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Zhao M, Wu Q, Duanmu W, Shen J, Yuan W, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, He S. Clinical Analysis of Myocardial Injury in Highlanders with Pulmonary Hypertension. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:205-211. [PMID: 38900692 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a prevalent adverse cardiovascular event at high-altitude environments. Prolonged exposure to high altitudes may result in myocardial injury, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of myocardial injury in patients with PH at high altitude. Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to a general tertiary hospital at the altitude of 3,650 m were selected into this retrospective study. Clinical and biochemical data were collected, as well as based on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and echocardiography, patients were divided into myocardial injury group and non-myocardial injury group. Results: A total of 231 patients were enrolled, among whom 29 (12.6%) had myocardial injury. We found that body mass index, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and serum level of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in myocardial injury group were significantly higher than non-myocardial injury group. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that cTnI has a significant positive correlation with CK-MB and lactic dehydrogenase instead of aspartate aminotransferase. A receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to demonstrate that CK-MB could significantly predict the occurrence of myocardial injury with an area under the curve of 0.749, and a level of 3.035 (sensitivity = 59.3%, specificity = 90.5%) was optimal cutoff value. Conclusion: The incidence of myocardial injury in highlanders with PH is significant. CK-MB, as a convenient and efficient marker, has been found to be closely associated with cTnI and plays a predictive role in the occurrence of myocardial injury with PH in individuals exposed to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianjin Wu
- Department of Health Service, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Wangsheng Duanmu
- Department of Neurology, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Junxian Shen
- Department of Neurology, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Weixin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Yingbin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tibetan Military General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Jinbao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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DiMarco KG, Chapman CL, Weiser NE, Matsell ER, Lucernoni KM, Chacon S, Grivette MMB, Halliwill JR, Lovering AT, Minson CT. Acute exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation and/or hot water immersion transiently increases erythropoietin in females but not in males. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39143855 DOI: 10.1113/ep091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of acute carbon monoxide inhalation (COi) and hot water immersion (HWI) are of growing interest as interventions to stimulate erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, whether EPO production is further augmented when combining these stressors and whether there are sex differences in this response are poorly understood. Therefore, we measured circulating EPO concentration in response to acute COi and HWI independently and in combination and determined whether the responses were altered by sex. Participants completed three study visits-COi, HWI, and combined COi and HWI-separated by 1 week in a randomized, balanced, crossover design. Renal blood velocity was measured during all interventions, and carboxyhaemoglobin was measured during and after COi. Serum samples were analysed every hour for 6 h post-intervention for EPO concentration. HWI decreased renal blood velocity (46.2 cm/s to 36.2 cm/s) (P < 0.0001), and COi increased carboxyhaemoglobin (1.5%-12.8%) (P < 0.0001) without changing renal blood velocity (46.4-45.2 cm/s) (P = 0.4456). All three interventions increased peak EPO concentration from baseline (COi: 6.02-9.74 mIU/mL; HWI: 6.80-11.10 mIU/mL; COi + HWI: 6.71-10.91 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0048) and to the same extent (P = 0.3505). On average, females increased EPO while males did not in response to COi (females: 6.17 mIU/mL; males: 1.27 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0010), HWI (females: 6.47 mIU/mL; males: 2.14 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0104), and COi and HWI (females: 6.65 mIU/mL; males: 1.76 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0256). These data emphasize that combining these interventions does not augment EPO secretion and that these interventions may work better in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G DiMarco
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Natasha E Weiser
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Emma R Matsell
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Samantha Chacon
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew T Lovering
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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Moya EA, Yu JJ, Brown S, Gu W, Lawrence ES, Carlson R, Brandes A, Wegeng W, Amann K, McIntosh SE, Powell FL, Simonson TS. Tibetans exhibit lower hemoglobin concentration and decreased heart response to hypoxia during poikilocapnia at intermediate altitude relative to Han Chinese. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1334874. [PMID: 38784113 PMCID: PMC11112024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1334874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High-altitude populations exhibit distinct cellular, respiratory, and cardiovascular phenotypes, some of which provide adaptive advantages to hypoxic conditions compared to populations with sea-level ancestry. Studies performed in populations with a history of high-altitude residence, such as Tibetans, support the idea that many of these phenotypes may be shaped by genomic features that have been positively selected for throughout generations. We hypothesize that such traits observed in Tibetans at high altitude also occur in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude, even in the absence of severe sustained hypoxia. Methodology We studied individuals of high-altitude ancestry (Tibetans, n = 17 females; n = 12 males) and sea-level ancestry (Han Chinese, n = 6 females; n = 10 males), both who had been living at ∼1300 m (∼4327 ft) for at least 18 months. We measured hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and hypoxic heart rate response (HHRR) with end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) held constant (isocapnia) or allowed to decrease with hypoxic hyperventilation (poikilocapnia). We also quantified the contribution of CO2 on ventilation and heart rate by calculating the differences of isocapnic versus poikilocapnic hypoxic conditions (Δ V ˙ I /ΔPetCO2 and ΔHR/ΔPetCO2, respectively). Results Male Tibetans had lower [Hb] compared to Han Chinese males (p < 0.05), consistent with reports for individuals from these populations living at high altitude and sea level. Measurements of ventilation (resting ventilation, HVR, and PetCO2) were similar for both groups. Heart rate responses to hypoxia were similar in both groups during isocapnia; however, HHRR in poikilocapnia was reduced in the Tibetan group (p < 0.03), and the heart rate response to CO2 in hypoxia was lower in Tibetans relative to Han Chinese (p < 0.01). Conclusion These results suggest that Tibetans living at intermediate altitude have blunted cardiac responses in the context of hypoxia. Hence, only some of the phenotypes observed in Tibetans living at high altitude are observed in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude. Whereas blunted cardiac responses to hypoxia is revealed at intermediate altitudes, manifestation of other physiological adaptations to high altitude may require exposure to more severe levels of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J. J. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - S. Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - W. Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - E. S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R. Carlson
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - A. Brandes
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - W. Wegeng
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - K. Amann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S. E. McIntosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - F. L. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T. S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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4
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Zhao ML, Lu ZJ, Yang L, Ding S, Gao F, Liu YZ, Yang XL, Li X, He SY. The cardiovascular system at high altitude: A bibliometric and visualization analysis. World J Cardiol 2024; 16:199-214. [PMID: 38690218 PMCID: PMC11056872 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v16.i4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When exposed to high-altitude environments, the cardiovascular system undergoes various changes, the performance and mechanisms of which remain controversial. AIM To summarize the latest research advancements and hot research points in the cardiovascular system at high altitude by conducting a bibliometric and visualization analysis. METHODS The literature was systematically retrieved and filtered using the Web of Science Core Collection of Science Citation Index Expanded. A visualization analysis of the identified publications was conducted employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer. RESULTS A total of 1674 publications were included in the study, with an observed annual increase in the number of publications spanning from 1990 to 2022. The United States of America emerged as the predominant contributor, while Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia stood out as the institution with the highest publication output. Notably, Jean-Paul Richalet demonstrated the highest productivity among researchers focusing on the cardiovascular system at high altitude. Furthermore, Peter Bärtsch emerged as the author with the highest number of cited articles. Keyword analysis identified hypoxia, exercise, acclimatization, acute and chronic mountain sickness, pulmonary hypertension, metabolism, and echocardiography as the primary research hot research points and emerging directions in the study of the cardiovascular system at high altitude. CONCLUSION Over the past 32 years, research on the cardiovascular system in high-altitude regions has been steadily increasing. Future research in this field may focus on areas such as hypoxia adaptation, metabolism, and cardiopulmonary exercise. Strengthening interdisciplinary and multi-team collaborations will facilitate further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular changes in high-altitude environments and provide a theoretical basis for standardized disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Zhang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Lin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Yi He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China.
