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Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Vargas R, Hernández-Fonseca JP, Mosquera JA. Role of angiotensin II in cellular entry and replication of dengue virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:121. [PMID: 38753119 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the relevance of several soluble molecules in the pathogenesis of dengue. In this regard, a possible role for angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathophysiology of dengue has been suggested by the observation of a blockade of Ang II in patients with dengue, increased expression of molecules related to Ang II production in the plasma of dengue patients, increased expression of circulating cytokines and soluble molecules related to the action of Ang II, and an apparent relationship between DENV, Ang II effects, and miRNAs. In addition, in ex vivo experiments, the blockade of Ang II AT1 receptor and ACE-1 (angiotensin converting enzyme 1), both of which are involved in Ang II production and its function, inhibits infection of macrophages by DENV, suggesting a role of Ang II in viral entry or in intracellular viral replication of the virus. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms of Ang II in the entry and replication of DENV. Ang II has the functions of increasing the expression of DENV entry receptors, creation of clathrin-coated vesicles, and increasing phagocytosis, all of which are involved in DENV entry. This hormone also modulates the expression of the Rab5 and Rab7 proteins, which are important in the endosomal processing of DENV during viral replication. This review summarizes the data related to the possible involvement of Ang II in the entry of DENV into cells and its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan P Hernández-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Alberto Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:359-374. [PMID: 38170299 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Hao XM, Liu Y, Hailaiti D, Gong Y, Zhang XD, Yue BN, Liu JP, Wu XL, Yang KZ, Wang J, Liu QG. Mechanisms of inflammation modulation by different immune cells in hypertensive nephropathy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333170. [PMID: 38545112 PMCID: PMC10965702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a chronic inflammatory disease. Persistent hypertension leads to lesions of intrarenal arterioles and arterioles, luminal stenosis, secondary ischemic renal parenchymal damage, and glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Studying the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy is a prerequisite for diagnosis and treatment. The main cause of HTN is poor long-term blood pressure control, but kidney damage is often accompanied by the occurrence of immune inflammation. Some studies have found that the activation of innate immunity, inflammation and acquired immunity is closely related to the pathogenesis of HTN, which can cause damage and dysfunction of target organs. There are more articles on the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy, while there are fewer studies related to immunity in hypertensive nephropathy. This article reviews the mechanisms by which several different immune cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate blood pressure and renal damage in HTN. It mainly focuses on immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines and inhibitors. However, further comprehensive and large-scale studies are needed to determine the role of these markers and provide effective protocols for clinical intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yu Gong
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Nan Yue
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Hong W, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Tang S, Chen J, Xu L, Jiang J, Zong Y, Zhang Y, Sun A, Wu X. The chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 mediates Ang II induced pro-fibrogenic response in renal fibroblasts. Life Sci 2024; 340:122320. [PMID: 38272440 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Renal fibrosis is an important pathophysiological process commonly observed in patients chronic kidney disease (CKD). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major risk factor for CKD in part by promoting renal fibrosis. In the present study we investigated Brahma-Related Gene 1 (BRG1, encoded by Smarca4) in Ang II induced pro-fibrogenic response in renal fibroblasts. METHODS AND MATERIALS CKD was induced by chronic angiotensin II infusion. Fibroblast- and myofibroblast-specific BRG1 deletion was achieved by crossing the BRG1f/f mice to the Col1a1-CreERT2 mice and the Postn-CreERT2 mice, respectively. KEY FINDINGS BRG1 expression was up-regulated when fibroblasts were exposed to Ang II in vitro and in vivo. BRG1 silencing in primary renal fibroblasts blocked transition to myofibroblasts as evidenced by down-regulation of myofibroblast marker genes and reduction in cell proliferation, migration, and contraction. Consistently, deletion of BRG1 from fibroblasts or from myofibroblasts significantly attenuated renal fibrosis in mice subjected to chronic Ang II infusion. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that BRG1 primarily regulated expression of genes involved in cell migroproliferative behavior and extracellular matrix remodeling. Importantly, administration of PFI-3, a small-molecule BRG1 inhibition, markedly ameliorated Ang II induced renal fibrosis in mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our data support a role for BRG1 in Ang II induced fibrogenic response in renal fibroblasts and suggest that targeting BRG1 could be considered as a reasonable approach for the intervention of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Pathophysiology and Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanshan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Pathophysiology and Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shifan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Pathophysiology and Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinsi Chen
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Zong
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China.
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Hernandez-Fonseca JP, Hernandez-Fonseca H. Angiotensin II and dengue. Arch Virol 2023; 168:191. [PMID: 37368044 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a disease caused by a flavivirus that is transmitted principally by the bite of an Aedes aegypti mosquito and represents a major public-health problem. Many studies have been carried out to identify soluble factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of this infection. Cytokines, soluble factors, and oxidative stress have been reported to be involved in the development of severe disease. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone with the ability to induce the production of cytokines and soluble factors related to the inflammatory processes and coagulation disorders observed in dengue. However, a direct involvement of Ang II in this disease has not been demonstrated. This review primarily summarizes the pathophysiology of dengue, the role of Ang II in various diseases, and reports that are highly suggestive of the involvement of this hormone in dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electronica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB- CSIC) Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Hugo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint George's University, True Blue, West Indies, Grenada
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Li XC, Hassan R, Leite APO, Katsurada A, Dugas C, Sato R, Zhuo JL. Genetic Deletion of AT 1a Receptor or Na +/H + Exchanger 3 Selectively in the Proximal Tubules of the Kidney Attenuates Two-Kidney, One-Clip Goldblatt Hypertension in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415798. [PMID: 36555438 PMCID: PMC9779213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 (AT1a) receptors and its downstream target Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) in the proximal tubules in the development of two-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension have not been investigated previously. The present study tested the hypothesis that deletion of the AT1a receptor or NHE3 selectively in the proximal tubules of the kidney attenuates the development of 2K1C hypertension using novel mouse models with proximal tubule-specific deletion of AT1a receptors or NHE3. 2K1C Goldblatt hypertension was induced by placing a silver clip (0.12 mm) on the left renal artery for 4 weeks in adult male wild-type (WT), global Agtr1a−/−, proximal tubule (PT)-specific PT-Agtr1a−/− or PT-Nhe3−/− mice, respectively. As expected, telemetry blood pressure increased in a time-dependent manner in WT mice, reaching a maximal response by Week 3 (p < 0.01). 2K1C hypertension in WT mice was associated with increases in renin expression in the clipped kidney and decreases in the nonclipped kidney (p < 0.05). Plasma and kidney Ang II were significantly increased in WT mice with 2K1C hypertension (p < 0.05). Tubulointerstitial fibrotic responses were significantly increased in the clipped kidney (p < 0.01). Whole-body deletion of AT1a receptors completely blocked the development of 2K1C hypertension in Agtr1a−/− mice (p < 0.01 vs. WT). Likewise, proximal tubule-specific deletion of Agtr1a in PT-Agtr1a−/− mice or NHE3 in PT-Nhe3−/− mice also blocked the development of 2K1C hypertension (p < 0.01 vs. WT). Taken together, the present study provides new evidence for a critical role of proximal tubule Ang II/AT1 (AT1a)/NHE3 axis in the development of 2K1C Goldblatt hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chun Li
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rumana Hassan
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ana Paula O. Leite
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Courtney Dugas
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jia Long Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-4363; Fax: +1-504-988-2675
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Mosquera-Sulbarán J, Ryder E, Pedreáñez A, Vargas R. Angiotensin II and human obesity. A narrative review of the pathogenesis. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n4a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone and the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This peptide has crucial pathophysiologi-cal effects on hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, endothelial proliferation, in-flammation and tissue remodelling through G protein-coupled receptors. The pro-inflammatory role of Ang II has been reported in various inflammatory pro-cesses. Obesity is linked to a chronic inflammatory process which in turn is the cause of some of its morbidities. Ang II is related to the comorbidities related to the comorbidities of obesity, which include alterations in the heart, kid-ney, hypertension and coagulation. In this regard, activation of AT1 receptors by Ang II can induce an inflammatory process mediated by the transcription factor NF-kB, triggering inflammation in various systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. The aim of this review was to highlight the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and the alterations induced by this hor-mone in various organs and systems in obesity. The search was done since 1990 through Medline, EMBASE and PubMed, using the keywords: angiotensin II; an-giotensin II, obesity; angiotensin II, kidney, obesity; angiotensin II, coagulation, obesity; angiotensin II, inflammation, obesity; angiotensin II, adipose tissue, obesity; angiotensin II, hypertension, obesity; angiotensin II, insulin resistance, obesity; angiotensin II, adiponectin, leptin, obesity; angiotensin II, COVID-19, obesity. Angiotensin II through its interaction with its AT1 receptor, can induce alterations in diverse systems that are related to the comorbidities observed in obesity. Therapeutic strategies to decrease the production and action of Ang II could improve the clinical conditions in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mosquera-Sulbarán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Elena Ryder
