8874463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review encouraged by original data, we first provided in vivo evidence that the kidney, comparative to the liver or brain, is an organ particularly rich in cysteine. In the kidney, the total availability of cysteine was higher in cortex tissue than in the medulla and distributed in free reduced, free oxidized and protein-bound fractions (in descending order). Next, we provided a comprehensive integrated review on the evidence that supports the reliance on cysteine of the kidney beyond cysteine antioxidant properties, highlighting the relevance of cysteine and its renal metabolism in the control of cysteine excess in the body as a pivotal source of metabolites to kidney biomass and bioenergetics and a promoter of adaptive responses to stressors. This view might translate into novel perspectives on the mechanisms of kidney function and blood pressure regulation and on clinical implications of the cysteine-related thiolome as a tool in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Dalila G. F. Fernandes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel S. Almeida
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Branco
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - João B. Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
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Packialakshmi B, Stewart IJ, Burmeister DM, Feng Y, McDaniel DP, Chung KK, Zhou X. Tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia/reperfusion reduces mitochondrial function by decreasing mitochondrial biogenesis in acute kidney injury in mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15181. [PMID: 35146957 PMCID: PMC8831939 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which lower limb ischemia/reperfusion induces acute kidney injury (AKI) remain largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia/reperfusion (TILLIR) would inhibit mitochondrial function in the renal cortex. We used a murine model to show that TILLIR of the high thigh regions inflicted time-dependent AKI as determined by renal function and histology. This effect was associated with decreased activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, V and citrate synthase in the kidney cortex. Moreover, TILLIR reduced mRNA levels of a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis PGC-1α, and its downstream genes NDUFS1 and ATP5o in the renal cortex. TILLIR also increased serum corticosterone concentrations. TILLIR did not significantly affect protein levels of the critical regulators of mitophagy PINK1 and PARK2, mitochondrial transport proteins Tom20 and Tom70, or heat-shock protein 27. TILLIR had no significant effect on mitochondrial oxidative stress as determined by mitochondrial ability to generate reactive oxygen species, protein carbonylation, or protein levels of MnSOD and peroxiredoxin1. However, TILLIR inhibited classic autophagic flux by increasing p62 protein abundance and preventing the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. TILLIR increased phosphorylation of cytosolic and mitochondrial ERK1/2 and mitochondrial AKT1, as well as mitochondrial SGK1 activity. In conclusion, lower limb ischemia/reperfusion induces distal AKI by inhibiting mitochondrial function through reducing mitochondrial biogenesis. This AKI occurs without significantly affecting PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy or mitochondrial oxidative stress in the kidney cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Packialakshmi
- Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The Henry Jackson M. Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ian J. Stewart
- Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - David M. Burmeister
- Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of BiochemistryUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dennis P. McDaniel
- Biomedical Instrumentation CenterUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kevin K. Chung
- Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
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9
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γ-Tocotrienol Protects against Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Energy Deficits, Morphological Damage, and Decreases in Renal Functions after Renal Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312674. [PMID: 34884479 PMCID: PMC8657889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion in the kidney result in disruption of primary functions and acute injury of the kidney. This study tested whether γ-tocotrienol (GTT), a member of the vitamin E family, protects mitochondrial function, reduces ATP deficits, and improves renal functions and survival after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Vehicle or GTT (200 mg/kg) were administered to mice 12 h before bilateral kidney ischemia, and endpoints were assessed at different timepoints of reperfusion. GTT treatment reduced decreases in state 3 respiration and accelerated recovery of this function after ischemia. GTT prevented decreases in activities of complexes I and III of the respiratory chain, and blocked ischemia-induced decreases in F0F1-ATPase activity and ATP content in renal cortical tissue. GTT improved renal morphology at 72 h after ischemia, reduced numbers of necrotic proximal tubular and inflammatory cells, and enhanced tubular regeneration. GTT treatment ameliorated increases in plasma creatinine levels and accelerated recovery of creatinine levels after ischemia. Lastly, 89% of mice receiving GTT and 70% of those receiving vehicle survived ischemia. Conclusions: Our data show novel observations that GTT administration improves mitochondrial respiration, prevents ATP deficits, promotes tubular regeneration, ameliorates decreases in renal functions, and increases survival after acute kidney injury in mice.
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10
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Synchronous effects of targeted mitochondrial complex I inhibitors on tumor and immune cells abrogate melanoma progression. iScience 2021; 24:102653. [PMID: 34189432 PMCID: PMC8220235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer cell growth and immune suppression. We determined the impact of mitochondria-targeted complex I inhibitors (Mito-CI) in melanoma. Mito-CI decreased mitochondria complex I oxygen consumption, Akt-FOXO signaling, blocked cell cycle progression, melanoma cell proliferation and tumor progression in an immune competent model system. Immune depletion revealed roles for T cells in the antitumor effects of Mito-CI. While Mito-CI preferentially accumulated within and halted tumor cell proliferation, it also elevated infiltration of activated effector T cells and decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in melanoma tumors in vivo. Anti-proliferative doses of Mito-CI inhibited differentiation, viability, and the suppressive function of bone marrow-derived MDSC and increased proliferation-independent activation of T cells. These data indicate that targeted inhibition of complex I has synchronous effects that cumulatively inhibits melanoma growth and promotes immune remodeling.
