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Beaudry K, De Lisio M. Sex-Based Differences in Muscle Stem Cell Regulation Following Exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:87-94. [PMID: 38445901 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism, driven by the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, influences body composition, muscle fiber type, and inflammation. Research related to muscle stem cell (MuSC) responses to exercise has mainly focused on males. We propose a novel hypothesis that there are sex-based differences in MuSC regulation following exercise, such that males have more MuSCs, whereas females demonstrate a greater capacity for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Beaudry
- School of Human Kinetics , Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Program, Centre on Neuromuscular Disease , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Metcalfe RS, Vollaard NBJ. Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT): a feasible approach for improving health and fitness? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:984-992. [PMID: 38688037 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, research investigating the dose-response to sprint interval training (SIT) has provided evidence that the number and duration of repetitions in a SIT session can be reduced whilst preserving the beneficial health-related adaptations. Together this research has led to the development of protocols involving minimal doses of SIT: regularly performing just two or three 20-30 s all-out sprints in a 10 min training session has been shown to elicit beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations. These SIT protocols, which we originally termed "reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training" (or REHIT), have the potential to remove many of the common barriers associated with other SIT protocols, as well as with HIT and aerobic exercise. Here, we critically review the evidence on the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability, and effectiveness of REHIT for improving health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN Wales, UK
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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Beaudry KM, Surdi JC, Pancevski K, Tremblay C, Devries MC. Greater glycemic control following low-load, high-repetition resistance exercise compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise in males and females: a randomized control trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:943-955. [PMID: 38518263 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been known for its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose handling with both moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) exercise and resistance exercise (RE) inducing beneficial effects. In recent years, low-load, high-repetition (LLHR) RE has emerged as a strategy to increase muscle mass and strength to levels similar to traditional RE; however, the effects of LLHR RE on glucose handling has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this trial was to compare the acute effects of LLHR RE to MIC exercise on post-exercise glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in males and females. Twenty-four (n = 12/sex) participants completed acute bouts of MIC exercise (30 min at 65% V̇O₂peak) and LLHR (3 circuits, 6 exercises/circuit, 25-35 repetitions/exercise/circuit) matched for time with muscle biopsies immediately pre and post exercise and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 90 min following exercise. Blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.37), glucose AUC (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.35) and max glucose concentration (p = 0.003, ηp 2 = 0.34) were lower during the post exercise OGTT following LLHR RE compared to MIC exercise. There was a main effect of trial on TBC1D1 Ser237 phosphorylation (p = 0.04, ηp 2 = 0.19) such that it was greater following MIC exercise compared to LLHR RE. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACC Ser79 increased following MIC exercise with no change following LLHR RE (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.50). Phosphorylation of PTEN Ser380 was greater in males than females during LLHR RE (p = 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.27). These findings suggest that LLHR RE is a feasible exercise modality to improve post-exercise glycemic control in both males and females. Trial registration number: NCT06217679.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian C Surdi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Cory Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Sanchez BN, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Saenz C, Maresh CM. Sex Differences in Energy Metabolism: A Female-Oriented Discussion. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8. [PMID: 38888855 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to delineate aspects of energy metabolism at rest and during exercise that may be subject to sex differences and the potential underlying mechanisms involved. It focuses on distinct aspects of female physiology with an oriented discussion following the reproductive life stages of healthy, eumenorrheic females, including premenopausal time frames, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause. Finally, this review aims to address methodological challenges surrounding sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism investigations and confounding factors in this field. During resting conditions, females tend to have higher rates of non-oxidative free fatty acid clearance, which could contribute to lower respiratory exchange ratio measures. At the same time, carbohydrate energy metabolism findings are mixed. In general, females favor lipid energy metabolism during moderate-intensity exercise, while men favor carbohydrate energy metabolism. Factors such as age, dietary intake, genetics, and methodological decisions confound study findings, including properly identifying and reporting the menstrual cycle phase when female subjects are eumenorrheic. Pregnancy presents a unique shift in physiological systems, including energy metabolism, which can be observed at rest and during exercise. Changes in body composition and hormonal levels during the post-menopausal period directly impact energy metabolism, specifically lipid metabolism. This change in physiological state factors into the evidence showing a reduction in our understanding of sex differences in lipid metabolism during exercise in older adults. This review reveals a need for a focused understanding of female energy metabolism that could help exercise and nutrition professionals optimize female health and performance across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Sanchez
- Exercise Science, Department of Health Sciences, College of Education, Nursing and Health Professions, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catherine Saenz
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Liu Z, Guo Y, Zheng C. Type 2 diabetes mellitus related sarcopenia: a type of muscle loss distinct from sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1375610. [PMID: 38854688 PMCID: PMC11157032 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1375610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle loss is a significant health concern, particularly with the increasing trend of population aging, and sarcopenia has emerged as a common pathological process of muscle loss in the elderly. Currently, there has been significant progress in the research on sarcopenia, including in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia caused by aging and the development of corresponding diagnostic criteria, forming a relatively complete system. However, as research on sarcopenia progresses, the concept of secondary sarcopenia has also been proposed. Due to the incomplete understanding of muscle loss caused by chronic diseases, there are various limitations in epidemiological, basic, and clinical research. As a result, a comprehensive concept and diagnostic system have not yet been established, which greatly hinders the prevention and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-related sarcopenia, comparing its similarities and differences with sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. The review show significant differences between the three muscle-related issues in terms of pathological changes, epidemiology and clinical manifestations, etiology, and preventive and therapeutic strategies. Unlike sarcopenia, T2DM-related sarcopenia is characterized by a reduction in type I fibers, and it differs from disuse muscle atrophy as well. The mechanism involving insulin resistance, inflammatory status, and oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, future research should further explore the etiology, disease progression, and prognosis of T2DM-related sarcopenia, and develop targeted diagnostic criteria and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to better address the muscle-related issues faced by T2DM patients and improve their quality of life and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Liu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chongwen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The 2 Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Langley JO, Ng SC, Todd EE, Porter MS. V ˙ La max: determining the optimal test duration for maximal lactate formation rate during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05456-9. [PMID: 38555335 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to ascertain the optimal test duration to elicit the highest maximal lactate formation rate ( V ˙ Lamax), whilst exploring the underpinning energetics, and identifying the optimal blood lactate sampling period. METHODS Fifteen trained to well-trained males (age 27 ± 6 years; peak power: 1134 ± 174 W) participated in a randomised cross-over design completing three all-out sprint cycling tests of differing test durations (10, 15, and 30 s). Peak and mean power output (W and W.kg-1), oxygen uptake, and blood lactate concentrations were measured. V ˙ Lamax and energetic contributions (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) were determined using these parameters. RESULTS The shortest test duration of 10 s elicited a significantly (p = 0.003; p < 0.001) higher V ˙ Lamax (0.86 ± 0.17 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.802-0.974) compared with both 15 s (0.68 ± 0.18 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.596-0.794) and 30 s (0.45 ± 0.07 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.410-0.487). Differences in V ˙ Lamax were associated with large effect sizes (d = 1.07, d = 3.15). We observed 81% of the PCr and 53% of the glycolytic work completed over the 30 s sprint duration was attained after 10 s. BLamaxpost were achieved at 5 ± 2 min (ttest 10 s), 6 ± 2 min (ttest 15 s), and 7 ± 2 min (ttest 30 s), respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated a 10 s test duration elicited the highest V ˙ Lamax. Furthermore, the 10 s test duration mitigated the influence of the oxidative metabolism during all-out cycling. The optimal sample time to determine peak blood lactate concentration following 10 s was 5 ± 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Langley
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK.
