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Galloway R, Owens S, Kim H, Bass M, Kang M, Loftin M. Comparison of different VO2max scaling models in male and female non-obese and obese adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:560-566. [PMID: 38411045 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper was to identify the most appropriate allometric scaling model for expressing aerobic fitness, determined by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), that would allow comparisons across differing body types. METHODS VO2max and body composition data were collected from untrained non-obese and obese participants (N.=126). Allometric models were created using body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), and leg FFM (LFFM) to determine the goodness-of-fit using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). RESULTS Allometric scaled exponents adjusted for BM, FFM and LFFM were 0.67, 0.68 and 0.55, respectively. VO2max scaled to BM was 22% higher in non-obese individuals. Scaled to LFFM, V VO2max was only 7.5% higher in non-obese individuals as compared to obese individuals. Data showed a positive correlation (r=0.28; P=0.009) between VO2max and BM for non-obese participants and a negative correlation (r=-0.39; P=0.014) for obese participants. AIC values showed the LFFM model as the best fit (AICc = 0 "substantial support) and the AIC differences for FFM and BM were both >10 "no support" for the model (12.1 and 28.2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Interpretation of aerobic power and comparisons would be most appropriate when allometrically scaled to the metabolically active tissue (LFFM). Bias is introduced when scaling to BM and comparing individuals of various body compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Galloway
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA -
| | - Scott Owens
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Heontae Kim
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Martha Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Mark Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Colapelle J, St-Pierre J, Erdstein J, Lands LC. Reduced exercise capacity for muscle mass in adolescents living with obesity. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:1227-1235. [PMID: 38294147 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents living with obesity (AlwO) can have limited exercise capacity. Exercise capacity can be predicted by a 2-factor model comprising lung function and leg muscle function, but no study has looked at cycling leg muscle function and its contribution to cycling exercise capacity in AlwO. METHODS Twenty-two nonobese adolescents and 22 AlwO (BMI > 95 percentile) were studied. Anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), spirometry, 30-s isokinetic work capacity, and maximal exercise (cycle ergometry) were measured. RESULTS AlwO had greater total body mass, lean body mass, and lean leg mass (LLM). Lung function trended higher in AlwO. Leg 30-s work did not differ in absolute terms or per allometrically scaled LLM. Peak oxygen consumption did not differ between the groups in absolute terms or as percent predicted values (79.59 ± 14.6 vs. 82.3 ± 11.2% predicted control versus ALwO) but was lower in AlwO when expressed per kg body mass, kg lean body mass, scaled lean body mass, and LLM. Peak oxygen consumption related to both lung function and 30-s work, with no observed group effect. 30-s leg work related to the scaled LLM, with a small group effect. There was some correlation between leg work and time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity in AlwO (rs = 0.39, p = .07). CONCLUSION AlwO have larger LLM and preserved exercise capacity, when expressed as percentage of predicted, but not per allometrically scaled LLM. Increasing time spent in moderate to vigorous activity may benefit AlwO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Colapelle
- Experimental Medicine, McGill University Experimental Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- General Pediatrics, Maison de Santé Prévention Clinique 180, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Erdstein
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Adolescent Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larry C Lands
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Haapala EA, Lubans DR, Jaakkola T, Barker AR, Plaza-Florido A, Gracia-Marco L, Solis-Urra P, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Ortega FB. Which indices of cardiorespiratory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with overweight/obesity? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14549. [PMID: 38093459 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the strength of associations between different indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and brain health outcomes in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS Participants were 100 children aged 8-11 years. CRF was assessed using treadmill exercise test (peak oxygen uptake [V̇O2peak ], treadmill time, and V̇O2 at ventilatory threshold) and 20-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT, laps, running speed, estimated V̇O2peak using the equations by Léger et al., Mahar et al., and Matsuzaka et al.). Intelligence, executive functions, and academic performance were assessed using validated methods. Total gray matter and hippocampal volumes were assessed using structural MRI. RESULTS V̇O2peak /body mass (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.01-0.35) and treadmill time (β = 0.18-0.21, 95% CI = 0.01-0.39) were positively associated with gray matter volume. 20mSRT laps were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.255, 95% CI = 0.089-0.421) and academic performance (β = 0.199-0.255, 95% CI = 0.006-0.421), and the running speed was positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.203, 95% CI = 0.039-0.367). Estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. was positively associated with intelligence, executive functions, academic performance, and gray matter volume (β = 0.205-0.282, 95% CI = 0.013-0.500). Estimated V̇O2peak/Mahar et al. and V̇O2peak/Matsuzaka et al. (speed) were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.204-0.256, 95% CI = 0.031-0.436). CONCLUSION Although V̇O2peak is considered the gold standard indicator of CRF in children, peak performance (laps or running speed) and estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. derived from 20mSRT had stronger and more consistent associations with brain health outcomes than other indices of CRF in children with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David R Lubans
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Services, "Virgen de Las Nieves", University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
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Tomlinson OW, Barker AR, Fulford J, Wilson P, Shelley J, Oades PJ, Williams CA. Skeletal muscle contributions to reduced fitness in cystic fibrosis youth. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1211547. [PMID: 37388288 PMCID: PMC10300555 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1211547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) is beneficial in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) but remains lower compared to healthy peers. Intrinsic metabolic deficiencies within skeletal muscle (muscle "quality") and skeletal muscle size (muscle "quantity") are both proposed as potential causes for the lower V̇O2max, although exact mechanisms remain unknown. This study utilises gold-standard methodologies to control for the residual effects of muscle size from V̇O2max to address this "quality" vs. "quantity" debate. Methods Fourteen children (7 CF vs. 7 age- and sex-matched controls) were recruited. Parameters of muscle size - muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and thigh muscle volume (TMV) were derived from magnetic resonance imaging, and V̇O2max obtained via cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Allometric scaling removed residual effects of muscle size, and independent samples t-tests and effect sizes (ES) identified differences between groups in V̇O2max, once mCSA and TMV were controlled for. Results V̇O2max was shown to be lower in the CF group, relative to controls, with large ES being identified when allometrically scaled to mCSA (ES = 1.76) and TMV (ES = 0.92). Reduced peak work rate was also identified in the CF group when allometrically controlled for mCSA (ES = 1.18) and TMV (ES = 0.45). Conclusions A lower V̇O2max was still observed in children with CF after allometrically scaling for muscle size, suggesting reduced muscle "quality" in CF (as muscle "quantity" is fully controlled for). This observation likely reflects intrinsic metabolic defects within CF skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen William Tomlinson
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Robert Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - James Shelley
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick John Oades
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Anthony Williams
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Galantine P, Sudlow A, Peyrot N, Vercruyssen F, Bélard C, Dalleau G, Duché P. Force-velocity profile in sprinting: sex effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:911-921. [PMID: 36595048 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F0; velocity, v0 and maximal power output, Pmax) profile between men and women has attracted little attention. Most studies of sex differences have failed to apply a scaling ratio when reporting data. The present study investigated the sex effect on the F-v profile using an allometric model applied with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass of the lower limb (FFMLL), cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg length (LL) to mechanical parameters. Thirty students (15 men, 15 women) participated. Raw velocity-time data for three maximal 35 m sprints were measured with a radar. Mechanical parameters of the F-v relationship were calculated from the modelling of the velocity-time curve. When F0 and Pmax were allometrically scaled with BM (p = 0.538; ES = 0.23) and FFM (p = 0.176; ES = 0.51), there were no significant differences between men and women. However, when the allometric model was applied to Pmax with FFMLL (p = 0.015; ES = 0.52), F0 with CSA (p = 0.016; ES = 0.93) and v0 with LL (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.98) differences between men and women persisted. FFM explained 83% of the sex differences in the F-v profile (p ≤ 0.001). After applying an allometric model, sex differences in the F-v profile are explained by other factors than body dimensions (i.e., physiological qualitative differences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anthony Sudlow
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Université Le Mans, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Chrystal Bélard
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE-EA4075, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.