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5
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Lee FS. Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway proteins in high-altitude mammals. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:79-92. [PMID: 38036336 PMCID: PMC10841901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans and other mammals inhabit hypoxic high-altitude locales. In many of these species, genes under positive selection include ones in the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway. One is PHD2 (EGLN1), which encodes for a key oxygen sensor. Another is HIF2A (EPAS1), which encodes for a PHD2-regulated transcription factor. Recent studies have provided insights into mechanisms for these high-altitude alleles. These studies have (i) shown that selection can occur on nonconserved, unstructured regions of proteins, (ii) revealed that high altitude-associated amino acid substitutions can have differential effects on protein-protein interactions, (iii) provided evidence for convergent evolution by different molecular mechanisms, and (iv) suggested that mutations in different genes can complement one another to produce a set of adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Slingo ME. Oxygen-sensing pathways and the pulmonary circulation. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37843154 DOI: 10.1113/jp284591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique property of the pulmonary circulation to constrict in response to hypoxia, rather than dilate, brings advantages in both health and disease. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) acts to optimise ventilation-perfusion matching - this is important clinically both in focal disease (such as pneumonia) and in one-lung ventilation during anaesthesia for thoracic surgery. However, during global hypoxia such as that encountered at high altitude, generalised pulmonary vasoconstriction can lead to pulmonary hypertension. There is now a growing body of evidence that links the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and pulmonary vascular tone - in both acute and chronic settings. Genetic and pharmacological alterations to all key components of this pathway (VHL - von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitin E3 ligase; PHD2 - prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2; HIF1 and HIF2) have clear effects on the pulmonary circulation, particularly in hypoxia. Furthermore, knowledge of the molecular biology of the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes has led to an extensive and ongoing body of research into the importance of iron in both HPV and pulmonary hypertension. This review will explore these relationships in more detail and discuss future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Slingo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Jorgensen K, Song D, Weinstein J, Garcia OA, Pearson LN, Inclán M, Rivera-Chira M, León-Velarde F, Kiyamu M, Brutsaert TD, Bigham AW, Lee FS. High-Altitude Andean H194R HIF2A Allele Is a Hypomorphic Allele. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad162. [PMID: 37463421 PMCID: PMC10370452 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 10,000 years, Andeans have resided at high altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen challenges human survival. Recent studies have provided evidence for positive selection acting in Andeans on the HIF2A (also known as EPAS1) locus, which encodes for a central transcription factor of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. However, the precise mechanism by which this allele might lead to altitude-adaptive phenotypes, if any, is unknown. By analyzing whole genome sequencing data from 46 high-coverage Peruvian Andean genomes, we confirm evidence for positive selection acting on HIF2A and a unique pattern of variation surrounding the Andean-specific single nucleotide variant (SNV), rs570553380, which encodes for an H194R amino acid substitution in HIF-2α. Genotyping the Andean-associated SNV rs570553380 in a group of 299 Peruvian Andeans from Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4,338 m), reveals a positive association with increased fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, a marker of nitric oxide biosynthesis. In vitro assays show that the H194R mutation impairs binding of HIF-2α to its heterodimeric partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. A knockin mouse model bearing the H194R mutation in the Hif2a gene displays decreased levels of hypoxia-induced pulmonary Endothelin-1 transcripts and protection against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. We conclude the Andean H194R HIF2A allele is a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Jorgensen
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daisheng Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julien Weinstein
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Obed A Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurel N Pearson
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - María Inclán
- División de. Estudios Políticos, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Maria Rivera-Chira
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Fabiola León-Velarde
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Melisa Kiyamu
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Li QQ, Zhang J, Wang HY, Niu SF, Wu RX, Tang BG, Wang QH, Liang ZB, Liang YS. Transcriptomic Response of the Liver Tissue in Trachinotus ovatus to Acute Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2053. [PMID: 37443851 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trachinotus ovatus is a major economically important cultured marine fish in the South China Sea. However, extreme weather and increased culture density result in uncontrollable problems, such as increases in water temperature and a decline in dissolved oxygen (DO), hindering the high-quality development of aquaculture. In this study, liver transcriptional profiles of T. ovatus were investigated under acute high-temperature stress (31 °C and 34 °C) and normal water temperature (27 °C) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. Differential expression analysis and STEM analysis showed that 1347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and four significant profiles (profiles 0, 3, 4, and 7) were screened, respectively. Of these DEGs, some genes involved in heat shock protein (HSPs), hypoxic adaptation, and glycolysis were up-regulated, while some genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated. Our results suggest that protein dynamic balance and function, hypoxia adaptation, and energy metabolism transformation are crucial in response to acute high-temperature stress. Our findings contribute to understanding the molecular response mechanism of T. ovatus under acute heat stress, which may provide some reference for studying the molecular mechanisms of other fish in response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Li
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Su-Fang Niu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Ren-Xie Wu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Bao-Gui Tang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhen-Bang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yan-Shan Liang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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9
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Mairbäurl H, Kilian S, Seide S, Muckenthaler MU, Gassmann M, Benedict RK. The Increase in Hemoglobin Concentration With Altitude Differs Between World Regions and Is Less in Children Than in Adults. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e854. [PMID: 37038466 PMCID: PMC10082317 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To compensate for decreased oxygen partial pressure, high-altitude residents increase hemoglobin concentrations [Hb]. The elevation varies between world regions, posing problems in defining cutoff values for anemia or polycythemia. The currently used altitude adjustments (World Health Organization [WHO]), however, do not account for regional differences. Data from The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Program were analyzed from 32 countries harboring >4% of residents at altitudes above 1000 m. [Hb]-increase, (ΔHb/km altitude) was calculated by linear regression analysis. Tables show 95% reference intervals (RIs) for different altitude ranges, world regions, and age groups. The prevalence of anemia and polycythemia was calculated using regressions in comparison to WHO adjustments. The most pronounced Δ[Hb]/km was found in East Africans and South Americans while [Hb] increased least in South/South-East Asia. In African regions and Middle East, [Hb] was decreased in some altitude regions showing inconsistent changes in different age groups. Of note, in all regions, the Δ[Hb]/km was lower in children than in adults, and in the Middle East, it was even negative. Overall, the Δ[Hb]/km from our analysis differed from the region-independent adjustments currently suggested by the WHO resulting in a lower anemia prevalence at very high altitudes. The distinct patterns of Δ[Hb] with altitude in residents from different world regions imply that one single, region-independent correction factor for altitude is not be applicable for diagnosing abnormal [Hb]. Therefore, we provide regression coefficients and reference-tables that are specific for world regions and altitude ranges to improve diagnosing abnormal [Hb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Translational Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Kilian
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Seide
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology & Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
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10
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Samaja M, Ottolenghi S. The Oxygen Cascade from Atmosphere to Mitochondria as a Tool to Understand the (Mal)adaptation to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043670. [PMID: 36835089 PMCID: PMC9960749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a life-threatening challenge for about 1% of the world population, as well as a contributor to high morbidity and mortality scores in patients affected by various cardiopulmonary, hematological, and circulatory diseases. However, the adaptation to hypoxia represents a failure for a relevant portion of the cases as the pathways of potential adaptation often conflict with well-being and generate diseases that in certain areas of the world still afflict up to one-third of the populations living at altitude. To help understand the mechanisms of adaptation and maladaptation, this review examines the various steps of the oxygen cascade from the atmosphere to the mitochondria distinguishing the patterns related to physiological (i.e., due to altitude) and pathological (i.e., due to a pre-existing disease) hypoxia. The aim is to assess the ability of humans to adapt to hypoxia in a multidisciplinary approach that correlates the function of genes, molecules, and cells with the physiologic and pathological outcomes. We conclude that, in most cases, it is not hypoxia by itself that generates diseases, but rather the attempts to adapt to the hypoxia condition. This underlies the paradigm shift that when adaptation to hypoxia becomes excessive, it translates into maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Samaja
- MAGI GROUP, San Felice del Benaco, 25010 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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11
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De S, Rai D, Tamang S, Sherpa RD, Subba S, Lepcha DT, Govindaraj P, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Tamang R. Signatures of high altitude adaptation in Tibeto-Burman tribes of the Darjeeling Hill Region. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23858. [PMID: 36591954 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The long-term isolation, endogamy practices, and environmental adaptations have shaped the enormous human diversity in India. The genetic and morphological variations in mainland Indians are well studied. However, the data on the Indian Himalayan populations are scattered. Thus, the present study attempts to understand variations in the selected parameter among four Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic tribal populations from the Darjeeling Hill Region (DHR) in the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot region of India. METHODS A total of 178 healthy male individuals (Lepcha 98, Sherpa 31, Bhutia 27, and Tibetans 22) living at an altitudinal range of 1467-2258 m above the sea level were studied for the 10 parameters namely, weight (kg), height (cm), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2 ) systolic and diastolic pressure (mm of Hg), pulse rate (per minute), saturation of peripheral oxygen (SPO2 ) (%), hemoglobin (g/dl), hematocrit (HCT) (%), and blood glucose (mg/dl). The data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression methods. RESULTS Our analysis revealed comparatively lower hemoglobin and HCT levels, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the Sherpas followed by the Tibetans. This may be reflecting the persistence of high-altitude adaptation signatures even in lowlands. Interestingly, the Tibetans differed significantly from other populations in terms of their higher body weight, height, and BMI. CONCLUSION Thus, our study showed the persistence of high altitude signatures in Tibetans and Sherpa inhabited the DHR. Additionally, we also observed significant differences in the anthropometric and physiological parameters among the Tibeto-Burman populations of the DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptaparni De
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Divya Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Shishir Tamang
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Soni Subba
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh Tamang
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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12
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Gray OA, Yoo J, Sobreira DR, Jousma J, Witonsky D, Sakabe NJ, Peng YJ, Prabhakar NR, Fang Y, Nobréga MA, Di Rienzo A. A pleiotropic hypoxia-sensitive EPAS1 enhancer is disrupted by adaptive alleles in Tibetans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade1942. [PMID: 36417539 PMCID: PMC9683707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In Tibetans, noncoding alleles in EPAS1-whose protein product hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) drives the response to hypoxia-carry strong signatures of positive selection; however, their functional mechanism has not been systematically examined. Here, we report that high-altitude alleles disrupt the activity of four EPAS1 enhancers in one or more cell types. We further characterize one enhancer (ENH5) whose activity is both allele specific and hypoxia dependent. Deletion of ENH5 results in down-regulation of EPAS1 and HIF-2α targets in acute hypoxia and in a blunting of the transcriptional response to sustained hypoxia. Deletion of ENH5 in mice results in dysregulation of gene expression across multiple tissues. We propose that pleiotropic adaptive effects of the Tibetan alleles in EPAS1 underlie the strong selective signal at this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Gray
