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SARZYNSKI MARKA, RICE TREVAK, DESPRÉS JEANPIERRE, PÉRUSSE LOUIS, TREMBLAY ANGELO, STANFORTH PHILIPR, TCHERNOF ANDRÉ, BARBER JACOBL, FALCIANI FRANCESCO, CLISH CLARY, ROBBINS JEREMYM, GHOSH SUJOY, GERSZTEN ROBERTE, LEON ARTHURS, SKINNER JAMESS, RAO DC, BOUCHARD CLAUDE. The HERITAGE Family Study: A Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health, with Insights into Molecular Transducers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:S1-S43. [PMID: 35611651 PMCID: PMC9012529 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the HERITAGE Family Study was to investigate individual differences in response to a standardized endurance exercise program, the role of familial aggregation, and the genetics of response levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. Here we summarize the findings and their potential implications for cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness. It begins with overviews of background and planning, recruitment, testing and exercise program protocol, quality control measures, and other relevant organizational issues. A summary of findings is then provided on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise hemodynamics, insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, adiposity and abdominal visceral fat, blood levels of steroids and other hormones, markers of oxidative stress, skeletal muscle morphology and metabolic indicators, and resting metabolic rate. These summaries document the extent of the individual differences in response to a standardized and fully monitored endurance exercise program and document the importance of familial aggregation and heritability level for exercise response traits. Findings from genomic markers, muscle gene expression studies, and proteomic and metabolomics explorations are reviewed, along with lessons learned from a bioinformatics-driven analysis pipeline. The new opportunities being pursued in integrative -omics and physiology have extended considerably the expected life of HERITAGE and are being discussed in relation to the original conceptual model of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK A. SARZYNSKI
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - TREVA K. RICE
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - JEAN-PIERRE DESPRÉS
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - LOUIS PÉRUSSE
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - ANGELO TREMBLAY
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - PHILIP R. STANFORTH
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - ANDRÉ TCHERNOF
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - JACOB L. BARBER
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - FRANCESCO FALCIANI
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - CLARY CLISH
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JEREMY M. ROBBINS
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - SUJOY GHOSH
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, SINGAPORE
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - ROBERT E. GERSZTEN
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - ARTHUR S. LEON
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - D. C. RAO
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - CLAUDE BOUCHARD
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Abstract
Human physiology is likely to have been selected for endurance physical activity. However, modern humans have become largely sedentary, with physical activity becoming a leisure-time pursuit for most. Whereas inactivity is a strong risk factor for disease, regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic disease and mortality. Although substantial epidemiological evidence supports the beneficial effects of exercise, comparatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms through which these effects operate. Genetic and genomic analyses have identified genetic variation associated with human performance and, together with recent proteomic, metabolomic and multi-omic analyses, are beginning to elucidate the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Lindner A, Esser M, López R, Boffi F. Relationship between Resting and Recovery Heart Rate in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E120. [PMID: 31940806 PMCID: PMC7022646 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In endurance racing the heart rate (HR) of horses in the veterinary gates has to reach a maximum set to continue racing. There is no literature on the relationship between resting HR (HRresting) and HR after exercise (HRrecovery). This relationship was examined in seven horses and the results were related to their v4 (speed at which the blood lactate concentration is 4 mmol/L). Horses were submitted to an exercise test to determine v4. Thereafter, horses were exercised on a treadmill in randomized order for 10 and 60 min at different speeds. HR was measured before exercise and several times until 30 min of recovery. The relationship between HRresting and HRrecovery was significant in 16 out of 35 comparisons. There were no significant relationships between the v4 of the horses and their HRresting and between v4 and HRrecovery after 10 min of exercise, regardless of the speed of exercise, with one exception. The relationship between the v4 of the horses and their HRrecovery after 60 min of exercise was significant in the fifth minute after exercise at 3.5 m/s only. Conclusion: Because HRresting and HRrecovery are often related, pre-determined arbitrary HRrecovery values may not allow for fair competition during endurance racing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramón López