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Wadey CA, Barker AR, Stuart G, Tran DL, Laohachai K, Ayer J, Cordina R, Williams CA. Scaling Peak Oxygen Consumption for Body Size and Composition in People With a Fontan Circulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026181. [PMID: 36515232 PMCID: PMC9798799 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Peak oxygen consumption (peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$) is traditionally divided ("ratio-scaled") by body mass (BM) for clinical interpretation. Yet, it is unknown whether ratio-scaling to BM can produce a valid size-independent expression of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation. Furthermore, people with a Fontan circulation have deficits in lean mass, and it is unexplored whether using different measures of body composition may improve scaling validity. The objective was to assess the validity of different scaling denominators (BM, stature, body surface area, fat-free mass, lean mass, and appendicular lean mass using ratio and allometric scaling). Methods and Results Eighty-nine participants (age: 23.3±6.7 years; 53% female) with a Fontan circulation had their cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Ratio and allometric (log-linear regression) scaling was performed and Pearson correlations assessed scaling validity. Scaling denominators BM (r=-0.25, P=0.02), stature (r=0.46, P<0.001), and body surface area (0.23, P=0.03) were significantly correlated with their respective ratio-scaled expressions of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$, but fat-free mass, lean mass, or appendicular lean mass were not (r≤0.11; R2=1%). Allometrically expressed peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ resulted in no significant correlation with any scaling denominator (r=≤0.23; R2=≤4%). Conclusions The traditional and accepted method of ratio-scaling to BM is invalid because it fails to create a size-independent expression of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation. However, ratio-scaling to measures of body composition (fat-free mass, lean mass, and appendicular lean mass) and allometric techniques can produce size-independent expressions of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A. Wadey
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Graham Stuart
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, The Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Derek L. Tran
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Karina Laohachai
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Julian Ayer
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Rachael Cordina
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Craig A. Williams
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
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Associations between Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability and Health-Related Factors. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121218. [PMID: 36557256 PMCID: PMC9781460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) might be associated with health-related factors, as suggested by previous studies. This study explored whether the intra-assessment RMR variability (expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV; %)) is similar in men and women and if it is similarly associated with diverse health-related factors. The RMR of 107 young, and relatively healthy adults, was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Then, the CV for volumes of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were computed as indicators of intra-assessment RMR variability. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (peak VO2 uptake), circulating cardiometabolic risk factors, and heart rate and its variability (HR and HRV) were assessed. Men presented higher CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE (all p ≤ 0.001) compared to women. Furthermore, in men, the intra-assessment RER variability was associated with vagal-related HRV parameters and with mean HR (standardized β = −0.36, −0.38, and 0.41, respectively; all p < 0.04). In contrast, no associations were observed in women. In conclusion, men exhibited higher variability (CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE) compared to women. The CV for RER could be a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in young men.
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KAWAI S, KOBAYASHI S, YAMAUCHI R, YAMAZAKI M, SATONAKA A, SUZUKI N. Maximum oxygen uptake can be predicted by extrapolation using the calf circumference in non-obese healthy young adult men. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Haapala EA, Tompuri T, Lintu N, Viitasalo A, Savonen K, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA. Is low cardiorespiratory fitness a feature of metabolic syndrome in children and adults? J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:923-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lisboa SC, Vieira A, Teodoro JL, Costa R, Boeno FP, Farinha J, Bracht CG, Reischak-Oliveira Á, dos Santos Cunha G. Cardiometabolic health profile of young girls with aesthetic professions. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:15. [PMID: 35034662 PMCID: PMC8762858 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the literature, professions that impose body standards for daily performance are designated as non-conventional professions (i.e. models, athletes, ballet dancers), with great emphasis on the female population. More than a job, it becomes a lifestyle to those inserted in this environment, thus, thousands of children and adolescents seek inclusion and success in these professions due to financial and media gains. Such professions are associated with several health-related risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare among physical fitness levels, cardiometabolic health markers, mental health and dietary habits in non-conventional professions. METHODS The sample consisted of 41 female individuals aged between 14 and 24 years, allocated into four groups, control group composed by university students (UG = 11), models (MG = 11), ballet dancers (BG = 11), and athletes' group (AG = 8). Physical fitness outcomes (cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, maximal dynamic strength, muscular endurance and body composition); biochemical outcomes (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], total cholesterol [TC], fasting glucose [FG], fasting insulin [FI], C-reactive protein [CRP]), diet quality and mental health were evaluated. RESULTS No impairments were observed in the health markers evaluated among groups, both for health-related physical fitness and biochemical outcomes. However, low levels of bone mineral density (BMD) were observed. Even with statistically significant differences between the groups for chronological age (p = 0.002), menarche (p = 0.004), career length (p = 0.001), height (p = 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.018), waist-to-height ratio (p < 0.001), %Fat (p = 0.020), VO2peak (p = 0.020), maximal dynamic strength of knee extensors (p = 0.031) and elbow flexors (p = 0,001) and flexibility (p < 0.001), all these values are within the normal range for health. CONCLUSION The professions analyzed do not seem to interfere in the physical fitness and cardiometabolic health of the girls assessed. However, we identified that exposure to these profession can impair mental health (depressive symptoms in 100% of participants) and body composition (BMD 63% of participants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salime Chedid Lisboa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rochelle Costa
- Faculdade Sogipa, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Farinha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Gomes Bracht
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Rossi A, Pappalardo L, Cintia P. A Narrative Review for a Machine Learning Application in Sports: An Example Based on Injury Forecasting in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2021; 10:sports10010005. [PMID: 35050970 PMCID: PMC8822889 DOI: 10.3390/sports10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the number of studies about machine learning algorithms applied to sports, e.g., injury forecasting and athlete performance prediction, have rapidly increased. Due to the number of works and experiments already present in the state-of-the-art regarding machine-learning techniques in sport science, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a guideline describing a correct approach for training, validating, and testing machine learning models to predict events in sports science. The main contribution of this narrative review is to highlight any possible strengths and limitations during all the stages of model development, i.e., training, validation, testing, and interpretation, in order to limit possible errors that could induce misleading results. In particular, this paper shows an example about injury forecaster that provides a description of all the features that could be used to predict injuries, all the possible pre-processing approaches for time series analysis, how to correctly split the dataset to train and test the predictive models, and the importance to explain the decision-making approach of the white and black box models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Pappalardo