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11
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Deletion of VDAC1 Hinders Recovery of Mitochondrial and Renal Functions After Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040585. [PMID: 32290153 PMCID: PMC7226369 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) constitute major transporters mediating bidirectional movement of solutes between cytoplasm and mitochondria. We aimed to determine if VDAC1 plays a role in recovery of mitochondrial and kidney functions after ischemia-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Kidney function decreased after ischemia and recovered in wild-type (WT), but not in VDAC1-deficient mice. Mitochondrial maximum respiration, activities of respiratory complexes and FoF1-ATPase, and ATP content in renal cortex decreased after ischemia and recovered in WT mice. VDAC1 deletion reduced respiration and ATP content in non-injured kidneys. Further, VDAC1 deletion blocked return of activities of respiratory complexes and FoF1-ATPase, and recovery of respiration and ATP content after ischemia. Deletion of VDAC1 exacerbated ischemia-induced mitochondrial fission, but did not aggravate morphological damage to proximal tubules after ischemia. However, VDAC1 deficiency impaired recovery of kidney morphology and increased renal interstitial collagen accumulation. Thus, our data show a novel role for VDAC1 in regulating renal mitochondrial dynamics and recovery of mitochondrial function and ATP levels after AKI. We conclude that the presence of VDAC1 (1) stimulates capacity of renal mitochondria for respiration and ATP production, (2) reduces mitochondrial fission, (3) promotes recovery of mitochondrial function and dynamics, renal morphology, and kidney functions, and (4) increases survival after AKI.
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12
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Nowak G, Megyesi J. Protein kinase Cα mediates recovery of renal and mitochondrial functions following acute injury. FEBS J 2019; 287:1830-1849. [PMID: 31659858 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that active protein kinase Cα (PKCα) promotes recovery of mitochondrial function after injury in vitro [Nowak G & Bakajsova D (2012) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303, F515-F526]. This study examined whether PKCα regulates recovery of mitochondrial and kidney functions after ischemia-induced acute injury (AKI) in vivo. Markers of kidney injury were increased after bilateral ischemia and returned to normal levels in wild-type (WT) mice. Maximum mitochondrial respiration and activities of respiratory complexes and Fo F1 -ATPase decreased after ischemia and recovered in WT mice. Reperfusion after ischemia was accompanied by translocation of active PKCα to mitochondria. PKCα deletion reduced mitochondrial respiration and activities of respiratory complex I and Fo F1 -ATPase in noninjured kidneys, indicating that PKCα is essential in developing fully functional renal mitochondria. These changes in PKCα-deficient mice were accompanied by lower levels of complex I subunits (NDUFA9 and NDUFS3) and the γ-subunit of Fo F1 -ATPase. Also, lack of PKCα exacerbated ischemia-induced decreases in respiration, complex I and Fo F1 -ATPase activities, and blocked their recovery after injury, indicating a crucial role of PKCα in promoting mitochondrial recovery after AKI. Further, PKCα deletion exacerbated acetylation and succinylation of key mitochondrial proteins of energy metabolism after ischemia due to decreases in deacetylase and desuccinylase (sirtuin3 and sirtuin5) levels in renal mitochondria. Thus, our data show a novel role for PKCα in regulating levels of mitochondrial sirtuins and acetylation and succinylation of key mitochondrial proteins. We conclude that PKCα deletion: (a) affects renal physiology by decreasing mitochondrial capacity for maximum respiration; (b) blocks recovery of mitochondrial functions, renal morphology, and functions after AKI; and (c) decreases survival after AKI. ENZYMES: Protein kinase C: EC 2.7.11.13; NADH : ubiquinone reductase (H+ -translocating; complex I): EC 7.1.1.2; FoF1-ATPase (H+ -transporting two-sector ATPase): EC 7.1.2.2; Succinate : ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II): EC 1.3.5.1; Ubiquinol : cytochrome-c reductase (complex III): EC 7.1.1.8; Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV): EC 1.9.3.1; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial: EC 2.3.1.286; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial: EC 3.5.1.-; Proteinase K (peptidase K): EC 3.4.21.64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Internal Medicine & Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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13
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Huang Q, Chen Z, Cheng P, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Huang Y, Yang C, Pan J, Qiu F, Huang J. LYRM2 directly regulates complex I activity to support tumor growth in colorectal cancer by oxidative phosphorylation. Cancer Lett 2019; 455:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Emadi E, Abdoli N, Ghanbarinejad V, Mohammadi HR, Mousavi Mobarakeh K, Azarpira N, Mahboubi Z, Niknahad H, Heidari R. The potential role of mitochondrial impairment in the pathogenesis of imatinib-induced renal injury. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01996. [PMID: 31294126 PMCID: PMC6595238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor widely administered against chronic myeloid leukemia. On the other hand, drug-induced kidney proximal tubular injury, electrolytes disturbances, and renal failure is a clinical complication associated with imatinib therapy. There is no precise cellular mechanism(s) for imatinib-induced renal injury. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of imatinib nephrotoxicity. Rats received imatinib (50 and 100 mg/kg, oral, 14 consecutive days). Serum and urine biomarkers of renal injury and markers of oxidative stress in the kidney tissue were assessed. Moreover, kidney mitochondria were isolated, and mitochondrial indices, including mitochondrial depolarization, dehydrogenases activity, mitochondrial permeabilization, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial glutathione levels, and ATP content were determined. A significant increase in serum (Creatinine; Cr and blood urea nitrogen; BUN) and urine (Glucose, protein, gamma-glutamyl transferase; γ-GT, and alkaline phosphatase; ALP) biomarkers of renal injury, as well as serum electrolytes disturbances (hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia), were evident in imatinib-treated animals. On the other hand, imatinib (100 mg/kg) caused an increase in kidney ROS and LPO. Renal tubular interstitial nephritis, tissue necrosis, and atrophy were evident as tissue histopathological changes in imatinib-treated rats. Mitochondrial parameters were also adversely affected by imatinib administration. These data represent mitochondrial impairment, renal tissue energy crisis, and oxidative stress as possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of imatinib-induced renal injury and serum electrolytes disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Emadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghanbarinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mousavi Mobarakeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahboubi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Heidari R, Mandegani L, Ghanbarinejad V, Siavashpour A, Ommati MM, Azarpira N, Najibi A, Niknahad H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis-associated cholemic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:271-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Ni Z, He J, Wu Y, Hu C, Dai X, Yan X, Li B, Li X, Xiong H, Li Y, Li S, Xu L, Li Y, Lian J, He F. AKT-mediated phosphorylation of ATG4B impairs mitochondrial activity and enhances the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Autophagy 2018; 14:685-701. [PMID: 29165041 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1407887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a major type of post-translational modification, which can influence the cellular physiological function. ATG4B, a key macroautophagy/autophagy-related protein, has a potential effect on the survival of tumor cells. However, the role of ATG4B phosphorylation in cancers is still unknown. In this study, we identified a novel phosphorylation site at Ser34 of ATG4B induced by AKT in HCC cells. The phosphorylation of ATG4B at Ser34 had little effect on autophagic flux, but promoted the Warburg effect including the increase of L-lactate production and glucose consumption, and the decrease of oxygen consumption in HCC cells. The Ser34 phosphorylation of ATG4B also contributed to the impairment of mitochondrial activity including the inhibition of F1Fo-ATP synthase activity and the elevation of mitochondrial ROS in HCC cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ATG4B at Ser34 enhanced its mitochondrial location and the subsequent colocalization with F1Fo-ATP synthase in HCC cells. Furthermore, recombinant human ATG4B protein suppressed the activity of F1Fo-ATP synthase in MgATP submitochondrial particles from patient-derived HCC tissues in vitro. In brief, our results demonstrate for the first time that the phosphorylation of ATG4B at Ser34 participates in the metabolic reprogramming of HCC cells via repressing mitochondrial function, which possibly results from the Ser34 phosphorylation-induced mitochondrial enrichment of ATG4B and the subsequent inhibition of F1Fo-ATP synthase activity. Our findings reveal a noncanonical working pattern of ATG4B under pathological conditions, which may provide a scientific basis for developing novel strategies for HCC treatment by targeting ATG4B and its Ser34 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Ni
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao He
- b Battalion 17 of Students , College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yaran Wu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Changjiang Hu
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xufang Dai
- d College of Educational Science, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xinzhe Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Haojun Xiong
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yuming Li
- e Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Song Li
- f Center for Pharmacogenetics , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Liang Xu
- g Department of Molecular Biosciences and Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Yongsheng Li
- h Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiqin Lian
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtian He
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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17
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Corona de la Peña N, Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Hernández-Reséndiz I, Marín-Hernández Á, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Glycoprotein Ib activation by thrombin stimulates the energy metabolism in human platelets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182374. [PMID: 28817667 PMCID: PMC5560607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced platelet activation requires substantial amounts of ATP. However, the specific contribution of each ATP-generating pathway i.e., oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) versus glycolysis and the biochemical mechanisms involved in the thrombin-induced activation of energy metabolism remain unclear. Here we report an integral analysis on the role of both energy pathways in human platelets activated by several agonists, and the signal transducing mechanisms associated with such activation. We found that thrombin, Trap-6, arachidonic acid, collagen, A23187, epinephrine and ADP significantly increased glycolytic flux (3–38 times vs. non-activated platelets) whereas ristocetin was ineffective. OxPhos (33 times) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (88%) were increased only by thrombin. OxPhos was the main source of ATP in thrombin-activated platelets, whereas in platelets activated by any of the other agonists, glycolysis was the principal ATP supplier. In order to establish the biochemical mechanisms involved in the thrombin-induced OxPhos activation in platelets, several signaling pathways associated with mitochondrial activation were analyzed. Wortmannin and LY294002 (PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors), ristocetin and heparin (GPIb inhibitors) as well as resveratrol, ATP (calcium-release inhibitors) and PP1 (Tyr-phosphorylation inhibitor) prevented the thrombin-induced platelet activation. These results suggest that thrombin activates OxPhos and glycolysis through GPIb-dependent signaling involving PI3K and Akt activation, calcium mobilization and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Corona de la Peña
- Unidad de Investigación en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Hospital Carlos McGregor, México City, México
- * E-mail: (SRE); (NCP)