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Débora R. Sobreira
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Jousma
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Witonsky
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Noboru J. Sakabe
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nanduri R. Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Nobréga
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Di Rienzo
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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13
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Fabries P, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Nespoulous O, Erkel MC, Marchandot V, Bouaziz W, Lepetit B, Hamm-Hornez AP, Malgoyre A, Koulmann N, Gomez-Merino D, Chennaoui M. The HMOX2 polymorphism contributes to the carotid body chemoreflex in European sea-level residents by regulating hypoxic ventilatory responses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1000786. [PMID: 36405624 PMCID: PMC9669423 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether a functional single nucleotide polymorphism of HMOX2 (heme oxygenase-2) (rs4786504 T>C) is involved in individual chemosensitivity to acute hypoxia, as assessed by ventilatory responses, in European individuals. These responses were obtained at rest and during submaximal exercise, using a standardized and validated protocol for exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia. Carriers of the ancestral T allele (n = 44) have significantly lower resting and exercise hypoxic ventilatory responses than C/C homozygous carriers (n = 40). In the literature, a hypoxic ventilatory response threshold to exercise has been identified as an independent predictor of severe high altitude-illness (SHAI). Our study shows that carriers of the T allele have a higher risk of SHAI than carriers of the mutated C/C genotype. Secondarily, we were also interested in COMT (rs4680 G > A) polymorphism, which may be indirectly involved in the chemoreflex response through modulation of autonomic nervous system activity. Significant differences are present between COMT genotypes for oxygen saturation and ventilatory responses to hypoxia at rest. In conclusion, this study adds information on genetic factors involved in individual vulnerability to acute hypoxia and supports the critical role of the ≪ O2 sensor ≫ - heme oxygenase-2 - in the chemosensitivity of carotid bodies in Humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fabries
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Nespoulous
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marie-Claire Erkel
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Walid Bouaziz
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Benoît Lepetit
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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14
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Ma D, Wang L, Jin Y, Gu L, Yin G, Wang J, Yu XA, Huang H, Zhang Z, Wang B, Lu Y, Bi K, Wang P, Wang T. Chemical characteristics of Rhodiola Crenulata and its mechanism in acute mountain sickness using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with network pharmacology analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115345. [PMID: 35526732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Ohba has a long history of clinical application for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, gaps in knowledge still exist in understanding the underlying mechanisms of Rhodiola crenulata against AMS. AIMS To address this problem, a comprehensive method was established by combining UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and network pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ingredients of Rhodiola crenulata were comprehensively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method. On this basis, a network pharmacology method incorporated target prediction, protein-protein interaction network, gene enrichment analysis and components-targets-pathways network was performed. Finally, the possible mechanisms were verified through molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS A total of 106 constituents of Rhodiola crenulata were charactered via UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The 98 potentially active compounds out of 106 were screened and corresponded to 53 anti-AMS targets. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that hypoxia and inflammation related genes may be the central factors for Rhodiola crenulata to modulate AMS. Molecular docking revealed that TNF, VEGFA and HIF-1α had high affinities to Rhodiola crenulata compounds. Subsequently, Rhodiola crenulata extract was indicated to inhibit the protein expression level of TNF in hypoxia induced H9c2 cells. Lastly, Rhodiola crenulata extract was further verified to ameliorate heart injury and decreased the heart levels of TNF, VEGFA and HIF-1α in acute hypoxia-induced rats. CONCLUSIONS This study used UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and a network pharmacology to provide an important reference for revealing the potential mechanism of Rhodiola crenulata in the prevention and treatment of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yibao Jin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Lifei Gu
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Guo Yin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Xie-An Yu
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Houshuang Huang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Tiejie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.
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15
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Ivy CM, Velotta JP, Cheviron ZA, Scott GR. Genetic variation in HIF-2α attenuates ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia in high-altitude deer mice. J Physiol 2022; 600:4207-4225. [PMID: 35797482 DOI: 10.1113/jp282798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS High-altitude natives of many species have experienced natural selection on the gene encoding HIF-2α, Epas1, including high-altitude populations of deer mice. HIF-2α regulates ventilation and carotid body growth in hypoxia, so the genetic variants in Epas1 in high-altitude natives may underlie evolved changes in control of breathing. Deer mice from controlled crosses between high- and low-altitude populations were used to examine the effects of Epas1 genotype on an admixed genomic background. The high-altitude variant was associated with reduced ventilatory chemosensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, but had no effects on haematology. The results help us better understand the genetic basis for the unique physiological phenotype of high-altitude natives. ABSTRACT The gene encoding HIF-2α, Epas1, has experienced a history of natural selection in many high-altitude taxa, but the functional role of mutations in this gene are still poorly understood. We investigated the influence of the high-altitude variant of Epas1 in North American deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on control of breathing and carotid body growth during chronic hypoxia. We created hybrids between high- and low-altitude populations of deer mice to disrupt linkages between genetic loci so physiological effects of Epas1 alleles (Epas1H and Epas1L , respectively) could be examined on an admixed genomic background. In general, chronic hypoxia (4 weeks at 12 kPa O2 ) enhanced ventilatory chemosensitivity (assessed as the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia), increased total ventilation and arterial O2 saturation during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxia, and increased haematocrit and blood haemoglobin content across genotypes. However, effects of chronic hypoxia on ventilatory chemosensitivity were attenuated in mice that were homozygous for the high-altitude Epas1 allele (Epas1H/H ). Carotid body growth and glomus cell hyperplasia, which was strongly induced in Epas1L/L mice in chronic hypoxia, was not observed in Epas1H/H mice. Epas1 genotype also modulated the effects of chronic hypoxia on metabolism and body temperature depression in hypoxia, but had no effects on haematological traits. These findings confirm the important role of HIF-2α in modulating ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, and show that genetic variation in Epas1 is responsible for evolved changes in the control of breathing and metabolism in high-altitude deer mice. Abstract figure legend ventilation and carotid body growth in hypoxia, so we investigated the role genetic variants in Epas1 in highaltitude deer mice on the control of breathing. In the lab, hybrids between high- and lowaltitude populations of deer mice were created to disrupt linkages between genetic loci so physiological effects of Epas1 alleles (Epas1H and Epas1L, respectively) could be examined on an admixed genomic background. The high-altitude variant was associated with reduced ventilatory chemosensitivity and carotid body growth after 4 weeks of chronic hypoxia, compared to mice homozygous for the low-altitude allele (Epas1LL). These results help us better understand the genetic basis for the unique physiological phenotype of high-altitude natives. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Velotta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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16
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Wu D, Liu Y, Chen W, Shao J, Zhuoma P, Zhao D, Yu Y, Liu T, Yu R, Gan Y, Yuzheng B, Huang Y, Zhang H, Bi X, Tao C, Lai S, Luo Q, Zhang D, Wang H, Zhaxi P, Zhang J, Qiao J, Zeng C. How placenta promotes the successful reproduction in high-altitude populations: a transcriptome comparison between adaptation and acclimatization. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6596365. [PMID: 35642306 PMCID: PMC9206416 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the best adapted high altitude population, Tibetans feature a relatively high offspring survival rate. Genome-wide studies have identified hundreds of candidate SNPs related to high altitude adaptation of Tibetans, although most of them have unknown functional relevance. To explore the mechanisms behind successful reproduction at high altitudes, we compared the placental transcriptomes of Tibetans, sea level Hans (SLHan), and Han immigrants (ImHan). Among the three populations, placentas from ImHan showed a hyperactive gene expression pattern. Their increased activation demonstrates a hypoxic stress response similar to sea level individuals experiencing hypoxic conditions. Unlike ImHan, Tibetan placentas were characterized by the significant up-regulation of placenta-specific genes, and the activation of autophagy and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Certain conserved hypoxia response functions, including the antioxidant system and angiogenesis, were activated in both ImHan and Tibetans, but mediated by different genes. The coherence of specific transcriptome features linked to possible genetic contribution was observed in Tibetans. Furthermore, we identified a novel Tibetan-specific EPAS1 isoform with a partial deletion at exon six, which may be involved in the adaption to hypoxia through the EPAS1-centred gene network in the placenta. Overall, our results show that the placenta grants successful pregnancies in Tibetans by strengthening the natural functions of the placenta itself. On the other hand, the placenta of ImHan was in an inhabiting time-dependent acclimatization process representing a common hypoxic stress response pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pubu Zhuoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Dexiong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongna Gan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai China
| | - Baima Yuzheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Yongshu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Haikun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Lai
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoxia Luo
- The Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Dake Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingcuo Zhaxi
- The Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Precision and Genomic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Corbett S, Cho JG, Ulbricht E, Sintchenko V. Migration and descent, adaptations to altitude and tuberculosis in Nepalis and Tibetans. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:189-201. [PMID: 35528702 PMCID: PMC9071402 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High rates of tuberculosis (TB) in migrants from Tibet and Nepal have been documented for over 120 years and were previously ascribed to poor living conditions in the places of settlement. Adaptations to altitude involving genes in the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor pathway are present in 90–95% of Tibetans and in Nepalis these allele frequencies increase by 17% with each 1000 m increase in altitude.
Methods
We calculated the incidence of TB by country of origin in immigrants from South and East Asia in New South Wales (NSW), Australia between 2004 and 2018, and compared disease severity, site of infection, evidence of local transmission and prevalence of latent TB, among these groups.
Results
The incidence of active TB was consistently higher among 30 000 Nepalese and 1000 Tibetans than among all other immigrants to NSW. Nepal was the only country of origin where TB incidence in immigrants was not significantly lower than the reported TB incidence in the country of origin.
Conclusions and implications
High rates of TB among Nepalese and Tibetan immigrants in Australia are unlikely to be attributable to pre-existing disease or local acquisition. Phenotypic effects of high-altitude adaptations may include a dampening of inflammatory responses to hypoxia, an effect unmasked by descent to a normoxic environment. A corollary of these findings may be that hypoxia-induced inflammation limits TB progression, reconfirming previous explanations for the apparent efficacy of high-altitude sanatoria. If vindicated by subsequent research, these provisional findings could open new avenues into preventive and host-directed interventions for tuberculosis.