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cintia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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Burstein DS, McBride MG, Min J, Paridon AA, Perelman S, Huffman EM, O'Malley S, Del Grosso J, Groepenhoff H, Paridon SM, Brothers JA. Normative Values for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Stress Testing Using Ramp Cycle Ergometry in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2021; 229:61-69.e5. [PMID: 32926876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide sex, age, and race specific reference values for ramp cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in children in the US. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review was conducted of all cardiopulmonary CPET data from our Exercise Physiology Laboratory on healthy children and adolescents (6-18 years) with body mass index between the 5th and 95th percentiles and structurally normal hearts who performed a ramp cycle ergometry stress test between 1999 and 2015. Twenty-eight exercise variables were included: peak oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at ventilatory anaerobic threshold, peak work rate, resting and peak heart rate and blood pressure, resting pulmonary function testing, and ventilatory responses to progressive exercise using breath-by-breath gas exchange. Owing to the nonlinear association between CPET results and age, fractional polynomials were used in the mixed-effects regression models to describe the sex- and age-specific normative values with 95% CIs, after adjusting for race and body mass index. RESULTS We analyzed data on 1829 children (average age, 13.6 ± 2.6 years; 52% male). After 12 years of age, males generally had higher peak values for aerobic capacity and work rate. There were progressive increases with age for both sexes in resting pulmonary function and ventilatory response to exercise, peak aerobic and work rate, and oxygen pulse. Notably, there was an age-related decrease in ventilatory equivalents of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. CONCLUSIONS Future research using prospective, inclusive, and statistically planned cohorts with standardized laboratory approaches and confirmed interoperability should be considered as a focus for validating normative pediatric CPET values in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Burstein
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Michael G McBride
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jungwon Min
- Healthcare Analytics Unit, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness and Policy Lab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander A Paridon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Sarah Perelman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erika M Huffman
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shannon O'Malley
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julia Del Grosso
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Stephen M Paridon
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julie A Brothers
- Division of Cardiology, Exercise Physiology laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Davis NL, Tolfrey K, Jenney M, Elson R, Stewart C, Moss AD, Cornish JM, Stevens MCG, Crowne EC. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise intervention improves fitness, insulin resistance and quality of life in survivors of childhood haemopoietic stem cell transplantation with total body irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28687. [PMID: 33044779 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of a supervised combined resistance and aerobic training programme on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, insulin resistance and quality of life (QoL) in survivors of childhood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with total body irradiation (TBI). PARTICIPANTS HSCT/TBI survivors (n = 20; 8 females). Mean (range) for age at study and time since HSCT/TBI was 16.7 (10.9-24.5) and 8.4 (2.3-16.0) years, respectively. METHODS After a 6-month run-in, participants undertook supervised 45- to 60-minute resistance and aerobic training twice weekly for 6 months, with a 6-month follow-up. The following assessments were made at 0, 6 (start of exercise programme), 12 (end of exercise programme) and 18 months: Body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill-based peak rate of oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) test), QoL questionnaires (36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument (MMQL). RESULTS Results expressed as mean (standard deviation) or geometric mean (range). There were significant improvements in VO2 peak (35.7 (8.9) vs 41.7 (16.1) mL/min/kg, P = 0.05), fasted plasma insulin (16.56 (1.48-72.8) vs 12.62 (1.04-54.97) mIU/L, P = 0.03) and HOMA-IR (3.65 (0.30-17.26) vs 2.72 (0.22-12.89), P = 0.02) after the exercise intervention. There were also significant improvements in the SF-36 QoL general health domain (69.7 (14.3) vs 72.7 (16.0), P = 0.001) and the MMQL school domain (69.1 (25.2) vs (79.3 (21.6), P = 0.03) during the exercise intervention. No significant changes were observed in percentage body fat, fat mass or lean mass. CONCLUSION The supervised 6-month combined resistance and aerobic exercise programme significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin resistance and QoL in childhood HSCT/TBI survivors, with no change in body composition, suggesting a metabolic training effect on muscle. These data support a role for targeted physical rehabilitation services in this group at high risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Davis
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Level 6 UHBristol Education Centre, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Meriel Jenney
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth Elson
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Stewart
- Stem cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Andrew D Moss
- Stem cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Cornish
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael C G Stevens
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Crowne
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Level 6 UHBristol Education Centre, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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14
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Haapala EA, Wiklund P, Lintu N, Tompuri T, Väistö J, Finni T, Tarkka IM, Kemppainen T, Barker AR, Ekelund U, Brage S, Lakka TA. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1144-1152. [PMID: 31764464 PMCID: PMC7358077 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children age 6 to 8 yr. METHODS We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (Wmax) for lean body mass (LM) and body mass (BM) as measures of CRF. The BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The PA energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. RESULTS Wmax/LM was not associated with glucose (β = 0.065, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β = -0.079, 95% CI = -0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β = -0.065, 95% CI = -0.161 to 0.030). Wmax/BM was inversely associated with insulin (β = -0.289, 95% CI = -0.377 to -0.200) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.269, 95% CI = -0.359 to -0.180). The BF% was directly associated with insulin (β = 0.409, 95% CI = 0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.390, 95% CI = 0.304 to 0.475). Higher Wmax/BM, but not Wmax/LM, was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Cardiorespiratory fitness appropriately controlled for body size and composition using LM was not related to insulin resistance among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | | | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Titta Kemppainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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15