- Centro de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Equino Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentine
| | - Federico Boffi
- Centro de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Equino Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentine
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Akerberg AA, Burns CE, Burns CG. Exploring the Activities of RBPMS Proteins in Myocardial Biology. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1410-1418. [PMID: 31399780 PMCID: PMC6786954 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are expressed in the heart, and mutations in several RBPs have been implicated in cardiovascular disease through genetic associations, animal modeling, and mechanistic studies. However, the functions of many more cardiac RBPs, and their relevance to disease states, remain to be elucidated. Recently, we have initiated studies to characterize the functions of the RBPs RBPMS and RBPMS2 in regulating myocardial biology in zebrafish and higher vertebrate species. These studies began when we learned, using an unbiased gene discovery approach, that rbpms2a and rbpms2b in zebrafish are robust markers of embryonic myocardium. This observation, which is consistent with published data, suggests that the encoded proteins are likely to be performing critical functions in regulating one or more aspects of cardiomyocyte differentiation, proliferation, survival, and/or contractility. This notion is supported by recent reports demonstrating that zebrafish embryos with disrupted Rbpms2 function exhibit gross signs of cardiac distress. Interestingly, a 20-year-old study determined that myocardial tissue from the frog, chick, and mouse also express high levels of Rbpms and/or Rbpms2, which is suggestive of evolutionary conservation of function. In this review, we will provide a historical account of how RBPMS and RBPMS2 genes were discovered, attempt to clarify some potentially confusing nomenclature, and summarize published observations that inform our ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Akerberg
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline E. Burns
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138,Authors for Correspondence: ()
| | - C. Geoffrey Burns
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Authors for Correspondence: ()
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Farries G, Gough KF, Parnell AC, McGivney BA, McGivney CL, McGettigan PA, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Analysis of genetic variation contributing to measured speed in Thoroughbreds identifies genomic regions involved in the transcriptional response to exercise. Anim Genet 2019; 50:670-685. [PMID: 31508842 DOI: 10.1111/age.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong selection for athletic traits in Thoroughbred horses, there is marked variation in speed and aptitude for racing performance within the breed. Using global positioning system monitoring during exercise training, we measured speed variables and temporal changes in speed with age to derive phenotypes for GWAS. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that genetic variation contributes to variation in end-point physiological traits, in this case galloping speed measured during field exercise tests. Standardisation of field-measured phenotypes was attempted by assessing horses exercised on the same gallop track and managed under similar conditions by a single trainer. PCA of six key speed indices captured 73.9% of the variation with principal component 1 (PC1). Verifying the utility of the phenotype, we observed that PC1 (median) in 2-year-old horses was significantly different among elite, non-elite and unraced horses (P < 0.001) and the temporal change with age in PC1 varied among horses with different myostatin (MSTN) g.66493737C>T SNP genotypes. A GWAS for PC1 in 2-year-old horses (n = 122) identified four SNPs reaching the suggestive threshold for association (P < 4.80 × 10-5 ), defining a 1.09 Mb candidate region on ECA8 containing the myosin XVIIIB (MYO18B) gene. In a GWAS for temporal change in PC1 with age (n = 168), five SNPs reached the suggestive threshold for association and defined candidate regions on ECA2 and ECA11. Both regions contained genes that are significantly differentially expressed in equine skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and training stimuli, including MYO18A. As MYO18A plays a regulatory role in the skeletal muscle response to exercise, the identified genomic variation proximal to the myosin family genes may be important for the regulation of the response to exercise and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - A C Parnell
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - B A McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
| | - C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P A McGettigan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