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Pedreáñez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Mutengo KH, Masenga SK, Mwesigwa N, Patel KP, Kirabo A. Hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus: A paradigm for epithelial sodium channels? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:968184. [PMID: 36093171 PMCID: PMC9452753 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.968184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for end organ damage and death and is more common in persons with HIV compared to the general population. Several mechanisms have been studied in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Current evidence suggests that the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure through the transport of sodium and water across membranes in the kidney tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and water and an altered fluid balance. However, there is scarcity of information that elucidates the role of ENaC in HIV as it relates to increasing the risk for development or pathogenesis of hypertension. This review summarized the evidence to date implicating a potential role for altered ENaC activity in contributing to hypertension in patients with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katongo H. Mutengo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, HAND Research Group, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone, Zambia,School of Public Health and Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, HAND Research Group, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone, Zambia,School of Public Health and Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Naome Mwesigwa
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Annet Kirabo,
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Araos P, Amador CA. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an immunomodulator in endocrine hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006790. [PMID: 36387895 PMCID: PMC9640732 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, primary aldosteronism (PA) has been reported as the most common etiology for secondary hypertension of endocrine origin, accounting for approximately 10% of cases. In PA, excess aldosterone production can lead to deleterious effects at the cardiovascular (CV) and renal levels by activating mineralocorticoid receptors, which involves an increase in pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. Among these mediators, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secretion glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, has been closely linked to CV and renal damage in several pathological conditions. Because NGAL can be detected in biofluids such as plasma and urine, it has been proposed as a damage biomarker for target tissues and has also been studied for its role in hypertension and associated with PA. NGAL is produced by many different cell types, can be carried on extracellular vesicles, and is modulated by microRNAs, which would support its use as a biomarker for endocrine hypertension due to PA. Over the last decade, studies have shown that NGAL is necessary for the development of aldosterone-induced hypertension and that is associated with end-organ damage. In addition, it has been proposed that some mechanisms are dependent on the activation of immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, where the release of specific cytokines (i.e., interleukin [IL]-23) or chemokines (i.e., CCL-5) induced by aldosterone would depend on NGAL. Subsequently, this activates the T helper (Th) lymphocytes, such as Th17 and Th2, resulting in CV and renal fibrosis due to the high aldosterone levels. Although the immune system has been closely associated with essential hypertension, its participation in endocrine hypertension has not been fully elucidated. This review discusses the link between NGAL and endocrine hypertension, particularly in the context of PA, and their possible regulators and mechanisms, with a focus on its role as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Araos
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián A. Amador
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristián A. Amador,
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10
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Renin-Angiotensin System Induced Secondary Hypertension: The Alteration of Kidney Function and Structure. Int J Nephrol 2021. [PMID: 31628476 PMCID: PMC8505109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term hypertension is known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in hypertension pathogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhancement in Ang II-dependent hypertension leads to progressive CKD and kidney fibrosis. In the two-kidney one-clip model (2K1C), more renin is synthesized in the principal cells of the collecting duct than juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs). An increase of renal Ang I and Ang II levels and a decrease of renal cortical and medullary Ang 1–7 occur in both kidneys of the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. In addition, the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increases, while ACE2's activity decreases in the medullary region of both kidneys in the 2K1C hypertensive model. Also, the renal prolyl carboxypeptidase (PrCP) expression and its activity reduce in the clipped kidneys. The imbalance in the production of renal ACE, ACE2, and PrCP expression causes the progression of renal injury. Intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and urine AGT (uAGT) excretion rates in the unclipped kidney are greater than the clipped kidney in the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. The enhancement of Ang II in the clipped kidney is related to renin secretion, while the elevation of intrarenal Ang II in the unclipped kidney is related to stimulation of AGT mRNA and protein in proximal tubule cells by a direct effect of systemic Ang II level. Ang II-dependent hypertension enhances macrophages and T-cell infiltration into the kidney which increases cytokines, and AGT synthesis in proximal tubules is stimulated via cytokines. Accumulation of inflammatory cells in the kidney aggravates hypertension and renal damage. Moreover, Ang II-dependent hypertension alters renal Ang II type 1 & 2 receptors (AT1R & AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) expression, and the renal interstitial fluid bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cGMP response to AT1R, AT2R, or BK B2-receptor antagonists. Based on a variety of sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science-Direct, in the current review, we will discuss the role of RAS-induced secondary hypertension on the alteration of renal function.
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11
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Yang T, Chakraborty S, Mandal J, Mei X, Joe B. Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1731-1757. [PMID: 33792901 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of microbes has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a surge in our understanding that humans host a plethora of commensal microbes, which reside in their bodies and depending upon their composition, contribute to either normal physiology or pathophysiology. This article provides a general foundation for learning about host-commensal microbial interactions as an emerging area of research. The article is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to introducing commensal microbiota and its known effects on the host. The second section is on metabolites, which are biochemicals that the host and the microbes use for bi-directional communication with each other. Together, the sections review what is known about how microbes interact with the host to impact cardiovascular physiology, especially blood pressure regulation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1731-1757, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Juthika Mandal
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Mei
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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12
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An C, Wen J, Hu Z, Mitch WE, Wang Y. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ deficiency attenuates kidney injury and fibrosis in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1491-1500. [PMID: 32500132 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis plays a critical role in recruiting inflammatory cells and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts into the kidney leading to renal injury and fibrosis. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms are not known. METHODS In the present study, we examined the role of phosphoinositide-3 kinase γ (PI3Kγ) signaling in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts into the kidney and development of renal injury and fibrosis in an experimental model of hypertension induced by angiotensin II. RESULTS Blood pressure was comparable between wild-type (WT) and PI3Kγ knockout (KO) mice at baseline. Angiotensin II treatment led to an increase in blood pressure that was similar between WT and PI3Kγ KO mice. Compared with WT mice, PI3Kγ KO mice were protected from angiotensin II-induced renal dysfunction and injury and developed less proteinuria. PI3Kγ deficiency suppressed bone marrow-derived fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast formation in the kidney and inhibited total collagen deposition and extracellular matrix protein production in the kidney in response to angiotensin II. PI3Kγ deficiency inhibited the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells into the kidney and reduced gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the kidney following angiotensin II treatment. Finally, inhibition of PI3Kγ suppressed CXCL16-induced monocyte migration in vitro. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PI3Kγ mediates the influx of macrophages, T cells and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts into the kidney resulting in kidney injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong An
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jia Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Hu
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William E Mitch
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.,Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Gastrin, via activation of PPARα, protects the kidney against hypertensive injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:409-427. [PMID: 33458737 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HN) is a common cause of end-stage renal disease with renal fibrosis; chronic kidney disease is associated with elevated serum gastrin. However, the relationship between gastrin and renal fibrosis in HN is still unknown. We, now, report that mice with angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced HN had increased renal cholecystokinin receptor B (CCKBR) expression. Knockout of CCKBR in mice aggravated, while long-term subcutaneous infusion of gastrin ameliorated the renal injury and interstitial fibrosis in HN and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The protective effects of gastrin on renal fibrosis can be independent of its regulation of blood pressure, because in UUO, gastrin decreased renal fibrosis without affecting blood pressure. Gastrin treatment decreased Ang II-induced renal tubule cell apoptosis, reversed Ang II-mediated inhibition of macrophage efferocytosis, and reduced renal inflammation. A screening of the regulatory factors of efferocytosis showed involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). Knockdown of PPAR-α by shRNA blocked the anti-fibrotic effect of gastrin in vitro in mouse renal proximal tubule cells and macrophages. Immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, luciferase reporter, and Cut&tag-qPCR analyses showed that CCKBR may be a transcription factor of PPAR-α, because gastrin treatment induced CCKBR translocation from cytosol to nucleus, binding to the PPAR-α promoter region, and increasing PPAR-α gene transcription. In conclusion, gastrin protects against HN by normalizing blood pressure, decreasing renal tubule cell apoptosis, and increasing macrophage efferocytosis. Gastrin-mediated CCKBR nuclear translocation may make it act as a transcription factor of PPAR-α, which is a novel signaling pathway. Gastrin may be a new potential drug for HN therapy.