Lay Summary
The incidence of tuberculosis among Nepalese immigrants to Australia and other people of Tibetan heritage who migrate to lower altitudes is very high. In these screened populations, pre-existing active TB or locally acquired infection are unlikely explanations. We suggest that adaptations to altitude combined with descent to higher oxygen levels in air at sea level may be contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Corbett
- Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales 2151, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jin-Gun Cho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Parramatta Chest Clinic, Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales 2150, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Evan Ulbricht
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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18
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Slingo ME, Pandit JJ. Oxygen sensing, anaesthesia and critical care: a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2021; 77:213-223. [PMID: 34555179 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the scientists who discovered how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability were awarded the Nobel Prize. This elegant sensing pathway is conserved throughout evolution, and it underpins the physiology and pathology that we, as clinicians in anaesthesia and critical care, encounter on a daily basis. The purpose of this review is to bring hypoxia-inducible factor, and the oxygen-sensing pathway as a whole, to the wider clinical community. We describe how this unifying mechanism was discovered, and how it orchestrates diverse changes such as erythropoiesis, ventilatory acclimatisation, pulmonary vascular remodelling and altered metabolism. We explore the lessons learnt from genetic disorders of oxygen sensing, and the wider implications in evolution of all animal species, including our own. Finally, we explain how this pathway is relevant to our clinical practice, and how it is being manipulated in new treatments for conditions such as cancer, anaemia and pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Slingo
- Shackleton Department of Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - J J Pandit
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Lucero García Rojas EY, Villanueva C, Bond RA. Hypoxia Inducible Factors as Central Players in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:709509. [PMID: 34447792 PMCID: PMC8382733 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the major cause of death in industrialized countries. The main function of the CV system is to deliver nutrients and oxygen to all tissues. During most CV pathologies, oxygen and nutrient delivery is decreased or completely halted. Several mechanisms, including increased oxygen transport and delivery, as well as increased blood flow are triggered to compensate for the hypoxic state. If the compensatory mechanisms fail to sufficiently correct the hypoxia, irreversible damage can occur. Thus, hypoxia plays a central role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CV diseases. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate the gene transcription for hundreds of proteins involved in erythropoiesis, glucose transport, angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling, cell proliferation and survival, among others. The overall regulation of the expression of HIF-dependent genes depends on the severity, duration, and location of hypoxia. In the present review, common CV diseases were selected to illustrate that HIFs, and proteins derived directly or indirectly from their stabilization and activation, are related to the development and perpetuation of hypoxia in these pathologies. We further classify CV diseases into acute and chronic hypoxic states to better understand the temporal relevance of HIFs in the pathogenesis, disease progression and clinical outcomes of these diseases. We conclude that HIFs and their derived factors are fundamental in the genesis and progression of CV diseases. Understanding these mechanisms will lead to more effective treatment strategies leading to reduced morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleva Villanueva
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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20
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Basak N, Norboo T, Mustak MS, Thangaraj K. Heterogeneity in Hematological Parameters of High and Low Altitude Tibetan Populations. J Blood Med 2021; 12:287-298. [PMID: 34040473 PMCID: PMC8139737 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s294564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction High altitude hypoxia is believed to be experienced at elevations of more than 2500 meters above sea level. Several studies have shed light on the biochemical aspects of high altitude acclimatization, where participants were sojourners to the high altitude from low altitude areas. However, information regarding the difference between the high altitude adapted Tibetans living at high altitude and their counterparts who reside at low altitude are lacking. To understand this, we have measured various hematological parameters in the Tibetan populations, who are residing in both high and low altitudes in India. Methods A total of 168 individuals (79 from high altitude (≥4500 meters) and 89 from low altitude (~850 meters) were recruited for this study. Hematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBC) count, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured from the individuals from high and low altitudes. Serum erythropoietin (EPO) was measured by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed to compare data from both of the altitudes. Gender-wise comparison of data was reported. Correlation analysis was performed within relevant parameters. Results Highly significant differences (p <0.0001) between high and low altitude Tibetans were detected in RBC count, HCT, Hb, MCHC in both males and females and in MCV in females. In the case of MCHC, however, age and BMI were potential confounders. Nominally significant differences (p <0.05) were detected in MCV and MCH within males. No significant difference in serum EPO level was found between altitude groups, in any gender. No significant correlation was found between serum EPO with Hb as well as serum EPO with HCT. Discussion Our study explores significantly lower RBC count, HCT, Hb, MCH, MCHC and higher MCV in long-term Tibetan residents living at low altitude compared to their high altitude counterparts, which is likely due to the outcome of hematological adaptation to a relatively hyperoxic environment in low altitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa Basak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | | | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.,DBT-Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
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21
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Bright H, Hegarty O'Dowd R. Mountain evidence on the relationship between iron status and pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Physiol 2021; 599:2791-2792. [PMID: 33855702 DOI: 10.1113/jp281390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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22
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Woods P, Alcock J. High-altitude pulmonary edema. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:118-119. [PMID: 33732460 PMCID: PMC7947961 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lay summary: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a potentially fatal disease of altitude, in which the lungs can become filled with fluid. In this article we explore the mechanisms causing this condition and how it can be viewed as a condition of a mismatch between current environment and evolutionary experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Woods
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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23
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Storz JF. High-Altitude Adaptation: Mechanistic Insights from Integrated Genomics and Physiology. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2677-2691. [PMID: 33751123 PMCID: PMC8233491 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Population genomic analyses of high-altitude humans and other vertebrates have identified numerous candidate genes for hypoxia adaptation, and the physiological pathways implicated by such analyses suggest testable hypotheses about underlying mechanisms. Studies of highland natives that integrate genomic data with experimental measures of physiological performance capacities and subordinate traits are revealing associations between genotypes (e.g., hypoxia-inducible factor gene variants) and hypoxia-responsive phenotypes. The subsequent search for causal mechanisms is complicated by the fact that observed genotypic associations with hypoxia-induced phenotypes may reflect second-order consequences of selection-mediated changes in other (unmeasured) traits that are coupled with the focal trait via feedback regulation. Manipulative experiments to decipher circuits of feedback control and patterns of phenotypic integration can help identify causal relationships that underlie observed genotype–phenotype associations. Such experiments are critical for correct inferences about phenotypic targets of selection and mechanisms of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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24
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Pullamsetti SS, Mamazhakypov A, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Savai R. Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5638-5651. [PMID: 32881714 DOI: 10.1172/jci137558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling that can subsequently culminate in right heart failure and premature death. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling plays a fundamental and pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PH. This Review summarizes the regulation of HIF isoforms and their impact in various PH subtypes, as well as the elaborate conditional and cell-specific knockout mouse studies that brought the role of this pathway to light. We also discuss the current preclinical status of pan- and isoform-selective HIF inhibitors, and propose new research areas that may facilitate HIF isoform-specific inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for PH and right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Population genomic studies of humans and other animals at high altitude have generated many hypotheses about the genes and pathways that may have contributed to hypoxia adaptation. Future advances require experimental tests of such hypotheses to identify causal mechanisms. Studies to date illustrate the challenge of moving from lists of candidate genes to the identification of phenotypic targets of selection, as it can be difficult to determine whether observed genotype-phenotype associations reflect causal effects or secondary consequences of changes in other traits that are linked via homeostatic regulation. Recent work on high-altitude models such as deer mice has revealed both plastic and evolved changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic traits that contribute to aerobic performance capacity in hypoxia, and analyses of tissue-specific transcriptomes have identified changes in regulatory networks that mediate adaptive changes in physiological phenotype. Here we synthesize recent results and discuss lessons learned from studies of high-altitude adaptation that lie at the intersection of genomics and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA;
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA;
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26
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Zhao Y, Tian M, Cheng Z, Wang J, Ren Z. DNA Methylation may be a testicular plateau adaptation in Tibetan pig. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1882465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengfang Tian
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhou Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zili Ren
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Pulmonary Hypertension in Acute and Chronic High Altitude Maladaptation Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041692. [PMID: 33578749 PMCID: PMC7916528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar hypoxia is the most prominent feature of high altitude environment with well-known consequences for the cardio-pulmonary system, including development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension due to an exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction contributes to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a life-threatening disorder, occurring at high altitudes in non-acclimatized healthy individuals. Despite a strong physiologic rationale for using vasodilators for prevention and treatment of HAPE, no systematic studies of their efficacy have been conducted to date. Calcium-channel blockers are currently recommended for drug prophylaxis in high-risk individuals with a clear history of recurrent HAPE based on the extensive clinical experience with nifedipine in HAPE prevention in susceptible individuals. Chronic exposure to hypoxia induces pulmonary vascular remodeling and development of pulmonary hypertension, which places an increased pressure load on the right ventricle leading to right heart failure. Further, pulmonary hypertension along with excessive erythrocytosis may complicate chronic mountain sickness, another high altitude maladaptation disorder. Importantly, other causes than hypoxia may potentially underlie and/or contribute to pulmonary hypertension at high altitude, such as chronic heart and lung diseases, thrombotic or embolic diseases. Extensive clinical experience with drugs in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension suggests their potential for treatment of high altitude pulmonary hypertension. Small studies have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing pulmonary artery pressure in high altitude residents. However, no drugs have been approved to date for the therapy of chronic high altitude pulmonary hypertension. This work provides a literature review on the role of pulmonary hypertension in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic high altitude maladaptation disorders and summarizes current knowledge regarding potential treatment options.