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Tomlinson OW, Barker AR, Fulford J, Wilson P, Oades PJ, Williams CA. Quantification of thigh muscle volume in children and adolescents using magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1215-1224. [PMID: 31928202 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1707292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Estimating muscle volume (MV) using variable numbers of cross-sectional area (CSA) slices obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces an error that is known in adults, but not in children and adolescents, whereby body sizes differ due to growth and maturation. Therefore, 15 children and adolescents (11 males, 14.8 ± 2.1 years) underwent MRI scans of the right thigh using a 1.5 T scanner to establish this error. A criterion MV was determined by tracing around and summing all CSAs, with MV subsequently estimated using every second, third, fourth and fifth CSA slice. Bland-Altman plots identified mean bias and limits of agreement (LoA) between methods. Error rates between 1.0 and 10.4% were seen between criterion and estimated MV. Additional analyses identified an impact of formulae selection, with a cylindrical formula preferred to a truncated cone. To counter high error between criterion and estimated MV due to the discrepancies in the number of CSA slices analysed, length-matched criterion volumes were established, with reduced error rates (0.5-2.0%) being produced as a result. CSA at 50% thigh-length also predicted MV, producing a high error (13.8-39.6%). Pearson's correlation coefficients determined relationships between error and measures of body size/composition, with all body size/composition measures being correlated (r = -0.78-0.86, p < 0.05) with the error between criterion and estimated MV. To conclude, MV can be accurately estimated using fewer CSA slices. However, the associated error must be considered when calculating MV in children and adolescents, as body size biases estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen William Tomlinson
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan Robert Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Wilson
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Craig Anthony Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Exeter, UK
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16
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Interpreting Youth Aerobic Fitness: Appropriate Morphological Covariates-A Response to Cunha and Leites (2019). Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:388-389. [PMID: 31311001 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Commentary on the Article "Interpreting Aerobic Fitness in Youth: The Fallacy of Ratio Scaling"-Is Body Mass the Best Body Size Descriptor to Normalize Aerobic Fitness in the Pediatric Population? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:386-387. [PMID: 31310999 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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AlKandari JR, Nieto MB. Peak O<sub>2</sub> Uptake Correlates with Fat Free Mass in Athletes but Not in Sedentary Subjects. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Agbaje AO, Haapala EA, Lintu N, Viitasalo A, Barker AR, Takken T, Tompuri T, Lindi V, Lakka TA. Peak oxygen uptake cut-points to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk - The PANIC Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:16-24. [PMID: 30230064 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop cut-points for directly measured peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 peak ) to identify boys and girls at increased cardiometabolic risk using different scaling methods to control for body size and composition. Altogether 352 children (186 boys, 166 girls) aged 9-11 years were included in the analyses. We measured V̇O2peak directly during a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and lean body mass (LM) by bioelectrical impedance. We computed a sex- and age-specific cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) by summing important cardiometabolic risk factors and defined increased cardiometabolic risk as >1 standard deviation above the mean of CRS. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to detect V̇O2peak cut-points for increased cardiometabolic risk. Boys with V̇O2peak <45.8 mL kg body mass (BM)-1 min-1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45.1 to 54.6, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86, P < 0.001) and <63.2 mL kg LM-1 min-1 (95% CI =52.4 to 67.5, AUC = 0.65, P = 0.006) had an increased CRS. Girls with V̇O2peak <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 (95% CI = 44.0 to 58.6, AUC = 0.67, P = 0.013) had an increased CRS. V̇O2peak scaled by BM-0.49 and LM-0.77 derived from log-linear allometric modeling poorly predicted increased cardiometabolic risk in boys and girls. In conclusion, directly measured V ˙ O 2 peak <45.8 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among boys and <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among girls were cut-points to identify those at increased cardiometabolic risk. Appropriately controlling for body size and composition reduced the ability of cardiorespiratory fitness to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Agbaje
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tim Takken
- Child Development and Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Size Exponents for Scaling Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Over 6500 Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1405-1419. [PMID: 28058696 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] 2max) is conventionally normalized to body size as a simple ratio or using an allometric exponent < 1. Nevertheless, the most appropriate body size variable to use for scaling and the value of the exponent are still enigmatic. Studies tend to be based on small samples and can, therefore, lack precision. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to provide a quantitative synthesis of reported static allometric exponents used for scaling [Formula: see text] 2max to whole body mass and fat-free mass. METHODS Eight electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) were searched for relevant studies published up to January 2016. Search terms included 'oxygen uptake', 'cardiorespiratory fitness', '[Formula: see text] 2max', '[Formula: see text] 2peak', 'scaling' and all interchangeable terms. Inclusion criteria included human cardiorespiratory fitness data; cross-sectional study designs; an empirical derivation of the exponent; reported precision statistics; and reported information regarding participant sex, age and sports background, [Formula: see text] 2max protocol, whole body composition protocol and line-fitting methods. A random-effects model was used to quantify weighted pooled exponents and 95% confidence limits (Cls). Heterogeneity was quantified with the tau-statistic (τ). Meta-regression was used to quantify the impact of selected moderator variables on the exponent effect size. A 95% prediction interval was calculated to quantify the likely range of true fat-free mass exponents in similar future studies, with this distribution used to estimate the probability that an exponent would be above theorised universal values of [Formula: see text]. RESULTS Thirty-six studies, involving 6514 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Whole body mass and fat-free mass were used as the scaling denominator in 27 and 15 studies, respectively. The pooled allometric exponent (95% Cls) was found to be 0.70 (0.64 to 0.76) for whole body mass and 0.90 (0.83 to 0.96) for fat-free mass. The between-study heterogeneity was greater for whole body mass (τ = ±0.15) than for fat-free mass (τ = ±0.11). Participant sex explained 30% of the between-study variability in the whole body mass exponent, but the influence on the fat-free mass exponent was trivial. The whole body mass exponent of 0.52 (0.40 to 0.64) for females was substantially lower than the 0.76 (0.70 to 0.83) for males, whereas the fat-free mass exponent was similar for both sexes. The effects of all other moderators were trivial. The 95% PI for fat-free mass ranged from 0.68 to 1.12. The estimated probability of a true fat-free mass exponent in a future study being greater than [Formula: see text] power scaling is 0.98 (very likely) and 0.92 (likely), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this quantitative synthesis of published studies involving over 6500 humans, the whole body mass exponent was found to be spuriously low and prone to substantial heterogeneity. We conclude that the scaling of [Formula: see text] 2max in humans is consistent with the allometric cascade model with an estimated prediction interval for the fat-free mass exponent not likely to be consistent with the [Formula: see text] power laws.