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México City, México
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México
- * E-mail: (SRE); (NCP)
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18
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Nowak G, Takacsova-Bakajsova D, Megyesi J. Deletion of protein kinase C-ε attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorates ischemic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F109-F120. [PMID: 27760765 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00115.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we documented that activation of protein kinase C-ε (PKC-ε) mediates mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC). This study tested whether deletion of PKC-ε decreases dysfunction of renal cortical mitochondria and improves kidney function after renal ischemia. PKC-ε levels in mitochondria of ischemic kidneys increased 24 h after ischemia. Complex I- and complex II-coupled state 3 respirations were reduced 44 and 27%, respectively, in wild-type (WT) but unchanged and increased in PKC-ε-deficient (KO) mice after ischemia. Respiratory control ratio coupled to glutamate/malate oxidation decreased 50% in WT but not in KO mice. Activities of complexes I, III, and IV were decreased 59, 89, and 61%, respectively, in WT but not in KO ischemic kidneys. Proteomics revealed increases in levels of ATP synthase (α-subunit), complexes I and III, cytochrome oxidase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase after ischemia in KO but not in WT animals. PKC-ε deletion prevented ischemia-induced increases in oxidant production. Plasma creatinine levels increased 12-fold in WT and 3-fold in KO ischemic mice. PKC-ε deletion reduced tubular necrosis, brush border loss, and distal segment damage in ischemic kidneys. PKC-ε activation in hypoxic RPTC in primary culture exacerbated, whereas PKC-ε inhibition reduced, decreases in: 1) complex I- and complex II-coupled state 3 respirations and 2) activities of complexes I, III, and IV. We conclude that PKC-ε activation mediates 1) dysfunction of complexes I and III of the respiratory chain, 2) oxidant production, 3) morphological damage to the kidney, and 4) decreases in renal functions after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Diana Takacsova-Bakajsova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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19
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Li Z, Li B, Zhang L, Chen L, Sun G, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhi X, Wang L, Xu Z, Xu H. The proliferation impairment induced by AQP3 deficiency is the result of glycerol uptake and metabolism inhibition in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9169-79. [PMID: 26768614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a big threat to human health. Effective therapeutic cancer target remains to be discovered. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) belongs to a family of transmembrane channels that are important in transporting water, glycerol, and other small molecules across the cell membrane. Glycerol that is transported by AQP3 is necessary for cell energy generation and lipid synthesis which fulfill the cell biological processes. Previous studies have shown that AQP3 is implicated in disease progression in several cancer types. However, whether AQP3-regulated glycerol uptake and metabolism were involved in cancer progression remains to be further studied. Our study demonstrated that the expression of AQP3 was positively correlated with glycerol level in human gastric cancer tissues. AQP3 inhibition induced proliferation impairment in gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. AQP3 inhibition that induced glycerol uptake reduction and glycerol administration would rehabilitate the cell proliferation. The energy and lipid production decreased when AQP3 was knocked down since the cellular glycerol level and several lipogenesis enzymes were downregulated. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which was involved in the impaired lipid and ATP production, was also inhibited after AQP3 knockdown. Our study indicated that the energy and lipid production inhibition, which were responsible for gastric cancer cell proliferation impairment, were induced by glycerol uptake reduction after AQP3 knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Pang H, Kim I, Zhao H. Random Effects Model for Multiple Pathway Analysis with Applications to Type II Diabetes Microarray Data. STATISTICS IN BIOSCIENCES 2015; 7:167-186. [PMID: 26640601 PMCID: PMC4666561 DOI: 10.1007/s12561-014-9109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Close to three percent of the world's population suffer from diabetes. Despite the range of treatment options available for diabetes patients, not all patients benefit from them. Investigating how different pathways correlate with phenotype of interest may help unravel novel drug targets and discover a possible cure. Many pathway-based methods have been developed to incorporate biological knowledge into the study of microarray data. Most of these methods can only analyze individual pathways but cannot deal with two or more pathways in a model based framework. This represents a serious limitation because, like genes, individual pathways do not work in isolation, and joint modeling may enable researchers to uncover patterns not seen in individual pathway-based analysis. In this paper, we propose a random effects model to analyze two or more pathways. We also derive score test statistics for significance of pathway effects. We apply our method to a microarray study of Type II diabetes. Our method may eludicate how pathways crosstalk with each other and facilitate the investigation of pathway crosstalks. Further hypothesis on the biological mechanisms underlying the disease and traits of interest may be generated and tested based on this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Pang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27705, U.S.A. Tel.: +919-681-5011, Fax: +919-668-5888
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, U.S.A. Tel.: +540-231-5366, Fax: +540-231-3863
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A. Tel.: +203-785-6271, Fax: +203-785-6912
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21