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14
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Wild J, Wenzel P. Myeloid cells, tissue homeostasis, and anatomical barriers as innate immune effectors in arterial hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:315-326. [PMID: 33443617 PMCID: PMC7899956 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although essential hypertension affects a large proportion of the human population and is one of the key drivers of cardiovascular mortality worldwide, we still do not have a complete understanding of its pathophysiology. More than 50 years ago, the immune system has been identified as an important part of the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. An exceeding variety of recent publications deals with the interplay between the numerous different components of the immune system and mechanisms of arterial hypertension and has substantially contributed to our understanding of the role of immunity and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we focus on myeloid cells and anatomical barriers as particular aspects of innate immunity in arterial hypertension. Since it represents a first line of defense protecting against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis, innate immunity provides many mechanistic hinge points in the area of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology - Cardiology I and CTH Professorship "Vascular Inflammation", University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) - Partner site RheinMain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Center for Cardiology - Cardiology I and CTH Professorship "Vascular Inflammation", University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) - Partner site RheinMain, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Pan XX, Wu F, Chen XH, Chen DR, Chen HJ, Kong LR, Ruan CC, Gao PJ. T-cell senescence accelerates angiotensin II-induced target organ damage. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:271-283. [PMID: 32049355 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aging is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and adaptive immunity has been implicated in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced target organ dysfunction. Herein, we sought to determine the role of T-cell senescence in Ang II-induced target organ impairment and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis revealed that T cell derived from aged mice exhibited immunosenescence. Adoptive transfer of aged T cells to immunodeficient RAG1 KO mice accelerates Ang II-induced cardiovascular and renal fibrosis compared with young T-cell transfer. Aged T cells also promote inflammatory factor expression and superoxide production in these target organs. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that Ang II promotes interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production in the aged T cells comparing to young T cells. Importantly, transfer of senescent T cell that IFN-γ KO mitigates the impairment. Aged T-cell-conditioned medium stimulates inflammatory factor expression and oxidative stress in Ang II-treated renal epithelial cells compared with young T cells, and these effects of aged T-cell-conditioned medium are blunted after IFN-γ-neutralizing antibody pre-treatment. CONCLUSION These results provide a significant insight into the contribution of senescent T cells to Ang II-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and provide an attractive possibility that targeting T cell specifically might be a potential strategy to treat elderly hypertensive patients with end-organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dong-Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling-Ran Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The main goal of this article is to discuss the role of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in extracellular fluid and blood pressure regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Besides its role in sodium handling in the kidney, recent studies have found that ENaC expressed in other cells including immune cells can influence blood pressure via extra-renal mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DCs) are activated and contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension in an ENaC-dependent manner. We discuss recent studies on how ENaC is regulated in both the kidney and other sites including the vascular smooth muscles, endothelial cells, and immune cells. We also discuss how this extra-renal ENaC can play a role in salt-sensitive hypertension and its promise as a novel therapeutic target. The role of ENaC in blood pressure regulation in the kidney has been well studied. Recent human gene sequencing efforts have identified thousands of variants among the genes encoding ENaC, and research efforts to determine if these variants and their expression in extra-renal tissue play a role in hypertension will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of ENaC-mediated cardiovascular disease and lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Pitzer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, P415C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Justin P Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, P415C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, Pharmacology, and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, P415C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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17
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Penrose HM, Katsurada A, Miyata K, Urushihara M, Satou R. STAT1 regulates interferon-γ-induced angiotensinogen and MCP-1 expression in a bidirectional manner in primary cultured mesangial cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320946527. [PMID: 32741247 PMCID: PMC7412908 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320946527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Intrarenal interferon-γ significantly contributes to the development of glomerular injury in which angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels are elevated. However, the exact nature of the role that interferon-γ plays in regulating angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression has not been fully delineated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role that interferon-γ plays in angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression. Methods: Primary cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with 0–20 ng/mL interferon-γ for 2, 8 or 24 hours. Expression levels of angiotensinogen, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, suppressors of cytokine signaling 1, an intracellular suppressor of Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling and activity of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway were evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Results: Interferon-γ increased angiotensinogen expression in mesangial cells with maximal augmentation observed following 5 ng/mL interferon-γ at 8 hours of treatment (1.87 ± 0.05, mRNA, relative ratio). Further increases were reduced or absent using higher concentrations of interferon-γ. Following treatments, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression was induced in a linear dose-dependent manner (6.85 ± 0.62-fold by 20 ng/mL interferon-γ at 24 hours). In addition, interferon-γ induced STAT1 phosphorylation and suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 expression in a linear dose-dependent manner. The suppression of STAT1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 expression by small interference RNAs facilitated an increase in interferon-γ-induced angiotensinogen expression, indicating that these two factors negatively regulate angiotensinogen expression. In contrast, the increase in interferon-γ-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression was attenuated in STAT1-deficient mesangial cells, suggesting that STAT1 positively regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression in mesangial cells. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that while interferon-γ increases both angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression, STAT1 plays an opposing role in the regulation of each factor in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
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18
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Li H, Wang CJ, Zhou YQ, Wang YY, Mou CH, Zhang SG, Wang JW. Neutrophil to lymphocyte rate and serum prealbumin maybe predictors for abnormal high blood pressure caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in children with epileptic spasms: two cases report. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:248. [PMID: 32309395 PMCID: PMC7154432 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic spasms are a catastrophic form of epilepsy. When epileptic spasms occur under 2-year-old, they may be also called “infantile spasms”. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is recommended as first line intervention for the treatment of epileptic spasms without tuberous sclerosis complex. The chief risks of ACTH therapy are immunosuppression and hypertension. We reported rare cases of abnormal high blood pressure in two male epileptic spasms patients during ACTH therapy. Both patients’ blood pressure reached a high blood pressure stage 2 on the 9th day and 10th day of ACTH treatment, respectively. The blood pressure returned to normal range after the drug dosage was reduced or stopped. The lower level of neutrophil%, neutrophil count, and a higher level of lymphocyte%, lymphocyte count and prealbumin than normal range were observed in both patients before ACTH therapy. The neutrophil to lymphocyte rate might be a predictor for high blood pressure among patients treated with ACTH. The rates of both patients were under 0.50 (0.42 for Case 1 and 0.17 for Case 2). We reported the documented cases in two Chinese pediatric patients who suffered from epileptic spasms treated with ACTH resulted in abnormal high blood pressure, which could be predicted by using neutrophil to lymphocyte rate. We also mentioned serum prealbumin might be another predictor. More clinical data is required to elucidate the relationship between serum prealbumin level and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Cui-Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yun-Qing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying-Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chang-Hua Mou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shun-Guo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ji-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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19
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Masenga SK, Elijovich F, Hamooya BM, Nzala S, Kwenda G, Heimburger DC, Mutale W, Munsaka SM, Zhao S, Koethe JR, Kirabo A. Elevated Eosinophils as a Feature of Inflammation Associated With Hypertension in Virally Suppressed People Living With HIV. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e011450. [PMID: 32064996 PMCID: PMC7070208 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, which persists despite effective plasma viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy. HIV infection is characterized by long‐term alterations in immune function, but the contribution of immune factors to hypertension in PLWH is not fully understood. Prior studies have found that both innate and adaptive immune cell activation contributes to hypertension. Methods and Results We hypothesized that chronic inflammation may contribute to hypertension in PLWH. To test this hypothesis, we enrolled a cohort of 70 PLWH (44% hypertensive) on a long‐term single antiretroviral therapy regimen for broad phenotyping of inflammation biomarkers. We found that hypertensive PLWH had higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor 1, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐17, interleukin‐5, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α. After adjustment for age, sex, and fat mass index, the circulating eosinophils remained significantly associated with hypertension. On the basis of these results, we assessed the relationship of eosinophils and hypertension in 2 cohorts of 50 and 81 039 similar HIV‐negative people; although eosinophil count was associated with prevalent hypertension, this relationship was abrogated by body mass index. Conclusions These findings may represent a unique linkage between immune status and cardiovascular physiological characteristics in HIV infection, which should be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Livingstone Zambia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia.,Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - Fernando Elijovich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - Benson M Hamooya
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Livingstone Zambia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
| | - Selestine Nzala
- Department of Medical Education Development University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
| | - Douglas C Heimburger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - Wilbroad Mutale
- Department of Health Policy and Management School of Public Health University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
| | - Sody M Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Vanderbilt University Nashville TN
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20
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Seniuk A, Thiele JL, Stubbe A, Oser P, Rosendahl A, Bode M, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Wenzel UO, Ehmke H. B6.Rag1 Knockout Mice Generated at the Jackson Laboratory in 2009 Show a Robust Wild-Type Hypertensive Phenotype in Response to Ang II (Angiotensin II). Hypertension 2020; 75:1110-1116. [PMID: 32078412 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A key finding supporting a causal role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension is the observation that RAG1 knockout mice on a C57Bl/6J background (B6.Rag1-/-), which lack functional B and T cells, develop a much milder hypertensive response to Ang II (angiotensin II) than control C57Bl/6J mice. Here, we report that we never observed any Ang II resistance of B6.Rag1-/- mice purchased directly from the Jackson Laboratory as early as 2009. B6.Rag1-/- mice displayed nearly identical blood pressure increases monitored via radiotelemetry and hypertensive end-organ damage in response to different doses of Ang II and different levels of salt intake (0.02%, 0.3%, and 3% NaCl diet). Similarly, restoration of T-cell immunity by adoptive cell transfer did not affect the blood pressure response to Ang II in B6.Rag1-/- mice. Full development of the hypertension-resistant phenotype in B6.Rag1-/- mice appears to depend on the action of yet unidentified nongenetic modifiers in addition to the absence of functional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Seniuk
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Jonas L Thiele
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra Stubbe
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Oser
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alva Rosendahl
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Marlies Bode
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich O Wenzel
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Heimo Ehmke
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
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21
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Wen Y, Rudemiller NP, Zhang J, Lu X, Ren J, Privratsky JR, Griffiths R, Zhang JJ, Hammer GE, Crowley SD. C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 7 Exacerbates Hypertension Through Effects on T Lymphocyte Trafficking. Hypertension 2020; 75:869-876. [PMID: 31983306 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated T lymphocytes that infiltrate blood pressure control organs make a critical contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Dendritic cells act as potent antigen-presenting cells to stimulate prohypertensive T cells. However, the mechanisms that facilitate the recruitment of prohypertensive T cells and dendritic cells into the kidney's draining lymph node during hypertension require elucidation. As CCR7 (C-C motif chemokine receptor type 7) directs the homing of lymphocytes and dendritic cells into lymph nodes, we posited that dendritic cell-mediated T lymphocyte stimulation in the renal lymph node is CCR7 dependent and required for a full hypertensive response. We found that CCR7-deficient (CCR7 KO) mice had a blunted hypertensive response in our model of chronic Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion. Ang II-infused CCR7 KO animals had exaggerated accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the kidney but reduced numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the kidney's draining lymph node. To understand whether CCR7-dependent homing of T lymphocytes or dendritic cells into the lymph node regulates the hypertensive response, we injected CCR7 KO or wild-type T cells or dendritic cells into CCR7 KO recipients, neither of which restored the full hypertensive response to Ang II infusion. However, adoptive transfer of wild-type but not CCR7 KO T lymphocytes into RAG1 (recombination-activating gene 1)-deficient mice that lack a lymphocyte niche restored full blood pressure elevation during Ang II infusion. Thus, CCR7-dependent interactions between T lymphocytes and dendritic cells are essential for T lymphocyte stimulation and hypertension accruing from inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Jiafa Ren
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Jamie R Privratsky
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.R.P.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Robert Griffiths
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
| | - Junyi J Zhang
- Immunology (J.J.Z., G.H.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Gianna E Hammer
- Immunology (J.J.Z., G.H.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (G.H.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Steven D Crowley
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Center, NC (Y.W., N.P.R., J.Z., X.L., J.R., R.G., S.D.C.)