| | - S C Ng
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
| | - E E Todd
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
| | - M S Porter
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
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Solleiro Pons M, Bernert L, Hume E, Hughes L, Williams ZJ, Burnley M, Ansdell P. No sex differences in oxygen uptake or extraction kinetics in the moderate or heavy exercise intensity domains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:472-481. [PMID: 38205552 PMCID: PMC11213575 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00429.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrative response to exercise differs between sexes, with oxidative energy contribution purported as a potential mechanism. The present study investigated whether this difference was evident in the kinetics of oxygen uptake (V̇o2) and extraction (HHb + Mb) during exercise. Sixteen adults (8 males, 8 females, age: 27 ± 5 yr) completed three experimental visits. Incremental exercise testing was performed to obtain lactate threshold and V̇o2peak. Subsequent visits involved three 6-min cycling bouts at 80% of lactate threshold and one 30-min bout at a work rate of 30% between the lactate threshold and power at V̇o2peak. Pulmonary gas exchange and near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis were used to continuously sample V̇o2 and HHb + Mb, respectively. The phase II V̇o2 kinetics were quantified using monoexponential curves during moderate and heavy exercise. Slow component amplitudes were also quantified for the heavy-intensity domain. Relative V̇o2peak values were not different between sexes (P = 0.111). Males achieved ∼30% greater power outputs (P = 0.002). In the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains, the relative amplitude of the phase II transition was not different between sexes for V̇o2 (∼24 and ∼40% V̇o2peak, P ≥ 0.179) and HHb + Mb (∼20 and ∼32% ischemia, P ≥ 0.193). Similarly, there were no sex differences in the time constants for V̇o2 (∼28 s, P ≥ 0.385) or HHb + Mb (∼10 s, P ≥ 0.274). In the heavy-intensity domain, neither V̇o2 (P ≥ 0.686) or HHb + Mb (P ≥ 0.432) slow component amplitudes were different between sexes. The oxidative response to moderate- and heavy-intensity exercises did not differ between males and females, suggesting similar dynamic responses of oxidative metabolism during intensity-matched exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated no sex differences in the oxidative response to moderate- and heavy-intensity cycling exercise. The change in oxygen uptake and deoxyhemoglobin were modeled with monoexponential curve fitting, which revealed no differences in the rate of oxidative energy provision between sexes. This provides insight into previously reported sex differences in the integrative response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Solleiro Pons
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Bernert
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Emily Hume
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Hughes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Zander J Williams
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Lundberg TR, Larsson G, Alstermark R, Mandić M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R. Relationship between maximal oxygen uptake, within-set fatigue and between-set recovery during resistance exercise in resistance-trained men and women. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:45. [PMID: 38347629 PMCID: PMC10863198 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maximal oxygen update (V̇O2max) and within-set fatigue and between-set recovery during resistance exercise in men and women. METHODS We examined the relationship between V̇O2max and various indices of fatigue and recovery during parallel squats (3 sets, 90 s rest, 70% of 1RM to failure) and isokinetic knee extensions (3 × 10 maximal repetitions at 60 deg/s, 45 s rest) in 28 (age 27.0 ± 3.6 years) resistance-trained subjects (14 men and 14 women). We also examined whether there were sex differences in within-set fatigue and between-set recovery. RESULTS V̇O2max was weakly related to recovery and fatigue in both men and women (range of P-values for V̇O2max as a covariate; 0.312-0.998, range of R-values, 0.005-0.604). There were no differences between the sexes in fatigue within a set for the squat, but men showed less within-set fatigue than women in the first set of the isokinetic knee extension exercise (~ 8% torque loss difference, main effect of sex P = 0.034). Regarding recovery between sets, men showed greater relative peak power (P = 0.016) and peak torque (P = 0.034) loss between sets in both exercises, respectively, compared to women. Women also tended to complete more repetitions than men (main effect of sex, P = 0.057). Loss of peak torque between sets in knee extension was evident in both absolute and relative (%) values in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that aerobic capacity is weakly associated with within-set fatigue and between-set recovery in resistance training in both men and women. Women and men show comparable levels of within-set fatigue in the multi-joint squat, but women show more within-set fatigue during the single-joint isokinetic knee extension compared with men. In contrast, women recover better than men between sets in both exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden.
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Alstermark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
| | - Mirko Mandić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Mohr M. The physiology of ice hockey performance: An update. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14284. [PMID: 36517860 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ice hockey is an intense team sport characterized by repeated bursts of fast-paced skating, rapid changes in speed and direction and frequent physical encounters. These are performed in on-ice shifts of ~30-80 s interspersed with longer sequences of passive recovery, resulting in about 15-25 min on-ice time per player. Nearly 50% of the distance is covered at high-intensity skating speeds and with an accentuated intense activity pattern in forwards compared to defensemen. During ice hockey match-play, both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are significantly challenged, with the heart rate increasing toward maximum levels during each shift, and with great reliance on both glycolytic and phosphagen ATP provision. The high-intensity activity pattern favors muscle glycogen as fuel, leading to pronounced reductions despite the relatively brief playing time, including severe depletion of a substantial proportion of individual fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Player-tracking suggests that the ability to perform high-intensity skating is compromised in the final stages of a game, which is supported by post-game reductions in repeated-sprint ability. Muscle glycogen degradation, in particular in individual fibers, as well as potential dehydration and hyperthermia, may be prime candidates implicated in exacerbated fatigue during the final stages of a game, whereas multiple factors likely interact to impair exercise tolerance during each shift. This includes pronounced PCr degradation, with potential inadequate resynthesis in a proportion of fast-twitch fibers in situations of repeated intense actions. Finally, the recovery pattern is inadequately described, but seems less long-lasting than in other team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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11
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Nuzzo JL. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:494-536. [PMID: 36696264 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 494-536, 2023-Biological sex and its relation with exercise participation and sports performance continue to be discussed. Here, the purpose was to inform such discussions by summarizing the literature on sex differences in numerous strength training-related variables and outcomes-muscle strength and endurance, muscle mass and size, muscle fiber type, muscle twitch forces, and voluntary activation; strength training participation rates, motivations, preferences, and practices; and injuries and changes in muscle size and strength with strength training. Male subjects become notably stronger than female subjects around age 15 years. In adults, sex differences in strength are more pronounced in upper-body than lower-body muscles and in concentric than eccentric contractions. Greater male than female strength is not because of higher voluntary activation but to greater muscle mass and type II fiber areas. Men participate in strength training more frequently than women. Men are motivated more by challenge, competition, social recognition, and a desire to increase muscle size and strength. Men also have greater preference for competitive, high-intensity, and upper-body exercise. Women are motivated more by improved attractiveness, muscle "toning," and body mass management. Women have greater preference for supervised and lower-body exercise. Intrasexual competition, mate selection, and the drive for muscularity are likely fundamental causes of exercise behaviors in men and women. Men and women increase muscle size and strength after weeks of strength training, but women experience greater relative strength improvements depending on age and muscle group. Men exhibit higher strength training injury rates. No sex difference exists in strength loss and muscle soreness after muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Dutra YM, Malta ES, Elias AS, Broatch JR, Zagatto AM. Deconstructing the Ergogenic Effects of Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of its Efficacy in Improving Mode-Specific Exercise Performance in Humans. Sports Med 2022; 52:2733-2757. [PMID: 35802348 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is defined as non-thermal electromagnetic irradiation through laser or light-emitting diode sources. In recent decades, PBMT has attracted attention as a potential preconditioning method. The current meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of PBMT in improving mode-specific exercise performance in healthy young adults. METHODS A computerized literature search was conducted, ending on 15 May 2022. The databases searched were PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Inclusion/exclusion criteria limited articles to crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies investigating the PBMT effects as a preconditioning method. The included trials were synthesized according to exercise mode (single-joint, cycling, running, and swimming). All results were combined using the standardized mean differences (SMDs) method and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were described. RESULTS A total of 37 individual studies, employing 78 exercise performance measurements in 586 participants, were included in the analyses. In single-joint exercises, PBMT improved muscle endurance performance (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.12-0.41; p < 0.01) but not muscle strength performance (p = 0.92). In cycling, PBMT improved time to exhaustion performance (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.10-0.59; p < 0.01) but had no effect on all-out sprint performance (p = 0.96). Similarly, PBMT had no effect on time to exhaustion (p = 0.10), time-trial (p = 0.61), or repeated-sprint (p = 0.37) performance in running and no effect on time-trial performance in swimming (p = 0.81). CONCLUSION PBMT improves muscle endurance performance in single-joint exercises and time to exhaustion performance in cycling but is not effective for muscle strength performance in single-joint exercises, running, or swimming performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago M Dutra
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Elvis S Malta
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Elias
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil.
