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Orcioli-Silva D, Beretta VS, Santos PCR, Rasteiro FM, Marostegan AB, Vitório R, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:459-471. [PMID: 38462172 PMCID: PMC11184313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has allowed for the measurement of cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation simultaneously during exercise. Since this technology has been growing and is now successfully used in laboratory and sports settings, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence and enhance an integrative understanding of blood flow adjustments and oxygen (O2) changes (i.e., the balance between O2 delivery and O2 consumption) within the cerebral and muscle systems during exercise. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to search for relevant studies that simultaneously investigated cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes using the near-infrared spectroscopy system during exercise. This review considered manuscripts written in English and available before February 9, 2023. Each step of screening involved evaluation by 2 independent authors, with disagreements resolved by a third author. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS Twenty studies were included, of which 80% had good methodological quality, and involved 290 young or middle-aged adults. Different types of exercises were used to assess cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes, such as cycling (n = 11), treadmill (n = 1), knee extension (n = 5), isometric contraction of biceps brachii (n = 3), and duet swim routines (n = 1). The cerebral hemodynamics analysis was focused on the frontal cortex (n = 20), while in the muscle, the analysis involved vastus lateralis (n = 18), gastrocnemius (n = 3), biceps brachii (n = 5), deltoid (n = 1), and intercostal muscle (n = 1). Overall, muscle deoxygenation increases during exercise, reaching a plateau in voluntary exhaustion, while in the brain, oxyhemoglobin concentration increases with exercise intensity, reaching a plateau or declining at the exhaustion point. CONCLUSION Muscle and cerebral oxygenation respond differently to exercise, with muscle increasing O2 utilization and cerebral tissue increasing O2 delivery during exercise. However, at the exhaustion point, both muscle and cerebral oxygenation become compromised. This is characterized by a reduction in blood flow and a decrease in O2 extraction in the muscle, while in the brain, oxygenation reaches a plateau or decline, potentially resulting in motor failure during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orcioli-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Victor Spiandor Beretta
- Physical Education Department, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Rocha Santos
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel
| | - Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Anita Brum Marostegan
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vitório
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
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Surak A, Bischoff A. Should SVC flow be a routine measure when performing targeted neonatal echocardiography? A narrative review. Pediatr Neonatol 2024; 65:323-327. [PMID: 38341334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Superior vena cava is commonly used in neonatal hemodynamics and is suggested to be the best available non-invasive marker for systemic circulation in preterm infants. Inter- and intra-observer variability remain to be an issue. Its association with neonatal outcomes is has not been established. This is a narrative review about this marker, its use, and its potential pitfalls. OBJECTIVE This is a narrative review about SVC flow in preterm infants, physiology, techniques of measurement and its potential association with outcomes. SOURCES Literature revie mainly PubMED. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS SVC flow measurement has some limitations and pitfalls. CONCLUSIONS SVC flow association with neonatal outcomes, still needs to be established in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimann Surak
- Philip C. Etches Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DTC 5027, 10240 Kingsway NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9.
| | - Adrianne Bischoff
- University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Bird JD, Lance ML, Banser TRW, Thrall SF, Cotton PD, Lindner JR, Eves ND, Dominelli PB, Foster GE. Quantifying Diaphragm Blood Flow With Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Humans. Chest 2024:S0012-3692(24)00663-9. [PMID: 38821183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the known interplay between blood flow and function, there is currently no minimally invasive method to monitor diaphragm hemodynamics. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to quantify relative diaphragm blood flow (Q˙DIA) in humans and assessed the technique's efficacy and reliability during graded inspiratory pressure threshold loading. We hypothesized that: (1) Q˙DIA would linearly increase with pressure generation: and (2) that there would be good test-retest reliability and interanalyzer reproducibility. RESEARCH QUESTION Can the first minimally invasive method to measure relative diaphragm blood flow be validated in humans? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the costal diaphragm was performed in healthy participants (10 male subjects, 6 female subjects; mean age 28 ± 5 years; BMI 22.8 ± 2.0 kg/m) during unloaded breathing and three stages of loaded breathing on two separate days. Gastric and esophageal balloon catheters measured diaphragmatic pressure. Ultrasonography was performed during a constant-rate IV infusion of lipid-stabilized microbubbles following each stage. Ultrasound images were acquired after a destruction-replenishment sequence and diaphragm specific time-intensity data were used to determine Q˙DIA by two individuals. RESULTS Transdiaphragmatic pressure for unloaded and each loading stage were 15.2 ± 0.8, 26.1 ± 0.8, 34.6 ± 0.8, and 40.0 ± 0.8 percentage of the maximum, respectively. Q˙DIA increased with each stage of loading (3.1 ± 3.1, 6.9 ± 3.6, 11.0 ± 4.9, and 13.5 ± 5.4 AU/s; P < .0001). The linear relationship between diaphragmatic flow and pressure was reproducible from day to day. Q˙DIA had good to excellent test-retest reliability (0.86 [0.77, 0.92]; P < .0001) and excellent interanalyzer reproducibility (0.93 [0.90, 0.95]; P < .0001) with minimal bias. INTERPRETATION Relative Q˙DIA measurements have valid physiological underpinnings, are reliable day to day, and reproducible analyzer-to-analyzer. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a viable, minimally invasive method for assessing costal Q˙DIA in humans and may provide a tool to monitor diaphragm hemodynamics in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Bird
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Megan L Lance
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ty R W Banser
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Scott F Thrall
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Paul D Cotton
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Neil D Eves
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Glen E Foster
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Gautam B, Surak A, Campbell SM, Kumar M. Superior Vena Cava Flow in Preterm Infants and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e2356-e2364. [PMID: 37339677 DOI: 10.1055/a-2113-8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Superior vena cava (SVC) flow has been considered a surrogate marker of systemic blood flow in neonates. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the association between low SVC flow recorded during the early neonatal period and neonatal outcomes. We searched the following databases (until December 9, 2020; updated October 21, 2022): PROSPERO, OVID Medline, OVID EMBASE, Cochrane Library (CDSR and Central), Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global, and SCOPUS using controlled vocabulary and key words representing the concepts "superior vena cava" and "flow" and "neonate." Results were exported to COVIDENCE review management software. The search retrieved 593 records after the removal of duplicates, of which 11 studies (nine cohorts) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies included infants born at <30 weeks of gestation. The included studies were assessed as high risk of bias in terms of the incomparability of the study groups, with infants in the low SVC flow group noted to be more immature than those in the normal SVC flow group or subjected to different cointerventions. We did not conduct meta-analyses in view of the significant clinical heterogeneity noted in the included studies. We found little evidence to suggest that SVC flow in the early neonatal period is an independent predictor for adverse clinical outcomes in preterm infants. Included studies were assessed at high risk of bias. We conclude that SVC flow interpretation for prognostication or for making treatment decisions should be restricted to the research setting for now. We highlight the need for strengthened methods in future research studies. KEY POINTS: · We studied whether low SVC flow in the early neonatal period is a marker for adverse outcomes in preterm infants.. · There is insufficient evidence to conclude that low SVC flow is a valid predictor of adverse outcomes.. · There is insufficient evidence to conclude that SVC flow-directed hemodynamic management improves clinical outcomes..
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Gautam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aimann Surak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sandra M Campbell
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
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Bartlett MF, Oneglia AP, Ricard MD, Siddiqui A, Englund EK, Buckley EM, Hueber DM, Nelson MD. DCS blood flow index underestimates skeletal muscle perfusion in vivo: rationale and early evidence for the NIRS-DCS perfusion index. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:020501. [PMID: 38322728 PMCID: PMC10844820 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.2.020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Significance Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) permits non-invasive assessment of skeletal muscle blood flow but may misestimate changes in muscle perfusion. Aim We aimed to highlight recent evidence that DCS blood flow index (BFI) misestimates changes in muscle blood flow during physiological perturbation and to introduce a novel approach that adjusts BFI for estimated changes in vasodilation. Approach We measured changes in muscle BFI during quadriceps and forearm exercises using DCS, the latter of which were adjusted for estimated changes in microvascular flow area and then compared to Doppler ultrasound in the brachial artery. Then, we compared adjusted BFI- and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measures of gastrocnemius blood flow during reactive hyperemia and plantar flexion exercise. Results We observed little-to-no change in quadriceps BFI during maximal-effort exercise. Similarly, forearm BFI was modestly increased during handgrip exercise, but the magnitude was significantly lower than measured by Doppler ultrasound in the brachial artery. However, this difference was ameliorated after adjusting BFI for estimated changes in microvascular flow area. Similar observations were also observed in the gastrocnemius when directly comparing the adjusted BFI values to ASL-MRI. Conclusions Adjusting BFI for estimated changes in microvascular flow area may improve DCS estimates of muscle blood flow, but further study is needed to validate these methods moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States
- Bartlett Sciences LLC, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew P Oneglia
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Mark D Ricard
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | | | - Erin K Englund
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Erin M Buckley
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Michael D Nelson
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States
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Furst B, González-Alonso J. The heart, a secondary organ in the control of blood circulation. Exp Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38126953 DOI: 10.1113/ep091387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Circulation of the blood is a fundamental physiological function traditionally ascribed to the pressure-generating function of the heart. However, over the past century the 'cardiocentric' view has been challenged by August Krogh, Ernst Starling, Arthur Guyton and others, based on haemodynamic data obtained from isolated heart preparations and organ perfusion. Their research brought forth experimental evidence and phenomenological observations supporting the concept that cardiac output occurs primarily in response to the metabolic demands of the tissues. The basic tenets of Guyton's venous return model are presented and juxtaposed with their critiques. Developmental biology of the cardiovascular system shows that the blood circulates before the heart has achieved functional integrity and that its movement is intricately connected with the metabolic demands of the tissues. Long discovered, but as yet overlooked, negative interstitial pressure may play a role in assisting the flow returning to the heart. Based on these phenomena, an alternative circulation model has been proposed in which the heart functions like a hydraulic ram and maintains a dynamic equilibrium between the arterial (centrifugal) and venous (centripetal) forces which define the blood's circular movement. In this focused review we introduce some of the salient arguments in support of the proposed circulation model. Finally, we present evidence that exercising muscle blood flow is subject to local metabolic control which upholds optimal perfusion in the face of a substantive rise in muscle vascular conductance, thus lending further support to the permissive role of the heart in the overall control of blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Furst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | - José González-Alonso
- Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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7
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Carrick-Ranson G, Howden EJ, Brazile TL, Levine BD, Reading SA. Effects of aging and endurance exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac structure and function in healthy midlife and older women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1215-1235. [PMID: 37855034 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women in developed societies. Unfavorable structural and functional adaptations within the heart and central blood vessels with sedentary aging in women can act as the substrate for the development of debilitating CVD conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The large decline in cardiorespiratory fitness, as indicated by maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2max and V̇o2peak, respectively), that occurs in women as they age significantly affects their health and chronic disease status, as well as the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Midlife and older women who have performed structured endurance exercise training for several years or decades of their adult lives exhibit a V̇o2max and cardiac and vascular structure and function that are on par or even superior to much younger sedentary women. Therefore, regular endurance exercise training appears to be an effective preventative strategy for mitigating the adverse physiological cardiovascular adaptations associated with sedentary aging in women. Herein, we narratively describe the aging and short- and long-term endurance exercise training adaptations in V̇o2max, cardiac structure, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function at rest and exercise in midlife and older women. The role of circulating estrogens on cardiac structure and function is described for consideration in the timing of exercise interventions to maximize beneficial adaptations. Current research gaps and potential areas for future investigation to advance our understanding in this critical knowledge area are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Carrick-Ranson
- Department of Surgery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin J Howden
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiffany L Brazile
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Stacey A Reading
- Department of Exercise Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mohammed H, Chen HB, Li Y, Sabor N, Wang JG, Wang G. Meta-Analysis of Pulse Transition Features in Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Estimation Systems: Bridging Physiology and Engineering Perspectives. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:1257-1281. [PMID: 38015673 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3334960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The pulse transition features (PTFs), including pulse arrival time (PAT) and pulse transition time (PTT), hold significant importance in estimating non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP). However, the literature showcases considerable variations in terms of PTFs' correlation with blood pressure (BP), accuracy in NIBP estimation, and the comprehension of the relationship between PTFs and BP. This inconsistency is exemplified by the wide-ranging correlations reported across studies investigating the same feature. Furthermore, investigations comparing PAT and PTT have yielded conflicting outcomes. Additionally, PTFs have been derived from various bio-signals, capturing distinct characteristic points like the pulse's foot and peak. To address these inconsistencies, this study meticulously reviews a selection of such research endeavors while aligning them with the biological intricacies of blood pressure and the human cardiovascular system (CVS). Each study underwent evaluation, considering the specific signal acquisition locale and the corresponding recording procedure. Moreover, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, yielding multiple conclusions that could significantly enhance the design and accuracy of NIBP systems. Grounded in these dual aspects, the study systematically examines PTFs in correlation with the specific study conditions and the underlying factors influencing the CVS. This approach serves as a valuable resource for researchers aiming to optimize the design of BP recording experiments, bio-signal acquisition systems, and the fine-tuning of feature engineering methodologies, ultimately advancing PTF-based NIBP estimation.