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Betaine is a positive regulator of mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:621-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Li T, Wang G. Computer-aided targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: toxicity reduction and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18856-91. [PMID: 25334061 PMCID: PMC4227251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays an essential role in a wide range of biological functions, including metabolism, macromolecular synthesis, cell growth, proliferation and survival. Its versatility, however, makes it a conspicuous target of many pathogens; and the consequential deregulations of this pathway often lead to complications, such as tumorigenesis, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Molecular targeted therapy, aimed at modulating the deregulated pathway, holds great promise for controlling these diseases, though side effects may be inevitable, given the ubiquity of the pathway in cell functions. Here, we review a variety of factors found to modulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, including gene mutations, certain metabolites, inflammatory factors, chemical toxicants, drugs found to rectify the pathway, as well as viruses that hijack the pathway for their own synthetic purposes. Furthermore, this evidence of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway alteration and related pathogenesis has inspired the exploration of computer-aided targeting of this pathway to optimize therapeutic strategies. Herein, we discuss several possible options, using computer-aided targeting, to reduce the toxicity of molecularly-targeted therapy, including mathematical modeling, to reveal system-level control mechanisms and to confer a low-dosage combination therapy, the potential of PP2A as a therapeutic target, the formulation of parameters to identify patients who would most benefit from specific targeted therapies and molecular dynamics simulations and docking studies to discover drugs that are isoform specific or mutation selective so as to avoid undesired broad inhibitions. We hope this review will stimulate novel ideas for pharmaceutical discovery and deepen our understanding of curability and toxicity by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
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23
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Li Y, He L, Zeng N, Sahu D, Cadenas E, Shearn C, Li W, Stiles BL. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) signaling regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration via estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25007-25024. [PMID: 23836899 PMCID: PMC3757167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.450353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities are associated with cancer development, yet how oncogenic signals affect mitochondrial functions has not been fully understood. In this study, we investigate the relationship between mitochondrial alterations and PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling activation using hepatocytes and liver tissues as our experimental models. We show here that liver-specific deletion of Pten, which leads to activation of PI3K/AKT, is associated with elevated oxidative stress, increased mitochondrial mass, and augmented respiration accompanied by enhanced glycolysis. Consistent with these observations, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear receptor known for its role in mitochondrial biogenesis, is up-regulated in the absence of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Our pharmacological and genetic studies show that PI3K/AKT activity regulates the expression of ERRα and mitochondrial biogenesis/respiration. Furthermore, cAMP-response element-binding protein, as a downstream target of AKT, plays a role in the regulation of ERRα, independent of PKA signaling. ERRα regulates reactive oxygen species production, and ERRα knockdown attenuates proliferation and colony-forming potential in Pten-null hepatocytes. Finally, analysis of clinical datasets from liver tissues showed a negative correlation between expressions of ERRα and PTEN in patients with liver cancer. Therefore, this study has established a previously unrecognized link between a growth signal and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- From Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Lina He
- From Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Ni Zeng
- From Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Divya Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, and
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- From Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089,; Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | - Colin Shearn
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, and
| | - Bangyan L Stiles
- From Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089,; the Departments of Pathology and.
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Nowak G, Soundararajan S, Mestril R. Protein kinase C-α interaction with iHSP70 in mitochondria promotes recovery of mitochondrial function after injury in renal proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F764-76. [PMID: 23804450 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00061.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the role of PKC-α and associated inducible heat shock protein 70 (iHSP70) in the repair of mitochondrial function in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) after oxidant injury. Wild-type PKC-α (wtPKC-α) and an inactive PKC-α [dominant negative dn; PKC-α] mutant were overexpressed in primary cultures of RPTCs, and iHSP70 levels and RPTC regeneration were assessed after treatment with the oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP). TBHP exposure increased ROS production and induced RPTC death, which was prevented by ferrostatin and necrostatin-1 but not by cyclosporin A. Overexpression of wtPKC-α maintained mitochondrial levels of active PKC-α, reduced cell death, and accelerated proliferation without altering ROS production in TBHP-injured RPTCs. In contrast, dnPKC-α blocked proliferation and monolayer regeneration. Coimmunoprecipitation and proteomic analysis demonstrated an association between inactive, but not active, PKC-α and iHSP70 in mitochondria. Mitochondrial iHSP70 levels increased as levels of active PKC-α decreased after injury. Overexpression of dnPKC-α augmented, whereas overexpression of wtPKC-α abrogated, oxidant-induced increases in mitochondrial iHSP70 levels. iHSP70 overexpression (1) maintained mitochondrial levels of phosphorylated PKC-α, (2) improved the recovery of state 3 respiration and ATP content, (3) decreased RPTC death (an effect abrogated by cyclosporine A), and (4) accelerated proliferation after oxidant injury. In contrast, iHSP70 inhibition blocked the recovery of ATP content and exacerbated RPTC death. Inhibition of PKC-α in RPTC overexpressing iHSP70 blocked the protective effects of iHSP70. We conclude that active PKC-α maintains mitochondrial function and decreases cell death after oxidant injury. iHSP70 is recruited to mitochondria in response to PKC-α dephosphorylation and associates with and reactivates inactive PKC-α, which promotes the recovery of mitochondrial function, decreases RPTC death, and improves regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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25