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13
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Horwath O, Edman S, Andersson A, Larsen FJ, Apró W. THRIFTY: a novel high-throughput method for rapid fibre type identification of isolated skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 2022; 600:4421-4438. [PMID: 36069036 PMCID: PMC9825974 DOI: 10.1113/jp282959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibre type-specific analyses are required for broader understanding of muscle physiology, but such analyses are difficult to conduct due to the extreme time requirements of dissecting and fibre typing individual fibres. Investigations are often confined to a small number of fibres from few participants with low representativeness of the entire fibre population and the participant population. To increase the feasibility of conducting large-scale fibre type-specific studies, a valid and rapid method for high-throughput fibre typing of individually dissected fibres was developed and named THRIFTY (for high-THRoughput Immunofluorescence Fibre TYping). Employing THRIFTY, 400 fibre segments were fixed onto microscope slides with a pre-printed coordinated grid system, probed with antibodies against myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-I and MyHC-II and classified using a fluorescence microscope. The validity and speed of THRIFTY was compared to a previously validated protocol (dot blot) on a fibre-to-fibre basis. Fibre pool purity was evaluated using 'gold standard' SDS-PAGE and silver staining. A modified THRIFTY-protocol using fluorescence western blot equipment was also validated. THRIFTY displayed excellent agreement with the dot blot protocol, κ = 0.955 (95% CI: 0.928, 0.982), P < 0.001. Both the original and modified THRIFTY protocols generated type I and type II fibre pools of absolute purity. Using THRIFTY, 400 fibres were typed just under 11 h, which was approximately 3 times faster than dot blot. THRIFTY is a novel and valid method with high versatility for very rapid fibre typing of individual fibres. THRIFTY can therefore facilitate the generation of large fibre pools for more extensive mechanistic studies into skeletal muscle physiology. KEY POINTS: Skeletal muscle is composed of different fibre types, each with distinct physiological properties. To fully understand how skeletal muscle adapts to external cues such as exercise, nutrition and ageing, fibre type-specific investigations are required. Such investigations are very difficult to conduct due to the extreme time requirements related to classifying individually isolated muscle fibres. To bypass this issue, we have developed a rapid and reliable method named THRIFTY which is cheap as well as versatile and which can easily be implemented in most laboratories. THRIFTY increases the feasibility of conducting larger fibre type-specific studies and enables time-sensitive assays where measurements need to be carried out in close connection with tissue sampling. By using THRIFTY, new insights into fibre type-specific muscle physiology can be gained which may have broad implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Horwath
- Department of PhysiologyNutrition and BiomechanicsÅstrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - Sebastian Edman
- Department of PhysiologyNutrition and BiomechanicsÅstrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - Alva Andersson
- Department of PhysiologyNutrition and BiomechanicsÅstrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - Filip J. Larsen
- Department of PhysiologyNutrition and BiomechanicsÅstrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - William Apró
- Department of PhysiologyNutrition and BiomechanicsÅstrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden,Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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14
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Blackwood SJ, Horwath O, Moberg M, Pontén M, Apró W, Ekblom MM, Larsen FJ, Katz A. Extreme Variations in Muscle Fiber Composition Enable Detection of Insulin Resistance and Excessive Insulin Secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2729-e2737. [PMID: 35405014 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Muscle fiber composition is associated with peripheral insulin action. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether extreme differences in muscle fiber composition are associated with alterations in peripheral insulin action and secretion in young, healthy subjects who exhibit normal fasting glycemia and insulinemia. METHODS Relaxation time following a tetanic contraction was used to identify subjects with a high or low expression of type I muscle fibers: group 1 (n = 11), area occupied by type I muscle fibers = 61.0 ± 11.8%, and group 2 (n = 8), type I area = 36.0 ± 4.9% (P < 0.001). Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and analyzed for mitochondrial respiration on permeabilized fibers, muscle fiber composition, and capillary density. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed and indices of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and secretion were determined. RESULTS Glucose tolerance was similar between groups, whereas whole-body insulin sensitivity was decreased by ~50% in group 2 vs group 1 (P = 0.019). First-phase insulin release (area under the insulin curve during 10 minutes after glucose infusion) was increased by almost 4-fold in group 2 vs group 1 (P = 0.01). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was correlated with percentage area occupied by type I fibers (r = 0.54; P = 0.018) and capillary density in muscle (r = 0.61; P = 0.005) but not with mitochondrial respiration. Insulin release was strongly related to percentage area occupied by type II fibers (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Assessment of muscle contractile function in young healthy subjects may prove useful in identifying individuals with insulin resistance and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion prior to onset of clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blackwood
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Horwath
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjan Pontén
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria M Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Tripp TR, Frankish BP, Lun V, Wiley JP, Shearer J, Murphy RM, MacInnis MJ. Time course and fibre type-dependent nature of calcium-handling protein responses to sprint interval exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2022; 600:2897-2917. [PMID: 35556249 DOI: 10.1113/jp282739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to cause fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel, ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) 24 hours post-exercise, which may act as a signal for mitochondrial biogenesis. In this study, we examined the time course of RyR1 fragmentation in human whole muscle and pooled type I and type II skeletal muscle fibres following a single session of SIT. Full-length RyR1 protein content was significantly lower than pre-exercise by 6 h post-SIT in whole muscle, and fragmentation was detectable in type II but not type I fibres, though to a lesser extent than in whole muscle. The peak in PGC1A mRNA expression occurred earlier than RyR1 fragmentation. The increased temporal resolution and fibre type-specific responses for RyR1 fragmentation provide insights into its importance to mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. ABSTRACT Sprint interval training (SIT) causes fragmentation of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel, ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), 24h post-exercise, potentially signaling mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing cytosolic [Ca2+ ]. Yet, the time course and skeletal muscle fibre type-specific patterns of RyR1 fragmentation following a session of SIT remain unknown. Ten participants (n = 4 females; n = 6 males) performed a session of SIT (6 × 30 s "all-out" with 4.5 min rest after each sprint) with vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples collected before and 3, 6, and 24h after exercise. In whole muscle, full-length RyR1 protein content was significantly reduced 6 h (mean [SD]; -38 [38]%; p<0.05) and 24 h post-SIT (-30 [48]%; p<0.05) compared to pre-exercise. Examining each participant's largest response in pooled samples, full-length RyR1 protein content was reduced in type II (-26 [30]%; p<0.05) but not type I fibres (-11 [40]%; p>0.05). 3h post-SIT, there was also a decrease in SERCA1 in type II fibres (-23 [17]%; p<0.05) and SERCA2a in type I fibres (-19 [21]%; p<0.05), despite no time effect for either protein in whole muscle samples (p>0.05). PGC1A mRNA content was elevated 3h and 6h post-SIT (5.3- and 3.7-fold change from pre, respectively; p<0.05 for both), but peak PGC1A mRNA expression was not significantly correlated with peak RyR1 fragmentation (r2 = 0.10; p>0.05). In summary, altered Ca2+ -handling protein expression, which occurs primarily in type II muscle fibres, may influence signals for mitochondrial biogenesis as early as 3-6 h post-SIT in humans. Abstract figure legend Western blotting was performed on whole muscle and pooled type I and II muscle fibre preparations derived from human vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples collected before and after a single session of sprint interval training (SIT). Full-length ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) protein content was reduced 6 and 24 h post-exercise in whole muscle samples compared to baseline, despite a heterogeneous time course among individuals. This RyR1 fragmentation proceeded and outlasted the increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated γ receptor coactivator 1α (PGC1A) mRNA expression. When examining the time point of each individual's peak response, RyR1 fragmentation was evident in type II, but not type I, muscle fibres. These findings suggest that, in humans, mitochondrial biogenesis could be influenced by RyR1 fragmentation 3-6 h post-SIT in a fibre type-dependent manner. Created with BioRender.com. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barnaby P Frankish
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victor Lun
- University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Salamone IM, Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Page PG, Tahtah I, Hadhazy M, Tomar G, McNally EM. Intermittent glucocorticoid treatment enhances skeletal muscle performance through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149828. [PMID: 35143417 PMCID: PMC8920338 DOI: 10.1172/jci149828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are commonly prescribed for many inflammatory conditions, but chronic daily use produces adverse effects, including muscle wasting and weakness. In contrast, shorter glucocorticoid pulses may improve athletic performance, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Muscle is sexually dimorphic and comparatively little is known about how male and female muscles respond to glucocorticoids. We investigated the impact of once-weekly glucocorticoid exposure on skeletal muscle performance comparing male and female mice. One month of once-weekly glucocorticoid dosing improved muscle specific force in both males and females. Transcriptomic profiling of isolated myofibers identified a striking sexually dimorphic response to weekly glucocorticoids. Male myofibers had increased expression of genes in the IGF1/PI3K pathway and calcium handling, while female myofibers had profound upregulation of lipid metabolism genes. Muscles from weekly prednisone–treated males had improved calcium handling, while comparably treated female muscles had reduced intramuscular triglycerides. Consistent with altered lipid metabolism, weekly prednisone–treated female mice had greater endurance relative to controls. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we defined a sexually dimorphic chromatin landscape after weekly prednisone. These results demonstrate that weekly glucocorticoid exposure elicits distinct pathways in males versus females, resulting in enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Salamone
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cinicinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - David Y Barefield
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Patrick G Page
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Tahtah
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Garima Tomar
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
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17
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Massini DA, Almeida TAF, Vasconcelos CMT, Macedo AG, Espada MAC, Reis JF, Alves FJB, Fernandes RJP, Pessôa Filho DM. Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific? Front Physiol 2022; 12:796886. [PMID: 34970159 PMCID: PMC8712663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.796886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the energy cost in swimming (C) during short and middle distances to analyze the sex-specific responses of C during supramaximal velocity and whether body composition account to the expected differences. Twenty-six swimmers (13 men and 13 women: 16.7 ± 1.9 vs. 15.5 ± 2.8 years old and 70.8 ± 10.6 vs. 55.9 ± 7.0 kg of weight) performed maximal front crawl swimming trials in 50, 100, and 200 m. The oxygen uptake (V˙O2) was analyzed along with the tests (and post-exercise) through a portable gas analyser connected to a respiratory snorkel. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise (at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th min) to determine blood lactate concentration [La–]. The lean mass of the trunk (LMTrunk), upper limb (LMUL), and lower limb (LMLL) was assessed using dual X-ray energy absorptiometry. Anaerobic energy demand was calculated from the phosphagen and glycolytic components, with the first corresponding to the fast component of the V˙O2 bi-exponential recovery phase and the second from the 2.72 ml × kg–1 equivalent for each 1.0 mmol × L–1 [La–] variation above the baseline value. The aerobic demand was obtained from the integral value of the V˙O2 vs. swimming time curve. The C was estimated by the rate between total energy releasing (in Joules) and swimming velocity. The sex effect on C for each swimming trial was verified by the two-way ANOVA (Bonferroni post hoc test) and the relationships between LMTrunk, LMUL, and LMLL to C were tested by Pearson coefficient. The C was higher for men than women in 50 (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3 kJ × m–1), 100 (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 kJ × m–1), and 200 m (1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 kJ × m–1) with p < 0.01 for all comparisons. In addition, C differed between distances for each sex (p < 0.01). The regional LMTrunk (26.5 ± 3.6 vs. 20.1 ± 2.6 kg), LMUL (6.8 ± 1.0 vs. 4.3 ± 0.8 kg), and LMLL (20.4 ± 2.6 vs. 13.6 ± 2.5 kg) for men vs. women were significantly correlated to C in 50 (R2adj = 0.73), 100 (R2adj = 0.61), and 200 m (R2adj = 0.60, p < 0.01). Therefore, the increase in C with distance is higher for men than women and is determined by the lean mass in trunk and upper and lower limbs independent of the differences in body composition between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A Massini
- Postgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Tiago A F Almeida
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Bauru, Brazil.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Camila M T Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Postgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil.,São Paulo State University - UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Mário A C Espada
- School of Education (CIEF - CDP2T), Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal.,Quality of Life Research Centre (CIEQV - Politécnico de Leiria), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco J B Alves
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J P Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Postgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil.,São Paulo State University - UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
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18
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Skelly LE, Bailleul C, Gillen JB. Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:99. [PMID: 34940959 PMCID: PMC8702506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interval training is a form of exercise that involves intermittent bouts of relatively intense effort interspersed with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise for recovery. Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) induce physiological and health-related adaptations comparable to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in healthy adults and those with chronic disease despite a lower time commitment. However, most studies within the field have been conducted in men, with a relatively limited number of studies conducted in women cohorts across the lifespan. This review summarizes our understanding of physiological responses to low-volume interval training in women, including those with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We also describe emerging evidence demonstrating similarities and differences in the adaptive response between women and men. Collectively, HIIT and SIT have consistently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and most sex-based comparisons demonstrate similar improvements in men and women. However, research examining insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to HIIT and SIT in women is limited and conflicting, with some evidence of blunted improvements in women relative to men. There is a need for additional research that examines physiological adaptations to low-volume interval training in women across the lifespan, including studies that directly compare responses to MICT, evaluate potential mechanisms, and/or assess the influence of sex on the adaptive response. Future work in this area will strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations in women.