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28
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Willie CK, Patrician A, Hoiland RL, Williams AM, Gasho C, Subedi P, Anholm J, Drane A, Tymko MM, Nowak-Flück D, Plato S, McBride E, Varoli G, Binsted G, Eller LK, Reimer RA, MacLeod DB, Stembridge M, Ainslie PN. Influence of iron manipulation on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary reactivity during ascent and acclimatization to 5050 m. J Physiol 2021; 599:1685-1708. [PMID: 33442904 DOI: 10.1113/jp281114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Iron acts as a cofactor in the stabilization of the hypoxic-inducible factor family, and plays an influential role in the modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. It is uncertain whether iron regulation is altered in lowlanders during either (1) ascent to high altitude, or (2) following partial acclimatization, when compared to high-altitude adapted Sherpa. During ascent to 5050 m, the rise in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was blunted in Sherpa, compared to lowlanders; however, upon arrival to 5050 m, PASP levels were comparable in both groups, but the reduction in iron bioavailability was more prevalent in lowlanders compared to Sherpa. Following partial acclimatization to 5050 m, there were differential influences of iron status manipulation (via iron infusion or chelation) at rest and during exercise between lowlanders and Sherpa on the pulmonary vasculature. ABSTRACT To examine the adaptational role of iron bioavailability on the pulmonary vascular responses to acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia, the haematological and cardiopulmonary profile of lowlanders and Sherpa were determined during: (1) a 9-day ascent to 5050 m (20 lowlanders; 12 Sherpa), and (2) following partial acclimatization (11 ± 4 days) to 5050 m (18 lowlanders; 20 Sherpa), where both groups received an i.v. infusion of either iron (iron (iii)-hydroxide sucrose) or an iron chelator (desferrioxamine). During ascent, there were reductions in iron status in both lowlanders and Sherpa; however, Sherpa appeared to demonstrate a more efficient capacity to mobilize stored iron, compared to lowlanders, when expressed as a Δhepcidin per unit change in either body iron or the soluble transferrin receptor index, between 3400-5050 m (P = 0.016 and P = 0.029, respectively). The rise in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was blunted in Sherpa, compared to lowlanders during ascent; however, PASP was comparable in both groups upon arrival to 5050 m. Following partial acclimatization, despite Sherpa demonstrating a blunted hypoxic ventilatory response and greater resting hypoxaemia, they had similar hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction when compared to lowlanders at rest. Iron-infusion attenuated PASP in both groups at rest (P = 0.005), while chelation did not exaggerate PASP in either group at rest or during exaggerated hypoxaemia ( P I O 2 = 67 mmHg). During exercise at 25% peak wattage, PASP was only consistently elevated in Sherpa, which persisted following both iron infusion or chelation. These findings provide new evidence on the complex interplay of iron regulation on pulmonary vascular regulation during acclimatization and adaptation to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Willie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Williams
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Prajan Subedi
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - James Anholm
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Aimee Drane
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Neurovascular Health Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniela Nowak-Flück
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sawyer Plato
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily McBride
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Giovanfrancesco Varoli
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon Binsted
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsay K Eller
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David B MacLeod
- Human Pharmacology & Physiology Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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29
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Effect of EGLN1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Hemoglobin Concentration in Andean Highlanders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3436581. [PMID: 33282944 PMCID: PMC7686849 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3436581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The physiological characteristics of Andean natives living at high altitudes have been investigated extensively, with many studies reporting that Andean highlanders have a higher hemoglobin (Hb) concentration than other highlander populations. It has previously been reported that positive natural selection has acted independently on the egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1 (EGLN1) gene in Tibetan and Andean highlanders and is related to Hb concentration in Tibetans. However, no study has yet revealed the genetic determinants of Hb concentration in Andeans even though several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EGLN1 have previously been examined. Therefore, we explored the relationship between hematological measurements and tag SNPs designed to cover the whole EGLN1 genomic region in Andean highlanders living in Bolivia. Our findings indicated that haplotype frequencies estimated from the EGLN1 SNPs were significantly correlated with Hb concentration in the Bolivian highlanders. Moreover, we found that an Andean-dominant haplotype related to high Hb level may have expanded rapidly in ancestral Andean highlander populations. Analysis of genotype data in an ~436.3 kb genomic region containing EGLN1 using public databases indicated that the population structure based on EGLN1 genetic markers in Andean highlanders was largely different from that in other human populations. This finding may be related to an intrinsic or adaptive physiological characteristic of Andean highlanders. In conclusion, the high Hb concentrations in Andean highlanders can be partly characterized by EGLN1 genetic variants.
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30
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Mairbäurl H, Gassmann M, Muckenthaler MU. Geographical ancestry affects normal hemoglobin values in high-altitude residents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1451-1459. [PMID: 33002380 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a major mechanism adjusting arterial oxygen content to decreased oxygen partial pressure of inspired air at high altitude. Approximately 5% of the world's population living at altitudes higher than 1,500 m shows this adaptive mechanism. Notably, there is a wide variation in the extent of increase in Hb concentration among different populations. This short review summarizes available information on Hb concentrations of high-altitude residents living at comparable altitudes (3,500-4,500 m) in different regions of the world. An increased Hb concentration is found in all high-altitude populations. The highest mean Hb concentration was found in adult male Andean residents and in Han Chinese living at high altitude, whereas it was lowest in Ethiopians, Tibetans, and Sherpas. A lower plasma volume in Andean high-altitude natives may offer a partial explanation. Indeed, male Andean high-altitude natives have a lower plasma volume than Tibetans and Ethiopians. Moreover, Hb values were lower in adult, nonpregnant females than in males; differences between populations of different ancestry were less pronounced. Various genetic polymorphisms were detected in high-altitude residents thought to favor life in a hypoxic environment, some of which correlate with the relatively low Hb concentration in the Tibetans and Ethiopians, whereas differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme allele distribution may be related to elevated Hb in the Andeans. Taken together, these results indicate different sensitivity of oxygen dependent control of erythropoiesis or plasma volume among populations of different geographical ancestry, offering explanations for differences in the Hb concentration at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Departmment of Translational Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Departmment of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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31
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Jain PP, Hosokawa S, Xiong M, Babicheva A, Zhao T, Rodriguez M, Rahimi S, Pourhashemi K, Balistrieri F, Lai N, Malhotra A, Shyy JYJ, Valdez-Jasso D, Thistlethwaite PA, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Revisiting the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction using isolated perfused/ventilated mouse lung. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020956592. [PMID: 33282184 PMCID: PMC7691930 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020956592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction (HPV) is an important physiological mechanism of the lungs that matches perfusion to ventilation thus maximizing O2 saturation of the venous blood within the lungs. This study emphasizes on principal pathways in the initiation and modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction with a primary focus on the role of Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ influx pathways in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. We used an ex vivo model, isolated perfused/ventilated mouse lung to evaluate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Alveolar hypoxia (utilizing a mini ventilator) rapidly and reversibly increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused/ventilated lung. By applying specific inhibitors for different membrane receptors and ion channels through intrapulmonary perfusion solution in isolated lung, we were able to define the targeted receptors and channels that regulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. We show that extracellular Ca2+ or Ca2+ influx through various Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane is required for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ abolished hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, while blockade of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (with nifedipine), non-selective cation channels (with 30 µM SKF-96365), and TRPC6/TRPV1 channels (with 1 µM SAR-7334 and 30 µM capsazepine, respectively) significantly and reversibly inhibited hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Furthermore, blockers of Ca2+-sensing receptors (by 30 µM NPS2143, an allosteric Ca2+-sensing receptors inhibitor) and Notch (by 30 µM DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor) also attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. These data indicate that Ca2+ influx in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells through voltage-dependent, receptor-operated, and store-operated Ca2+ entry pathways all contribute to initiation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The extracellular Ca2+-mediated activation of Ca2+-sensing receptors and the cell-cell interaction via Notch ligands and receptors contribute to the regulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh P. Jain
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Susumu Hosokawa
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical
and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingmei Xiong
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
- Department of Critical Medicine, The
Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aleksandra Babicheva
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Tengteng Zhao
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Marisela Rodriguez
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Shamin Rahimi
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Kiana Pourhashemi
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Francesca Balistrieri
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Ning Lai
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
| | - John Y.-J. Shyy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | | | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and
Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason X.-J. Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
CA, USA
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Gassmann M, Cowburn A, Gu H, Li J, Rodriguez M, Babicheva A, Jain PP, Xiong M, Gassmann NN, Yuan JXJ, Wilkins MR, Zhao L. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension-Utilizing experiments of nature. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:121-131. [PMID: 32464698 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in pulmonary artery pressure is a common observation in adult mammals exposed to global alveolar hypoxia. It is considered a maladaptive response that places an increased workload on the right ventricle. The mechanisms initiating and maintaining the elevated pressure are of considerable interest in understanding pulmonary vascular homeostasis. There is an expectation that identifying the key molecules in the integrated vascular response to hypoxia will inform potential drug targets. One strategy is to take advantage of experiments of nature, specifically, to understand the genetic basis for the inter-individual variation in the pulmonary vascular response to acute and chronic hypoxia. To date, detailed phenotyping of highlanders has focused on haematocrit and oxygen saturation rather than cardiovascular phenotypes. This review explores what we can learn from those studies with respect to the pulmonary circulation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Andrew Cowburn
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hong Gu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Marisela Rodriguez
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babicheva
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pritesh P Jain
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mingmei Xiong
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Norina N Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lan Zhao
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Yan W, Xie M, Li R, Hu H, Tang B, Shen J. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes Selection in Ovarian Cancer Exposed to Hypoxia. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7423-7431. [PMID: 32801765 PMCID: PMC7395691 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia-mediated tumor metastasis, progression and drug resistance are major clinical challenges in ovarian cancer. Meanwhile, the genetic basis of these traits is still not clear. RT-qPCR, as an efficient and sensitive gene expression technique, has been widely used for gene analyses, providing a basis for in-depth understanding of molecular changes in different microenvironments. However, there is currently a lack of suitable reference genes to normalize the data associated with hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS A systematic method is needed to select the most suitable reference gene. Here, eight candidate reference genes (GAPDH, β-actin, 18S RNA, TUBB, PPIA, TBP, RPL13A and SDHA) from humans were selected to assess their expression levels in SKOV3 cells under hypoxia. The geNorm and NormFinder programs were utilized to evaluate the expression stabilities of these selected candidate reference genes. RESULTS Interestingly, 18S RNA was considered to be an ideal reference gene for the normalization of target gene expression under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, this result was confirmed in another two ovarian cancer cell line, CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cell line. Finally, these results suggest that appropriate reference genes should be selected before performing gene expression analysis during hypoxic environmental exposure. CONCLUSION 18S RNA can be used as an appropriate reference gene for the study of gene expression in ovarian cancer samples under hypoxia by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yan
- Department of Gynecology, Wangjiang Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to AMU (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Tibetans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude and display a distinctive suite of physiologic adaptations, including augmented hypoxic ventilatory response and resistance to pulmonary hypertension. Genome-wide studies have consistently identified compelling genetic signatures of natural selection in two genes of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway, PHD2 and HIF2A The product of the former induces the degradation of the product of the latter. Key issues regarding Tibetan PHD2 are whether it is a gain-of-function or loss-of-function allele, and how it might contribute to high-altitude adaptation. Tibetan PHD2 possesses two amino acid changes, D4E and C127S. We previously showed that in vitro, Tibetan PHD2 is defective in its interaction with p23, a cochaperone of the HSP90 pathway, and we proposed that Tibetan PHD2 is a loss-of-function allele. Here, we report that additional PHD2 mutations at or near Asp-4 or Cys-127 impair interaction with p23 in vitro. We find that mice with the Tibetan Phd2 allele display augmented hypoxic ventilatory response, supporting this loss-of-function proposal. This is phenocopied by mice with a mutation in p23 that abrogates the PHD2:p23 interaction. Hif2a haploinsufficiency, but not the Tibetan Phd2 allele, ameliorates hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular systolic pressure. The Tibetan Phd2 allele is not associated with hemoglobin levels in mice. We propose that Tibetans possess genetic alterations that both activate and inhibit selective outputs of the HIF pathway to facilitate successful adaptation to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude.