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O'Keeffe BA, Cilia S, Maiyar AC, Vaysberg M, Firestone GL. The serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase-1 (Sgk-1) mitochondria connection: identification of the IF-1 inhibitor of the F(1)F(0)-ATPase as a mitochondria-specific binding target and the stress-induced mitochondrial localization of endogenous Sgk-1. Biochimie 2013; 95:1258-65. [PMID: 23402912 PMCID: PMC3684451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression, localization and activity of the serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase, Sgk-1, are regulated by multiple hormonal and environmental cues including cellular stress. Biochemical fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that sorbitol induced hyperosmotic stress stimulated expression and triggered the localization of endogenous Sgk-1 into the mitochondria of NMuMG mammary epithelial cells. The immunofluorescence pattern of endogenous Sgk-1 was similar to that of a green fluorescent linked fusion protein linked to the N-terminal Sgk-1 fragment that encodes the mitochondrial targeting signal. In the presence or absence of cellular stress, exogenously expressed wild type Sgk-1 efficiently compartmentalized into the mitochondria demonstrating the mitochondrial import machinery per se is not stressed regulated. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pull down assays identified the IF-1 mitochondrial matrix inhibitor of the F1F0-ATPase as a new Sgk-1 binding partner, which represents the first observed mitochondrial target of Sgk-1. The Sgk-1/IF-1 interaction requires the 122-176 amino acid region within the catalytic domain of Sgk-1 and is pH dependent, occurring at neutral pH but not at slightly acidic pH, which suggests that this interaction is dependent on mitochondrial integrity. An in vitro protein kinase assay showed that the F1F0-ATPase can be directly phosphorylated by Sgk-1. Taken together, our results suggest that stress-induced Sgk-1 localizes to the mitochondria, which permits access to physiologically appropriate mitochondrial interacting proteins and substrates, such as IF-1 and the F1F0-ATPase, as part of the cellular stressed induced program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A O'Keeffe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Cancer Research Laboratory, 591 LSA, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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26
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Shirai N, Ohtsuji M, Hagiwara K, Tomisawa H, Ohtsuji N, Hirose S, Hagiwara H. Nephrotoxic effect of subchronic exposure to S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 37:871-8. [PMID: 23037997 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subchronic exposure of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), an active metabolite of trichloroethylene (TCE), was investigated in mice, as a part of mechanistic assessment of renal toxicity of TCE. To examine the subchronic effects of DCVC on kidney function, Balb/c male mice were administered DCVC orally and intraperitoneally once a week for 13 weeks at 1, 10 and 30 mg/kg (Main Study) and for 8 weeks at 30 mg/kg (PCR Study). At the terminal sacrifice, mice orally and intraperitoneally administered with 10 and 30 mg/kg showed significantly lower kidney weight and significantly higher blood urea nitrogen levels than the control group. Pathological examination revealed that a dose of 30 mg/kg delivered by both routes resulted in renal tubular degeneration characterized by tubular necrosis and interstitial fibrosis, and in degradation of the cortex. Degenerative changes were accompanied by the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs in the kidney of mice treated with 30 mg/kg for 8 weeks. These pathohistological observations mostly corresponded to those in short-term toxicity studies on DCVC. DCVC might be a direct cause of renal toxicity, which is suggested from the aggravation in these symptoms with the dose increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shirai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
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27
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Nowak G, Bakajsova D. Assessment of mitochondrial functions and cell viability in renal cells overexpressing protein kinase C isozymes. J Vis Exp 2013:4301. [PMID: 23328793 DOI: 10.3791/4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC regulates mitochondrial function and cellular energy status. Numerous reports demonstrated that the activation of PKC-a and PKC-ε improves mitochondrial function in the ischemic heart and mediates cardioprotection. In contrast, we have demonstrated that PKC-α and PKC-ε are involved in nephrotoxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in kidney cells. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop an in vitro model of renal cells maintaining active mitochondrial functions in which PKC isozymes could be selectively activated or inhibited to determine their role in regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and cell survival. Primary cultures of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) were cultured in improved conditions resulting in mitochondrial respiration and activity of mitochondrial enzymes similar to those in RPTC in vivo. Because traditional transfection techniques (Lipofectamine, electroporation) are inefficient in primary cultures and have adverse effects on mitochondrial function, PKC-ε mutant cDNAs were delivered to RPTC through adenoviral vectors. This approach results in transfection of over 90% cultured RPTC. Here, we present methods for assessing the role of PKC-ε in: 1. regulation of mitochondrial morphology and functions associated with ATP synthesis, and 2. survival of RPTC in primary culture. PKC-ε is activated by overexpressing the constitutively active PKC-ε mutant. PKC-ε is inhibited by overexpressing the inactive mutant of PKC-ε. Mitochondrial function is assessed by examining respiration, integrity of the respiratory chain, activities of respiratory complexes and F0F1-ATPase, ATP production rate, and ATP content. Respiration is assessed in digitonin-permeabilized RPTC as state 3 (maximum respiration in the presence of excess substrates and ADP) and uncoupled respirations. Integrity of the respiratory chain is assessed by measuring activities of all four complexes of the respiratory chain in isolated mitochondria. Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation is evaluated by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production rate, and activity of F0F1-ATPase. Energy status of RPTC is assessed by determining the intracellular ATP content. Mitochondrial morphology in live cells is visualized using MitoTracker Red 580, a fluorescent dye that specifically accumulates in mitochondria, and live monolayers are examined under a fluorescent microscope. RPTC viability is assessed using annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry to determine apoptosis and oncosis. These methods allow for a selective activation/inhibition of individual PKC isozymes to assess their role in cellular functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions that can be reproduced in in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA
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28
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Protecting mitochondrial bioenergetic function during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Clin 2012; 28:245-70. [PMID: 22433486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Nowak G, Bakajsova D. Protein kinase C-α activation promotes recovery of mitochondrial function and cell survival following oxidant injury in renal cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F515-26. [PMID: 22674023 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00072.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that nonselective PKC activation promotes mitochondrial function in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) following toxicant injury. However, the specific PKC isozyme mediating this effect is unknown. This study investigated the role of PKC-α in the recovery of mitochondrial functions in oxidant-injured RPTC. Wild-type PKC-α (wtPKC-α) and inactive PKC-α mutants were overexpressed in RPTC to selectively increase or block PKC-α activation. Oxidant (tert-butyl hydroperoxidel; TBHP) exposure activated PKC-α in RPTC but decreased PKC-α levels in mitochondria following treatment. Uncoupled and state 3 respirations and activities of complexes I and IV in TBHP-injured cells decreased to 55, 44, 49, and 65% of controls, respectively. F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity and ATP content in injured RPTC decreased to 59 and 60% of controls, respectively. Oxidant exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by 210% and induced mitochondrial fragmentation and 52% RPTC lysis. Overexpressing wtPKC-α did not block TBHP-induced ROS production but improved respiration and complex I activity, restored complex IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase activities, promoted recovery of ATP content, blocked mitochondrial fragmentation, and reduced RPTC lysis to 14%. In contrast, inhibiting PKC-α 1) induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and fragmentation; 2) blocked increases in ROS production; 3) prevented recovery of respiratory complexes and F(0)F(1)-ATPase activities, respiration, and ATP content; and 4) exacerbated TBHP-induced RPTC lysis. We conclude that 1) activation of PKC-α prevents mitochondrial hyperpolarization and fragmentation, decreases cell death, and promotes recovery of mitochondrial respiration and ATP content following oxidant injury in RPTC; and 2) respiratory complexes I and IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase are targets of active PKC-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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30
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Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Hayes C, Hauer-Jensen M, Compadre CM. γ-Tocotrienol protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and renal cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:330-8. [PMID: 22040679 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major mechanism of a variety of renal diseases. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are well known antioxidants. This study aimed to determine whether γ-tocotrienol (GT3) protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) injury caused by oxidants. Primary cultures of RPTCs were injured by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in the absence and presence of GT3 or α-tocopherol (AT). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased 300% in TBHP-injured RPTCs. State 3 respiration, oligomycin-sensitive respiration, and respiratory control ratio (RCR) decreased 50, 63, and 47%, respectively. The number of RPTCs with polarized mitochondria decreased 54%. F₀F₁-ATPase activity and ATP content decreased 31 and 65%, respectively. Cell lysis increased from 3% in controls to 26 and 52% at 4 and 24 h, respectively, after TBHP exposure. GT3 blocked ROS production, ameliorated decreases in state 3 and oligomycin-sensitive respirations and F₀F₁-ATPase activity, and maintained RCR and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) in injured RPTCs. GT3 maintained ATP content, blocked RPTC lysis at 4 h, and reduced it to 13% at 24 h after injury. Treatment with equivalent concentrations of AT did not block ROS production and cell lysis and moderately improved mitochondrial respiration and coupling. This is the first report demonstrating the protective effects of GT3 against RPTC injury by: 1) decreasing production of ROS, 2) improving mitochondrial respiration, coupling, ΔΨ(m), and F₀F₁-ATPase function, 3) maintaining ATP levels, and 4) preventing RPTC lysis. Our data suggest that GT3 is superior to AT in protecting RPTCs against oxidant injury and may prove therapeutically valuable for preventing renal injury associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., MS 522-3, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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31