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22
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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23
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Lu X, Rudemiller NP, Wen Y, Ren J, Hammer GE, Griffiths R, Privratsky JR, Yang B, Sparks MA, Crowley SD. A20 in Myeloid Cells Protects Against Hypertension by Inhibiting Dendritic Cell-Mediated T-Cell Activation. Circ Res 2019; 125:1055-1066. [PMID: 31630621 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ubiquitin-editing protein A20 in dendritic cells (DCs) suppresses NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) signaling and constrains DC-mediated T-cell stimulation, but the role of A20 in modulating the hypertensive response requires elucidation. OBJECTIVE Here, we tested the hypothesis that A20 in CD11c-expressing myeloid cells mitigates Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension by limiting renal T-cell activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with heterozygous deletion of A20 in CD11c-expressing myeloid cells (DC ACT[Cd11c-Cre+ A20flox/wt]) have spontaneous DC activation but have normal baseline blood pressures. In response to low-dose chronic Ang II infusion, DC ACT mice compared with WT (wild type) controls had an exaggerated hypertensive response and augmented proportions of CD62LloCD44hi effector memory T lymphocytes in the kidney lymph node. After 10 days of Ang II, DC ACT kidneys had increased numbers of memory effector CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells, compared with WTs. Moreover, the expressions of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) were upregulated in the DC ACT renal CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Saline challenge testing revealed enhanced renal fluid retention in the DC ACT mice. DC ACT kidneys showed augmented protein expression of γ-epithelial sodium channel and NHE3 (sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3). DC ACT mice also had greater reductions in renal blood flow following acute injections with Ang II and enhanced oxidant stress in the vasculature as evidenced by higher circulating levels of malondialdehyde compared with WT controls. To directly test whether enhanced T-cell activation in the DC ACT cohort was responsible for their exaggerated hypertensive response, we chronically infused Ang II into lymphocyte-deficient DC ACT Rag1 (recombination activating protein 1)-deficient (Rag1-/-) mice and WT (Cd11c-Cre- A20flox/wt) Rag1-/- controls. The difference in blood pressure elevation accruing from DC activation was abrogated on the Rag1-/- strain. CONCLUSIONS Following stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, A20 suppresses DC activation and thereby mitigates T-cell-dependent blood pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lu
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Yi Wen
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Jiafa Ren
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Gianna E Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (G.E.H.).,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC (G.E.H.)
| | - Robert Griffiths
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Jamie R Privratsky
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Bo Yang
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
| | - Steven D Crowley
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC (X.L., N.P.R., Y.W., J.R., R.G., J.R.P., B.Y., M.A.S., S.D.C.)
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24
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Jeong J, Lee J, Lim J, Cho S, An S, Lee M, Yoon N, Seo M, Lim S, Park S. Soluble RAGE attenuates AngII-induced endothelial hyperpermeability by disrupting HMGB1-mediated crosstalk between AT1R and RAGE. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31562296 PMCID: PMC6802637 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability, one of the earliest signs of endothelial dysfunction, is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) regulates endothelial permeability in inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of RAGE in endothelial hyperpermeability induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), a well-known inflammatory mediator, and the potential therapeutic effect of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a decoy receptor for RAGE ligands. For in vitro studies, Ang II-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with siRNA specific to either RAGE or sRAGE to disrupt RAGE-mediated signaling. Endothelial permeability was estimated using FITC-labeled dextran 40 and a resistance meter. To evaluate intercellular junction disruption, VE-cadherin expression was examined by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Ang II increased the expression of the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and RAGE, and this increase was inhibited by sRAGE. sRAGE prevented Ang II-induced VE-cadherin disruption in HUVECs. For in vivo studies, Ang II-infused, atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout mice were utilized. Endothelial permeability was assessed by Evans blue staining of the aorta. Ang II increased endothelial barrier permeability, and this effect was significantly attenuated by sRAGE. Our data demonstrate that blockade of RAGE signaling using sRAGE attenuates Ang II-induced endothelial barrier permeability in vitro and in vivo and indicate the therapeutic potential of sRAGE in controlling vascular permeability under pathological conditions. A decoy version of a protein involved in regulating the leakiness of blood vessels can help ameliorate vascular problems that lead to high blood pressure and plaque deposition in the arteries. A team from South Korea led by Soyeon Lim from Catholic Kwandong University in Gangneung and Sungha Park from Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul induced hyper-permeability in both human vein cells and atherosclerosis-prone mice. They then blocked signaling through a membrane-bound protein called RAGE, a receptor that helps boost vessel permeability by using a soluble version of this same protein. In both the human cells and mouse models, this free-floating RAGE bound and blocked the receptor’s normal activator, leading to suppressed permeability and improved function of the blood vessel lining. This decoy strategy holds therapeutic promise for people prone to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Jeong
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Jiye Lee
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lim
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Soyoung Cho
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.,Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Soyoung An
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Myungeun Lee
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Nara Yoon
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Miran Seo
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25601, Korea.
| | - Sungha Park
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.
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25
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Van Beusecum JP, Barbaro NR, McDowell Z, Aden LA, Xiao L, Pandey AK, Itani HA, Himmel LE, Harrison DG, Kirabo A. High Salt Activates CD11c + Antigen-Presenting Cells via SGK (Serum Glucocorticoid Kinase) 1 to Promote Renal Inflammation and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 74:555-563. [PMID: 31280647 PMCID: PMC6687568 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensing mechanisms in hypertension involving the kidney, vasculature, and central nervous system have been well studied; however, recent studies suggest that immune cells can sense sodium (Na+). Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells critically modulate inflammation by activating T cells and producing cytokines. We recently found that Na+ enters dendritic cells through amiloride-sensitive channels including the α and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and mediates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent formation of immunogenic IsoLG (isolevuglandin)-protein adducts leading to inflammation and hypertension. Here, we describe a novel pathway in which the salt-sensing kinase SGK1 (serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1) in APCs mediates salt-induced expression and assembly of ENaC-α and ENaC-γ and promotes salt-sensitive hypertension by activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and formation of IsoLG-protein adducts. Mice lacking SGK1 in CD11c+ cells were protected from renal inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and developed blunted hypertension during the high salt feeding phase of the N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride/high salt model of salt-sensitive hypertension. CD11c+ APCs treated with high salt exhibited increased expression of ENaC-γ which coimmunoprecipitated with ENaC-α. This was associated with increased activation and expression of various nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 in CD11c+ cells prevented the high salt-induced expression of ENaC and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. These studies indicate that expression of SGK1 in CD11c+ APCs contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Natalia R. Barbaro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Zoe McDowell
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Luul A. Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Arvind K. Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hana A. Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lauren E. Himmel
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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26
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Adam M, Kooreman NG, Jagger A, Wagenhäuser MU, Mehrkens D, Wang Y, Kayama Y, Toyama K, Raaz U, Schellinger IN, Maegdefessel L, Spin JM, Hamming JF, Quax PHA, Baldus S, Wu JC, Tsao PS. Systemic Upregulation of IL-10 (Interleukin-10) Using a Nonimmunogenic Vector Reduces Growth and Rate of Dissecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1796-1805. [PMID: 29880489 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Recruitment of immunologic competent cells to the vessel wall is a crucial step in formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Innate immunity effectors (eg, macrophages), as well as mediators of adaptive immunity (eg, T cells), orchestrate a local vascular inflammatory response. IL-10 (interleukin-10) is an immune-regulatory cytokine with a crucial role in suppression of inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that an increase in systemic IL-10-levels would mitigate AAA progression. Approach and Results- Using a single intravenous injection protocol, we transfected an IL-10 transcribing nonimmunogenic minicircle vector into the Ang II (angiotensin II)-ApoE-/- infusion mouse model of AAA. IL-10 minicircle transfection significantly reduced average aortic diameter measured via ultrasound at day 28 from 166.1±10.8% (control) to 131.0±5.8% (IL-10 transfected). Rates of dissecting AAA were reduced by IL-10 treatment, with an increase in freedom from dissecting AAA from 21.5% to 62.3%. Using flow cytometry of aortic tissue from minicircle IL-10-treated animals, we found a significantly higher percentage of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3 (forkhead box P3)+ regulatory T cells, with fewer CD8+/GZMB+ (granzyme B) cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, isolated aortic macrophages produced less TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), more IL-10, and were more likely to be MRC1 (mannose receptor, C type 1)-positive alternatively activated macrophages. These results concurred with gene expression analysis of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated and Ang II-primed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions- Taken together, we provide an effective gene therapy approach to AAA in mice by enhancing antiinflammatory and dampening proinflammatory pathways through minicircle-induced augmentation of systemic IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Adam
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, University Heart Center, Germany (M.A., D.M., S.B.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Nigel Geoffrey Kooreman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (N.G.K., J.F.H., P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Ann Jagger
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Markus U Wagenhäuser
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Dennis Mehrkens
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, University Heart Center, Germany (M.A., D.M., S.B.)
| | - Yongming Wang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.)
| | - Yosuke Kayama
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Kensuke Toyama
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Uwe Raaz
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.).,Heart Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany (U.R., I.N.S.)
| | - Isabel N Schellinger
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.).,Heart Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany (U.R., I.N.S.)