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Lavorato M, Formenti F, Franzini-Armstrong C. The structural basis for intermitochondrial communications is fundamentally different in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:606-612. [PMID: 32189419 DOI: 10.1113/ep087503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic for this review? This review summarizes recent discoveries in mitochondrial development and morphology studied with electron microscopy. What advances does it highlight? Although mitochondria are generally considered to be isolated from each other, this review highlights recently discovered evidence for the presence of intermitochondrial communication structures in cardiac and skeletal muscle, in animal models and humans. Within striated muscles, the means of intermitochondrial exchange and the reaction of mitochondria to external stimuli are uniquely dependent on the tissue, and we clearly differentiate between nanotunnels, the active protrusion of cardiac mitochondria, and the connecting ducts of skeletal muscle derived from fusion-fission and elongation events. ABSTRACT This review focuses on recent discoveries in skeletal and cardiac muscles indicating that mitochondria behave as an interactive cohort with inter-organelle communication and specific reactions to stress signals. Our new finding is that intermitochondrial communications in cardiac and skeletal muscles rely on two distinct methods. In cardiac muscle, mitochondria are discrete entities and are fairly well immobilized in a structural context. The organelles have developed a unique method of communication, via nanotunnels, which allow temporary connection from one mitochondrion to another over distances of up to several micrometres, without overall movement of the individual organelles and loss of their identity. Skeletal muscle mitochondria, in contrast, are dynamic. Through fusion, fission and elongation, they form connections that include constrictions and connecting ducts (distinct from nanotunnels) and lose individual identity in the formation of extensive networks. Connecting elements in skeletal muscle are distinct from nanotunnels in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lavorato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Federico Formenti
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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Wang C, Wu X, Hu X, Jiang H, Chen L, Xu Q. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α from a high-altitude fish enhances cytoprotection and elevates nitric oxide production in hypoxic environment. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:39-49. [PMID: 31595407 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are master transcription factor regulating hypoxic responses in vertebrates. Species of Schizothoracine, a sub-family of cyprinidae, are highly endemic to the hypoxic Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). What roles the HIFs play in hypoxic adaptation in the Schizothoracine fish is little known. In this study, the HIF-1α/B gene from Gymnocypris dobula (Gd) was characterized. The predicted protein for Gd-HIF-1α/B contains the main domains (bHLH, PAS, PAC, ODD, N-TAD, and C-TAD). Moreover, a specific mutation that the proline hydroxylation motif (LXXLAP) mutated into PxxLAP was observed in Gd-HIF-1α/B CODD domain, which may lead to changes in the function. To clarify whether HIF-1α/B of G. dobula possesses hypoxic adaptive features, Gd-HIF1α/B and Schizothorax prenanti-HIF1α/B (Sp-HIF1α/B) were cloned into an expression vector and transfected into 293T cells. Cell viability was found to be significantly higher in cells transfected with Gd-HIF-1α/B than those transfected with Sp-HIF-1α/B under hypoxic conditions. In addition, G. dobula HIF-1α/B showed stronger activity in transactivating the expression of nitric oxide (NO)-synthesizing enzyme, NOS2B under hypoxia stresses than the orthologous gene from S. prenanti, which were accompanied with upregulated expressions of NOS2B in heart of G. dobula, which may attribute to elevated NO levels detected in G. dobula than the lower land species. These results indicated that the HIF-1α plays an important role in mediating the iNOS signaling system in the process of evolutionary adaptation of the Schizothoracine to the highland environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Huapeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
- National Distant-water Fisheries Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Distant-water Fisheries, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Association of EGLN1 gene with high aerobic capacity of Peruvian Quechua at high altitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24006-24011. [PMID: 31712437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906171116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highland native Andeans have resided at altitude for millennia. They display high aerobic capacity (VO2max) at altitude, which may be a reflection of genetic adaptation to hypoxia. Previous genomewide (GW) scans for natural selection have nominated Egl-9 homolog 1 gene (EGLN1) as a candidate gene. The encoded protein, EGLN1/PHD2, is an O2 sensor that controls levels of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-α (HIF-α), which regulates the cellular response to hypoxia. From GW association and analysis of covariance performed on a total sample of 429 Peruvian Quechua and 94 US lowland referents, we identified 5 EGLN1 SNPs associated with higher VO2max (L⋅min-1 and mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1) in hypoxia (rs1769793, rs2064766, rs2437150, rs2491403, rs479200). For 4 of these SNPs, Quechua had the highest frequency of the advantageous (high VO2max) allele compared with 25 diverse lowland comparison populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Genotype effects were substantial, with high versus low VO2max genotype categories differing by ∼11% (e.g., for rs1769793 SNP genotype TT = 34.2 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1 vs. CC = 30.5 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1). To guard against spurious association, we controlled for population stratification. Findings were replicated for EGLN1 SNP rs1769793 in an independent Andean sample collected in 2002. These findings contextualize previous reports of natural selection at EGLN1 in Andeans, and support the hypothesis that natural selection has increased the frequency of an EGLN1 causal variant that enhances O2 delivery or use during exercise at altitude in Peruvian Quechua.