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Bourdillon N, Subudhi AW, Fan JL, Evero O, Elliott JE, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: effects of 16 days acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia on muscle oxygen extraction during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:823-832. [PMID: 37589059 PMCID: PMC10642515 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute altitude exposure lowers arterial oxygen content ([Formula: see text]) and cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) at peak exercise, whereas O2 extraction from blood to working muscles remains similar. Acclimatization normalizes [Formula: see text] but not peak [Formula: see text] nor peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak). To what extent acclimatization impacts muscle O2 extraction remains unresolved. Twenty-one sea-level residents performed an incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion near sea level (SL), in acute (ALT1) and chronic (ALT16) hypoxia (5,260 m). Arterial blood gases, gas exchange at the mouth and oxy- (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) of the vastus lateralis were recorded to assess arterial O2 content ([Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text], and V̇o2. The HHb-V̇o2 slope was taken as a surrogate for muscle O2 extraction. During moderate-intensity exercise, HHb-V̇o2 slope increased to a comparable extent at ALT1 (2.13 ± 0.94) and ALT16 (2.03 ± 0.88) compared with SL (1.27 ± 0.12), indicating increased O2 extraction. However, the HHb/[Formula: see text] ratio increased from SL to ALT1 and then tended to go back to SL values at ALT16. During high-intensity exercise, HHb-V̇o2 slope reached a break point beyond which it decreased at SL and ALT1, but not at ALT16. Increased muscle O2 extraction during submaximal exercise was associated with decreased [Formula: see text] in acute hypoxia. The significantly greater muscle O2 extraction during maximal exercise in chronic hypoxia is suggestive of an O2 reserve.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During incremental exercise muscle deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and oxygen consumption (V̇o2) both increase linearly, and the slope of their relationship is an indirect index of local muscle O2 extraction. The latter was assessed at sea level, in acute and during chronic exposure to 5,260 m. The demonstrated presence of a muscle O2 extraction reserve during chronic exposure is coherent with previous studies indicating both limited muscle oxidative capacity and decrease in motor drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew W Subudhi
- Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Jui-Lin Fan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Manaaki Manawa-The Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Oghenero Evero
- Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Jonathan E Elliott
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Andrew T Lovering
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Robert C Roach
- Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cherouveim ED, Miliotis PG, Koskolou MD, Dipla K, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND. The Effect of Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation on Hemodynamics, Cerebral Oxygenation and Activation, and Exercise Performance during Incremental Exercise to Exhaustion in Male Cyclists. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:981. [PMID: 37508410 PMCID: PMC10376807 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether muscle blood flow restriction during maximal exercise is associated with alterations in hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, cerebral activation, and deterioration of exercise performance in male participants. Thirteen healthy males, cyclists (age 33 ± 2 yrs., body mass: 78.6 ± 2.5 kg, and body mass index: 25.57 ± 0.91 kg·m-1), performed a maximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer in two experimental conditions: (a) with muscle blood flow restriction through the application of thigh cuffs inflated at 120 mmHg (with cuffs, WC) and (b) without restriction (no cuffs, NC). Exercise performance significantly deteriorated with muscle blood flow restriction, as evidenced by the reductions in V˙O2max (-17 ± 2%, p < 0.001), peak power output (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001), and time to exhaustion (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001). Muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[O2Hb]) during exercise declined more in the NC condition (p < 0.01); however, at exhaustion, the magnitude of muscle oxygenation and muscle deoxygenation were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). At maximal effort, lower cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HHb]) and cerebral total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]) were observed in WC (p < 0.001), accompanied by a lower cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume vs. the NC condition (p < 0.01), whereas systolic blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion, and cerebral activation (as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) activity) were similar (p > 0.05) between conditions at task failure, despite marked differences in exercise duration, maximal aerobic power output, and V˙O2max. In conclusion, in trained cyclists, muscle blood flow restriction during an incremental cycling exercise test significantly limited exercise performance. Exercise intolerance with muscle blood flow restriction was mainly associated with attenuated cardiac responses, despite cerebral activation reaching similar maximal levels as without muscle blood flow restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Miliotis
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria D Koskolou
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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11
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Matsumoto T, Tomita Y, Irisawa K. Identifying the Optimal Arm Priming Exercise Intensity to Improve Maximal Leg Sprint Cycling Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:58-67. [PMID: 36876178 PMCID: PMC9982525 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Priming exercises improve subsequent motor performance; however, their effectiveness may depend on the workload and involved body areas. The present study aimed to estimate the effects of leg and arm priming exercises performed at different intensities on maximal sprint cycling performance. Fourteen competitive male speed-skaters visited a lab eight times, where they underwent a body composition measurement, two V̇O2max measurements (leg and arm ergometers), and five sprint cycling sessions after different priming exercise conditions. The five priming exercise conditions included 10-minute rest (Control); 10-minute arm ergometer exercise at 20% V̇O2max (Arm 20%); 10-minute arm ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2max (Arm 70%); 1-min maximal arm ergometer exercise at 140% V̇O2max (Arm 140%); and 10-min leg ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2max (Leg 70%). Power outputs of 60-s maximal sprint cycling, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, muscle and skin surface temperature, and rating of perceived exertion were compared between the priming conditions at different measurement points. Our results showed that the Leg 70% was the optimal priming exercise among our experimental conditions. Priming exercise with the Arm 70% also tended to improve subsequent motor performance, while Arm 20% and Arm 140% did not. Mild elevation in blood lactate concentration by arm priming exercise may improve the performance of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tomita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koichi Irisawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
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12
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Ramsook AH, Schaeffer MR, Mitchell RA, Dhillon SS, Milne KM, Ferguson ON, Puyat JH, Koehle MS, Sheel AW, Guenette JA. Voluntary activation of the diaphragm after inspiratory pressure threshold loading. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15575. [PMID: 36695772 PMCID: PMC9875816 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After a bout of isolated inspiratory work, such as inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL), the human diaphragm can exhibit a reversible loss in contractile function, as evidenced by a decrease in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (PDI,TW ). Whether or not diaphragm fatigability after IPTL is affected by neural mechanisms, measured through voluntary activation of the diaphragm (D-VA) in addition to contractile mechanisms, is unknown. It is also unknown if changes in D-VA are similar between sexes given observed differences in diaphragm fatigability between males and females. We sought to determine whether D-VA decreases after IPTL and whether this was different between sexes. Healthy females (n = 11) and males (n = 10) completed an IPTL task with an inspired duty cycle of 0.7 and targeting an intensity of 60% maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure until task failure. PDI,TW and D-VA were measured using cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves in combination with maximal inspiratory pressure maneuvers. At task failure, PDI,TW decreased to a lesser degree in females vs. males (87 ± 15 vs. 73 ± 12% baseline, respectively, p = 0.016). D-VA decreased after IPTL but was not different between females and males (91 ± 8 vs. 88 ± 10% baseline, respectively, p = 0.432). When all participants were pooled together, the decrease in PDI,TW correlated with both the total cumulative diaphragm pressure generation (R2 = 0.43; p = 0.021) and the time to task failure (TTF, R2 = 0.40; p = 0.30) whereas the decrease in D-VA correlated only with TTF (R2 = 0.24; p = 0.041). Our results suggest that neural mechanisms can contribute to diaphragm fatigability, and this contribution is similar between females and males following IPTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Ramsook
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Michele R. Schaeffer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Reid A. Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Satvir S. Dhillon
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kathryn M. Milne
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Olivia N. Ferguson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Joseph H. Puyat
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Services, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Michael S. Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of EducationThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - A. William Sheel
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of EducationThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jordan A. Guenette
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence ResearchThe University of British Columbia and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of EducationThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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13
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Shima D, Nishimura Y, Hashizaki T, Minoshima Y, Yoshikawa T, Umemoto Y, Kinoshita T, Kouda K, Tajima F, Kamijo YI. Surface electromyographic activity of the erector spinae and multifidus during arm- and leg-ergometer exercises in young healthy men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:974632. [PMID: 36505070 PMCID: PMC9732940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.974632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Ergometer exercise was considered a new loading method that can be used for participants who are unable to assume the core strengthening exercise posture commonly used to strengthen the erector spinae and multifidus. This study aimed to investigate with healthy participants whether arm and leg ergometers could be used for core strengthening exercises and whether different exercise sites would affect the results. Methods: The study was conducted with 15 healthy adult male participants aged 20-35 years. The intervention consisted of arm- and leg-ergometer exercises performed by the participants. The exercise protocol consisted of three 1-min sessions (rest, 50W, and 100 W), which were measured consecutively. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was measured during the sessions. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the erector spinae and multifidus was also measured, during which sEMG was measured. The sEMG during ergometer exercise was calculated as a percentage of the MVC (calculated as % MVC). The root mean square (RMS) was recorded from the sEMG activity. Muscle activity of the erector spinae and multifidus was compared between ergometer exercises and between intensity levels. Heart rate (HR) was recorded by electrocardiogram. Results: In the arm-ergometer exercise, the % MVC values of the erector spinae were 6.3 ± 3.1, 10.9 ± 5.4, and 16.9 ± 8.3% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The multifidus was 4.6 ± 2.9, 9.2 ± 5.6, and 12.6 ± 7.6% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The respective % MVC values during the leg-ergometer exercise were 3.8 ± 1.7, 7.2 ± 3.8, and 10.4 ± 4.0% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. Leg-ergometer exercises were 2.6 ± 2.1, 6.9 ± 5.7, and 10.3 ± 6.8% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The activities of the two muscles increased at comparable levels with increased workload in both types of exercises (p < 0.01, each). HR increased with the increased workload and the increase was larger during arm-than leg-ergometer exercises. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that both arm- and leg-ergometer exercises are potentially alternative methods for erector spinae and multifidus training for healthy participants. Further research is needed to target elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Shima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Nishimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan,*Correspondence: Yukihide Nishimura,
| | - Takamasa Hashizaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Minoshima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Umemoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tokio Kinoshita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kouda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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14
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López-Pérez ME, Romero-Arenas S, Giráldez-García MA, Colomer-Poveda D, Márquez G. Acute psychophysiological responses during exercise while using resistive respiratory devices: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113968. [PMID: 36155205 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have observed that respiratory muscle training (RMT) improve the endurance and strength of the respiratory muscles, having a positive impact on performance of endurance sports. Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified how to improve the efficiency of such training. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the acute physiological responses produced by training the respiratory muscles during exercise with flow resistive devices because such information may support us improve the efficiency of this type of training. A search in the Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and a total of 212 subjects were included in the studies. The RMT method used in all studies was flow resistive loading, whereas the constant load exercise was the most common type of exercise among the studies. The results obtained seem to indicate that the use of this type of training during exercise reduces the performance, the lactate (La-) values and the ventilation, whereas the end - tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E López-Pérez
- Department of Physical Education, IES El Palmeral, Hermano Lázaro s/n, Vera, Almería 04620, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel A Giráldez-García
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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15
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A proposal to identify the maximal metabolic steady state by muscle oxygenation and VO2max levels in trained cyclists. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) as a performance factor in endurance athletes. The objective of this study is to delimit metabolic thresholds relative to maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS) using SmO2 in cyclists.