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19
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Kolnes KJ, Petersen MH, Lien-Iversen T, Højlund K, Jensen J. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution. Front Physiol 2021; 12:737709. [PMID: 34630157 PMCID: PMC8497689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, excessive abdominal fat, especially the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increases the risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excessive abdominal fat is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation, fat overflow, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Physical activity is recommended for primary prevention and treatment of obesity, T2DM, and related disorders. Achieving a stable reduction in body weight with exercise training alone has not shown promising effects on a population level. Because fat has a high energy content, a large amount of exercise training is required to achieve weight loss. However, even when there is no weight loss, exercise training is an effective method of improving body composition (increased muscle mass and reduced fat) as well as increasing insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Compared with traditional low-to-moderate-intensity continuous endurance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) are more time-efficient as exercise regimens and produce comparable results in reducing total fat mass, as well as improving cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity. During high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main source of energy, whereas, with low-intensity exercise, fat becomes the predominant energy source. These observations imply that HIIT and SIT can reduce fat mass during bouts of exercise despite being associated with lower levels of fat oxidation. In this review, we explore the effects of different types of exercise training on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during physical activity, and discuss the potential effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teodor Lien-Iversen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:29-70. [PMID: 34550468 PMCID: PMC8748379 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise; to identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms. METHODS Three databases were searched from inception to August 2020. Pertinent studies quantifying the utilization of substrates during moderate aerobic exercise in healthy men and reproductive-age women were considered. Studies conducted on sedentary/recreationally active and athletic populations were included and analyzed separately. RESULTS Thirty-five studies entered the meta-analysis (21 in sedentary/recreationally active, 14 in athletic populations). Compared to women, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher both in sedentary (mean difference, MD: + 0.03; p < 0.00001) and athletic men (MD: + 0.02; p < 0.0001). Greater carbohydrate oxidation was observed both in sedentary (standardized MD, SMD: 0.53; p = 0.006) and athletic men (SMD: 1.24; p < 0.00001). Regarding lipid substrates, sedentary men oxidized less fat than women (SMD: - 0.77; p = 0.0002), while no sex-based differences in fat oxidation were observed in athletes (SMD: 0.06; p = 0.77). Paucity of data prevented robust meta-analyses for protein sources. Sex hormones and different adrenergic activation were the most cited mechanisms to discuss sex-based differences. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analyses confirmed that men display greater reliance on carbohydrates while women rely more on lipids to sustain moderate aerobic exercise. The latter finding was not confirmed in athletes, a novel aspect of the present study. Mechanistically driven research is needed to further dissect the physiological underpinnings of sex differences in substrate utilization during aerobic exercise, especially for proteins, which are still less investigated than other substrates.
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21
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Mohr M, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Draganidis D, Thomassen M, Ørntoft C, Ermidis G, Loules G, Batsilas D, Poulios A, Papanikolaou K, Randers MB, Krustrup P, Nybo L. Skeletal muscle phenotype and game performance in elite women football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:39-53. [PMID: 34427373 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We combined game activity analyses with skeletal muscle phenotypes and comprehensive physiological testing to elucidate factors of importance for physical performance in elite women's football. GPS-data from an experimental game, sprint and endurance testing, and muscle tissue analysis of metabolic enzyme activity, protein expression and fiber type composition were completed for international top-level women players (n = 20; age; 23 ± 4 yrs, height; 166 ± 10 cm, weight; 60 ± 8 kg; VO2max ; 51 ± 6 ml/min/kg). Muscle monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) protein expression explained 46% of the variance in total game distance, while the ability to maintain high-intensity running (HIR) during the final 15 min of the game correlated to myosin heavy chain 1 (MHCI) and Na+ -K+ ATPase β1, FXYD1 (phospholemman) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression (range: r = 0.51-0.71; all p < 0.05). Total HIR distance correlated with (MHCIIa) protein expression (r = 0.51; p < 0.05), while muscle Na+ /H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) protein explained 36% of the variance in game sprint distance (p < 0.05). Total game accelerations (actions >4 m/s2 ) correlated with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) protein expression (r = 0.51; p < 0.05), while concentric knee flexor strength explained 42-62% of the variance in intense decelerations (>4 m/s2 ). In conclusion, for elite women players' game endurance performance and resistance to end-game fatigue were affected by monocarboxylate transporter expression and myosin heavy chain profile. HIR was also correlated to ion transporter expression and muscle antioxidative capacity. Finally, the importance of functional strength and measures of muscle vascularization in relation to total game decelerations and accelerations, respectively, illustrates the complex physiological demands in elite women's football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ørntoft
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Georgios Loules
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Batsilas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L, Draganidis D, Randers MB, Ermidis G, Ørntoft C, Røddik L, Batsilas D, Poulios A, Ørtenblad N, Loules G, Deli CK, Batrakoulis A, Nielsen JL, Jamurtas AZ, Fatouros IG. Muscle metabolism and impaired sprint performance in an elite women's football game. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:27-38. [PMID: 34171140 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined skeletal muscle metabolism and changes in repeated sprint performance during match play for n = 20 competitive elite women outfield players. We obtained musculus vastus lateralis biopsies and blood samples before, after, and following intense periods in each half of a friendly match, along with 5 × 30-meter sprint tests and movement pattern analyses (10-Hz S5 Global Positioning System [GPS]). Muscle glycogen decreased by 39% and 42% after an intense period of the second half and after the match, respectively, compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Post-match, 80% type I fibers and 69% type II fibers were almost empty or completely empty of glycogen. Muscle lactate was higher (p < 0.05) after the intense period of the first half and post-match compared to baseline (14.3 ± 4.6 (±SEM) and 12.9 ± 5.7 vs. 6.4 ± 3.7 mmol/kg d.w.). Muscle phosphocreatine was reduced (p < 0.05) by 16% and 12%, respectively, after an intense period in the first and second half compared to baseline. Blood lactate and glucose increased during the match and peaked at 8.4 ± 2.0 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L, respectively. Mean 5 × 30 m sprint time declined by 3.2 ± 1.7 and 7.0 ± 2.1% after the first and second half, respectively, and 4.7 ± 1.6% (p < 0.05) after an intense period in the first half compared to baseline. In conclusion, match play in elite female football players resulted in marked glycogen depletion in both fiber types, which may explain fatigue at the end of a match. Repeated sprint ability was impaired after intense periods in the first half and after both halves, which may be associated with the observed muscle metabolite perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, "Parthenope" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Christina Ørntoft
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Team Danmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | - Line Røddik
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Batsilas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Georgios Loules
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Charikleia K Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Alexios Batrakoulis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Jakob L Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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23
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Network of biomarkers and their mediation effects on the associations between regular exercise and the incidence of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12802. [PMID: 34140622 PMCID: PMC8211674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the biological process related to the prevention of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases (CMD), including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia via regular exercise. This study included 17,053 subjects aged 40–69 years in the Health Examinees Study from 2004 to 2012. Participation in regular exercise was investigated by questionnaires. Data on 42 biomarkers were collected from anthropometric measures and laboratory tests. We examined the associations between regular exercise and biomarkers using general linear models, between biomarkers and the risk of CMD using cox proportional hazard models, and the mediation effect of biomarkers using mediation analyses. Biomarker networks were constructed based on the significant differential correlations (p < 0.05) between the exercise and non-exercise groups in men and women, respectively. We observed significant mediators in 14 and 16 of the biomarkers in men and women, respectively. Triglyceride level was a noteworthy mediator in decreasing the risk of CMD with exercise, explaining 23.79% in men and 58.20% in women. The biomarker network showed comprehensive relationships and associations among exercise, biomarkers, and CMD. Body composition-related biomarkers were likely to play major roles in men, while obesity-related biomarkers seemed to be key factors in women.