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.M.)
| | - Joshua M Spin
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
| | - Jaap F Hamming
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (N.G.K., J.F.H., P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (N.G.K., J.F.H., P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, University Heart Center, Germany (M.A., D.M., S.B.)
| | - Joseph C Wu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.)
| | - Philip S Tsao
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.A., N.G.K., A.J., M.U.W., Y.W., YK., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., L.M., J.M.S., J.C.W., P.S.T.).,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (M.A., A.J., M.U.W., Y.K., K.T., U.R., I.N.S., J.M.S., P.S.T.)
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27
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Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as predictor for incident hypertension: a 9-year cohort study in Taiwan. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1209-1214. [PMID: 30850753 PMCID: PMC8075864 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has received much attention in recent decades and has been a novel inflammatory marker. NLR has been applied in predicting the prognosis of malignancies, mortality, and chronic diseases. Additionally, hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, a previous diagnosis of hypertension, and taking any antihypertensive drug, has been one of the most common chronic diseases in Asia and is currently the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Thus, we aimed to investigate the correlation between NLR and prevalent hypertension in the Taiwanese population. From the data of routine health checkups at the General Health Promotion Center in the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH), a total of 6278 participants were included. The NLR value was divided into tertiles. The Cox regression model revealed that the highest NLR group tended to be hypertensive (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.59) after adjustment. Individuals were also divided into age-specific, BMI-specific, or sex-specific groups; compared with the lowest NLR group, elderly individuals in the highest tertile of NLR were relatively likely to be hypertensive after covariate adjustment (HR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.19–2.96). Furthermore, a male group aged more than 60 years was reported to have a significant association with hypertension (HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.06–3.18). However, there was no significant difference in the BMI-based stratified groups, even after adjustment. Our research revealed a significant association between the NLR and incident hypertension, especially in elderly or male Taiwanese individuals.
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28
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Du YN, Tang XF, Xu L, Chen WD, Gao PJ, Han WQ. SGK1-FoxO1 Signaling Pathway Mediates Th17/Treg Imbalance and Target Organ Inflammation in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1581. [PMID: 30524295 PMCID: PMC6262360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and the downstream transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) plays a critical role in the differentiation of T helper 17 cells/regulatory T cells (Th17/Treg). In the present study, we hypothesized that this SGK1-FoxO1 signaling pathway is involved in Th17/Treg imbalance and target organ damage in angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertensive mice. Results show that SGK1 inhibitor EMD638683 significantly reversed renal dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction in echocardiography as indicated by decreased blood urine nitrogen and serum creatinine in AngII-infused mice. Flow cytometric assay shows that there was significant Th17/Treg imbalance in spleen and in renal/cardiac infiltrating lymphocytes as indicated by the increased Th17 cells (CD4+-IL17A+ cells) and decreased Treg cells (CD4+-Foxp3+). Consistently, real-time PCR shows that Th17-related cytokines including IL-17A, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased and Treg-related cytokine IL-10 was decreased in renal and cardiac infiltrating lymphocytes in AngII-infused mice. Meanwhile, SGK1 protein level, as well as its phosphorylation and activity, was significantly increased in spleen in AngII-infused rats. Furthermore, it was found that splenic phosphorylated FoxO1 was significantly increased, whereas total FoxO1 in nuclear preparation was significantly decreased in AngII-infused mice, suggesting that increased FoxO1 phosphorylation initiate its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. Notably, all changes were significantly inhibited by the treatment of EMD638683. These results suggest that SGK1 was involved in Th17/Treg imbalance and target organ damage in AngII-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Dong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Low-grade inflammation drives elevations in blood pressure (BP) and consequent target organ damage in diverse experimental models of hypertension. Here, we discuss recent advances elucidating immune-mediated mechanisms of BP elevation and associated target organ damage. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory mediators produced by immune cells or target organs act on the kidney, vasculature, skin, and nervous system to modulate hypertension. For example, cells of the innate immune system, including monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs), can all promote BP elevation via actions in the vasculature and kidney. Macrophages expressing VEGF-C impact non-osmotic sodium storage in the skin that in turn regulates salt sensitivity. Within the adaptive immune system, activated T cells can secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), each of which has augmented BP and renal damage in pre-clinical models. Inversely, deficiency of IL-17a in mice blunts the hypertensive response and attenuates renal sodium retention via a serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1)-dependent pathway. Linking innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells activated by augmented extracellular sodium concentrations stimulate T lymphocytes to produce pro-hypertensive cytokines. By contrast, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can protect against hypertension and associated kidney injury. Rodent studies reveal diverse mechanisms via which cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems drive blood pressure elevation by altering the inflammatory milieu in the kidney, vasculature, and brain.
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Dai X, Hua L, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Liang C. Mechanisms in hypertension and target organ damage: Is the role of the thymus key? (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3-12. [PMID: 29620247 PMCID: PMC5979885 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cells and cytokines have been shown to be involved in the whole process of hypertension. Data from experimental and clinical studies on hypertension have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in the process. Dysfunction of the thymus, which modulates the development and maturation of lymphocytes, has been shown to be associated with the severity of hypertension. Furthermore, gradual atrophy, functional decline or loss of the thymus has been revealed to be associated with aging. The restoration or enhancement of thymus function via upregulation in the expression of thymus transcription factors forkhead box N1 or thymus transplantation may provide an option to halt or reverse the pathological process of hypertension. Therefore, the thymus may be key in hypertension and associated target organ damage, and may provide a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with hypertension in addition to different commercial drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the advances in our understanding of the impact of thymus function on hypertension from data from animal and human studies, and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiamei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yanda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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31
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Byrne CJ, Khurana S, Kumar A, Tai TC. Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30013513 PMCID: PMC6036303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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32
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Up-regulation of renal renin-angiotensin system and inflammatory mechanisms in the prenatal programming by low-protein diet: beneficial effect of the post-weaning losartan treatment. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:530-535. [PMID: 29729681 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is affected by adverse maternal nutrition during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a maternal low-protein diet on proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and RAS components in kidney samples isolated from adult male offspring. We hypothesized that post-weaning losartan treatment would have beneficial effects on RAS activity and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in these animals. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a control (20% casein) or low-protein diet (LP) (6% casein) throughout gestation. After weaning, the LP pups were randomly assigned to LP and LP-losartan groups (AT1 receptor blockade: 10 mg/kg/day until 20 weeks of age). At 20 weeks of age, blood pressure levels were higher and renal RAS was activated in the LP group. We also observed several adverse effects in the kidneys of the LP group, including a higher number of CD3, CD68 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and higher levels of collagen and reactive oxygen species in the kidney. Further, our results revealed that post-weaning losartan treatment completely abolished immune cell infiltration and intrarenal RAS activation in the kidneys of LP rats. The prevention of augmentation of angiotensin (Ang II) concentration abolished inflammatory and fibrotic events, indicating that Ang II via the AT1 receptor is essential for pathological initiation. Our results suggest that the prenatal programming of hypertension is dependent on the up-regulation of local RAS and presence of immune cells in the kidney.