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21
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Tomlinson OW, Barker AR, Oades PJ, Williams CA. Scaling the Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope for Body Size in Cystic Fibrosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1980-1986. [PMID: 28489686 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between body size and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy controls (CON), to identify appropriate scaling procedures to adjust the influence of body size upon OUES. METHODS The OUES was derived using maximal and submaximal points from cardiopulmonary exercise testing in 72 children (36 CF and 36 CON). OUES was subsequently scaled for stature, body mass (BM), and body surface area (BSA) using ratio-standard (Y/X) and allometric (Y/X) methods. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between body size and OUES. RESULTS When scaled using the ratio-standard method, OUES had a significant positive relationship with stature (r = 0.54, P < 0.001) and BSA (r = 0.25, P = 0.031) and significant negative relationship with BM (r = -0.38, P = 0.016) in the CF group. Combined allometric exponents (b) for CF and CON were stature 3.00, BM 0.86, and BSA 1.40. A significant negative correlation was found between OUES and stature in the CF group when scaled allometrically (r = -0.37, P = 0.027). Nonsignificant (P > 0.05) correlations for the whole group were found between OUES and allometrically scaled BM (CF r = -0.25, CON, r = 0.15) and BSA (CF r = -0.27, CON r = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Only allometric scaling of either BM or BSA, and not ratio-standard scaling, successfully eliminates the influence of body size upon OUES. Therefore, this enables a more direct comparison of the OUES between patients with CF and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen William Tomlinson
- 1Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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22
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Sims DT, Onambélé-Pearson GL, Burden A, Payton C, Morse CI. Specific force of the vastus lateralis in adults with achondroplasia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:696-703. [PMID: 29146686 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00638.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia is a clinical condition defined by shorter stature and disproportionate limb length. Force production in able-bodied individuals (controls) is proportional to muscle size, but given the disproportionate nature of achondroplasia, normalizing to anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) is inappropriate. The aim of this study was to assess specific force of the vastus lateralis (VL) in 10 adults with achondroplasia (22 ± 3 yr) and 18 sex-matched controls (22 ± 2 yr). Isometric torque (iMVCτ) of the dominant knee extensors (KE) and in vivo measures of VL muscle architecture, volume, activation, and patella tendon moment arm were used to calculate VL physiological CSA (PCSA), fascicle force, and specific force in both groups. Achondroplasic muscle volume was 53% smaller than controls (284 ± 36 vs. 604 ± 102 cm3, P < 0.001). KE iMVCτ was 63% lower in achondroplasia compared with controls (95 ± 24 vs. 256 ± 47 N⋅m, P < 0.001). Activation and moment arm length were similar between groups ( P > 0.05), but coactivation of bicep femoris of achondroplasic subjects was 70% more than controls (43 ± 20 vs. 13 ± 5%, P < 0.001). Achondroplasic subjects had 58% less PCSA (43 ± 10 vs. 74.7 ± 14 cm2, P < 0.001), 29% lower fascicle force (702 ± 235 vs. 1704 ± 303 N, P < 0.001), and 29% lower specific force than control subjects (17 ± 6 vs. 24 ± 6 N⋅cm-2, P = 0.012). The smaller VL specific force in achondroplasia may be attributed to infiltration of fat and connective tissue, rather than to any difference in myofilament function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The novel observation of this study was the measurement of normalized force production in a group of individuals with disproportionate limb length-to-torso ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Sims
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Gladys L Onambélé-Pearson
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Burden
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Carl Payton
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Morse
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
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Armstrong N. Top 10 Research Questions Related to Youth Aerobic Fitness. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:130-148. [PMID: 28402178 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1303298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth aerobic fitness, but despite pediatric data being available for almost 80 years, its measurement and interpretation in relation to growth, maturation, and health remain controversial. The trainability of youth aerobic fitness continues to be hotly debated, and causal mechanisms of training-induced changes and their modulation by chronological age, biological maturation, and sex are still to be resolved. The daily physical activity of youth is characterized by intermittent bouts and rapid changes in intensity, but physical activity of the intensity and duration required to determine peak [Formula: see text]2 is rarely (if ever) experienced by most youth. In this context, it may therefore be the transient kinetics of pulmonary [Formula: see text]2 that best reflect youth aerobic fitness. There are remarkably few rigorous studies of youth pulmonary [Formula: see text]2 kinetics at the onset of exercise in different intensity domains, and the influence of chronological age, biological maturation, and sex during step changes in exercise intensity are not confidently documented. Understanding the trainability of the parameters of youth pulmonary [Formula: see text]2 kinetics is primarily based on a few comparative studies of athletes and nonathletes. The underlying mechanisms of changes due to training require further exploration. The aims of the present article are therefore to provide a brief overview of aerobic fitness during growth and maturation, increase awareness of current controversies in its assessment and interpretation, identify gaps in knowledge, raise 10 relevant research questions, and indicate potential areas for future research.