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24
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Mandić M, Forsgren MF, Romu T, Widholm P, Sundblad P, Gustafsson T, Rullman E. Interval-induced metabolic perturbation determines tissue fluid shifts into skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14841. [PMID: 33904652 PMCID: PMC8077120 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense interval exercise has proven to be as effective as traditional endurance exercise in improving maximal oxygen uptake. Shared by these two exercise regimes is an acute reduction in plasma volume, which is a suggested stimulus behind exercise-induced increases in blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake. This study aimed to link exercise-induced metabolic perturbation with volume shifts into skeletal muscle tissue. Ten healthy subjects (mean age 33 ± 8 years, 5 males and 5 females) performed three 30 s all-out sprints on a cycle ergometer. Upon cessation of exercise magnetic resonance imaging, 31 Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and blood samples were used to measure changes in muscle volume, intramuscular energy metabolites and plasma volume. Compared to pre-exercise, muscle volume increased from 1147.1 ± 35.6 ml to 1283.3 ± 11.0 ml 8 min post-exercise. At 30 min post-exercise, muscle volume was still higher than pre-exercise (1147.1 ± 35.6 vs. 1222.2 ± 6.8 ml). Plasma volume decreased by 16 ± 3% immediately post-exercise and recovered back to - 5 ± 6% after 30 min. Principal component analysis of exercise performance, muscle and plasma volume changes as well as changes in intramuscular energy metabolites showed generally strong correlations between metabolic and physiological variables. The strongest predictor for the volume shifts of muscle and plasma was the magnitude of glucose-6-phosphate accumulation post-exercise. Interval training leads to large metabolic and hemodynamic perturbations with accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate as a possible key event in the fluid flux between the vascular compartment and muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Mandić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael F Forsgren
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Per Widholm
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Sundblad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Recovery From High-Intensity and Endurance Exercise: A Brief Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:752-762. [PMID: 33883293 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Postexercise recovery is a fundamental component for continuous performance enhancement. Due to physiological and morphological changes in aging and alterations in performance capacity, athletes of different ages may recover at different rates from physical exercise. Differences in body composition, physiological function, and exercise performance between men and women may also have a direct influence on restoration processes. PURPOSE This brief review examines current research to indicate possible differences in recovery processes between male and female athletes of different age groups. The paper focuses on postexercise recovery following sprint and endurance tests and tries to identify determinants that modulate possible differences in recovery between male and female subjects of different age groups. RESULTS The literature analysis indicates age- and sex-dependent differences in short- and long-term recovery. Short-term recovery differs among children, adults, and masters. Children have shorter lactate half-life and a faster cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to adults. Additionally, children and masters require shorter recovery periods during interval bouts than trained adults. Trained women show a slower cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to trained men. Long-term recovery is strongly determined by the extent of muscle damage. Trained adults tend to have more extensive muscle damage compared to masters and children. CONCLUSION The influence of age and sex on the recovery process varies among the different functional systems and depends on the time of the recovery processes. Irrespective of age and sex, the performance capacity of the individual determines the recovery process after high-intensity and endurance exercise.
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26
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Bagley L, Al-Shanti N, Bradburn S, Baig O, Slevin M, McPhee JS. Sex Comparison of Knee Extensor Size, Strength, and Fatigue Adaptation to Sprint Interval Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021. [PMID: 29533360 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bagley, L, Al-Shanti, N, Bradburn, S, Baig, O, Slevin, M, and McPhee, JS. Sex comparison of knee extensor size, strength, and fatigue adaptation to sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 64-71, 2021-Regular sprint interval training (SIT) improves whole-body aerobic capacity and muscle oxidative potential, but very little is known about knee extensor anabolic or fatigue resistance adaptations, or whether effects are similar for men and women. The purpose of this study was to compare sex-related differences in knee extensor size, torque-velocity relationship, and fatigability adaptations to 12-week SIT. Sixteen men and 15 women (mean [SEM] age: 41 [±2.5] years) completed measurements of total body composition assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSAQ) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, the knee extensor torque-velocity relationship (covering 0-240°·s-1) and fatigue resistance, which was measured as the decline in torque from the first to the last of 60 repeated concentric knee extensions performed at 180°·s-1. Sprint interval training consisted of 4 × 20-second sprints on a cycle ergometer set at an initial power output of 175% of power at V̇o2max, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area increased by 5% (p = 0.023) and fatigue resistance improved 4.8% (p = 0.048), with no sex differences in these adaptations (sex comparisons: p = 0.140 and p = 0.282, respectively). Knee extensor isometric and concentric torque was unaffected by SIT in both men and women (p > 0.05 for all velocities). Twelve-week SIT, totaling 4 minutes of very intense cycling per week, significantly increased fatigue resistance and CSAQ similarly in men and women, but did not significantly increase torque in men or women. These results suggest that SIT is a time-effective training modality for men and women to increase leg muscle size and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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27
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Hottenrott L, Möhle M, Ide A, Ketelhut S, Stoll O, Hottenrott K. Recovery from Different High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols: Comparing Well-Trained Women and Men. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9030034. [PMID: 33801440 PMCID: PMC8000557 DOI: 10.3390/sports9030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to physiological and anatomical sex differences, there are variations in the training response, and the recovery periods following exercise may be different. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are well-suited to differentially investigate the course of recovery. This study was conducted to determine sex-specific differences in the recovery following HIIT intervals interspersed with recovery phases of different lengths. Methods: Well-trained cyclists and triathletes (n = 11 females, n = 11 males) participated in this study. There were no significant sex differences in maximal heart rate (HR), relative peak power to body mass and fat-free mass, training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (females: 91.8 ± 5.5 %, males: 94.6 ± 5.4 %). A 30 s Wingate test was performed four times, separated by different active recovery periods (1, 3, or 10 min). Lactate, HR, oxygen uptake, and subjective rating of exertion and recovery were determined. Results: For the recovery time of three and ten minutes, men showed significantly higher lactate concentrations (p = 0.04, p = 0.004). Contrary, HR recovery and subjective recovery were significant slower in women than in men. Conclusion: During HIIT, women may be more resistant to fatigue and have a greater ability to recover metabolically, but have a slower HR and subjective recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (O.S.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin Möhle
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (M.M.); (A.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander Ide
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (M.M.); (A.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (M.M.); (A.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Oliver Stoll
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (O.S.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (M.M.); (A.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (O.S.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (M.M.); (A.I.); (S.K.)
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29
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Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020438. [PMID: 33572821 PMCID: PMC7910908 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women’s physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC’s phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC’s phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC’s phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading.