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33
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Abais-Battad JM, Lund H, Fehrenbach DJ, Dasinger JH, Mattson DL. Rag1-null Dahl SS rats reveal that adaptive immune mechanisms exacerbate high protein-induced hypertension and renal injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00201.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study, performed in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and SS- Rag1-/- rats lacking T and B lymphocytes, tested the hypothesis that immune cells amplify salt-sensitive hypertension and kidney damage in response to a high-protein diet. After being weaned, SS and SS- Rag1-/- rats were placed on an isocaloric, 0.4% NaCl diet containing normal (18%) or high (30%) protein. At 9 wk of age, rats were switched to a 4.0% NaCl diet containing the same amount of dietary protein and maintained on the high-salt diet for 3 wk. After being fed the high-salt diet, SS rats fed high protein had amplified hypertension and albumin excretion (158.7 ± 2.6 mmHg and 140.8 ± 16.0 mg/day, respectively, means ± SE) compared with SS rats fed normal protein (139.4 ± 3.6 mmHg and 69.4 ± 11.3 mg/day). When compared with the SS rats, SS- Rag1-/- rats fed high protein were protected from exacerbated hypertension and albuminuria (142.9 ± 5.8 mmHg and 66.2 ± 10.8 mg/day). After 3 wk of the high-salt diet, there was a corresponding increase in total leukocyte infiltration (CD45+) in the kidneys of both strains fed high-protein diet. The SS- Rag1-/- rats fed high-protein diet had 74-86% fewer CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD45R+ B lymphocytes infiltrating the kidney versus SS rats, but there was no difference in the infiltration of CD11b/c+ monocytes and macrophages, suggesting that the protective effects observed in the SS- Rag1-/- rats are specific to the reduction of lymphocytes. With the SS- Rag1-/- rats utilized as a novel tool to explore the effects of lymphocyte deficiency, these results provide evidence that adaptive immune mechanisms contribute to the exacerbation of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury mediated by increased dietary protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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34
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Wen Y, Liu Y, Tang T, Lv L, Liu H, Ma K, Liu B. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in Ang II-induced kidney damage via mitochondrial dysfunction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54290-54302. [PMID: 27509058 PMCID: PMC5342342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation promotes the development of tubulointerstitial inflammation and progression of renal injury. We previously found that mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical determinant for the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in albumin-overload rats. Angiotensin (Ang) II plays an important role in mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we investigated the role of Ang II in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in this process. In vitro, Ang II triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and this effect is mediated by AT1 receptor rather than AT2 receptor. MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial targeted antioxidant, attenuated Ang II induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production and NLRP3 inflammation activation. Following chronic Ang II infusion for 28 days, we observed remarkable tubular epithelial cells (TECs) injury, mitochondrial damage, and albuminuria in WT mice. However, these abnormalities were significantly attenuated in AT1 receptor KO mice. Then, we examined the role of mitochondria in Ang II-infused mice with or without mitoTEMPO treatment. As expected, Ang II-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was markedly inhibited by mitoTEMPO. Notably, NLRP3 deletion signally protected TECs from Ang II-triggered mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Ang II induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in TECs which is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taotao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linli Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bicheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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35
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Hevia D, Araos P, Prado C, Fuentes Luppichini E, Rojas M, Alzamora R, Cifuentes-Araneda F, Gonzalez AA, Amador CA, Pacheco R, Michea L. Myeloid CD11c + Antigen-Presenting Cells Ablation Prevents Hypertension in Response to Angiotensin II Plus High-Salt Diet. Hypertension 2018; 71:709-718. [PMID: 29378857 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are involved in the development of inflammation associated to hypertension. However, the potential role of APCs in the modulation of renal sodium transport has not been addressed. We hypothesized that APCs participate in renal sodium transport and, thus, development of high blood pressure in response to angiotensin II plus a high-salt diet. Using transgenic mice that allow the ablation of CD11chigh APCs, we studied renal sodium transport, the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system components, blood pressure, and cardiac/renal tissue damage in response to angiotensin II plus a high-salt diet. Strikingly, we found that APCs are required for the development of hypertension and that the ablation/restitution of APCs produces rapid changes in the blood pressure in mice with angiotensin II plus a high-salt diet. Moreover, APCs were necessary for the induction of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system components and affected the modulation of natriuresis and tubular sodium transporters. Consistent with the prevention of hypertension, the ablation of APCs also prevented cardiac hypertrophy and the induction of several indicators of renal and cardiac damage. Thus, our findings indicate a prominent role of APCs as modulators of blood pressure by mechanisms including renal sodium handling, with kinetics that suggest the involvement of tubular cell functions in addition to the modulation of inflammation and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hevia
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Patricio Araos
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Carolina Prado
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Eugenia Fuentes Luppichini
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Macarena Rojas
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Alzamora
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Flavia Cifuentes-Araneda
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Cristian A Amador
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Luis Michea
- From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., R.A., L.M.) and Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (D.H., P.A., E.F.L., M.R., L.M.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.P.); Millenium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile (R.A.); Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (F.C.-A., A.A.G.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago (C.A.A.); and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (R.P.).
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36
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Wade B, Petrova G, Mattson DL. Role of immune factors in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R323-R333. [PMID: 29118017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the importance of immunity in angiotensin (ANG) II (5 ng·kg-1·min-1 iv)-mediated hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and SS rats deficient in T and B lymphocytes (SSRag1-/-) fed a 0.4% NaCl diet. Baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was not different between groups. ANG II infusion significantly increased MAP in both groups, although MAP increased more rapidly in SS rats, and the maximal MAP achieved was significantly greater in SS than SSRag1-/- rats (190 ± 3 vs. 177 ± 3 mmHg) after 12 days. Renal damage, as assessed by albumin excretion rate, was significantly increased after 12 days of ANG lI infusion in SS (from 32 ± 4 to 81 ± 9 mg/day) and SSRag1-/- (from 12 ± 2 to 51 ± 8 mg/day) rats; albumin excretion rate was significantly different between SS and SSRag1-/- rats at all points measured. After 9 days of recovery from ANG II, MAP was decreased to a greater extent in SSRag1-/- than SS rats (143 ± 5 vs. 157 ± 8 mmHg) compared with the peak MAP during ANG II infusion. At this same time point, albumin excretion rate was significantly lower in SSRag1-/- than SS rats (42 ± 8 vs. 66 ± 7 mg/day). Further studies demonstrated an increase in CD45+ total leukocytes, CD11b/c+ macrophages/monocytes, and CD3+ T cells in kidneys of ANG II- compared with vehicle-treated SS rats. The present data suggest that infiltrating T cells in the kidney exacerbate renal damage in ANG II-induced hypertension in SS rats maintained on a 0.4% NaCl diet, similar to results observed with a salt stimulus in SS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Wade
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Galina Petrova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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37
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Luque Y, Lenoir O, Bonnin P, Hardy L, Chipont A, Placier S, Vandermeersch S, Xu-Dubois YC, Robin B, Lazareth H, Souyri M, Guyonnet L, Baudrie V, Camerer E, Rondeau E, Mesnard L, Tharaux PL. Endothelial Epas1 Deficiency Is Sufficient To Promote Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation and FSGS in Experimental Hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3563-3578. [PMID: 28928136 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
FSGS, the most common primary glomerular disorder causing ESRD, is a complex disease that is only partially understood. Progressive sclerosis is a hallmark of FSGS, and genetic tracing studies have shown that parietal epithelial cells participate in the formation of sclerotic lesions. The loss of podocytes triggers a focal activation of parietal epithelial cells, which subsequently form cellular adhesions with the capillary tuft. However, in the absence of intrinsic podocyte alterations, the origin of the pathogenic signal that triggers parietal epithelial cell recruitment remains elusive. In this study, investigation of the role of the endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1), a regulatory α subunit of the hypoxia-inducible factor complex, during angiotensin II-induced hypertensive nephropathy provided novel insights into FSGS pathogenesis in the absence of a primary podocyte abnormality. We infused angiotensin II into endothelial-selective Epas1 knockout mice and their littermate controls. Although the groups presented with identical high BP, endothelial-specific Epas1 gene deletion accentuated albuminuria with severe podocyte lesions and recruitment of pathogenic parietal glomerular epithelial cells. These lesions and dysfunction of the glomerular filtration barrier were associated with FSGS in endothelial Epas1-deficient mice only. These results indicate that endothelial EPAS1 has a global protective role during glomerular hypertensive injuries without influencing the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II. Furthermore, these findings provide proof of principle that endothelial-derived signaling can trigger FSGS and illustrate the potential importance of the EPAS1 endothelial transcription factor in secondary FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosu Luque
- Critical Care Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- Department of Physiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche 965, and
| | | | - Anna Chipont
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yi-Chun Xu-Dubois
- Critical Care Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155
| | - Blaise Robin
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Lazareth
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Souyri
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Léa Guyonnet
- National Cytometry Platform, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; and
| | | | - Eric Camerer
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC).,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Rondeau
- Critical Care Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mesnard
- Critical Care Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Renal Division, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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38
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Wenzel P, Kossmann S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox regulation of cardiovascular inflammation - Immunomodulatory function of mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:48-60. [PMID: 28108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major hallmark of cardiovascular diseases although a causal link was so far not proven by large clinical trials. However, there is a close association between oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing evidence for a causal role of (low-grade) inflammation for the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, which may serve as the missing link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the present review we would like to highlight the multiple redox regulated pathways in inflammation, discuss the sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are of interest for these processes and finally discuss the importance of angiotensin II (AT-II) as a trigger of cardiovascular inflammation and the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany.