Methods
Forty-eight cyclists performed a graded incremental test (GTX) (100 W-warm-up followed by 30 W min) until exhaustion. SmO2 was measured with a portable NIRS placed on the vastus lateralis. Subjects were classified by VO2max levels with a scale from 2 to 5: L2 = 45–54.9, L3 = 55–64.9, L4 = 65–71, L5 = > 71, which represent recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional, respectively. Then, metabolic thresholds were determined: Fatmax zone, functional threshold power (FTP), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal aerobic power (MAP). In addition, power output%, heart rate%, VO2%, carbohydrate and fat consumption to cutoff SmO2 point relative to MMSS were obtained.
Results
A greater SmO2 decrease was found in cyclists with > 55 VO2max (L3, L4 and L5) vs. cyclists (L2) in the MMSS. Likewise, after passing FTP and RCP, performance is dependent on better muscle oxygen extraction. Furthermore, the MMSS was defined at 27% SmO2, where a non-steady state begins during exercise in trained cyclists.
Conclusion
A new indicator has been provided for trained cyclists, < 27% SmO2 as a cut-off to define the MMSS Zone. This is the intensity for which the athlete can sustain 1 h of exercise under quasi-steady state conditions without fatiguing.
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16
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Bozkurt S, Ayten UE. ln silico simulation of the interaction among autoregulatory mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow rate in the healthy and systolic heart failure conditions during exercise. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:1863-1879. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Colosio M, Rasica L, Baldassarre G, Temesi J, Vernillo G, Marzorati M, Porcelli S. Performance fatigability and recovery after dynamic multi-joint maximal exercise in elbow flexors versus knee extensors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R300-R309. [PMID: 35759521 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00173.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elbow flexors (EF) and knee extensors (KE) have shown differences in performance fatigability and recovery of neuromuscular function after isometric and isotonic single-joint fatiguing contractions. However, dynamic multi-joint movements are more representative of real-world activities. The aim of the study was to assess central and peripheral mechanisms of fatigability after either arm-cranking or cycling. Ten physically-active men performed maximal incremental arm-cranking and cycling until task-failure. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and electrically-evoked forces of both EF and KE were assessed before (PRE) and 1 (POST) and 20 (POST20) min after exercise. At POST, MVIC decreased similarly to 76 ± 8% and 81 ± 7% (both P < 0.001) of PRE for EF and KE, respectively. MVIC force remained lower than PRE at POST20 for both EF and KE (85 ± 8% vs. 95 ± 3% of PRE, P ≤ 0.033), having recovered less in EF than KE (P = 0.003). Electrically-evoked forces decreased similarly from PRE to POST in EF and KE (all P > 0.05). At POST20, the ratio of low-to-high frequency doublets was lowerin EF than KE (75 ± 13% vs. 85 ± 10% of PRE; P ≤ 0.034). Dynamic maximal incremental exercise acutely induced similar magnitudes of MVIC and evoked forces loss in EF and KE. However, at POST20, impaired MVIC recovery and lower ratio of low-to-high frequency doublets in EF compared to KE suggests the recovery of neuromuscular function after dynamic maximal exercises is specific to and dependent on changes within the muscles investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, grid.22072.35University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Giovanni Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine, grid.5390.fUniversità degli Studi di Milano, Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - John Temesi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, grid.42629.3bNorthumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mauro Marzorati
- Institue of Biomedical Technologies, grid.5326.2National Research Council, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, grid.8982.bUniversity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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18
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Azevedo RDA, Forot J, Millet GY, Murias JM. Comparing muscle VO 2 from near-infrared spectroscopy desaturation rate to pulmonary VO 2 during cycling below, at and above the maximal lactate steady state. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:641-652. [PMID: 35112926 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00754.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle oxygen uptake (V̇O2m) evaluated from changes in the near-infrared spectroscopy oxygen desaturation slope during a 5-s arterial blood flow occlusion has been proposed as an estimation of the actual V̇O2m. However, its correspondence with pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2p) during exercise remains unknown. PURPOSE to investigate the V̇O2m and V̇O2p relationship in females and males in response to prolonged constant-load cycling exercise at different intensities. METHODS Eighteen participants (8 females) visited the laboratory on six occasions: 1) ramp incremental test; 2-3) 30-min constant power output (constant-PO) exercise bout to determine the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS); 4-6) constant-PO exercise bouts to task failure at (i) 15% below MLSS (MLSS-15%); (ii) MLSS; (iii) 15% above MLSS (MLSS+15%). V̇O2m was estimated at baseline, at min 5, 10, 20, 30, and at task failure. V̇O2p was continuously recorded during the constant-PO bouts. RESULTS V̇O2pand V̇O2m significantly increased from min 5 to min 30 in MLSS condition (all p < 0.05) and from min 5 to min 10 in MLSS+15% condition (all p < 0.05). V̇O2pand V̇O2m were correlated (r2 adj range of 0.70-0.98, all p < 0.001) amongst exercise intensities in both females and males. Additionally, both variables were also correlated when expressed as percent (r2 adj range of 0.52-0.77, all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION V̇O2p and V̇O2m responses were similar when exercising below, at, and above the MLSS independently of sex. Most importantly, V̇O2p andV̇O2m were correlated regardless the exercise intensity and sex of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Forot
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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19
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Travers G, Kippelen P, Trangmar SJ, González-Alonso J. Physiological Function during Exercise and Environmental Stress in Humans-An Integrative View of Body Systems and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:383. [PMID: 35159193 PMCID: PMC8833916 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Claude Bernard's milieu intérieur (internal environment) and the associated concept of homeostasis are fundamental to the understanding of the physiological responses to exercise and environmental stress. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis is thought to happen during exercise through the precise matching of cellular energetic demand and supply, and the production and clearance of metabolic by-products. The mind-boggling number of molecular and cellular pathways and the host of tissues and organ systems involved in the processes sustaining locomotion, however, necessitate an integrative examination of the body's physiological systems. This integrative approach can be used to identify whether function and cellular homeostasis are maintained or compromised during exercise. In this review, we discuss the responses of the human brain, the lungs, the heart, and the skeletal muscles to the varying physiological demands of exercise and environmental stress. Multiple alterations in physiological function and differential homeostatic adjustments occur when people undertake strenuous exercise with and without thermal stress. These adjustments can include: hyperthermia; hyperventilation; cardiovascular strain with restrictions in brain, muscle, skin and visceral organs blood flow; greater reliance on muscle glycogen and cellular metabolism; alterations in neural activity; and, in some conditions, compromised muscle metabolism and aerobic capacity. Oxygen supply to the human brain is also blunted during intense exercise, but global cerebral metabolism and central neural drive are preserved or enhanced. In contrast to the strain seen during severe exercise and environmental stress, a steady state is maintained when humans exercise at intensities and in environmental conditions that require a small fraction of the functional capacity. The impact of exercise and environmental stress upon whole-body functions and homeostasis therefore depends on the functional needs and differs across organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Travers
- The European Astronaut Centre, The European Space Agency, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Pascale Kippelen
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Steven J. Trangmar
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK;
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
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20
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Muskat JC, Rayz VL, Goergen CJ, Babbs CF. Hemodynamic modeling of the circle of Willis reveals unanticipated functions during cardiovascular stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1020-1034. [PMID: 34264126 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00198.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circle of Willis (CW) allows blood to be redistributed throughout the brain during local ischemia; however, it is unlikely that the anatomic persistence of the CW across mammalian species is driven by natural selection of individuals with resistance to cerebrovascular disease typically occurring in elderly humans. To determine the effects of communicating arteries (CoAs) in the CW on cerebral pulse wave propagation and blood flow velocity, we simulated young, active adult humans undergoing different states of cardiovascular stress (i.e., fear and aerobic exercise) using discrete transmission line segments with stress-adjusted cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and arterial compliance. Phase delays between vertebrobasilar and carotid pulses allowed bidirectional shunting through CoAs: both posteroanterior shunting before the peak of the pulse waveform and anteroposterior shunting after internal carotid pressure exceeded posterior cerebral pressure. Relative to an absent CW without intact CoAs, the complete CW blunted anterior pulse waveforms, although limited to 3% and 6% reductions in peak pressure and pulse pressure, respectively. Systolic rate of change in pressure (i.e., ∂P/∂t) was reduced 15%-24% in the anterior vasculature and increased 23%-41% in the posterior vasculature. Bidirectional shunting through posterior CoAs was amplified during cardiovascular stress and increased peak velocity by 25%, diastolic-to-systolic velocity range by 44%, and blood velocity acceleration by 134% in the vertebrobasilar arteries. This effect may facilitate stress-related increases in blood flow to the cerebellum (improving motor coordination) and reticular-activating system (enhancing attention and focus) via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, thereby improving survival in fight-or-flight situations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hemodynamic modeling reveals potential evolutionary benefits of the intact circle of Willis (CW) during fear and aerobic exercise. The CW equalizes pulse waveforms due to bidirectional shunting of blood flow through communicating arteries, which boosts vertebrobasilar blood flow velocity and acceleration. These phenomena may enhance perfusion of the brainstem and cerebellum via nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, improving performance of the reticular-activating system and motor coordination in survival situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - V L Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - C J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - C F Babbs
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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21
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Gee CM, Eves ND, Sheel AW, West CR. How does cervical spinal cord injury impact the cardiopulmonary response to exercise? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 293:103714. [PMID: 34118435 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared cardiopulmonary responses to arm-ergometry in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (C-SCI) and able-bodied controls. We hypothesized that individuals with C-SCI would have higher respiratory frequency (fb) but lower tidal volume (VT) at a given work rate and dynamically hyperinflate during exercise, whereas able-bodied individuals would not. Participants completed pulmonary function testing, an arm-ergometry test to exhaustion, and a sub-maximal exercise test consisting of four-minute stages at 20, 40, 60, and 80% peak work rate. Able-bodied individuals completed a further sub-maximal test with absolute work rate matched to C-SCI. During work rate matched sub-maximal exercise, C-SCI had smaller VT (main effect p < 0.001) compensated by an increased fb (main effect p = 0.009). C-SCI had increased end-expiratory lung volume at 80% peak work rate vs. rest (p < 0.003), whereas able-bodied did not. In conclusion, during arm-ergometry, individuals with C-SCI exhibit altered ventilatory patterns characterized by reduced VT, higher fb, and dynamic hyperinflation that may contribute to the observed reduced aerobic exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada
| | - N D Eves
- Centre for Heart Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - A W Sheel
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - C R West
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1Y 1T3, Canada.