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Schweizer RM, Velotta JP, Ivy CM, Jones MR, Muir SM, Bradburd GS, Storz JF, Scott GR, Cheviron ZA. Physiological and genomic evidence that selection on the transcription factor Epas1 has altered cardiovascular function in high-altitude deer mice. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008420. [PMID: 31697676 PMCID: PMC6837288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptation to extreme environments often requires coordinated changes in multiple intersecting physiological pathways, but how such multi-trait adaptation occurs remains unresolved. Transcription factors, which regulate the expression of many genes and can simultaneously alter multiple phenotypes, may be common targets of selection if the benefits of induced changes outweigh the costs of negative pleiotropic effects. We combined complimentary population genetic analyses and physiological experiments in North American deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to examine links between genetic variation in transcription factors that coordinate physiological responses to hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factors, HIFs) and multiple physiological traits that potentially contribute to high-altitude adaptation. First, we sequenced the exomes of 100 mice sampled from different elevations and discovered that several SNPs in the gene Epas1, which encodes the oxygen sensitive subunit of HIF-2α, exhibited extreme allele frequency differences between highland and lowland populations. Broader geographic sampling confirmed that Epas1 genotype varied predictably with altitude throughout the western US. We then discovered that Epas1 genotype influences heart rate in hypoxia, and the transcriptomic responses to hypoxia (including HIF targets and genes involved in catecholamine signaling) in the heart and adrenal gland. Finally, we used a demographically-informed selection scan to show that Epas1 variants have experienced a history of spatially varying selection, suggesting that differences in cardiovascular function and gene regulation contribute to high-altitude adaptation. Our results suggest a mechanism by which Epas1 may aid long-term survival of high-altitude deer mice and provide general insights into the role that highly pleiotropic transcription factors may play in the process of environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena M. Schweizer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan P. Velotta
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Jones
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Muir
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gideon S. Bradburd
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Graduate Group, Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary A. Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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Li C, Li X, Xiao J, Liu J, Fan X, Fan F, Lei H. Genetic changes in the EPAS1 gene between Tibetan and Han ethnic groups and adaptation to the plateau hypoxic environment. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7943. [PMID: 31681516 PMCID: PMC6822597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Chinese Han population, prolonged exposure to hypoxic conditions can promote compensatory erythropoiesis which improves hypoxemia. However, Tibetans have developed unique phenotypes, such as downregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway through EPAS1 gene mutation, thus the mechanism of adaption of the Han population should be further studied. The results indicated that, under plateau hypoxic conditions, the plains population was able to acclimate rapidly to hypoxia through increasing EPAS1 mRNA expression and changing the hemoglobin conformation. Furthermore, the mutant genotype frequencies of the rs13419896, rs1868092 and rs4953354 loci in the EPAS1 gene were significantly higher in the Tibetan population than in the plains population. The EPAS1 gene expression level was lowest in the Han population carrying the A-A homozygous mutant of the rs13419896 locus but that it increased rapidly after these individuals entered the plateau. At this time, the hemoglobin content was lower in the homozygous mutant Han group than in the wild-type and heterozygous mutant populations, and the viscosity of blood was reduced in populations carrying the A-A haplotypes in rs13419896 and rs1868092 Among Tibetans, the group carrying homozygous mutations of the three SNPs also had lower hemoglobin concentrations than the wild-type. The Raman spectroscopy results showed that exposure of the Tibetan and Han population to hypoxic conditions changed the spatial conformation of hemoglobin and its binding ability to oxygen. The Tibetan population has mainly adapted to the plateau through genetic mutations, whereas some individuals adapt through changes in hemoglobin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyan Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huifen Lei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
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40
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Gassmann M, Mairbäurl H, Livshits L, Seide S, Hackbusch M, Malczyk M, Kraut S, Gassmann NN, Weissmann N, Muckenthaler MU. The increase in hemoglobin concentration with altitude varies among human populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1450:204-220. [PMID: 31257609 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decreased oxygen availability at high altitude requires physiological adjustments allowing for adequate tissue oxygenation. One such mechanism is a slow increase in the hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) resulting in elevated [Hb] in high-altitude residents. Diagnosis of anemia at different altitudes requires reference values for [Hb]. Our aim was to establish such values based on published data of residents living at different altitudes by applying meta-analysis and multiple regressions. Results show that [Hb] is increased in all high-altitude residents. However, the magnitude of increase varies among the regions analyzed and among ethnic groups within a region. The highest increase was found in residents of the Andes (1 g/dL/1000 m), but this increment was smaller in all other regions of the world (0.6 g/dL/1000 m). While sufficient data exist for adult males and females showing that sex differences in [Hb] persist with altitude, data for infants, children, and pregnant women are incomplete preventing such analyses. Because WHO reference values were originally based on [Hb] of South American people, we conclude that individual reference values have to be defined for ethnic groups to reliably diagnose anemia and erythrocytosis in high-altitude residents. Future studies need to test their applicability for children of different ages and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonid Livshits
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Seide
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthes Hackbusch
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Malczyk
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norina N Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common and serious complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). One of the fundamental functions of the cardiovascular system is oxygen delivery, therefore cardiovascular disease inherently is linked to insufficient tissue oxygenation. Advances in our knowledge of cellular oxygen sensing by a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and their role in regulating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have led to the discovery of PHD inhibitors as HIF stabilizers. Several small-molecule PHD inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anemia in CKD. An additional advantage of PHD inhibition may be found in the potential impact on cardiovascular consequences associated with CKD. Several preclinical studies have suggested a potential benefit of HIF activation in myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling, atherosclerosis, and peripheral artery disease. Ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism and lowering blood pressure may also contribute to cardiovascular protection. On the other hand, the broad spectrum of HIF-dependent functions also may include unwanted side effects. Clinical application of PHD inhibitors therefore necessitates careful evaluation of the net systemic effect of HIF activation.
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Bosco G, Paoli A, Rizzato A, Marcolin G, Guagnano MT, Doria C, Bhandari S, Pietrangelo T, Verratti V. Body Composition and Endocrine Adaptations to High-Altitude Trekking in the Himalayas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1211:61-68. [PMID: 31309516 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to high altitude causes adaptive changes in several blood biochemical markers along with a marked body mass reduction involving both the lean and fat components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of extended physical strain, due to extensive trekking at high altitude, on body composition, selected biomarkers in the blood, and the protective role of a high-protein diet in muscle dysfunction. We found that physical strain at high altitude caused a significant reduction in body mass and body fat, with a concomitant increase in the cross-sectional area of thigh muscles and an unchanged total lean body mass. Further, we found reductions in plasma leptin and homocysteine, while myoglobin, insulin, and C-reactive protein significantly increased. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and leptin normalized per body fat were unchanged. These findings demonstrate that high-altitude hypoxia, involving extended physical effort, has an impact on muscle function and body composition, facilitating sarcopenia and affecting body mass and fat distribution. It also activates pro-inflammatory metabolic pathways in response to muscular distress. These changes can be mitigated by a provision of a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alex Rizzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Guagnano
- Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Suwas Bhandari
- Department of Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Feuerecker M, Crucian BE, Quintens R, Buchheim J, Salam AP, Rybka A, Moreels M, Strewe C, Stowe R, Mehta S, Schelling G, Thiel M, Baatout S, Sams C, Choukèr A. Immune sensitization during 1 year in the Antarctic high-altitude Concordia Environment. Allergy 2019; 74:64-77. [PMID: 29978486 DOI: 10.1111/all.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antarctica is a challenging environment for humans. It serves as a spaceflight ground analog, reflecting some conditions of long-duration exploration class space missions. The French-Italian Concordia station in interior Antarctica is a high-fidelity analog, located 1000 km from the coast, at an altitude of 3232 m. The aim of this field study was to characterize the extent, dynamics, and key mechanisms of the immune adaptation in humans overwintering at Concordia for 1 year. METHODS This study assessed immune functions in fourteen crewmembers. Quantitative and phenotypic analyses from human blood were performed using onsite flow cytometry together with specific tests on receptor-dependent and receptor-independent functional innate and adaptive immune responses. Transcriptome analyses and quantitative identification of key response genes were assessed. RESULTS Dynamic immune activation and a two-step escalation/activation pattern were observed. The early phase was characterized by moderately sensitized global immune responses, while after 3-4 months, immune responses were highly upregulated. The cytokine responses to an ex vivo stimulation were markedly raised above baseline levels. These functional observations were reflected at the gene transcriptional level in particular through the modulation of hypoxia-driven pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed unique insights into the extent, dynamics, and genetics of immune dysfunctions in humans exposed for 1 year to the Antarctic environment at the Concordia station. The scale of immune function was imbalanced toward a sensitizing of inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Feuerecker
- Department of Anaesthesiology Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity” University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | | | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) Mol Belgium
| | - Judith‐Irina Buchheim
- Department of Anaesthesiology Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity” University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | | | - Ales Rybka
- IPEV/PNRA‐ESA Antarctic Program Dome C Antarctica
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) Mol Belgium
| | - Claudia Strewe
- Department of Anaesthesiology Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity” University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anaesthesiology Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity” University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Manfred Thiel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medical Faculty at Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) Mol Belgium
| | | | - Alexander Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity” University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
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44
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Strewe C, Thieme D, Dangoisse C, Fiedel B, van den Berg F, Bauer H, Salam AP, Gössmann-Lang P, Campolongo P, Moser D, Quintens R, Moreels M, Baatout S, Kohlberg E, Schelling G, Choukèr A, Feuerecker M. Modulations of Neuroendocrine Stress Responses During Confinement in Antarctica and the Role of Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1647. [PMID: 30534078 PMCID: PMC6276713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic continent is an environment of extreme conditions. Only few research stations exist that are occupied throughout the year. The German station Neumayer III and the French-Italian Concordia station are such research platforms and human outposts. The seasonal shifts of complete daylight (summer) to complete darkness (winter) as well as massive changes in outside temperatures (down to -80°C at Concordia) during winter result in complete confinement of the crews from the outside world. In addition, the crew at Concordia is subjected to hypobaric hypoxia of ∼650 hPa as the station is situated at high altitude (3,233 m). We studied three expedition crews at Neumayer III (sea level) (n = 16) and two at Concordia (high altitude) (n = 15) to determine the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on hormonal/metabolic stress parameters [endocannabinoids (ECs), catecholamines, and glucocorticoids] and evaluated the psychological stress over a period of 11 months including winter confinement. In the Neumayer III (sea level) crew, EC and n-acylethanolamide (NAE) concentrations increased significantly already at the beginning of the deployment (p < 0.001) whereas catecholamines and cortisol remained unaffected. Over the year, ECs and NAEs stayed elevated and fluctuated before slowly decreasing till the end of the deployment. The classical stress hormones showed small increases in the last third of deployment. By contrast, at Concordia (high altitude), norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly at the beginning (p < 0.001) which was paralleled by low EC levels. Prior to the second half of deployment, norepinephrine declined constantly to end on a low plateau level, whereas then the EC concentrations increased significantly in this second period during the overwintering (p < 0.001). Psychometric data showed no significant changes in the crews at either station. These findings demonstrate that exposition of healthy humans to the physically challenging extreme environment of Antarctica (i) has a distinct modulating effect on stress responses. Additionally, (ii) acute high altitude/hypobaric hypoxia at the beginning seem to trigger catecholamine release that downregulates the EC response. These results (iii) are not associated with psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Strewe