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30
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Hoffmann S, Skinner TL, van Rosendal SP, Emmerton LM, Jenkins DG. Comparison of training responses and performance adaptations in endurance-trained men and women performing high-intensity interval training. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1010-1020. [PMID: 33320059 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1853960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to elicit physiological and performance adaptations in endurance athletes has been established in men and to a lesser extent in women. This study compared lactate threshold (LT2) and performance adaptations to HIIT between men and women. Nine male and eight female cyclists and triathletes completed trials to determine their LT2 and 40 km cycling performance before, and after 10 HIIT sessions. Each HIIT session consisted of 10 × 90 s at peak power output, separated by 60 s active recovery. Main effects showed that HIIT improved peak power output (p = 0.05; ES: 0.2); relative peak power output (W.kg-1; p = 0.04; ES: 0.3 and W.kg-0.32; p = 0.04; ES: 0.3); incremental time to fatigue (p = 0.01; ES: 0.4), time trial time (p < 0.001; ES: 0.7) and time trial power output (p < 0.001; ES: 0.7) equally in both sexes. Although LT2 power output explained 77% of the performance improvement in women, no variable explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting another mechanism(s) was involved. Although HIIT improved cycling performance in men and women, it might not be appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of HIIT using the same variables for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hoffmann
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon P van Rosendal
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynne M Emmerton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
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31
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Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2007-2021. [PMID: 33002256 DOI: 10.1113/ep088548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to determine metabolic thresholds and fatigability. Thereafter, we discuss the implications that these sex differences might have for long-term adaptation to exercise. What advances does it highlight? The review collates evidence from recent physiological studies that have investigated sex as a biological variable, demonstrating that the physiological response to equivalent 'dosages' of exercise is not the same in males and females; thus, highlighting the need to research diversity in physiological responses to interventions. ABSTRACT The anatomical and physiological differences between males and females are thought to determine differences in the limits of human performance. The notion of studying sex as a biological variable has recently been emphasized in the biosciences as a vital step in enhancing human health. In this review, we contend that the effects of biological sex on acute and chronic responses must be studied and accounted for when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting the optimization of physiological function. Emerging evidence suggests that the response of physiological systems to exercise differs between males and females, potentially mediating the beneficial effects in healthy and clinical populations. We highlight evidence that integrative metabolic thresholds during exercise are influenced by phenotypical sex differences throughout many physiological systems. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that female skeletal muscle is more resistant to fatigue elicited by equivalent dosages of high-intensity exercise. How the different acute responses affect the long-term trainability of males and females is considered, with discussion about tailoring exercise to the characteristics of the individual presented within the context of biological sex. Finally, we highlight the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on physiological responses to exercise in females. Sex is one of many mediating influences on the outcomes of exercise, and with careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance the collective understanding of diversity in physiology and optimize outcomes for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Pradhan A, Malagon G, Lagacy R, Chester V, Kuruganti U. Effect of age and sex on strength and spatial electromyography during knee extension. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:11. [PMID: 32293538 PMCID: PMC7161225 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multichannel surface electromyography (EMG) is a method to examine properties of motor unit (MU) activity using multiple electrodes arranged on a two-dimensional grid. This technique can be used to examine alterations in EMG activity distribution due to contraction intensity as well as due to physiological differences such as age or sex. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare strength and high-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) features during isometric and isokinetic knee extensions between older and younger men and women. Methods Twenty younger (ages 19–25 years) and twenty older (ages 64–78) men and women performed submaximal and maximal isometric (at a joint angle of 90°) and isokinetic knee extensions, while HDsEMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis. Spatial distribution was estimated using the root mean square (RMS), and 2-dimensional (2D) maps were developed to examine spatial features. Coefficient of variation (CV) and modified entropy were used to examine alterations in muscle heterogeneity and pattern. Peak torque and HDsEMG parameters were compared across age and gender. Results Younger males and females produced significantly higher mean torque than the older group (p < 0.001) for all contractions. Both age- and sex-related significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for EMG spatial features suggesting neuromuscular differences. Modified entropy was significantly higher and CV was lower for young females compared to young males (p < 0.05) across both isometric and isokinetic contractions. Conclusions We found that isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength, spatial distribution, and intensity differ as a function of age and sex during knee extensions. While there were no differences detected in entropy between age groups, there were sex-related differences in the younger age category. The lack of age-related differences in entropy was surprising given the known effects of aging on muscle fiber composition. However, it is often reported that muscle coactivation increases with age and this work was limited to the study of one muscle of the knee extensors (vastus lateralis) which should be addressed in future work. The findings suggest while both age and sex affect muscle activation, sex had a greater effect on heterogeneity. The results obtained will help to develop improved rehabilitation programs for aging men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashirbad Pradhan
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Gemma Malagon
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rebecca Lagacy
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Victoria Chester
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Usha Kuruganti
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Tobias IS, Lazauskas KK, Siu J, Costa PB, Coburn JW, Galpin AJ. Sex and fiber type independently influence AMPK, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4 at rest and during recovery from high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:350-361. [PMID: 31895596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00704.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men present different metabolic responses to exercise, yet whether this phenomenon results from differences in fiber type (FT) composition or other sex-specific factors remains unclear. Therefore, our aim was to examine the effects of sex and FT independently on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Tre-2/BUB2/CDC1 domain family (TBC1D)1, and TBC1D4 in response to acute exercise. Segregated pools of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and MHC IIa fibers were prepared from vastus lateralis biopsies of young trained men and women at rest and during recovery (0 min, 45 min, 90 min, or 180 min) from high-intensity interval exercise (6 × 1.5 min at 95% maximum oxygen uptake). In resting MHC I vs. IIa fibers, AMPKα2, AMPKγ3, and TBC1D1 were higher and TBC1D4 expression was lower in both sexes, along with higher phospho (p)-TBC1D1Ser660 and lower p-TBC1D4Thr642. Women expressed higher ACC than men in MHC IIa fibers and higher AMPKβ1, AMPKβ2, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4 in both FTs. Immediately after exercise, p-AMPKαThr172 increased only in MHC IIa fibers, whereas p-ACCSer221 increased in both FTs, with no change in p-TBC1D1Ser660 or p-TBC1D4Thr642. During recovery, delayed responses were observed for p-AMPKαThr172 in MHC I (45 min), p-TBC1D4Thr642 in both FTs (45 min), and p-TBC1D1Ser660 (180 min). FT-specific phosphorylation responses to exercise were similar between men and women. Data indicate that sex and FT independently influence expression of AMPK and its substrates. Thus failing to account for sex or FT may reduce accuracy and precision of metabolic protein measurements and conceal key findings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation is the first to compare muscle fiber type (FT)-specific analysis of proteins between the sexes, providing comprehensive data on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Tre-2/BUB2/CDC1 domain family (TBC1D)1, and TBC1D4 before and in the hours following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT). Expression and phosphorylation of specific AMPK isoforms, ACC, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4 were shown to be FT dependent, sex dependent, or both, and TBC1D1 showed an unexpected delay in FT-dependent phosphorylation in the time period following HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene S Tobias
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Kara K Lazauskas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Jeremy Siu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Jared W Coburn
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Andrew J Galpin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
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Caffeine Supplementation Improves Anaerobic Performance and Neuromuscular Efficiency and Fatigue in Olympic-Level Boxers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092120. [PMID: 31492050 PMCID: PMC6769736 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND this study examined the effects of caffeine supplementation on anaerobic performance, neuromuscular efficiency and upper and lower extremities fatigue in Olympic-level boxers. METHODS Eight male athletes, members of the Spanish National Olympic Team, were enrolled in the study. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design, the athletes completed 2 test sessions after the intake of caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) or placebo. Sessions involved initial measures of lactate, handgrip and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, followed by a 30-seconds Wingate test, and then final measures of the previous variables. During the sessions, electromiography (EMG) data were recorded on the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius lateral head and tibialis anterior. RESULTS caffeine enhanced peak power (6.27%, p < 0.01; Effect Size (ES) = 1.26), mean power (5.21%; p < 0.01; ES = 1.29) and reduced the time needed to reach peak power (-9.91%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.58) in the Wingate test, improved jump height in the CMJ (+2.4 cm, p < 0.01), and improved neuromuscular efficiency at peak power in the vastus lateralis (ES = 1.01) and gluteus maximus (ES = 0.89), and mean power in the vastus lateralis (ES = 0.95) and tibialis anterior (ES = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS in these Olympic-level boxers, caffeine supplementation improved anaerobic performance without affecting EMG activity and fatigue levels in the lower limbs. Further benefits observed were enhanced neuromuscular efficiency in some muscles and improved reaction speed.