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Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:350-358. [PMID: 34010809 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline malate (CitMal) is a dietary supplement that is suggested to enhance strength training performance. However, there is conflicting evidence on this matter. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether supplementing with CitMal prior to strength training could increase the total number of repetitions performed before reaching voluntary muscular failure. A systematic search was conducted wherein the inclusion criteria were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in healthy participants that examined the effect of CitMal on repetitions to failure during upper body and lower body resistance exercises. The Hedges's g standardized mean differences (SMD) between the placebo and CitMal trials were calculated and used in a random effect model. Two separate subanalyses were performed for upper body and lower body exercises. Eight studies, including 137 participants who consisted of strength-trained men (n = 101) and women (n = 26) in addition to untrained men (n = 9), fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Across the studies, 14 single-joint and multijoint exercises were performed with an average of 51 ± 23 total repetitions during 5 ± 3 sets per exercise at ∼70% of one-repetition maximum. Supplementing with 6-8 g of CitMal 40-60 min before exercise increased repetitions by 3 ± 5 (6.4 ± 7.9%) compared with placebo (p = .022) with a small SMD (0.196). The subanalysis for the lower body resulted in a tendency for an effect of the supplement (8.1 ± 8.4%, SMD: 0.27, p = .051) with no significant effect for the upper body (5.7 ± 8.4%, SMD: 0.16, p = .131). The current analysis observed a small ergogenic effect of CitMal compared with placebo. Acute CitMal supplementation may, therefore, delay fatigue and enhance muscle endurance during high-intensity strength training.
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23
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Conventional Testing Produces Submaximal Values for Oxygen Uptake in Elite Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1510-1515. [PMID: 33789244 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimecd to investigate whether elite athletes could reach higher values of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) during a decremental exercise test in comparison with a traditional incremental test, as recently demonstrated in trained individuals. METHODS Nine male runners (age 25.8 [5.1] y, season best 10-km time 31:19 [1:50]) performed, on different days, 3 maximal uphill (5% grade) running exercise tests in fixed order: an incremental test (INC1), a V-shape exercise test (where speed started at 0.5 km·h-1 higher than the top stage finished during INC1 and was slowly decreased during 5.5 min, when it was again increased in similar fashion to the INC tests), and a final incremental test (INC2). RESULTS V˙O2max during the V-shape exercise test was higher than during INC1 (6.3% [3.0%], P = .01), although running speed was lower (16.6 [1.7] vs 17.9 [1.6] km·h-1, P = .01). Performance was similar between INC1 and INC2, but V˙O2max during INC2 was higher than INC1 (P < .001). During the V-shape exercise test, 5 participants reached the incremental part of the test, but V˙O2 did not increase (ΔV˙O2=52 [259] mL·min-1, P = .67), despite higher running speed (approximately 1.1 km·h-1, P < .01). Heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, breathing rate, and respiratory exchange ratio measured at V˙O2max were not different between tests. CONCLUSION A decremental exercise test of sufficient intensity can produce higher V˙O2max than a traditional incremental test, even in elite athletes, and this is maintained during a subsequent incremental test.
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24
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Legendre A, Moatemri F, Kovalska O, Balice-Pasquinelli M, Blanchard JC, Lamar-Tanguy A, Ledru F, Cristofini P, Iliou MC. Responses to exercise training in patients with heart failure. Analysis by oxygen transport steps. Int J Cardiol 2021; 330:120-127. [PMID: 33571565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training (ET) increases exercise tolerance, improves quality of life and likely the prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, some patients do not improve, whereas exercise training response is still poorly understood. Measurement of cardiac output during cardiopulmonary exercise test might allow ET response assessment according to the different steps of oxygen transport. METHODS Fifty-three patients with HFrEF (24 with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and 29 with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) had an aerobic ET. Before and after ET program, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and cardiac output using thoracic impedancemetry were measured. Oxygen convection (QO2peak) and diffusion (DO2) were calculated using Fick's principle and Fick's simplified law. Patients were considered as responders if the gain was superior to 10%. RESULTS We found 55% VO2peak responders, 62% QO2peak responders and 56% DO2 responders. Four patients did not have any response. None baseline predictive factor for VO2peak response was found. QO2peak response was related to exercise stroke volume (r = 0.84), cardiac power (r = 0.83) and systemic vascular resistance (SVRpeak) (r = -0.42) responses. Cardiac power response was higher in patients with ICM than in those with DCM (p < 0.05). Predictors of QO2peak response were low baseline exercise stroke volume and ICM etiology. Predictors of DO2 response were higher baseline blood creatinine and prolonged training. CONCLUSION The analysis of the response to training in patients with HFrEF according to the different steps of oxygen transport revealed different phenotypes on VO2peak responses, namely responses in either oxygen convection and/or diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Legendre
- M3C-Necker, Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Centre de référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, M3C, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France..
| | - Feriel Moatemri
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Oksana Kovalska
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Maria Balice-Pasquinelli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Blanchard
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Aurelia Lamar-Tanguy
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - François Ledru
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Pascal Cristofini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Marie-Christine Iliou
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Department, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP Centre University of Paris, Issy les Moulineaux, France
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Abstract
Exercise in humans increases muscle glucose uptake up to 100-fold compared with rest. The magnitude of increase depends on exercise intensity and duration. Although knockout of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) convincingly has shown that GLUT4 is necessary for exercise to increase muscle glucose uptake, studies only show an approximate twofold increase in GLUT4 translocation to the muscle cell membrane when transitioning from rest to exercise. Therefore, there is a big discrepancy between the increase in glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. It is suggested that either the methods for measurements of GLUT4 translocation in muscle grossly underestimate the real translocation of GLUT4 or, alternatively, GLUT4 intrinsic activity increases in muscle during exercise, perhaps due to increased muscle temperature and/or mechanical effects during contraction/relaxation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Ramsook AH, Peters CM, Leahy MG, Archiza B, Mitchell RA, Jasinovic T, Koehle MS, Guenette JA, Sheel AW. Near-infrared spectroscopy measures of sternocleidomastoid blood flow during exercise and hyperpnoea. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2226-2237. [PMID: 33111424 DOI: 10.1113/ep089045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How does sternocleidomastoid blood flow change in response to increasing ventilation and whole-body exercise intensity? What is the main finding and its importance? Sternocleidomastoid blood flow increased with increasing ventilation. For a given ventilation, sternocleidomastoid blood flow was lower during whole-body exercise compared to resting hyperpnoea. These findings suggest that locomotor muscle work exerts an effect on respiratory muscle blood flow that can be observed in the sternocleidomastoid. ABSTRACT Respiratory muscle work influences the distribution of blood flow during exercise. Most studies have focused on blood flow to the locomotor musculature rather than the respiratory muscles, owing to the complex anatomical arrangement of respiratory muscles. The purpose of this study was to examine how accessory respiratory (i.e. sternocleidomastoid, and muscles in the intercostal space) muscle blood flow changes in response to locomotor muscle work. Seven men performed 5 min bouts of constant load cycling exercise trials at 30%, 60% and 90% of peak work rate in a randomized order, followed by 5 min bouts of voluntary hyperpnoea (VH) matching the ventilation achieved during each exercise (EX) trial. Blood-flow index (BFI) of the vastus lateralis, sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and seventh intercostal space (IC) were estimated using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green and expressed relative to resting levels. BFISCM was greater during VH compared to EX (P = 0.002) and increased with increasing exercise intensity (P = 0.036). BFISCM reached 493 ± 219% and 301 ± 215% rest during VH and EX at 90% peak work rate, respectively. BFIIC increased to 242 ± 178% and 210 ± 117% rest at 30% peak work rate during VH and EX, respectively. No statistically significant differences in BFIIC were observed with increased work rate during VH or EX (both P > 0.05). Moreover, there was no observed difference in BFIIC between conditions (P > 0.05). BFISCM was lower for a given minute ventilation during EX compared to VH, suggesting that accessory respiratory muscle blood flow is influenced by whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ramsook
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carli M Peters
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael G Leahy
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruno Archiza
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reid A Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tin Jasinovic
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A William Sheel
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Skattebo Ø, Calbet JAL, Rud B, Capelli C, Hallén J. Contribution of oxygen extraction fraction to maximal oxygen uptake in healthy young men. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 230:e13486. [PMID: 32365270 PMCID: PMC7540168 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the importance of systemic and peripheral arteriovenous O2 difference (
a-v¯O2 difference and a‐vfO2 difference, respectively) and O2 extraction fraction for maximal oxygen uptake (
V˙O2max). Fick law of diffusion and the Piiper and Scheid model were applied to investigate whether diffusion versus perfusion limitations vary with
V˙O2max. Articles (n = 17) publishing individual data (n = 154) on
V˙O2max, maximal cardiac output (
Q˙max; indicator‐dilution or the Fick method),
a-v¯O2 difference (catheters or the Fick equation) and systemic O2 extraction fraction were identified. For the peripheral responses, group‐mean data (articles: n = 27; subjects: n = 234) on leg blood flow (LBF; thermodilution), a‐vfO2 difference and O2 extraction fraction (arterial and femoral venous catheters) were obtained.