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Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Samarel AM. Protein kinase C-epsilon activation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation in renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F197-208. [PMID: 21289057 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00364.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC-ε activation mediates protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in the myocardium. Mitochondria are a subcellular target of these protective mechanisms of PKC-ε. Previously, we have shown that PKC-ε activation is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in oxidant-injured renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC; Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Clifton GL Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286: F307-F316, 2004). The goal of this study was to examine the role of PKC-ε activation in mitochondrial dysfunction and to identify mitochondrial targets of PKC-ε in RPTC. The constitutively active and inactive mutants of PKC-ε were overexpressed in primary cultures of RPTC using the adenoviral technique. Increases in active PKC-ε levels were accompanied by PKC-ε translocation to mitochondria. Sustained PKC-ε activation resulted in decreases in state 3 respiration, electron transport rate, ATP production, ATP content, and activities of complexes I and IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase. Furthermore, PKC-ε activation increased mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidant production and induced mitochondrial fragmentation and RPTC death. Accumulation of the dynamin-related protein in mitochondria preceded mitochondrial fragmentation. Antioxidants blocked PKC-ε-induced increases in the oxidant production but did not prevent mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death. The inactive PKC-ε mutant had no effect on mitochondrial functions, morphology, oxidant production, and RPTC viability. We conclude that active PKC-ε targets complexes I and IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase in RPTC. PKC-ε activation mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperpolarization, and fragmentation. It also induces oxidant generation and cell death, but oxidative stress is not the mechanism of RPTC death. These results show that in contrast to protective effects of PKC-ε activation in cardiomyocytes, sustained PKC-ε activation is detrimental to mitochondrial function and viability in RPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Yahata N, Yuasa S, Araki T. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase expression in mitochondrial matrix delays Wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6276-84. [PMID: 19439605 PMCID: PMC6665489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4304-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of naturally occurring mutant mice, wld(s), showing delayed Wallerian degeneration phenotype, suggest that axonal degeneration is an active process. We previously showed that increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-synthesizing activity by overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is the essential component of the Wld(s) protein, the expression of which is responsible for the delayed Wallerian degeneration phenotype in wld(s) mice. Indeed, NMNAT overexpression in cultured neurons provides robust protection to neurites, as well. To examine the effect of NMNAT overexpression in vivo and to analyze the mechanism that causes axonal protection, we generated transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing NMNAT1 (nuclear isoform), NMNAT3 (mitochondrial isoform), or the Wld(s) protein bearing a W258A mutation, which disrupts NAD-synthesizing activity of the Wld(s) protein. Wallerian degeneration delay in NMNAT3-Tg was similar to that in wld(s) mice, whereas axonal protection in NMNAT1-Tg or Wld(s)(W258A)-Tg was not detectable. Detailed analysis of subcellular localization of the overexpressed proteins revealed that the axonal protection phenotype was correlated with localization of NMNAT enzymatic activity to mitochondrial matrix. Furthermore, we found that isolated mitochondria from mice showing axonal protection expressed unchanged levels of respiratory chain components, but were capable of increased ATP production. These results suggest that axonal protection by NMNAT expression in neurons is provided by modifying mitochondrial function. Alteration of mitochondrial function may constitute a novel tool for axonal protection, as well as a possible treatment of diseases involving axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yahata
- Departments of Peripheral Nervous System Research and
| | - Shigeki Yuasa
- Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Xu F, Papanayotou I, Putt DA, Wang J, Lash LH. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular responses to S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:552-67. [PMID: 18602084 PMCID: PMC2593897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nephrotoxic metabolite of the environmental contaminant trichloroethylene, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC), is known to elicit cytotoxicity in rat and human proximal tubular (rPT and hPT, respectively) cells that involves inhibition of mitochondrial function. DCVC produces a range of cytotoxic and compensatory responses in hPT cells, depending on dose and exposure time, including necrosis, apoptosis, repair, and enhanced cell proliferation. The present study tested the hypothesis that induction of mitochondrial dysfunction is an obligatory step in the cytotoxicity caused by DCVC in primary cultures of hPT cells. DCVC-induced necrosis was primarily a high concentration (> or =50 microM) and late (> or =24h) response whereas apoptosis and increased proliferation occurred at relatively low concentrations (<50 microM) and early time points (< or =24h). Decreases in cellular DNA content, indicative of cell loss, were observed at DCVC concentrations as low as 1 microM. Involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in DCVC-induced cytotoxicity was supported by showing that DCVC caused modest depletion of cellular ATP, inhibition of respiration, and activation of caspase-3/7. Cyclosporin A protected cells against DCVC-induced apoptosis and both cyclosporin A and ruthenium red protected cells against DCVC-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. DCVC caused little or no activation of caspase-8 and did not significantly induce expression of Fas receptor, consistent with apoptosis occurring only by the mitochondrial pathway. These results support the conclusion that mitochondrial dysfunction is an early and obligatory step in DCVC-induced cytotoxicity in hPT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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