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Mohr M, Skoradal MB, Andersen TR, Krustrup P. Gender-dependent evaluation of football as medicine for prediabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2011-2024. [PMID: 31346789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training intensity and health effects of football were investigated gender specifically in individuals with prediabetes. METHODS Participants with prediabetes (age 60 ± 6 years) were randomised into a football and dietary advice group (FD-men n = 13 and FD-women n = 14) or a dietary advice only group (D-men n = 12 and D-women n = 11). FD performed football training (twice/week for 16 weeks), while both groups received dietary advice. Body composition, bone variables, blood pressure, blood lipid profile and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were determined pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Mean heart rate during football training was 79 ± 2 and 80 ± 3% HRmax for FD-men and FD-women, respectively, with peak heart rate values of 96 ± 1 and 97 ± 2% HRmax, with no gender differences. VO2peak increased more (P < 0.05) in FD-men and FD-women than in D-men and D-women. However, relative delta change in VO2peak was 21 ± 14% in FD-women, which was greater (P < 0.05) than in FD-men (11 ± 12%). Reduction in SBP and DBP, respectively, was similar in FD-men (- 10.8 ± 13.0 and - 7.3 ± 11.8 mmHg) and FD-women (- 11.3 ± 11.0 and - 7.1 ± 6.2 mmHg), with within-gender differences for men. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased (P < 0.05) by - 0.7 ± 1.1 and - 0.5 ± 0.9 mmol L-1, respectively, in FD-women and - 0.2 ± 0.4 and - 0.2 ± 0.3 mmol L-1 in FD-men, with no significant gender differences (P = 0.08). Body fat content was lowered (P < 0.05) by 3 and 4%-points in FD-men and FD-women, respectively. CONCLUSION Gender-mixed football training combined with dietary advice causes broad-spectrum health effects for men and women with prediabetes, with minor gender-specific differences. Thus, the intensity and training-induced effects of football training are also high for elderly women with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncksgøta 25, 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
- Centre for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - May-Britt Skoradal
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncksgøta 25, 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Thomas Rostgaard Andersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Ito S. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - The key to an efficient exercise protocol. World J Cardiol 2019; 11:171-188. [PMID: 31565193 PMCID: PMC6763680 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO2peak, the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or 75 min of moderate- or vigorous- intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT [usually called sprint interval training (SIT)], professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO2peak with higher adherence and less risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Ito
- Division of Cardiology, Sankuro Hospital, Aichi-ken, Toyota 4710035, Japan
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37
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Christiansen D, MacInnis MJ, Zacharewicz E, Xu H, Frankish BP, Murphy RM. A fast, reliable and sample-sparing method to identify fibre types of single muscle fibres. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6473. [PMID: 31019216 PMCID: PMC6482153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many skeletal muscle proteins are present in a cell-specific or fibre-type dependent manner. Stimuli such as exercise, aging, and disease have been reported to result in fibre-specific responses in protein abundances. Thus, fibre-type-specific determination of the content of specific proteins provides enhanced mechanistic understanding of muscle physiology and biochemistry compared with typically performed whole-muscle homogenate analyses. This analysis, however, is laborious and typically not performed. We present a novel dot blotting method for easy and rapid determination of skeletal muscle fibre type based on myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform presence. Requiring only small amounts of starting muscle tissue (i.e., 2–10 mg wet weight), muscle fibre type is determined in one-tenth of a 1–3-mm fibre segment, with the remainder of each segment pooled with fibre segments of the same type (I or II) for subsequent protein quantification by western blotting. This method, which we validated using standard western blotting, is much simpler and cheaper than previous methods and is adaptable for laboratories routinely performing biochemical analyses. Use of dot blotting for fibre typing will facilitate investigations of fibre-specific responses to diverse stimuli, which will advance our understanding of skeletal muscle physiology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Christiansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Evelyn Zacharewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Barnaby P Frankish
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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López-González LM, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Mata F, Jodra P, Antonio J, Domínguez R. Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:60. [PMID: 30594211 PMCID: PMC6310931 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine used as a supplement has been shown to improve physical and cognitive performance in several sport modalities due to its effects on the central nervous system. This review assesses the direct effects of caffeine supplementation on performance in combat sports. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, relevant studies were identified through the Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases. Of 1053 search results, only 9 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, three studies detected no ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation, while six studies did observe a significant positive effect. Supplementation with 3-6 mg/kg of caffeine was found to increase the glycolytic contribution to energy metabolism during the execution of real or simulated combats, as indicated by elevated blood lactate concentrations. Caffeine intake was also noted to improve levels of strength, power and upper arm muscular endurance. These effects were not paralleled by an increase in the exertion perceived by the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio J Sánchez-Oliver
- Area of Human Motricity and Sports Performance. Faculty of Education Sciences, Seville University, c/Pirotecnia s/n, Seville, Spain. .,Sport Departament. School of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Jodra
- Department of Education Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Rodríguez-Fernández A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, Villa Vicente JG, Nakamura FY. Effects of short-term in-season break detraining on repeated-sprint ability and intermittent endurance according to initial performance of soccer player. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201111. [PMID: 30110374 PMCID: PMC6093601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the detraining effects in soccer, the purpose of the study was to analyse if performance level of soccer players modulate repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and intermittent endurance changes during 2-weeks of detraining (i.e., in-season break). Seventeen professional and sixteen young elite soccer players of two different teams performed, before and after 2-weeks of detraining, the RSA test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 1 (YYIR1). Before detraining, professional players perform better (p < 0.05) RSA best time (RSAbest) than young players. A decrease (p < 0.05) in RSAbest, RSA total time (RSAtotal) and mean time (RSAmean) performance was observed in both teams, without changes in RSA fatigue index (Sdec). No significant changes in distance covered during YYIR1 was observed in any team. Before detraining, faster players from both teams (FG) (following the median split technique, soccer players with RSAbest ≤ 3.95 s) performed better (p < 0.01) in RSAtotal, RSAmean and RSAbest, but worse (p < 0.01) in Sdec. Although FG and the slower players (SG, RSAbest > 3.95 s) showed a worse (p < 0.05) RSAtotal, RSAbest and RSAmean performance after detraining (ES = 1.5, 1.4 and 2.9; ES = 0.6, 1.2 and 0.6; for FG and SG, respectively), the deterioration was greater in the FG for RSAbest (p < 0.05) and RSAtotal (ES = 1.46). After detraining, FG improved (p < 0.05) Sdec performance. In conclusion, a 2-week in-season break (detraining) period induced a worse RSA, with no effect on intermittent endurance in professional and elite young soccer players, with greater detrimental effects on RSAtotal and RSAbest in FG. In addition, Sdec does not seem to be sensitive to changes in RSA after a 2-week in-season break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
- Unit Assessment and Planning of Sports Training, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, León, Spain
- Unit Assessment and Planning of Sports Training, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Unit Assessment and Planning of Sports Training, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | | - José Gerardo Villa Vicente
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, León, Spain
- Unit Assessment and Planning of Sports Training, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Unit Assessment and Planning of Sports Training, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences “G. d´Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Miotto PM, McGlory C, Holloway TM, Phillips SM, Holloway GP. Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29513564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic contributions to sex differences in human skeletal muscle metabolism remain poorly defined. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial respiratory kinetics differed between healthy young men and women in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers. While men and women displayed similar ( P > 0.05) maximal respiration rates and abundance of mitochondrial/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transport proteins, women had lower ( P < 0.05) mitochondrial ADP sensitivity (+30% apparent Km) and absolute respiration rates at a physiologically relevant ADP concentration (100 μM). Moreover, although men and women exhibited similar carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I protein content- and palmitoyl-CoA-supported respiration, women displayed greater sensitivity to malonyl-CoA-mediated respiratory inhibition. These data establish baseline sex differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics and provide the foundation for studying mitochondrial function within the context of metabolic perturbations and diseases that affect men and women differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Miotto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Tanya M Holloway
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Alper Soydan
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tahir Hazir
- Division of Sport and Coaching, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Ozkan
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kin-Isler
- Division of Sport and Coaching, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Brockman NK, Yardley JE. Sex-related differences in fuel utilization and hormonal response to exercise: implications for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:541-552. [PMID: 29420905 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in metabolic and neuroendocrine response to exercise in individuals without diabetes have been well established. Men and women differ in fuel selection during exercise, in which women rely to a greater extent on fat oxidation, whereas males rely mostly on carbohydrate oxidation for energy production. The difference in fuel selection appears to be mediated by sex-related differences in hormonal (including catecholamines, growth hormone, and estrogen) response to different types and intensities of exercise. In general, men exhibit an amplified counter-regulatory response to exercise, with elevated levels of catecholamines compared with women. However, women exhibit greater sensitivity to the lipolytic action of the catecholamines and deplete less of their glycogen stores than men during exercise, which suggests that women may experience a greater defense in blood glucose control after exercise than men. Conversely, little is known about sex-related differences in response to exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A single study investigating sex-related differences in response to moderate aerobic exercise in individuals with T1D found sex-related differences in catecholamine response and fuel selection, but changes in blood glucose were not measured. To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sex-related differences in blood glucose responses to different types and intensities of exercise in individuals with T1D. This review summarizes sex-related differences in exercise responses that could potentially impact blood glucose levels during exercise in individuals with T1D and highlights the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Brockman
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada
| | - Jane E Yardley
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada.,b Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, 8602-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on a 30-s High-Intensity Inertial Cycle Ergometer Test. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121360. [PMID: 29244746 PMCID: PMC5748810 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Beetroot juice (BJ) is rich in inorganic nitrates and has proved effective at increasing blood nitric oxide (NO) levels. When used as a supplement BJ has shown an ergogenic effect on cardiorespiratory resistance exercise modalities, yet few studies have examined its impact on high intensity efforts. Objective: To assess the effects of BJ intake on anaerobic performance in a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen trained men (age 21.46 ± 1.72 years, height 1.78 ± 0.07 cm and weight 76.90 ± 8.67 kg) undertook a 30-s maximum intensity test on an inertial cycle ergometer after drinking 70 mL of BJ (5.6 mmol NO₃-) or placebo. Results: Despite no impacts of BJ on the mean power recorded during the test, improvements were produced in peak power (6%) (p = 0.034), average power 0-15 s (6.7%) (p = 0.048) and final blood lactate levels (82.6%) (p < 0.001), and there was a trend towards a shorter time taken to attain peak power (-8.4%) (p = 0.055). Conclusions: Supplementation with BJ has an ergonomic effect on maximum power output and on average power during the first 15 s of a 30-s maximum intensity inertial cycle ergometer test.