Q˙max and two‐LBF increased linearly by 4.9‐6.0 L · min–1 per 1 L · min–1 increase in
V˙O2max (R2 = .73 and R2 = .67, respectively; both P < .001). The
a-v¯O2 difference increased from 118‐168 mL · L–1 from a
V˙O2max of 2‐4.5 L · min–1 followed by a reduction (second‐order polynomial: R2 = .27). After accounting for a hypoxemia‐induced decrease in arterial O2 content with increasing
V˙O2max (R2 = .17; P < .001), systemic O2 extraction fraction increased up to ~90% (
V˙O2max: 4.5 L · min–1) with no further change (exponential decay model: R2 = .42). Likewise, leg O2 extraction fraction increased with
V˙O2max to approach a maximal value of ~90‐95% (R2 = .83). Muscle O2 diffusing capacity and the equilibration index Y increased linearly with
V˙O2max (R2 = .77 and R2 = .31, respectively; both P < .01), reflecting decreasing O2 diffusional limitations and accentuating O2 delivery limitations. In conclusion, although O2 delivery is the main limiting factor to
V˙O2max, enhanced O2 extraction fraction (≥90%) contributes to the remarkably high
V˙O2max in endurance‐trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Skattebo
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Jose A. L. Calbet
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Gran Canaria Spain
| | - Bjarne Rud
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
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28
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Rice TB, Yang B, White S. Effect of skin optical absorption on speckleplethysmographic (SPG) signals. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5352-5361. [PMID: 33014619 PMCID: PMC7510879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.403501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in optical technology have emerged for measuring blood flow in the extremities using speckleplethysmography (SPG), which may address needs in vascular medicine and other fields. SPG has demonstrated a highly linear response with flow rate, but the susceptibility to differences in skin tone is unclear. Two validation studies using skin-simulating phantoms and a simple clinical protocol were conducted to determine the impact of absorbing skin layers on SPG measurements. Benchtop results demonstrated that the coefficient of determination between known flow rate and SPG was highly linear (R2 = 0.990) and was unaffected by the addition of skin-phantom layers with variable absorption (R2 = 0.996-0.999). Additionally, no significant trend was found between the fit residuals of SPG and flow rate with increasing skin-phantom absorption (R2=0.025, p = 0.29). In clinical testing, no significant difference was found using both a 4-way ANOVA between demographic classifications (F = 0.89, p = 0.45), and a 2-way ANOVA test between lower- and higher-melanin subclassifications (F = 0.4, p = 0.52).
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29
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Hansen AB, Moralez G, Romero SA, Gasho C, Tymko MM, Ainslie PN, Hofstätter F, Rainer SL, Lawley JS, Hearon CM. Mechanisms of sympathetic restraint in human skeletal muscle during exercise: role of α-adrenergic and nonadrenergic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H192-H202. [PMID: 32502375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic vasoconstriction is mediated by α-adrenergic receptors under resting conditions. During exercise, increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is directed to inactive and active skeletal muscle; however, it is unclear what mechanism(s) are responsible for vasoconstriction during large muscle mass exercise in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of α-adrenergic receptors to sympathetic restraint of inactive skeletal muscle and active skeletal muscle during cycle exercise in healthy humans. In ten male participants (18-35 yr), mean arterial pressure (intra-arterial catheter) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) and conductance (FVC) were assessed during cycle exercise (60% total peak workload) alone and during combined cycle exercise + handgrip exercise (HGE) before and after intra-arterial blockade of α- and β-adrenoreceptors via phentolamine and propranolol, respectively. Cycle exercise caused vasoconstriction in the inactive forearm that was attenuated ~80% with adrenoreceptor blockade (%ΔFVR, +81.7 ± 84.6 vs. +9.7 ± 30.7%; P = 0.05). When HGE was performed during cycle exercise, the vasodilatory response to HGE was restrained by ~40% (ΔFVC HGE, +139.3 ± 67.0 vs. cycle exercise: +81.9 ± 66.3 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1; P = 0.03); however, the restraint of active skeletal muscle blood flow was not due to α-adrenergic signaling. These findings highlight that α-adrenergic receptors are the primary, but not the exclusive mechanism by which sympathetic vasoconstriction occurs in inactive and active skeletal muscle during exercise. Metabolic activity or higher sympathetic firing frequencies may alter the contribution of α-adrenergic receptors to sympathetic vasoconstriction. Finally, nonadrenergic vasoconstrictor mechanisms may be important for understanding the regulation of blood flow during exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sympathetic restraint of vascular conductance to inactive skeletal muscle is critical to maintain blood pressure during moderate- to high-intensity whole body exercise. This investigation shows that cycle exercise-induced restraint of inactive skeletal muscle vascular conductance occurs primarily because of activation of α-adrenergic receptors. Furthermore, exercise-induced vasoconstriction restrains the subsequent vasodilatory response to hand-grip exercise; however, the restraint of active skeletal muscle vasodilation was in part due to nonadrenergic mechanisms. We conclude that α-adrenergic receptors are the primary but not exclusive mechanism by which sympathetic vasoconstriction restrains blood flow in humans during whole body exercise and that metabolic activity modulates the contribution of α-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven A Romero
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Loma Lida, Loma Lida, California
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Florian Hofstätter
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon L Rainer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Blood volume expansion does not explain the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by 10 weeks of endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:985-999. [PMID: 32172291 PMCID: PMC7181565 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The endurance training (ET)-induced increases in peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) and cardiac output (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙peak) during upright cycling are reversed to pre-ET levels after removing the training-induced increase in blood volume (BV). We hypothesised that ET-induced improvements in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙peak are preserved following phlebotomy of the BV gained with ET during supine but not during upright cycling. Arteriovenous O2 difference (a-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\bar{\text{v}}$$\end{document}v¯O2diff; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙), cardiac dimensions and muscle morphology were studied to assess their role for the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak improvement. Methods Twelve untrained subjects (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak: 44 ± 6 ml kg−1 min−1) completed 10 weeks of supervised ET (3 sessions/week). Echocardiography, muscle biopsies, haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and BV were assessed pre- and post-ET. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙peak during upright and supine cycling were measured pre-ET, post-ET and immediately after Hbmass was reversed to the individual pre-ET level by phlebotomy. Results ET increased the Hbmass (3.3 ± 2.9%; P = 0.005), BV (3.7 ± 5.6%; P = 0.044) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak during upright and supine cycling (11 ± 6% and 10 ± 8%, respectively; P ≤ 0.003). After phlebotomy, improvements in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak compared with pre-ET were preserved in both postures (11 ± 4% and 11 ± 9%; P ≤ 0.005), as was \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙peak (9 ± 14% and 9 ± 10%; P ≤ 0.081). The increased \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\bar{\text{v}}$$\end{document}v¯O2diff accounted for 70% and 30% of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak improvements, respectively. Markers of mitochondrial density (CS and COX-IV; P ≤ 0.007) and left ventricular mass (P = 0.027) increased. Conclusion The ET-induced increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak was preserved despite removing the increases in Hbmass and BV by phlebotomy, independent of posture. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak increased primarily through elevated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{Q}$$\end{document}Q˙peak but also through a widened a-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\bar{\text{v}}$$\end{document}v¯O2diff, potentially mediated by cardiac remodelling and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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31
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Hanson BE, Proffit M, Gifford JR. Vascular function is related to blood flow during high-intensity, but not low-intensity, knee extension exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:698-708. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While vascular function, assessed as the ability of the vasculature to dilate in response to a stimulus, is related to cardiovascular health, its relationship to exercise hyperemia is unclear. This study sought to determine if blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise is related to vascular function. Nineteen healthy adults completed multiple assessments of vascular function specific to the leg, including passive leg movement (PLM), rapid onset vasodilation (ROV), reactive hyperemia (RH), and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). On a separate day, exercise blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) was assessed in the same leg during various intensities of single-leg, knee-extension (KE) exercise. Vascular function, determined by PLM, ROV, and RH, was related to exercise blood flow at high intensities, including maximum work rate (WRmax) ( r = 0.58–0.77, P < 0.001), but not low intensities, like ~21% WRmax ( r = 0.12–0.34, P = 0.12–0.62). Relationships between multiple indices of vascular function and peak exercise blood flow persisted when controlling for quadriceps mass and exercise work rate ( P < 0.05), indicating vascular function is independently related to the blood flow response to intense exercise. When divided into two groups based upon the magnitude of the PLM response, subjects with a lower PLM response exhibited lower exercise flow at several absolute work rates, as well as lower peak flow ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, leg flow during dynamic exercise is independently correlated with multiple different indices of microvascular function. Thus microvascular function appears to modulate the hyperemic response to high-intensity, but not low-intensity, exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While substantial evidence indicates that individuals with lower vascular function are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease, with many redundant vasodilator pathways present during exercise, it has been unclear if low vascular function actually impacts blood flow during exercise. This study provides evidence that vascular function, assessed by multiple noninvasive methods, is related to the blood flow response to high-intensity leg exercise in healthy young adults. Importantly, healthy young adults with lower levels of vascular function, particularly microvascular function, exhibit lower blood flow during high-intensity, and maximal knee extension exercise. Thus it appears that in addition to increasing one’s risk of cardiovascular disease, lower vascular function is also related to a blunted blood flow response during high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady E. Hanson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Meagan Proffit
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jayson R. Gifford
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Program of Gerontology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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32
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Gordon D, Swain P, Keiller D, Merzbach V, Gernigon M, Chung H. Quantifying the effects of four weeks of low-volume high-intensity sprint interval training on V̇O2max through assessment of hemodynamics. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:53-61. [PMID: 32008311 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprint interval training is a popular workout modality. Studies have eluded to a positive effect on maximal oxygen uptake, however little is known about the mechanistic basis of this adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term high-intensity sprint interval training (SIT) intervention on V̇O2max through quantification of both the respiratory and hemodynamic responses. METHODS Thirty-six physically active participants undertook 4 weeks of either cycling-based SIT (8×20 s at 170% P-V̇O2max with 10 s recovery) or continuous exercise training (CET) (30 min at 70% P-V̇O2max) 3 times per week. V̇O2max, blood-based markers and hemodynamic responses were assessed pre and post the intervention period. V̇O2max was assessed using breath-by-breath open circuit spirometry, while hemodynamic responses were monitored using thoracic impedance cardiography. RESULTS V̇O2max exhibited a non-significant 4.1% increase (ES=0.24) for SIT with 7.0% P=0.007 (ES=0.40) increase for CET. Hemodynamic responses (maximal cardiac output, maximal stroke volume) displayed non-significant responses for CET and SIT while a-vO2dif-max increased from 15.8±4.8 to 18.3±2.9 mL/100 mL) (P=0.02) (ES=0.63) in SIT. CONCLUSIONS V̇O2max is a function of maximal cardiac output and a-vO2dif-max, so for a meaningful change to occur in cardiorespiratory fitness, there must be a concomitant increase in O2 delivery. This study demonstrates that a low volume SIT intervention evokes peripherally mediated responses (a-vO2dif) and anaerobic substrate utilization rather than O2 delivery components. Future works should address the time course of the responses and when assessing V̇O2max-based responses that due attention be given to the hemodynamic responses as means of quantification of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK -