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39
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Taylor EB, Ryan MJ. Immunosuppression With Mycophenolate Mofetil Attenuates Hypertension in an Experimental Model of Autoimmune Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005394. [PMID: 28242635 PMCID: PMC5524041 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects women and is associated with prevalent hypertension, renal injury, and cardiovascular disease. Immune system dysfunction is recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We recently showed that preventing autoimmunity prevents the development of hypertension in an experimental model of SLE (female NZBWF1 mice). The present study tests the hypothesis that mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an immunosuppressive therapy used clinically to treat SLE by depleting proliferating B and T lymphocytes, can improve blood pressure control. Methods and Results Female SLE and control (NZW/LacJ) mice were treated daily for 8 weeks with 60 mg/kg MMF. Circulating CD45R+ B cells were lower in MMF‐treated SLE mice after 4 weeks of treatment, but neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cells were reduced by MMF. Plasma anti–double‐stranded DNA IgG autoantibodies, a marker of SLE disease activity, were higher in SLE mice compared with controls and were lower in SLE mice after 8 weeks of MMF. Mean arterial pressure was elevated in SLE mice compared with controls and lower in SLE mice treated with MMF compared with vehicle‐treated SLE mice. MMF also reduced both renal injury (urinary albumin excretion and glomerulosclerosis) and the infiltration of CD45R+ B cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells in kidneys from mice with SLE. Conclusions These data suggest that MMF selectively depleted CD45R+ B cells and lowered subsequent autoantibody production, furthering the concept that autoantibodies mechanistically contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Silva-Filho JL, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Targeting Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor (AT 1R) Inhibits the Harmful Phenotype of Plasmodium-Specific CD8 + T Cells during Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:42. [PMID: 28261571 PMCID: PMC5311040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell response is critical in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria during blood-stage. Our group and other have been shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1 (AT1R), a key effector axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have immune regulatory effects on T cells. Previously, we showed that inhibition of AT1R signaling protects mice against the lethal disease induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection However, most of the Ang II/AT1R actions were characterized by using only pharmacological approaches, the effects of which may not always be due to a specific receptor blockade. In addition, the mechanisms of action of the AT1R in inducing the pathogenic activity of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage were not determined. Here, we examined how angiotensin II/AT1R axis promotes the harmful response of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T-cell during blood-stage by using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We evaluated the response of wild-type (WT) and AT1R−/−Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells in mice infected with a transgenic PbA lineage expressing ovalbumin; and in parallel infected mice receiving WT Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells were treated with losartan (AT1R antagonist) or captopril (ACE inhibitor). Both, AT1R−/− OT-I cells and WT OT-I cells from losartan- or captopril-treated mice showed lower expansion, reduced IL-2 production and IL-2Rα expression, lower activation (lower expression of CD69, CD44 and CD160) and lower exhaustion profiles. AT1R−/− OT-I cells also exhibit lower expression of the integrin LFA-1 and the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, known to play a key role in the development of cerebral malaria. Moreover, AT1R−/− OT-I cells produce lower amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and show lower degranulation upon restimulation. In conclusion, our results show the pivotal mechanisms of AT1R-induced harmful phenotype of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana A S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Velez JCQ, Arif E, Rodgers J, Hicks MP, Arthur JM, Nihalani D, Bruner ET, Budisavljevic MN, Atkinson C, Fitzgibbon WR, Janech MG. Deficiency of the Angiotensinase Aminopeptidase A Increases Susceptibility to Glomerular Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2119-2132. [PMID: 28202497 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase A (APA) is expressed in glomerular podocytes and tubular epithelia and metabolizes angiotensin II (AngII), a peptide known to promote glomerulosclerosis. In this study, we tested whether APA expression changes in response to progressive nephron loss or whether APA exerts a protective role against glomerular damage and during AngII-mediated hypertensive kidney injury. At advanced stages of FSGS, fawn-hooded hypertensive rat kidneys exhibited distinctly increased APA staining in areas of intact glomerular capillary loops. Moreover, BALB/c APA-knockout (KO) mice injected with a nephrotoxic serum showed persistent glomerular hyalinosis and albuminuria 96 hours after injection, whereas wild-type controls achieved virtually full recovery. We then tested the effect of 4-week infusion of AngII (400 ng/kg per minute) in APA-KO and wild-type mice. Although we observed no significant difference in achieved systolic BP, AngII-treated APA-KO mice developed a significant rise in albuminuria not observed in AngII-treated wild-type mice along with increased segmental and global sclerosis and/or collapse of juxtamedullary glomeruli, microcystic tubular dilation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In parallel, AngII treatment significantly increased the kidney AngII content and attenuated the expression of podocyte nephrin in APA-KO mice but not in wild-type controls. These data show that deficiency of APA increases susceptibility to glomerular injury in BALB/c mice. The augmented AngII-mediated kidney injury observed in association with increased intrarenal AngII accumulation in the absence of APA suggests a protective metabolizing role of APA in AngII-mediated glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Q Velez
- Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | | | | | - Megan P Hicks
- Institute of Public and Preventative Health, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - John M Arthur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | | | | | - Carl Atkinson
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Hammer A, Stegbauer J, Linker RA. Macrophages in neuroinflammation: role of the renin-angiotensin-system. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:431-444. [PMID: 28190090 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential players of the innate immune system which are involved in the initiation and progression of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including neuroinflammation. In the past few years, it has become increasingly clear that the regulation of macrophage responses by the local tissue milieu is also influenced by mediators which were first discovered as regulators in the nervous or also cardiovascular system. Here, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major focus of current research. Besides its classical role in blood pressure control, body fluid, and electrolyte homeostasis, the RAS may influence (auto)immune responses, modulate T cells, and particularly act on macrophages via different signaling pathways. Activation of classical RAS pathways including angiotensin (Ang) II and AngII type 1 (AT1R) receptors may drive pro-inflammatory macrophage responses in neuroinflammation via regulation of chemokines. More recently, alternative RAS pathways were described, such as binding of Ang-(1-7) to its receptor Mas. Signaling via Mas pathways may counteract some of the AngII/AT1R-mediated effects. In macrophages, the Ang-(1-7)/Mas exerts beneficial effects on neuroinflammation via modulating macrophage polarization, migration, and T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. These data delineate a pivotal role of the RAS in inflammation of the nervous system and identify RAS modulation as a potential new target for immunotherapy with a special focus on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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De Ciuceis C, Rossini C, Airò P, Scarsi M, Tincani A, Tiberio GAM, Piantoni S, Porteri E, Solaini L, Duse S, Semeraro F, Petroboni B, Mori L, Castellano M, Gavazzi A, Agabiti Rosei C, Agabiti Rosei E, Rizzoni D. Relationship Between Different Subpopulations of Circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes and Microvascular Structural Alterations in Humans. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:51-60. [PMID: 27653031 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different components of the immune system, including innate and adaptive immunity (T-effector lymphocytes and T-regulatory lymphocytes-TREGs) may be involved in the development of hypertension. In addition, it was demonstrated in animal models that TREGs may prevent angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular injury/inflammation. However, no data are presently available in humans about possible relationships between T-lymphocyte subtypes and microvascular structural alterations. METHODS For this purpose, in the present study, we enrolled 24 normotensive subjects and 12 hypertensive patients undergoing an elective surgical intervention. No sign of local or systemic inflammation was present. All patients underwent a biopsy of subcutaneous fat during surgery. Subcutaneous small resistance arteries were dissected and mounted on a wire myograph and the media to lumen ratio (M/L) was calculated. In addition, retinal arteriolar structure was evaluated noninvasively by scanning laser Doppler flowmetry. Capillary density in the nailfold, dorsum of the finger, and forearm were evaluated by videomicroscopy. A peripheral blood sample was obtained before surgery for assessment of T-lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. RESULTS Significant negative correlations were observed between indices of microvascular structure (M/L of subcutaneous small arteries and wall to lumen ratio of retinal arterioles) and circulating TREG lymphocytes. A direct correlation was observed between M/L of subcutaneous small arteries and circulating Th17 lymphocytes. In addition, total capillary density was correlated with a TREG effector memory subpopulation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that some lymphocyte subpopulations may be related to microvascular remodeling, confirming previous animal data, and opening therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Rossini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Airò
- Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mirko Scarsi
- Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Tincani
- Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Piantoni
- Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Porteri
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Solaini
- Institute of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sarah Duse
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Petroboni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Mori
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Castellano
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Gavazzi
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Agabiti Rosei
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Agabiti Rosei
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;
- Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Division of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
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44
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Thatcher SE. A Brief Introduction into the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: New and Old Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1614:1-19. [PMID: 28500591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex system of enzymes, receptors, and peptides that help to control blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Techniques in studying the RAAS can be difficult due to such factors as peptide/enzyme stability and receptor localization. This paper gives a brief account of the different components of the RAAS and current methods in measuring each component. There is also a discussion of different methods in measuring stem and immune cells by flow cytometry, hypertension, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, energy balance, and other RAAS-activated phenotypes. While studies on the RAAS have been performed for over 100 years, new techniques have allowed scientists to come up with new insights into this system. These techniques are detailed in this Methods in Molecular Biology Series and give students new to studying the RAAS the proper controls and technical details needed to perform each procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg, 593, 900 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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45
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Abstract