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Fiedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Holger Bauer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alex P Salam
- IPEV/PNRA-ESA Antarctic Program, Brest, Antarctica
| | - Petra Gössmann-Lang
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dominique Moser
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), Mol, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eberhard Kohlberg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Feuerecker
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Yanamandra U, Senee H, Yanamadra S, Das SK, Bhattachar SA, Das R, Kumar S, Malhotra P, Varma S, Varma N, Nair V. Erythropoietin and ferritin response in native highlanders aged 4-19 years from the Leh-Ladakh region of India. Br J Haematol 2018; 184:263-268. [PMID: 30474185 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal role of erythropoietin (EPO) in hypoxic adaptation has led to various studies assessing the EPO and ferritin response in native highlanders from Andes and Tibet. We assessed the relationship between EPO, haemoglobin and ferritin in 335 native highlanders (172 boys and 163 girls, aged 4 to 19 years) from Leh-Ladakh, India, who had no history of travel to lowland areas. Complete blood counts, serum EPO and ferritin levels were measured. We stratified study subjects based on age, gender, pubertal status and analysed the EPO and ferritin levels between the stratified groups respectively. The mean EPO level in boys was lower than girls. The mean ferritin level in boys was significantly higher (P = 0·013) than in girls. There was no significant variation in the EPO and ferritin levels amongst the various age groups in our study. Near normal EPO levels since childhood with a negative correlation with haemoglobin is suggestive of a robust adaptive mechanism to high altitude from the early years of life. Low ferritin levels are indicative of decreased iron stores in these native highlanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Yanamandra
- Department of Haematology, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Subrat K Das
- Regimental Medical Officer, EME School, Vadodara, India
| | | | - Reena Das
- Department of Haematology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Haematology, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subhash Varma
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Varma
- Department of Haematology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Velu Nair
- Ex Director General Medical Services, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence, Delhi, India
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46
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Detection and Classification of Hard and Soft Sweeps from Unphased Genotypes by Multilocus Genotype Identity. Genetics 2018; 210:1429-1452. [PMID: 30315068 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive natural selection can lead to a decrease in genomic diversity at the selected site and at linked sites, producing a characteristic signature of elevated expected haplotype homozygosity. These selective sweeps can be hard or soft. In the case of a hard selective sweep, a single adaptive haplotype rises to high population frequency, whereas multiple adaptive haplotypes sweep through the population simultaneously in a soft sweep, producing distinct patterns of genetic variation in the vicinity of the selected site. Measures of expected haplotype homozygosity have previously been used to detect sweeps in multiple study systems. However, these methods are formulated for phased haplotype data, typically unavailable for nonmodel organisms, and some may have reduced power to detect soft sweeps due to their increased genetic diversity relative to hard sweeps. To address these limitations, we applied the H12 and H2/H1 statistics proposed in 2015 by Garud et al., which have power to detect both hard and soft sweeps, to unphased multilocus genotypes, denoting them as G12 and G2/G1. G12 (and the more direct expected homozygosity analog to H12, denoted G123) has comparable power to H12 for detecting both hard and soft sweeps. G2/G1 can be used to classify hard and soft sweeps analogously to H2/H1, conditional on a genomic region having high G12 or G123 values. The reason for this power is that, under random mating, the most frequent haplotypes will yield the most frequent multilocus genotypes. Simulations based on parameters compatible with our recent understanding of human demographic history suggest that expected homozygosity methods are best suited for detecting recent sweeps, and increase in power under recent population expansions. Finally, we find candidates for selective sweeps within the 1000 Genomes CEU, YRI, GIH, and CHB populations, which corroborate and complement existing studies.
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47
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Arciero E, Kraaijenbrink T, Asan, Haber M, Mezzavilla M, Ayub Q, Wang W, Pingcuo Z, Yang H, Wang J, Jobling MA, van Driem G, Xue Y, de Knijff P, Tyler-Smith C. Demographic History and Genetic Adaptation in the Himalayan Region Inferred from Genome-Wide SNP Genotypes of 49 Populations. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:1916-1933. [PMID: 29796643 PMCID: PMC6063301 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We genotyped 738 individuals belonging to 49 populations from Nepal, Bhutan, North India, or Tibet at over 500,000 SNPs, and analyzed the genotypes in the context of available worldwide population data in order to investigate the demographic history of the region and the genetic adaptations to the harsh environment. The Himalayan populations resembled other South and East Asians, but in addition displayed their own specific ancestral component and showed strong population structure and genetic drift. We also found evidence for multiple admixture events involving Himalayan populations and South/East Asians between 200 and 2,000 years ago. In comparisons with available ancient genomes, the Himalayans, like other East and South Asian populations, showed similar genetic affinity to Eurasian hunter-gatherers (a 24,000-year-old Upper Palaeolithic Siberian), and the related Bronze Age Yamnaya. The high-altitude Himalayan populations all shared a specific ancestral component, suggesting that genetic adaptation to life at high altitude originated only once in this region and subsequently spread. Combining four approaches to identifying specific positively selected loci, we confirmed that the strongest signals of high-altitude adaptation were located near the Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 and Egl-9 Family Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 loci, and discovered eight additional robust signals of high-altitude adaptation, five of which have strong biological functional links to such adaptation. In conclusion, the demographic history of Himalayan populations is complex, with strong local differentiation, reflecting both genetic and cultural factors; these populations also display evidence of multiple genetic adaptations to high-altitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arciero
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Thirsa Kraaijenbrink
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Asan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marc Haber
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Division of Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Qasim Ayub
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Zhaxi Pingcuo
- The Third People’s Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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48
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Cheng HY, Croft QPP, Frise MC, Talbot NP, Petousi N, Robbins PA, Dorrington KL. Human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is unaltered by 8 h of preceding isocapnic hyperoxia. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/17/e13396. [PMID: 28899910 PMCID: PMC5599860 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sustained hypoxia of 8 h duration increases the sensitivity of the pulmonary vasculature to acute hypoxia, but it is not known whether exposure to sustained hyperoxia affects human pulmonary vascular control. We hypothesized that exposure to 8 h of hyperoxia would diminish the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) that occurs in response to a brief exposure to hypoxia. Eleven healthy volunteers were studied in a crossover protocol with randomization of order. Each volunteer was exposed to acute isocapnic hypoxia (end‐tidal PO2 = 50 mmHg for 10 min) before and after 8 h of hyperoxia (end‐tidal PO2 = 420 mmHg) or euoxia (end‐tidal PO2 = 100 mmHg). After at least 3 days, each volunteer returned and was exposed to the other condition. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (an index of HPV) and cardiac output were measured, using Doppler echocardiography. Eight hours of hyperoxia had no effect on HPV or the response of cardiac output to acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin P P Croft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Frise
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick P Talbot
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nayia Petousi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith L Dorrington
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Guo YB, He YX, Cui CY, Ouzhu L, Baima K, Duoji Z, Deji Q, Bian B, Peng Y, Bai CJ, Gongga L, Pan YY, Qu L, Kang M, Ciren Y, Baima Y, Guo W, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang XM, Zheng WS, Xu SH, Chen H, Zhao SG, Cai Y, Liu SM, Wu TY, Qi XB, Su B. GCH1 plays a role in the high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. Zool Res 2018; 38:155-162. [PMID: 28585439 PMCID: PMC5460084 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetans are well adapted to high-altitude hypoxia. Previous genome-wide scans have reported many candidate genes for this adaptation, but only a few have been studied. Here we report on a hypoxia gene ( GCH1, GTP-cyclohydrolase I), involved in maintaining nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) function and normal blood pressure, that harbors many potentially adaptive variants in Tibetans. We resequenced an 80.8 kb fragment covering the entire gene region of GCH1 in 50 unrelated Tibetans. Combined with previously published data, we demonstrated many GCH1 variants showing deep divergence between highlander Tibetans and lowlander Han Chinese. Neutrality tests confirmed a signal of positive Darwinian selection on GCH1 in Tibetans. Moreover, association analysis indicated that the Tibetan version of GCH1 was significantly associated with multiple physiological traits in Tibetans, including blood nitric oxide concentration, blood oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentration. Taken together, we propose that GCH1 plays a role in the genetic adaptation of Tibetans to high altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yao-Xi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Chao-Ying Cui
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Luobu Ouzhu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Kangzhuo Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Zhuoma Duoji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Quzong Deji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Ba Bian
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cai-Juan Bai
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yong-Yue Pan
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | | | - Min Kang
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Ciren
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - la Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wang-Shan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shu-Hua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology(PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Center for Computational Genomics, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Xue-Bin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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50
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Plasma proteomic study of acute mountain sickness susceptible and resistant individuals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1265. [PMID: 29352170 PMCID: PMC5775437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive studies have focused on the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS), the exact mechanisms of AMS are still obscure. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis to identify novel AMS−associated biomarkers in human plasma. After 9 hours of hypobaric hypoxia the abundance of proteins related to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, ribosome, and proteasome were significantly reduced in AMS resistant (AMS−) group, but not in AMS susceptible (AMS+) group. This suggested that AMS− individuals could reduce oxygen consumption via repressing TCA cycle and glycolysis, and reduce energy consumption through decreasing protein degradation and synthesis compared to AMS+ individuals after acute hypoxic exposure. The inflammatory response might be decreased resulting from the repressed TCA cycle. We propose that the ability for oxygen consumption reduction may play an important role in the development of AMS. Our present plasma proteomic study in plateau of the Han Chinese volunteers gives new data to address the development of AMS and potential AMS correlative biomarkers.
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