| | - Patrick Swain
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Don Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Gernigon
- Laboratory of Complexity, Innovation, Physical Activity, and Sports, University Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Henry Chung
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Craig JC, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Cerbie J, Ratchford SM, Gifford JR, Bunsawat K, Nelson AD, Bledsoe AD, Morgan DE, Wray DW, Richardson RS, Trinity JD. The role of endothelin A receptors in peripheral vascular control at rest and during exercise in patients with hypertension. J Physiol 2019; 598:71-84. [PMID: 31705661 DOI: 10.1113/jp279077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Exercise in patients with hypertension can be accompanied by an abnormal cardiovascular response that includes attenuated blood flow and an augmented pressor response. Endothelin-1, a very potent vasoconstrictor, is a key modulator of blood flow and pressure during in health and has been implicated as a potential cause of the dysfunction in hypertension. We assessed the role of endothelin-1, acting through endothelin A (ETA ) receptors, in modulating the central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to exercise in patients with hypertension via local antagonism of these receptors during exercise. ETA receptor antagonism markedly increased leg blood flow, vascular conductance, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption during exercise; interestingly, these changes occurred in the presence of reduced leg perfusion pressure, indicating that these augmentations were driven by changes in vascular resistance. These data indicate that ETA receptor antagonism could be a viable therapeutic approach to improve blood flow during exercise in hypertension. ABSTRACT Patients with hypertension can exhibit impaired muscle blood flow and exaggerated increases in blood pressure during exercise. While endothelin (ET)-1 plays a role in regulating blood flow and pressure during exercise in health, little is known about the role of ET-1 in the cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension. Therefore, eight volunteers diagnosed with hypertension were studied during exercise with either saline or BQ-123 (ETA receptor antagonist) infusion following a 2-week withdrawal of anti-hypertensive medications. The common femoral artery and vein were catheterized for drug infusion, blood collection and blood pressure measurements, and leg blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound. Patients exercised at both absolute (0, 5, 10, 15 W) and relative (40, 60, 80% peak power) intensities. BQ-123 increased blood flow at rest (79 ± 87 ml/min; P = 0.03) and augmented the exercise-induced hyperaemia at most intensities (80% saline: Δ3818±1222 vs. BQ-123: Δ4812±1469 ml/min; P = 0.001). BQ-123 reduced leg MAP at rest (-8 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0.001) and lower intensities (0-10 W; P < 0.05). Systemic diastolic blood pressure was reduced (0 W, 40%; P < 0.05), but systemic MAP was defended by an increased cardiac output. The exercise pressor response (ΔMAP) did not differ between conditions (80% saline: 25 ± 10, BQ-123: 30 ± 7 mmHg; P = 0.17). Thus, ET-1, acting through the ETA receptors, contributes to the control of blood pressure at rest and lower intensity exercise in these patients. Furthermore, the finding that ET-1 constrains the blood flow response to exercise suggests that ETA receptor antagonism could be a therapeutic approach to improve blood flow during exercise in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - D Taylor La Salle
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - James Cerbie
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jayson R Gifford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ashley D Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amber D Bledsoe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David E Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - D Walter Wray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Quaresima V, Farzam P, Anderson P, Farzam PY, Wiese D, Carp SA, Ferrari M, Franceschini MA. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy and frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring microvascular blood flow in dynamically exercising human muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1328-1337. [PMID: 31513443 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00324.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 yr, near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has been developed for providing a noninvasive estimate of microvascular blood flow (BF) as a BF index (BFi) in the human skin, muscle, breast, brain, and other tissue types. In this study, we proposed a new motion correction algorithm for DCS-derived BFi able to remove motion artifacts during cycling exercise. We tested this algorithm on DCS data collected during cycling exercise and demonstrated that DCS can be used to quantify muscle BFi during dynamic high-intensity exercise. In addition, we measured tissue regional oxygen metabolic rate (MRO2i) by combining frequency-domain multidistance near-infrared spectroscopy (FDNIRS) oximetry with DCS flow measures. Recreationally active subjects (n = 12; 31 ± 8 yr, 183 ± 4 cm, 79 ± 10 kg) pedaled at 80-100 revolutions/min until volitional fatigue with a work rate increase of 30 W every 4 min. Exercise intensity was normalized in each subject to the cycling power peak (Wpeak). Both rectus femoris BFi and MRO2i increased from 15% up to 75% Wpeak and then plateaued to the end of the exercise. During the recovery at 30 W cycling power, BFi remained almost constant, whereas MRO2i started to decrease. The BFi/MRO2i plateau was associated with the rising of the lactate concentration, indicating the progressive involvement of the anaerobic metabolism. These findings further highlight the utility of DCS and FDNIRS oximetry as effective, reproducible, and noninvasive techniques to assess muscle BFi and MRO2i in real time during a dynamic exercise such as cycling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that diffuse correlation spectroscopy in combination with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy can monitor human quadriceps microvascular blood flow and oxygen metabolism with high temporal resolution during a cycling exercise. The optically measured parameters confirm the expected relationship between blood flow, muscle oxidative metabolism, and lactate production during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Parisa Farzam
- Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Parya Y Farzam
- Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stefan A Carp
- Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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35
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Evaluating the NIRS-derived microvascular O2 extraction "reserve" in groups varying in sex and training status using leg blood flow occlusions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220192. [PMID: 31344091 PMCID: PMC6658081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the plateau in the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin (deoxy[Hb+Mb]) signal (i.e., deoxy[Hb+Mb]PLATEAU) towards the end of a ramp-incremental (RI) test does not represent the upper-limit in O2 extraction of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle, given that an O2 extraction reserve has been recently observed. This study aimed to investigate whether this O2 extraction reserve was present in various populations and whether it exhibited sex- and/or training- related differences.Sixteen men- 8 untrained (27±5 years; 83±11 kg; 179±9 cm), 8 trained (27±4 years; 82±10 kg; 182±8 cm) and 9 trained women (27±2 years; 66±10 kg; 172±6 cm) performed a RI cycling test to exhaustion. The NIRS-derived deoxy[Hb+Mb] signal was measured continuously on the VL as a proxy for O2 extraction. A leg blood flow occlusion (i.e., ischemia) was performed at rest (LBFOCC 1) and immediately post the RI test (LBFOCC 2).No significant difference was found between the deoxy[Hb+Mb] amplitude during LBFOCC 1 and the deoxy[Hb+Mb]PLATEAU (p>0.05) nor between baseline (bsln) deoxy[Hb+Mb] values. deoxy[Hb+Mb] amplitude during LBFOCC 2 was significantly greater than LBFOCC 1 and at deoxy[Hb+Mb]PLATEAU (p<0.05) with group means ~30-45% higher than the deoxy[Hb+Mb]PLATEAU and LBFOCC 1 (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between groups in O2 extraction reserve, regardless of sex- or training-statusThe results of this study demonstrated the existence of an O2 extraction reserve in different populations, and that neither sex- nor training-related differences affect the amplitude of the reserve.
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Martin-Rincon M, González-Henríquez JJ, Losa-Reyna J, Perez-Suarez I, Ponce-González JG, de La Calle-Herrero J, Perez-Valera M, Pérez-López A, Curtelin D, Cherouveim ED, Morales-Alamo D, Calbet JAL. Impact of data averaging strategies on V̇O 2max assessment: Mathematical modeling and reliability. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1473-1488. [PMID: 31173407 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No consensus exists on how to average data to optimize V ˙ O2max assessment. Although the V ˙ O2max value is reduced with larger averaging blocks, no mathematical procedure is available to account for the effect of the length of the averaging block on V ˙ O2max. AIMS: To determine the effect that the number of breaths or seconds included in the averaging block has on the V ˙ O2max value and its reproducibility and to develop correction equations to standardize V ˙ O2max values obtained with different averaging strategies. METHODS Eighty-four subjects performed duplicate incremental tests to exhaustion (IE) in the cycle ergometer and/or treadmill using two metabolic carts (Vyntus and Vmax N29). Rolling breath averages and fixed time averages were calculated from breath-by-breath data from 6 to 60 breaths or seconds. RESULTS V ˙ O2max decayed from 6 to 60 breath averages by 10% in low fit ( V ˙ O2max < 40 mL kg-1 min-1 ) and 6.7% in trained subjects. The V ˙ O2max averaged from a similar number of breaths or seconds was highly concordant (CCC > 0.97). There was a linear-log relationship between the number of breaths or seconds in the averaging block and V ˙ O2max (R2 > 0.99, P < 0.001), and specific equations were developed to standardize V ˙ O2max values to a fixed number of breaths or seconds. Reproducibility was higher in trained than low-fit subjects and not influenced by the averaging strategy, exercise mode, maximal respiratory rate, or IE protocol. CONCLUSIONS The V ˙ O2max decreases following a linear-log function with the number of breaths or seconds included in the averaging block and can be corrected with specific equations as those developed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan José González-Henríquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ismael Perez-Suarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Jaime de La Calle-Herrero
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Curtelin
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Evgenia D Cherouveim
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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37
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Barstow TJ. Understanding near infrared spectroscopy and its application to skeletal muscle research. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1360-1376. [PMID: 30844336 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00166.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a powerful noninvasive tool with which to study the matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen utilization and the number of new publications utilizing this technique has increased exponentially in the last 20 yr. By measuring the state of oxygenation of the primary heme compounds in skeletal muscle (hemoglobin and myoglobin), greater understanding of the underlying control mechanisms that couple perfusive and diffusive oxygen delivery to oxidative metabolism can be gained from the laboratory to the athletic field to the intensive care unit or emergency room. However, the field of NIRS has been complicated by the diversity of instrumentation, the inherent limitations of some of these technologies, the associated diversity of terminology, and a general lack of standardization of protocols. This Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology (CORP) will describe in basic but important detail the most common methodologies of NIRS, their strengths and limitations, and discuss some of the potential confounding factors that can affect the quality and reproducibility of NIRS data. Recommendations are provided to reduce the variability and errors in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The goal of this CORP is to provide readers with a greater understanding of the methodology, limitations, and best practices so as to improve the reproducibility of NIRS research in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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38