It has become clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of hypertension via myriad effects. ROS are essential for normal cell function; however, they mediate pathologic changes in the brain, the kidney, and blood vessels that contribute to the genesis of chronic hypertension. There is also emerging evidence that ROS contribute to immune activation in hypertension. This article discusses these events and how they coordinate to contribute to hypertension and its consequent end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Loperena
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Drive, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Drive, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Osada-Oka M, Shiota M, Izumi Y, Nishiyama M, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi T, Sakurai E, Miura K, Iwao H. Macrophage-derived exosomes induce inflammatory factors in endothelial cells under hypertensive conditions. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:353-360. [PMID: 27881852 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors and results in macrophage infiltration of blood vessels. However, how macrophages coordinate inflammatory responses with endothelial cells (ECs) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether exosomes upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors in ECs under hypertensive conditions. Hypertension was induced in rats by continuous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II). Exosomes were purified from rat serum by density gradient and ultracentrifugation and used to stimulate human coronary artery ECs (HCAECs). Moreover, the interactions between HCAECs and exosomes from human THP-1-derived macrophages were analyzed. Administration of Ang II enhanced the expression of CD68, a macrophage marker, in rat hearts, suggesting enhanced infiltration of macrophages. In addition, the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a proinflammatory factor, was increased in hypertensive rat hearts compared with control rats. CD68 protein expression and an increase in the expression of some exosome markers were detected in exosomes from hypertensive rat serum. Moreover, the exosomes upregulated the expression levels of ICAM1 and PAI-1 in HCAECs. The level of miR-17, a negative regulator of ICAM1 expression, was markedly decreased in exosomes from hypertensive rat serum compared with exosomes from control rats. Interestingly, Ang II-stimulated THP-1-derived exosomes also enhanced the expression of ICAM1 and PAI-1 and contained reduced levels of miR-17 compared with exosomes from unstimulated cells. These results suggest that inflammation of ECs under hypertensive conditions is caused, at least in part, by macrophage-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwao
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Education, Shitennoji University, Habikino, Japan
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47
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Rudemiller NP, Patel MB, Zhang JD, Jeffs AD, Karlovich NS, Griffiths R, Kan MJ, Buckley AF, Gunn MD, Crowley SD. C-C Motif Chemokine 5 Attenuates Angiotensin II-Dependent Kidney Injury by Limiting Renal Macrophage Infiltration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2846-2856. [PMID: 27640148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. During RAS activation, infiltration of immune cells into the kidney exacerbates hypertension and renal injury. However, the mechanisms underpinning the accumulation of mononuclear cells in the kidney after RAS stimulation remain unclear. C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) drives recruitment of macrophages and T lymphocytes into injured tissues, and we have found that RAS activation induces CCL5 expression in the kidney during the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal fibrosis. We therefore evaluated the contribution of CCL5 to renal damage and fibrosis in hypertensive and normotensive models of RAS stimulation. Surprisingly, during angiotensin II-induced hypertension, CCL5-deficient (knockout, KO) mice exhibited markedly augmented kidney damage, macrophage infiltration, and expression of proinflammatory macrophage cytokines compared with wild-type controls. When subjected to the normotensive unilateral ureteral obstruction model of endogenous RAS activation, CCL5 KO mice similarly developed more severe renal fibrosis and greater accumulation of macrophages in the kidney, congruent with enhanced renal expression of the macrophage chemokine CCL2. In turn, pharmacologic inhibition of CCL2 abrogated the differences between CCL5 KO and wild-type mice in kidney fibrosis and macrophage infiltration after unilateral ureteral obstruction. These data indicate that CCL5 paradoxically limits macrophage accumulation in the injured kidney during RAS activation by constraining the proinflammatory actions of CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mehul B Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alexander D Jeffs
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Norah S Karlovich
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Griffiths
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Kan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anne F Buckley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael D Gunn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Konvalinka A, Batruch I, Tokar T, Dimitromanolakis A, Reid S, Song X, Pei Y, Drabovich AP, Diamandis EP, Jurisica I, Scholey JW. Quantification of angiotensin II-regulated proteins in urine of patients with polycystic and other chronic kidney diseases by selected reaction monitoring. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27499720 PMCID: PMC4974759 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-II (Ang II) mediates progression of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and other chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, markers of kidney Ang II activity are lacking. We previously defined 83 Ang II-regulated proteins in vitro, which reflected kidney Ang II activity in vivo. Methods In this study, we developed selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays for quantification of Ang II-regulated proteins in urine of ADPKD and CKD patients. We demonstrated that 47 of 83 Ang II-regulated transcripts were differentially expressed in cystic compared to normal kidney tissue. We then developed SRM assays for 18 Ang II-regulated proteins overexpressed in cysts and/or secreted in urine. Methods that yielded CV ≤ 6 % for control proteins, and recovery ~100 % were selected. Heavy-labeled peptides corresponding to 13 identified Ang II-regulated peptides were spiked into urine samples of 17 ADPKD patients, 9 patients with CKD predicted to have high kidney Ang II activity and 11 healthy subjects. Samples were then digested and analyzed on triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in duplicates. Resluts Calibration curves demonstrated linearity (R2 > 0.99) and within-run CVs < 9 % in the concentration range of 7/13 peptides. Peptide concentrations were normalized by urine creatinine. Deamidated peptide forms were monitored, and accounted for <15 % of the final concentrations. Urine excretion rates of proteins BST1, LAMB2, LYPA1, RHOB and TSP1 were significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA) between patients with CKD, those with ADPKD and healthy controls. Urine protein excretion rates were highest in CKD patients and lowest in ADPKD patients. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant association between urine protein excretion rates of most proteins and disease group (p < 0.05, ANOVA) as well as sex (p < 0.05, unpaired t test). Multivariate analysis across protein concentration, age and sex demonstrated good separation between ADPKD and CKD patients. Conclusions We have optimized methods for quantification of Ang II-regulated proteins, and we demonstrated that they reflected differences in underlying kidney disease in this pilot study. High urine excretion of Ang II-regulated proteins in CKD patients likely reflects high kidney Ang II activity. Low excretion in ADPKD appears related to lack of communication between cysts and tubules. Future studies will determine whether urine excretion rate of Ang II-regulated proteins correlates with kidney Ang II activity in larger cohorts of chronic kidney disease patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-016-9117-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Konvalinka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 11-PMB-189, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2 Canada ; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Apostolos Dimitromanolakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shelby Reid
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xuewen Song
- Division of Genomic Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - York Pei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 11-PMB-189, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2 Canada ; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 11-PMB-189, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2 Canada ; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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49
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Hashmat S, Rudemiller N, Lund H, Abais-Battad JM, Van Why S, Mattson DL. Interleukin-6 inhibition attenuates hypertension and associated renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F555-61. [PMID: 27279492 PMCID: PMC5142167 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00594.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells in the kidney are implicated in the development of hypertension and renal damage in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. Interestingly, interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA is 54-fold higher in T-lymphocytes isolated from the kidney compared with circulating T-lymphocytes. The present experiments assessed the role of IL-6 in the development of SS hypertension by treating rats (n = 13-14/group) with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody or normal IgG during an 11-day period of high-salt (4.0% NaCl chow) intake. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and urine albumin excretion rates (Ualb) were not different between the groups fed low salt (0.4% NaCl). Following 11 days of drug treatment and high salt, however, the rats receiving anti-IL-6 demonstrated a 47% reduction of IL-6 in the renal medulla compared with control SS. Moreover, the increase in MAP following 11 days of high-NaCl intake was significantly attenuated in SS administered anti-IL-6 compared with the control group (138 ± 3 vs. 149 ± 3 mmHg) as was the salt-induced increase in Ualb and glomerular and tubular damage. To investigate potential mechanisms of action, a flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the kidney (n = 8-9/group) demonstrated that the total number of monocytes and macrophages was significantly lower in the treatment vs. the control group. The total number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the kidneys was not different between groups. These studies indicate that IL-6 production may participate in the development of SS hypertension and end-organ damage by mediating increased infiltration or proliferation of macrophages into the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Hashmat
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Nathan Rudemiller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Scott Van Why
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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50
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O'Leary R, Penrose H, Miyata K, Satou R. Macrophage-derived IL-6 contributes to ANG II-mediated angiotensinogen stimulation in renal proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1000-7. [PMID: 27009340 PMCID: PMC4983453 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00482.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of ANG II-dependent hypertension involves increased infiltration of macrophages (MΦ) and T cells into the kidney and the consequent elevation of intrarenal cytokines including IL-6, which facilitates the progression of hypertension and associated kidney injury. Intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation, including proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) stimulation, has also been regarded as a cardinal mechanism contributing to these diseases. However, the interaction between immune cells and intrarenal RAS activation has not been fully delineated. Therefore, the present study investigated whether ANG II-treated MΦ induce AGT upregulation in renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs). MΦ were treated with 0-10(-6) M ANG II for up to 48 h. PTCs were incubated with the collected medium from MΦ. In ANG II-treated MΦ, IL-6 mRNA and protein levels were increased (1.86 ± 0.14, protein level, ratio to control); moreover, IL-6 levels were higher than TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium isolated from ANG II-treated MΦ. Elevated AGT expression (1.69 ± 0.04, ratio to control) accompanied by phosphorylated STAT3 were observed in PTCs that received culture medium from ANG II-treated MΦ. The addition of a neutralizing IL-6 antibody to the collected medium attenuated phosphorylation of STAT3 and AGT augmentation in PTCs. Furthermore, a JAK2 inhibitor also suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation and AGT augmentation in PTCs. These results demonstrate that ANG II-induced IL-6 elevation in MΦ enhances activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and consequent AGT upregulation in PTCs, suggesting involvement of an immune response in driving intrarenal RAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O'Leary
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Harrison Penrose
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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