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Gracia-Marco L, Bel-Serrat S, Cuenca-Garcia M, Gonzalez-Gross M, Pedrero-Chamizo R, Manios Y, Marcos A, Molnar D, Widhalm K, Polito A, Vanhelst J, Hagströmer M, Sjöström M, Kafatos A, de Henauw S, Gutierrez Á, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA. Amino acids intake and physical fitness among adolescents. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1041-1052. [PMID: 28314994 PMCID: PMC5437182 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate whether there was an association between amino acid (AA) intake and physical fitness and if so, to assess whether this association was independent of carbohydrates intake. European adolescents (n = 1481, 12.5-17.5 years) were measured. Intake was assessed via two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Lower and upper limbs muscular fitness was assessed by standing long jump and handgrip strength tests, respectively. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test. Physical activity was objectively measured. Socioeconomic status was obtained via questionnaires. Lower limbs muscular fitness seems to be positively associated with tryptophan, histidine and methionine intake in boys, regardless of centre, age, socioeconomic status, physical activity and total energy intake (model 1). However, these associations disappeared once carbohydrates intake was controlled for (model 2). In girls, only proline intake seems to be positively associated with lower limbs muscular fitness (model 2) while cardiorespiratory fitness seems to be positively associated with leucine (model 1) and proline intake (models 1 and 2). None of the observed significant associations remained significant once multiple testing was controlled for. In conclusion, we failed to detect any associations between any of the evaluated AAs and physical fitness after taking into account the effect of multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gracia-Marco
- CHERC (Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, Devon, UK.
- GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain.
| | - Silvia Bel-Serrat
- GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Cuenca-Garcia
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Cádiz University, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Group, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Polito
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeremy Vanhelst
- LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR995, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre d'investigation clinique, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Maria Hagströmer
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ángel Gutierrez
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
- CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
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Tavares ÓM, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Duarte JP, Póvoas SC, Gobbo LA, Fernandes RA, Marinho DA, Casanova JM, Sherar LB, Courteix D, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Concurrent agreement between an anthropometric model to predict thigh volume and dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry assessment in female volleyball players aged 14-18 years. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:190. [PMID: 27881116 PMCID: PMC5122194 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of performance outputs are strongly determined by lower limbs volume and composition in children and adolescents. The current study aimed to examine the validity of thigh volume (TV) estimated by anthropometry in late adolescent female volleyball players. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures were used as the reference method. Methods Total and regional body composition was assessed with a Lunar DPX NT/Pro/MD+/Duo/Bravo scanner in a cross-sectional sample of 42 Portuguese female volleyball players aged 14–18 years (165.2 ± 0.9 cm; 61.1 ± 1.4 kg). TV was estimated with the reference method (TV-DXA) and with the anthropometric method (TV-ANTH). Agreement between procedures was assessed with Deming regression. The analysis also considered a calibration of the anthropometric approach. Results The equation that best predicted TV-DXA was: -0.899 + 0.876 × log10 (body mass) + 0.113 × log10 (TV-ANTH). This new model (NM) was validated using the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) method (R2PRESS = 0.838). Correlation between the reference method and the NM was 0.934 (95%CI: 0.880–0.964, Sy∙x = 0.325 L). Conclusions A new and accurate anthropometric method to estimate TV in adolescent female volleyball players was obtained from the equation of Jones and Pearson alongside with adjustments for body mass. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0730-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar M Tavares
- UID/DTP/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Pavilhao III, 3040-156, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, School of Health and Technology, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- UID/DTP/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Pavilhao III, 3040-156, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- UID/DTP/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Pavilhao III, 3040-156, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana C Póvoas
- Research Centre in Sport and Physical Activity, Maia Institute of Higher Education, Maia, Portugal
| | - Luís A Gobbo
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José M Casanova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions, Clermont Auvergne University, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Centre in Human Nutrition, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- UID/DTP/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Pavilhao III, 3040-156, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Loftin M, Sothern M, Abe T, Bonis M. Expression of VO2peak in Children and Youth, with Special Reference to Allometric Scaling. Sports Med 2016; 46:1451-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu KD, Manoukian K, Radom-Aizik S, Cooper DM, Galant SP. Obesity, Asthma, and Exercise in Child and Adolescent Health. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2016; 28:264-274. [PMID: 26618409 PMCID: PMC5904022 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2015-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of asthma throughout life but the underlying mechanisms linking these all too common threats to child health are poorly understood. Acute bouts of exercise, aerobic fitness, and levels of physical activity clearly play a role in the pathogenesis and/or management of both childhood obesity and asthma. Moreover, both obesity and physical inactivity are associated with asthma symptomatology and response to therapy (a particularly challenging feature of obesity-related asthma). In this article, we review current understandings of the link between physical activity, aerobic fitness and the asthma-obesity link in children and adolescents (e.g., the impact of chronic low-grade inflammation, lung mechanics, and direct effects of metabolic health on the lung). Gaps in our knowledge regarding the physiological mechanisms linking asthma, obesity and exercise are often compounded by imprecise estimations of adiposity and challenges of assessing aerobic fitness in children. Addressing these gaps could lead to practical interventions and clinical approaches that could mitigate the profound health care crisis of the increasing comorbidity of asthma, physical inactivity, and obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D. Lu
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Dan M. Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Stanley P. Galant
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
- Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
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Abstract
Consensus has yet to be achieved on whether obesity is inexorably tied to poor fitness. We tested the hypothesis that appropriate reference of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables to lean body mass (LBM) would eliminate differences in fitness between high-BMI (≥ 95th percentile, n = 72, 50% female) and normal-BMI (< 85th percentile, n = 142, 49% female), otherwise-healthy children and adolescents typically seen when referencing body weight. We measured body composition with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and CPET variables from cycle ergometry using both peak values and submaximal exercise slopes (peak VO2, ΔVO2/ΔHR, ΔWR/ΔHR, ΔVO2/ΔWR, and ΔVE/ΔVCO2). In contrast to our hypothesis, referencing to LBM tended to lessen, but did not eliminate, the differences (peak VO2 [p < .004] and ΔVO2/ΔHR [p < .02]) in males and females; ΔWR/ΔHR differed between the two groups in females (p = .041) but not males (p = .1). The mean percent predicted values for all CPET variables were below 100% in the high-BMI group. The pattern of CPET abnormalities suggested a pervasive impairment of O2 delivery in the high-BMI group (ΔVO2/ΔWR was in fact highest in normal-BMI males). Tailoring lifestyle interventions to the specific fitness capabilities of each child (personalized exercise medicine) may be one of the ways to stem what has been an intractable epidemic.