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Wilhelm EN, González-Alonso J, Chiesa ST, Trangmar SJ, Kalsi KK, Rakobowchuk M. Whole-body heat stress and exercise stimulate the appearance of platelet microvesicles in plasma with limited influence of vascular shear stress. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13496. [PMID: 29122961 PMCID: PMC5688785 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense, large muscle mass exercise increases circulating microvesicles, but our understanding of microvesicle dynamics and mechanisms inducing their release remains limited. However, increased vascular shear stress is generally thought to be involved. Here, we manipulated exercise‐independent and exercise‐dependent shear stress using systemic heat stress with localized single‐leg cooling (low shear) followed by single‐leg knee extensor exercise with the cooled or heated leg (Study 1, n = 8) and whole‐body passive heat stress followed by cycling (Study 2, n = 8). We quantified femoral artery shear rates (SRs) and arterial and venous platelet microvesicles (PMV–CD41+) and endothelial microvesicles (EMV–CD62E+). In Study 1, mild passive heat stress while one leg remained cooled did not affect [microvesicle] (P ≥ 0.05). Single‐leg knee extensor exercise increased active leg SRs by ~12‐fold and increased arterial and venous [PMVs] by two‐ to threefold, even in the nonexercising contralateral leg (P < 0.05). In Study 2, moderate whole‐body passive heat stress increased arterial [PMV] compared with baseline (mean±SE, from 19.9 ± 1.5 to 35.5 ± 5.4 PMV.μL−1.103, P < 0.05), and cycling with heat stress increased [PMV] further in the venous circulation (from 27.5 ± 2.2 at baseline to 57.5 ± 7.2 PMV.μL−1.103 during cycling with heat stress, P < 0.05), with a tendency for increased appearance of PMV across exercising limbs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that whole‐body heat stress may increase arterial [PMV], and intense exercise engaging either large or small muscle mass promote PMV formation locally and systemically, with no influence upon [EMV]. Local shear stress, however, does not appear to be the major stimulus modulating PMV formation in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Trangmar
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kameljit K Kalsi
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom .,Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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Sheel AW, Boushel R, Dempsey JA. Competition for blood flow distribution between respiratory and locomotor muscles: implications for muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:820-831. [PMID: 29878876 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetically induced vasoconstrictor modulation of local vasodilation occurs in contracting skeletal muscle during exercise to ensure appropriate perfusion of a large active muscle mass and to maintain also arterial blood pressure. In this synthesis, we discuss the contribution of group III-IV muscle afferents to the sympathetic modulation of blood flow distribution to locomotor and respiratory muscles during exercise. This is followed by an examination of the conditions under which diaphragm and locomotor muscle fatigue occur. Emphasis is given to those studies in humans and animal models that experimentally changed respiratory muscle work to evaluate blood flow redistribution and its effects on locomotor muscle fatigue, and conversely, those that evaluated the influence of coincident limb muscle contraction on respiratory muscle blood flow and fatigue. We propose the concept of a "two-way street of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity" emanating from both limb and respiratory muscle metaboreceptors during exercise, which constrains blood flow and O2 transport thereby promoting fatigue of both sets of muscles. We end with considerations of a hierarchy of blood flow distribution during exercise between respiratory versus locomotor musculatures and the clinical implications of muscle afferent feedback influences on muscle perfusion, fatigue, and exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Jerome A Dempsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Heres HM, Schoots T, Tchang BCY, Rutten MCM, Kemps HMC, van de Vosse FN, Lopata RGP. Perfusion dynamics assessment with Power Doppler ultrasound in skeletal muscle during maximal and submaximal cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1209-1219. [PMID: 29569054 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessment of limitations in the perfusion dynamics of skeletal muscle may provide insight in the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in, e.g., heart failure patients. Power doppler ultrasound (PDUS) has been recognized as a sensitive tool for the detection of muscle blood flow. In this volunteer study (N = 30), a method is demonstrated for perfusion measurements in the vastus lateralis muscle, with PDUS, during standardized cycling exercise protocols, and the test-retest reliability has been investigated. METHODS Fixation of the ultrasound probe on the upper leg allowed for continuous PDUS measurements. Cycling exercise protocols included a submaximal and an incremental exercise to maximal power. The relative perfused area (RPA) was determined as a measure of perfusion. Absolute and relative reliability of RPA amplitude and kinetic parameters during exercise (onset, slope, maximum value) and recovery (overshoot, decay time constants) were investigated. RESULTS A RPA increase during exercise followed by a signal recovery was measured in all volunteers. Amplitudes and kinetic parameters during exercise and recovery showed poor to good relative reliability (ICC ranging from 0.2-0.8), and poor to moderate absolute reliability (coefficient of variation (CV) range 18-60%). CONCLUSIONS A method has been demonstrated which allows for continuous (Power Doppler) ultrasonography and assessment of perfusion dynamics in skeletal muscle during exercise. The reliability of the RPA amplitudes and kinetics ranges from poor to good, while the reliability of the RPA increase in submaximal cycling (ICC = 0.8, CV = 18%) is promising for non-invasive clinical assessment of the muscle perfusion response to daily exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Heres
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - T Schoots
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B C Y Tchang
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M C M Rutten
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H M C Kemps
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F N van de Vosse
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R G P Lopata
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Fukuba Y, Endo MY, Kondo A, Kikugawa Y, Miura K, Kashima H, Fujimoto M, Hayashi N, Fukuoka Y, Koga S. Brachial artery blood flow dynamics during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise in humans. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/19/e13456. [PMID: 28989117 PMCID: PMC5641938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the control of the peripheral circulation of a nonworking upper limb during leg cycling exercise, blood flow (BF) dynamics in the brachial artery (BA) were determined using a sinusoidal work rate (WR) exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed upright leg cycling exercise at a constant WR for 30 min, followed by 16 min of sinusoidal WR consisting of 4‐min periods of WR fluctuating between a minimum output of 20 W and a maximum output corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT). Throughout the protocol, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood velocity (BV), and cross‐sectional area of the BA, forearm skin BF (SBF), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. Each variable was fitted to a sinusoidal model with phase shift (θ) and amplitude (A). Nearly all variables closely fit a sinusoidal model. Variables relating to oxygen transport, such as VO2 and HR, followed the sinusoidal WR pattern with certain delays (θ: VO2; 51.4 ± 4.0°, HR; 41.8 ± 5.4°, mean ± SD). Conversely, BF response in the BA was approximately in antiphase (175.1 ± 28.9°) with a relatively large A, whereas the phase of forearm SBF was dissimilar (65.8 ± 35.9°). Thus, the change of BF through a conduit artery to the nonworking upper limb appears to be the reverse when WR fluctuates during sinusoidal leg exercise, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to altering the downstream circulation to forearm skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Kikugawa
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated physiological responses during exercise at a fixed evaporative requirement for heat balance (Ereq) but varying combinations of metabolic and environmental heat load. METHODS Nine healthy, physically active males (age: 46 ± 8 yr) performed four experimental sessions consisting of 75 min of semirecumbent cycling at various ambient temperatures. Whole-body dry heat loss (direct calorimetry) was monitored continuously as was heat production (indirect calorimetry), which was adjusted to achieve an Ereq of 400 W. The resultant metabolic heat productions and ambient temperatures for the sessions were as follows: (i) 440 W and 30°C (440 [30]), (ii) 388 W and 35°C (388 [35]), (iii) 317 W and 40°C (317 [40]), and (iv) 258 W and 45°C (258 [45]). Whole-body evaporative heat loss was determined via direct calorimetry. Esophageal (Tes) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures as well as HR were monitored continuously. Mean body temperature (Tb) was calculated from Tes and Tsk. Physiological strain index (PSI) was determined from Tes and HR. RESULTS End-exercise evaporative heat loss and Tb were similar between conditions (both P ≥ 0.48). Tes was greater in 440 [30] (37.67°C ± 0.04°C) and 388 [35] (37.58°C ± 0.07°C) relative to both 317 [40] (37.35°C ± 0.06°C) and 258 [45] (37.20°C ± 0.07°C; all P ≤ 0.05). Further, Tsk was different between each condition (440 [30], 33.85°C ± 0.16°C; 388 [35], 34.53°C ± 0.08°C; 317 [40], 35.67°C ± 0.07°C; and 258 [45], 36.54°C ± 0.08°C; all P < 0.01). In 440 [30], HR was elevated by about 13 and 18 bpm relative to 317 [40] and 258 [45], respectively (both P < 0.01). Finally, PSI was greater in both 440 [30] and 388 [35] compared with 317 [40] and 258 [45] (all P ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Exercise at a fixed Ereq resulted in similar evaporative heat loss and Tb. However, the Tes, Tsk, HR, and PSI responses varied depending on the relative contribution of metabolic and environmental heat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, CANADA
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Rahemi H, Chung J, Hinko V, Hoeglinger S, Martinek WA, Montero-Baker M, Mills JL, Najafi B. Pilot study evaluating the efficacy of exergaming for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2018; 6:146-153. [PMID: 29292118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current prophylactic protocols fail to prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in a significant minority of patients, and it remains one of the leading causes of preventable death. We therefore quantified the efficacy of novel game-based exercises (exergaming) to augment femoral venous parameters relative to ankle movement and muscle flexion. METHODS Healthy volunteers were recruited to perform a series of ankle and foot exercises using a wireless foot sensor (LEGSys; BioSensics LLC, Watertown, Mass) to navigate a computer cursor sequentially on a screen to the center of 200 circular targets. A single ultrasound technician (W.A.M.) measured each patient's mean flow volume, peak flow velocity, mean flow velocity, and cross-sectional area of the right femoral vein at baseline and obtained immediate postexercise (PEX), 5-minute PEX, and 15-minute PEX measurements. Electromyography (EMG) was performed at baseline and during the exercise. Baseline demographics and medical and surgical comorbidities were also recorded. The primary end point was the difference between baseline and immediate PEX mean flow volume estimates. We secondarily explored the association of baseline characteristics and EMG measurements with femoral vein parameters. RESULTS Fifteen healthy subjects (53% male; 28.1 ± 4.6 years) completed the exergaming task within a mean of 4 minutes, 2 ± 21 seconds. Immediately after exercise, the femoral vein mean flow volume, mean velocity, and peak systolic velocity increased by 49%, 53%, and 48%, respectively (P < .02 for each). Mean flow volume and velocity remained significantly elevated 5 minutes after exercise (P < .04 for each). Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion velocities and EMG frequency and intensity were not significantly correlated with PEX mean flow volume estimates (P > .05). Subgroup analysis revealed that women (P < .01) and Hispanics (P < .01) exhibited significantly slower PEX responses. Subjects with the largest improvements in mean flow volume had lower peak plantar flexion velocities (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Exergaming increases mean flow volume, mean flow velocity, and peak systolic velocity within the femoral vein by approximately 50% above baseline. Exergaming represents a novel and potentially attractive method of DVT prevention by augmenting femoral vein mean volume flow and capitalizing on biofeedback. Less forceful but more uniform contractions were found to be most effective at augmenting venous blood flow. Exergaming will require further validation in larger study bases, among patients at higher risk of DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rahemi
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jayer Chung
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Vanessa Hinko
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Simon Hoeglinger
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Wendy A Martinek
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Miguel Montero-Baker
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Joseph L Mills
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Bijan Najafi
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Trangmar SJ, Chiesa ST, Kalsi KK, Secher NH, González-Alonso J. Whole body hyperthermia, but not skin hyperthermia, accelerates brain and locomotor limb circulatory strain and impairs exercise capacity in humans. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13108. [PMID: 28108645 PMCID: PMC5269410 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular strain and hyperthermia are thought to be important factors limiting exercise capacity in heat‐stressed humans, however, the contribution of elevations in skin (Tsk) versus whole body temperatures on exercise capacity has not been characterized. To ascertain their relationships with exercise capacity, blood temperature (TB), oxygen uptake (V̇O2), brain perfusion (MCA Vmean), locomotor limb hemodynamics, and hematological parameters were assessed during incremental cycling exercise with elevated skin (mild hyperthermia; HYPmild), combined core and skin temperatures (moderate hyperthermia; HYPmod), and under control conditions. Both hyperthermic conditions increased Tsk versus control (6.2 ± 0.2°C; P < 0.001), however, only HYPmod increased resting TB, leg blood flow and cardiac output (Q̇), but not MCA Vmean. Throughout exercise, Tsk remained elevated in both hyperthermic conditions, whereas only TB was greater in HYPmod. At exhaustion, oxygen uptake and exercise capacity were reduced in HYPmod in association with lower leg blood flow, MCA Vmean and mean arterial pressure (MAP), but similar maximal heart rate and TB. The attenuated brain and leg perfusion with hyperthermia was associated with a plateau in MCA and two‐legged vascular conductance (VC). Mechanistically, the falling MCA VC was coupled to reductions in PaCO2, whereas the plateau in leg vascular conductance was related to markedly elevated plasma [NA] and a plateau in plasma ATP. These findings reveal that whole‐body hyperthermia, but not skin hyperthermia, compromises exercise capacity in heat‐stressed humans through the early attenuation of brain and active muscle blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Trangmar