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Bækgaard Nielsen O, de Paoli FV, Riisager A, Pedersen TH. Chloride Channels Take Center Stage in Acute Regulation of Excitability in Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Fatigue. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:425-434. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation and propagation of action potentials in muscle fibers is a key element in the transmission of activating motor input from the central nervous system to their contractile apparatus, and maintenance of excitability is therefore paramount for their endurance during work. Here, we review current knowledge about the acute regulation of ClC-1 channels in active muscles and its importance for muscle excitability, function, and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Performance fatigability differs between men and women for a range of fatiguing tasks. Women are usually less fatigable than men, and this is most widely described for isometric fatiguing contractions and some dynamic tasks. The sex difference in fatigability is specific to the task demands so that one mechanism is not universal, including any sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology, muscle perfusion, and voluntary activation. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the task dependency of the sex differences in fatigability, the involved mechanisms, and the relevance to clinical populations and with advanced age. The knowledge gaps are in part due to the significant deficits in the number of women included in performance fatigability studies despite a gradual increase in the inclusion of women for the last 20 yr. Therefore, this review 1) provides a rationale for the limited knowledge about sex differences in performance fatigability, 2) summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in fatigability and the potential mechanisms across a range of tasks, 3) highlights emerging areas of opportunity in clinical populations, and 4) suggests strategies to close the knowledge gap and understanding the relevance of sex differences in performance fatigability. The limited understanding about sex differences in fatigability in healthy and clinical populations presents as a field ripe with opportunity for high-impact studies. Such studies will inform on the limitations of men and women during athletic endeavors, ergonomic tasks, and daily activities. Because fatigability is required for effective neuromuscular adaptation, sex differences in fatigability studies will also inform on optimal strategies for training and rehabilitation in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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Nishikawa Y, Watanabe K, Takahashi T, Hosomi N, Orita N, Mikami Y, Maruyama H, Kimura H, Matsumoto M. Sex differences in variances of multi-channel surface electromyography distribution of the vastus lateralis muscle during isometric knee extension in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:583-589. [PMID: 28220239 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare spatial electromyographic potential distribution during force production between healthy young female and male using multi-channel surface electromyography (multi-SEMG). METHODS Thirty healthy subjects (15 females) performed sustained isometric knee extension at 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task for 120 s. Multi-SEMG signals from the vastus lateralis muscle were detected and the modified entropy, coefficient of variation (CV), and correlation coefficient determined. RESULTS The modified entropy and CV showed significant interaction and difference between females and males at all time points during the 10% MVC task. The correlation coefficient in females was significantly lower at 90 and 120 s than that of males. CONCLUSIONS The multi-SEMG potential distribution pattern in females showed more varied motor unit recruitment during sustained low-intensity isometric contraction than that of males. Variations in motor unit recruitment may result from recruitment and/or de-recruitment of motor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan. .,Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagotohonmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8666, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohisa Hosomi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoya Orita
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukio Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Haan YC, Oudman I, Diemer FS, Karamat FA, van Valkengoed IG, van Montfrans GA, Brewster LM. Creatine kinase as a marker of obesity in a multi-ethnic population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:24-31. [PMID: 27894867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Creatine kinase (CK), the central regulatory enzyme of energy metabolism, is particularly high in type II skeletal muscle fibers, which are associated with insulin resistance and obesity. As resting plasma CK is mainly derived from skeletal muscle, we assessed whether plasma CK is associated with markers of obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed a random sample of the multi-ethnic population of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of 1444 subjects aged 34-60 years. The primary outcome was the independent association between plasma CK after rest and waist circumference. Other outcomes included waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index. RESULTS Mean waist circumference increased from the first through the third CK tertile, respectively 90.3 (SD 13.4), 93.2 (SD 14.3), and 94.4 (SD 13.3) cm (p < 0.001 for differences between tertiles). The increase in waist circumference was 8.91 (95% CI 5.35 to 12.47) cm per log CK increase after adjustment for age, sex, African ethnicity, educational level, physical activity and plasma creatinine. Similarly, CK was independently associated with waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index, with an increase of respectively 0.05 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.07) and 3.6 (95% CI 2.3 to 5.0) kg/m2 per log CK increase. CONCLUSIONS Plasma CK is independently associated with measures of obesity in a multi-ethnic population. This is in line with the central role of type II skeletal muscle fibers in energy metabolism and obesity. Prospective studies should assess whether resting plasma CK could be an easy accessible marker of CK rich type II fiber predominance that helps identify individuals at risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yentl C Haan
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Oudman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke S Diemer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Flustraat 1, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Fares A Karamat
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene G van Valkengoed
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert A van Montfrans
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lizzy M Brewster
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Skelly LE, Gillen JB, MacInnis MJ, Martin BJ, Safdar A, Akhtar M, MacDonald MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Effect of sex on the acute skeletal muscle response to sprint interval exercise. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:354-365. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Mahmood Akhtar
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Maureen J. MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
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Sundberg CW, Hunter SK, Bundle MW. Rates of performance loss and neuromuscular activity in men and women during cycling: evidence for a common metabolic basis of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:130-141. [PMID: 27856712 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00468.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The durations that muscular force and power outputs can be sustained until failure fall predictably on an exponential decline between an individual's 3-s burst maximum to the maximum performance they can sustain aerobically. The exponential time constants describing these rates of performance loss are similar across individuals, suggesting that a common metabolically based mechanism governs muscle fatigue; however, these conclusions come from studies mainly on men. To test whether the same physiological understanding can be applied to women, we compared the performance-duration relationships and neuromuscular activity between seven men [23.3 ± 1.9 (SD) yr] and seven women (21.7 ± 1.8 yr) from multiple exhaustive bouts of cycle ergometry. Each subject performed trials to obtain the peak 3-s power output (Pmax), the mechanical power at the aerobic maximum (Paer), and 11-14 constant-load bouts eliciting failure between 3 and 300 s. Collectively, men and women performed 180 exhaustive bouts spanning an ~6-fold range of power outputs (118-1116 W) and an ~35-fold range of trial durations (8-283 s). Men generated 66% greater Pmax (956 ± 109 W vs. 632 ± 74 W) and 68% greater Paer (310 ± 47 W vs. 212 ± 15 W) than women. However, the metabolically based time constants describing the time course of performance loss were similar between men (0.020 ± 0.003/s) and women (0.021 ± 0.003/s). Additionally, the fatigue-induced increases in neuromuscular activity did not differ between the sexes when compared relative to the pedal forces at Paer These data suggest that muscle fatigue during short-duration dynamic exercise has a common metabolically based mechanism determined by the extent that ATP is resynthesized by anaerobic metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although men and women differed considerably in their absolute cycling performances, there was no sex difference in the metabolically based exponential time constant that described the performance-duration relationship. Similarly, the fatigue-induced increases in neuromuscular activity were not different between the sexes when compared from a metabolic perspective. These data suggest that men and women have similar rate-limiting mechanisms for short-duration dynamic exercise that are determined by the extent the exercise is supported by anaerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Sundberg
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Health and Human Performance and Organismal Biology and Ecology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana; and .,Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew W Bundle
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Health and Human Performance and Organismal Biology and Ecology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana; and
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Kavaliauskas M, Steer TP, Babraj JA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance adaptations to a 4-week sprint interval training in young healthy untrained females. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016; 13:17-23. [PMID: 28479931 PMCID: PMC5397461 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to test the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance measures in young females. Methods Eight healthy, untrained females (age 21 ± 1 years; height 165 ± 5 cm; body mass 63 ± 6 kg) completed cycling peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak), 10-km cycling time trial (TT) and critical power (CP) tests pre- and post-SIT. SIT protocol included 4 × 30-s “all-out” cycling efforts against 7 % body mass interspersed with 4 min of active recovery performed twice per week for 4 weeks (eight sessions in total). Results There was no significant difference in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak following SIT compared to the control period (control period: 31.7 ± 3.0 ml kg−1 min−1; post-SIT: 30.9 ± 4.5 ml kg−1 min−1; p > 0.05), but SIT significantly improved time to exhaustion (TTE) (control period: 710 ± 101 s; post-SIT: 798 ± 127 s; p = 0.00), 10-km cycling TT (control period: 1055 ± 129 s; post-SIT: 997 ± 110 s; p = 0.004) and CP (control period: 1.8 ± 0.3 W kg−1; post-SIT: 2.3 ± 0.6 W kg−1; p = 0.01). Conclusions These results demonstrate that young untrained females are responsive to SIT as measured by TTE, 10-km cycling TT and CP tests. However, eight sessions of SIT over 4 weeks are not enough to provide sufficient training stimulus to increase \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, 2.B.38, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
| | - Thomas P Steer
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - John A Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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