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Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Elferink-Gemser MT, Malina RM, Petroski ÉL, Minderico CS, Silva AM, Baptista F, Sardinha LB. Prediction equation for lower limbs lean soft tissue in circumpubertal boys using anthropometry and biological maturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107219. [PMID: 25229472 PMCID: PMC4168128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lean soft tissue (LST), a surrogate of skeletal muscle mass, is largely limited to appendicular body regions. Simple and accurate methods to estimate lower limbs LST are often used in attempts to partition out the influence of body size on performance outputs. The aim of the current study was to develop and cross-validate a new model to predict lower limbs LST in boys aged 10–13 years, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. Total body and segmental (lower limbs) composition were assessed with a Hologic Explorer-W QDR DXA scanner in a cross-sectional sample of 75 Portuguese boys (144.8±6.4 cm; 40.2±9.0 kg). Skinfolds were measured at the anterior and posterior mid-thigh, and medial calf. Circumferences were measured at the proximal, mid and distal thigh. Leg length was estimated as stature minus sitting height. Current stature expressed as a percentage of attained predicted mature stature (PMS) was used as an estimate of biological maturity status. Backward proportional allometric models were used to identify the model with the best statistical fit: ln (lower limbs LST) = 0.838× ln (body mass) +0.476× ln (leg length) – 0.135× ln (mid-thigh circumference) – 0.053× ln (anterior mid-thigh skinfold) – 0.098× ln (medial calf skinfold) – 2.680+0.010× (percentage of attained PMS) (R = 0.95). The obtained equation was cross-validated using the predicted residuals sum of squares statistics (PRESS) method (R2PRESS = 0.90). Deming repression analysis between predicted and current lower limbs LST showed a standard error of estimation of 0.52 kg (95% limits of agreement: 0.77 to −1.27 kg). The new model accurately predicts lower limbs LST in circumpubertal boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marije T Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America; Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Édio L Petroski
- Research Centre for Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baptista
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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Graves LEF, Batterham AM, Foweather L, McWhannell N, Hopkins ND, Boddy LM, Gobbi R, Stratton G. Scaling of peak oxygen uptake in children: a comparison of three body size index models. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:2341-5. [PMID: 23698249 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31829bfa79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to compare three candidate body size index models for the scaling of aerobic fitness (V(˙)O(2peak)) in children: whole body mass, total lean body mass, and the lean mass of both legs. METHODS V(˙)O(2peak) and total lean mass of the body and both legs (via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were assessed in 126 girls and 87 boys aged 9-11 yr. We applied nonlinear allometric models of the form V(˙)O(2peak) = a×body size, adjusted for biological sex and maturity offset (years from peak height velocity). We assessed goodness of fit using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS The Akaike weights (Akaike differences) were as follows: lean mass of both legs = 0.69 (0), total lean body mass = 0.31 (1.6), and whole body mass = <1e-8 (36.6). The size exponent (90% confidence interval) for the lean mass of both legs was 0.55 (0.46-0.64). V(˙)O(2peak) was 17% (13%-21%) lower in girls after controlling for the lean mass of both legs and maturity offset. After controlling for body size and sex, a 1-yr increase in maturity offset (closer to peak height velocity) was associated with a 6% (4%-9%) higher V(˙)O(2peak). CONCLUSIONS Allometric scaling of V(˙)O(2peak) by the lean mass of both legs provides the best model for quantifying growth-related changes in aerobic fitness in pediatric populations, although this model is only marginally superior to the total lean body mass model. There is no support for the total body mass model. Maturity and sex are also important covariates exerting a size-independent influence on peak aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Edwin Fisher Graves
- 1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 2Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Department of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Chester University, Chester, UNITED KINGDOM; 4Department of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 5College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM; and 6School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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31
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Determinants of inter-specific variation in basal metabolic rate. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:1-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Franco S, Figueiredo AJ, Tavares ÓM, Ferry B, Hidalgo-Hermanni I, Courteix D, Malina RM. Agreement between anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments of lower-limb volumes and composition estimates in youth-club rugby athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:463-71. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement of lower-limb volume estimates based on anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method in male rugby athletes. Predictive models using body mass and skinfolds were tested to improve the relative agreement between protocols (anthropometry, DXA). Rugby players (n = 41; 19.9 ± 2.2 years) volunteered for the study. Lower-limb total and fat-free volumes were estimated by anthropometry and also derived using DXA. Cross-validation between the anthropometry technique and DXA was then performed. Lower-limb volume estimates by anthropometry overestimated reference values and tended to be further from the reference values with the increase of scale. For the total sample, standard errors of measurement for volume estimates by anthropometry were 1.99 L and 1.34 L for total and fat-free volumes, respectively. Correlations with reference values were 0.81 for lower-limb volume and 0.90 for lower-limb fat-free volume. Correlations between estimated prediction equations and reference values showed higher correlations (r = 0.96 for lower-limb volume and r = 0.93 for lower-limb fat-free volume) compared with anthropometric estimates. Overall, the agreement of anthropometry method to quantify lower-limb volumes with DXA as a reference in young adult rugby players is acceptable and is a practical method when more expensive and complex techniques are not available. The consideration of body mass and lower-limb skinfolds increases the precision of lower-limb volume estimates using anthropometry in the young adult rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto M. Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Franco
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Béatrice Ferry
- Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Limoges, Département des Sciences et Métiers du Sport, France
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Ilsabeth Hidalgo-Hermanni
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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Cunha G, Lorenzi T, Sapata K, Lopes AL, Gaya AC, Oliveira Á. Effect of biological maturation on maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds in soccer players: An allometric approach. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reverse University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dencker M, Wollmer P, Karlsson MK, Lindén C, Andersen LB, Thorsson O. Body fat, abdominal fat and body fat distribution related to VO2PEAKin young children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:e597-602. [DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.526612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dencker M, Bugge A, Hermansen B, Froberg K, Andersen LB. Aerobic fitness in prepubertal children according to level of body fat. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1854-60. [PMID: 20670311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2PEAK) ) and body fat in young children on a population-based level. METHODS Participants were 586 children (311 boys and 275 girls) aged 6.8±0.4 years, recruited from a population-based cohort. VO(2PEAK) was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal exercise test. Percent body fat (BF%) was estimated from skinfold measurements. RESULTS Significant relationships existed between BF% and absolute values of VO(2PEAK) (mL/min), VO(2PEAK) scaled by body weight (mL/min/kg) and VO(2PEAK) by allometric scaling (mL/min/kg(0.71) ), whereas no relationships were detected for VO(2PEAK) scaled to fat-free mass (FFM) (mL/min/FFM). Person correlation coefficients for boys were 0.26, -0.38, -0.19 and -0.01 NS and for girls 0.33, -0.42, -0.21 and -0.03 NS, respectively. Significant differences in VO(2PEAK) existed between different quartiles of BF%, with the exception when VO(2PEAK) was scaled to FFM. CONCLUSION Our findings document the coexistence of two known risk factors for disease at a young age on a population-base and confirms that VO(2PEAK) was scaled to FFM represents a body fat independent way of expressing fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Dencker
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Melo X, Santa-Clara H, Almeida JP, Carnero EA, Sardinha LB, Bruno PM, Fernhall B. Comparing several equations that predict peak VO2 using the 20-m multistage-shuttle run-test in 8–10-year-old children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:839-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Predictors of maximal short-term power outputs in basketball players 14-16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:789-96. [PMID: 20981436 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between growth, maturation and maximal short-term power outputs were investigated in 94 youth basketball players aged 14-16 years. Data included chronological age (CA), skeletal age (SA), years of training; body dimensions, estimated thigh volume, a running based short-term exercise assessed by the line drill test (LDT), the Bangsbo sprint test (BST) and short-term muscle power outputs with the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the effects of CA, skeletal maturity (SA/CA), years of training experience, body size and lower-limb volume on short-term performance in the LDT, BST and WAnT, respectively. Explained variances differed between cycle-ergometry outputs (52-54%) and running test performances (23-46%). The independent effects of predictors were small in the fatigue scores of the WAnT (4%) and the BST (11%). Skeletal maturity, body mass and leg length were primary predictors for all maximal short-term power output measures. Leg length was more relevant as a predictor than stature in the WAnT outputs, while stature and body mass appeared in the model with the running tests as dependent variable. Maximal short-term running abilities were also sensitive to years of training. In summary, skeletal maturation, body size and thigh muscle mass explained moderate to large proportions of the variance on maximal short-term performances of adolescent basketball players. The results highlight the importance of considering maturity status in evaluating the maximal short-term power outputs of adolescent athletes.