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kameljit K Kalsi
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Niels H Secher
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Craig JC, Broxterman RM, Wilcox SL, Chen C, Barstow TJ. Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin]. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1571-1578. [PMID: 28935822 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Craig JC, Broxterman RM, Wilcox SL, Chen C, Barstow TJ. Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin]. J Appl Physiol 123: 1571-1578, 2017. First published September 21, 2017; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2017 .-Adipose tissue thickness (ATT) attenuates signals from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diminishes the absolute quantification of underlying tissues by contemporary NIRS devices. Based on the relationship between NIRS-derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin] (total-[Hb + Mb]) and ATT, we tested the hypotheses that the correction factor for ATT 1) is muscle site specific; 2) does not differ between men and women; and that 3) exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance from data analysis increases total-[Hb + Mb]. Fourteen healthy subjects (7 men) rested in a neutral body position (supine or prone) while measurements of total-[Hb + Mb] and ATT were taken at four muscles common to resting and exercise studies: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), gastrocnemius (GS), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS). ATT averaged 6.0 ± 0.4 mm across all muscles. Every muscle showed a negative slope ( r2: 0.6-0.94; P < 0.01) for total-[Hb + Mb] as a function of ATT: VL (-34 μM/mm), RF (-26 μM/mm), GS (-54 μM/mm), and FDS (-33 μM/mm). The projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm ATT ( y-intercept) was 452, 372, 620, and 456 μM for VL, RF, GS, and FDS, respectively. No differences were found between the sexes within VL, RF, or FDS, but men had a greater projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm for GS (688 ± 44 vs. 552 ± 40 μM; P < 0.05). Exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance increased total-[Hb + Mb] by 12 ± 1 μM ( P < 0.05). The present findings demonstrate that total-[Hb + Mb] should be corrected for ATT using muscle site-specific factors which are not sex specific, except in the case of GS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an important tool for physiologists and clinicians. However, adipose tissue greatly attenuates the signals from these devices. Correcting for this attenuation has been suggested based on the strength of the relationship between NIRS-derived measurements and the adipose tissue thickness. We show that this relationship is unique to the muscle site of interest but may not be sex specific. Accurate quantification of underlying tissue mandates researchers correct for adipose tissue thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Craig
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Samuel L Wilcox
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Thomas J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Murias JM. The plateau in the NIRS-derived [HHb] signal near the end of a ramp incremental test does not indicate the upper limit of O 2 extraction in the vastus lateralis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R723-R729. [PMID: 28931547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00261.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine, at the level of the active muscles, whether the plateau in oxygen (O2) extraction normally observed near the end of a ramp incremental (RI) exercise test to exhaustion is caused by the achievement of an upper limit in O2 extraction. Eleven healthy men (27.3 ± 3.0 yr, 81.6 ± 8.1 kg, 183.9 ± 6.3 cm) performed a RI cycling test to exhaustion. O2 extraction of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured continuously throughout the test using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived deoxygenated hemoglobin [HHb] signal. A leg blood flow occlusion was performed at rest (LBFOCC1) and immediately after the RI test (LBFOCC2). The [HHb] values during the resting occlusion (108.1 ± 21.7%; LBFOCC1) and the peak values during exercise (100 ± 0%; [HHb]plateau) were significantly greater than those observed at baseline (0.84 ± 10.6% at baseline 1 and 0 ± 0% at baseline 2) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between LBFOCC1 and [HHb]plateau (P > 0.05) or between the baseline measurements (P > 0.05). [HHb] values at LBFOCC2 (130.5 ± 19.7%) were significantly greater than all other time points (P < 0.05). These results support the existence of an O2 extraction reserve in the VL muscle at the end of a RI cycling test and suggest that the observed plateau in the [HHb] signal toward the end of a RI test is not representative of an upper limit in O2 extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Iannetta D, Qahtani A, Millet GY, Murias JM. Quadriceps Muscles O 2 Extraction and EMG Breakpoints during a Ramp Incremental Test. Front Physiol 2017; 8:686. [PMID: 28970805 PMCID: PMC5609583 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle deoxygenated breakpoint ([HHb]BP) has been found to be associated with other indices of exercise tolerance in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle but not in the vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF). Purpose: To investigate whether the [HHb]BP occurs also in the VM and RF muscles and whether or not it is associated with other physiological indices of exercise tolerance, such as the EMG threshold (EMGt) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Methods: Twelve young endurance trained participants performed maximal ramp incremental (RI) cycling tests (25-30 W·min-1 increments). Muscle oxygen extraction and activity as well as ventilatory and gas exchange parameters were measured. After accounting for the mean response time, the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2) corresponding to the RCP, [HHb]BP, and the EMGt was determined. Results: Peak power output (POpeak) was 359 ± 48 W. Maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2max) was 3.87 ± 0.46 L·min-1. The [Formula: see text]O2 at the RCP was 3.39 ± 0.41 L·min-1. The [Formula: see text]O2 (L·min-1) corresponding to the [HHb]BP and EMGt were: 3.49 ± 0.46 and 3.40 ± 0.44; 3.44 ± 0.61 and 3.43 ± 0.49; 3.59 ± 0.52, and 3.48 ± 0.46 for VL, VM, and RF, respectively. Pearson's correlation between these thresholds ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 (P < 0.05). No difference was found for the absolute [Formula: see text]O2 and the normalized PO (%) at which the thresholds occurred in all three muscles investigated (P > 0.05). Although in eight out of 12 participants, the [HHb]BP in the RF led to a steeper increase instead of leading to a plateau-like response as observed in the VL and VM, the [Formula: see text]O2 at the breakpoints still coincided with that at the RCP. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that local indices of exercise tolerance derived from different portions of the quadriceps are not different to the systemic index of the RCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ahmad Qahtani
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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Gordon D, Scruton A, Barnes R, Baker J, Prado L, Merzbach V. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on the incidence of plateau at V˙O2max and associated cardiorespiratory dynamics. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:689-698. [PMID: 28906053 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of menstrual cycle phase on maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and associated cardiodynamic responses. A total of 16 active females volunteered of which n = 10 formed the non-oral contraceptive pill group (n-OCP), displaying a regular menstrual cycle of 28·4 ± 2·2 days (age 20·6 ± 1·6 years, height 169·9 ± 6·4 cm, mass 68·7 ± 7·9 kg) and n = 6 formed the oral contraceptive pill group (OCP) (monophasic pill) (age 21·7 years ± 2·16, height 168·1 cm ± 6·8 cm, mass 61·6 ± 6·8 kg). Each completed four incremental exercise tests for determination of V˙O2max, cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate. Each test was completed according to the phases of the menstrual cycle as determined through salivary analysis of 17-β oestrodiol and progesterone. Non-significant differences were observed for V˙O2max across phases and between groups (P>0·05) with additional non-significant differences for Q˙max, HRmax and SVmax between groups. For ∆ V˙O2 during the final 60 s of the V˙O2max trial, significant differences were observed between OCP and n-OCP (P<0·05) with OCP showing zero V˙O2 plateaus in three pseudo-phases. Significant difference observed for a-vO2dif n-OCP between premenstruation and menstruation at 30-100% V˙O2max (P<0·05). Data suggest that the V˙O2 -plateau is effected by monophasic oral contraceptive pill, furthermore these data imply that V˙O2max test outcome is independent of menstrual cycle phase but caution should be applied when evaluating maximal oxygen uptake in females who are administered a monophasic oral contraceptive pill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Scruton
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Barnes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Baker
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luciano Prado
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Jones MD, Valenzuela T, Booth J, Taylor JL, Barry BK. Explicit Education About Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia Influences Pain Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:1409-1416. [PMID: 28778814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which acute exercise reduces pain (ie, exercise-induced hypoalgesia [EIH]) are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine if education about EIH affected pain responses after acute exercise in healthy adults. Participants received 15 minutes of education either about EIH (intervention, n = 20) or more general education about exercise and pain (control, n = 20). After this, the participants' knowledge and beliefs about exercise and pain were assessed. Pressure pain thresholds were then measured before and after 20 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise. Compared with the control group, the intervention group believed more strongly that pain could be reduced by a single session of exercise (P = .005) and that the information they had just received had changed what they thought about the effect of exercise on pain (P = .045). After exercise, pressure pain threshold increased in both groups, but the median increase was greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (intervention = .78 kg/cm2, control = .24 kg/cm2, P = .002, effect size [r] of difference = .49). These results suggest that cognitive processes in the appraisal of pain can be manipulated to influence EIH in healthy adults. PERSPECTIVE This study shows that preceding a bout of exercise with pain education can alter pain responses after exercise. This finding has potential clinical implications for exercise prescription for people with chronic pain whereby pain education before exercise could be used to improve pain responses to that exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Jones
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Trinidad Valenzuela
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Kinesiology, Finis Terrae University, Santiago, Chile
| | - John Booth
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Barry
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Jones MD, Taylor JL, Barry BK. Occlusion of blood flow attenuates exercise-induced hypoalgesia in the occluded limb of healthy adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1284-1291. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01004.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have demonstrated an important role of peripheral mechanisms as contributors to exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Whether these same mechanisms contribute to EIH in humans is not known. In the current study, pain thresholds were assessed in healthy volunteers ( n = 36) before and after 5 min of high-intensity leg cycling exercise and an equivalent period of quiet rest. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed over the rectus femoris muscle of one leg and first dorsal interosseous muscles (FDIs) of both arms. Blood flow to one arm was occluded by a cuff throughout the 5-min period of exercise (or rest) and postexercise (or rest) assessments. Ratings of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness during occlusion were also measured. Pain ratings during occlusion increased over time (range, 1.5 to 3.5/10, all d > 0.63, P < 0.001) similarly in the rest and exercise conditions ( d < 0.35, P > 0.4). PPTs at all sites were unchanged following rest (range, −1.3% to +0.9%, all d < 0.05, P > 0.51). Consistent with EIH, exercise significantly increased PPT at the leg (+29%, d = 0.69, P < 0.001) and the nonoccluded (+23%, d = 0.56, P < 0.001) and occluded (+8%, d = 0.19, P = 0.003) unexercised arms. However, the increase in the occluded arm was significantly smaller ( d = −1.03, P < 0.001). These findings show that blocking blood flow to a limb during exercise attenuates EIH, suggesting that peripheral factors contribute to EIH in healthy adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first demonstration in humans that a factor carried by the circulation and acting at the periphery is important for exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Further understanding of this mechanism may provide new insight to pain relief with exercise as well as potential interactions between analgesic medications and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Jones
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin K. Barry
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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