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Ratel S, Tonson A, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. Do oxidative and anaerobic energy production in exercising muscle change throughout growth and maturation? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1562-4. [PMID: 20466806 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00167.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ratel
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Biologie des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Suriano R, Bishop D. Physiological attributes of triathletes. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13:340-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Porto YC, Almeida M, de Sá CC, Schwingel PA, Zoppi CC. Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Motor Disabilited Paralympic Rowers. Res Sports Med 2008; 16:203-12. [DOI: 10.1080/15438620802103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Caldas Porto
- a Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício , Faculdade Social da Bahia , Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Marcilene Almeida
- a Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício , Faculdade Social da Bahia , Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Cloud C. de Sá
- a Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício , Faculdade Social da Bahia , Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Cláudio Cesar Zoppi
- a Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício , Faculdade Social da Bahia , Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Barker AR, Welsman JR, Fulford J, Welford D, Armstrong N. Muscle phosphocreatine kinetics in children and adults at the onset and offset of moderate-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:446-56. [PMID: 18499782 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The splitting of muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) plays an integral role in the regulation of muscle O2 utilization during a "step" change in metabolic rate. This study tested the hypothesis that the kinetics of muscle PCr would be faster in children compared with adults both at the onset and offset of moderate-intensity exercise, in concert with the previous demonstration of faster phase II pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics in children. Eighteen peri-pubertal children (8 boys, 10 girls) and 16 adults (8 men, 8 women) completed repeated constant work-rate exercise transitions corresponding to 80% of the Pi/PCr intracellular threshold. The changes in quadriceps [PCr], [Pi], [ADP], and pH were determined every 6 s using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No significant (P>0.05) age- or sex-related differences were found in the PCr kinetic time constant at the onset (boys, 21+/-4 s; girls, 24+/-5 s; men, 26+/-9 s; women, 24+/-7 s) or offset (boys, 26+/-5 s; girls, 29+/-7 s; men, 23+/-9 s; women 29+/-7 s) of exercise. Likewise, the estimated theoretical maximal rate of oxidative phosphorylation (Qmax) was independent of age and sex (boys, 1.39+/-0.20 mM/s; girls, 1.32+/-0.32 mM/s; men, 2.36+/-1.18 mM/s; women, 1.51+/-0.53 mM/s). These results are consistent with the notion that the putative phosphate-linked regulation of muscle O2 utilization is fully mature in peri-pubertal children, which may be attributable to a comparable capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in child and adult muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, St. Luke's Campus University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
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Implication des facteurs cardiorespiratoires dans l’intolérance à l’effort de l’adolescent obèse. Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tolfrey K, Barker A, Thom JM, Morse CI, Narici MV, Batterham AM. REPLY TO BAKER AND DAVIES. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00693.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Baker JS, Davies B. Quantification of active muscle mass during experimental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1534; author reply 1535. [PMID: 16825520 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00699.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Dencker M, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, Lindén C, Eiberg S, Wollmer P, Andersen LB. Gender differences and determinants of aerobic fitness in children aged 8–11 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 99:19-26. [PMID: 17024465 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of gender differences in maximum oxygen uptake have come to different conclusions. Limited data exists where the determinants of maximum oxygen uptake have been evaluated in a comprehensive manner. Thus, we examined 248 children (140 boys and 108 girls), aged 7.9-11.1 years. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured variables were total body fat (TBF) and lean body mass (LBM). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal cycle exercise test. Daily physical activity was assessed by accelerometers and duration of vigorous activity per day (VPA) was calculated. Left ventricular inner diastolic diameter (LVDD) was measured by echocardiography. Lung function was evaluated with spirometric testing and whole body plethysmography. Boys had between 8 and 18% higher values than girls for VO2peak, dependent upon whether VO2peak was expressed in absolute values or scaled to body mass, LBM or if allometric scaling was used. In multiple regression analysis absolute values of aerobic fitness were independently related to LBM, maximal heart rate (Max HR), gender, LVDD, and VPA. Furthermore, when VO2peak was scaled to body mass it was independently related to ln TBF, Max HR, gender, VPA, and LVDD. Lung function had no relation to VO2peak. Our study concludes that body composition is the main predictor for VO2peak, in children aged 8-11 years, whereas VPA or LVDD has only a modest impact. Existing gender differences in VO2peak cannot be explained only by differences in body composition, physical activity, or heart size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Dencker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, 205 02, Malmo, Sweden.
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Nevill A, Holder R, Markovic G. Scaling maximum oxygen uptake using lower leg muscle volume provides further insight into the pitfalls of whole body-mass power laws. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1006-7; author reply 1007. [PMID: 16728518 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00410.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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