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van de Vegte YJ, Tegegne BS, Verweij N, Snieder H, van der Harst P. Genetics and the heart rate response to exercise. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2391-2409. [PMID: 30919020 PMCID: PMC6529381 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The acute heart rate response to exercise, i.e., heart rate increase during and heart rate recovery after exercise, has often been associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The long-term response of heart rate to exercise results in favourable changes in chronotropic function, including decreased resting and submaximal heart rate as well as increased heart rate recovery. Both the acute and long-term heart rate response to exercise have been shown to be heritable. Advances in genetic analysis enable researchers to investigate this hereditary component to gain insights in possible molecular mechanisms underlying interindividual differences in the heart rate response to exercise. In this review, we comprehensively searched candidate gene, linkage, and genome-wide association studies that investigated the heart rate response to exercise. A total of ten genes were associated with the acute heart rate response to exercise in candidate gene studies. Only one gene (CHRM2), related to heart rate recovery, was replicated in recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Additional 17 candidate causal genes were identified for heart rate increase and 26 for heart rate recovery in these GWASs. Nine of these genes were associated with both acute increase and recovery of the heart rate during exercise. These genes can be broadly categorized into four categories: (1) development of the nervous system (CCDC141, PAX2, SOX5, and CAV2); (2) prolongation of neuronal life span (SYT10); (3) cardiac development (RNF220 and MCTP2); (4) cardiac rhythm (SCN10A and RGS6). Additional 10 genes were linked to long-term modification of the heart rate response to exercise, nine with heart rate increase and one with heart rate recovery. Follow-up will be essential to get functional insights in how candidate causal genes affect the heart rate response to exercise. Future work will be required to translate these findings to preventive and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordi J van de Vegte
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Balewgizie S Tegegne
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Ross R, Goodpaster BH, Koch LG, Sarzynski MA, Kohrt WM, Johannsen NM, Skinner JS, Castro A, Irving BA, Noland RC, Sparks LM, Spielmann G, Day AG, Pitsch W, Hopkins WG, Bouchard C. Precision exercise medicine: understanding exercise response variability. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1141-1153. [PMID: 30862704 PMCID: PMC6818669 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from human twin and family studies as well as mouse and rat selection experiments that there are considerable interindividual differences in the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and other cardiometabolic traits to a given exercise programme dose. We developed this consensus statement on exercise response variability following a symposium dedicated to this topic. There is strong evidence from both animal and human studies that exercise training doses lead to variable responses. A genetic component contributes to exercise training response variability. In this consensus statement, we (1) briefly review the literature on exercise response variability and the various sources of variations in CRF response to an exercise programme, (2) introduce the key research designs and corresponding statistical models with an emphasis on randomised controlled designs with or without multiple pretests and post-tests, crossover designs and repeated measures designs, (3) discuss advantages and disadvantages of multiple methods of categorising exercise response levels—a topic that is of particular interest for personalised exercise medicine and (4) outline approaches that may identify determinants and modifiers of CRF exercise response. We also summarise gaps in knowledge and recommend future research to better understand exercise response variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Neil M Johannsen
- Interventional Resources, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.,School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - James S Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alex Castro
- Department of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert C Noland
- John S Mcilhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew G Day
- Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Werner Pitsch
- Economics and Sociology of Sport, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - William G Hopkins
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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8
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Learning one's genetic risk changes physiology independent of actual genetic risk. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 3:48-56. [PMID: 30932047 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people now access personal genetic risk estimates for diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer and obesity1. While this information can be informative2-4, research on placebo and nocebo effects5-8 suggests that learning of one's genetic risk may evoke physiological changes consistent with the expected risk profile. Here we tested whether merely learning of one's genetic risk for disease alters one's actual risk by making people more likely to exhibit the expected changes in gene-related physiology, behaviour and subjective experience. Individuals were genotyped for actual genetic risk and then randomly assigned to receive either a 'high-risk' or 'protected' genetic test result for obesity via cardiorespiratory exercise capacity (experiment 1, N = 116) or physiological satiety (experiment 2, N = 107) before engaging in a task in which genetic risk was salient. Merely receiving genetic risk information changed individuals' cardiorespiratory physiology, perceived exertion and running endurance during exercise, and changed satiety physiology and perceived fullness after food consumption in a self-fulfilling manner. Effects of perceived genetic risk on outcomes were sometimes greater than the effects associated with actual genetic risk. If simply conveying genetic risk information can alter actual risk, clinicians and ethicists should wrestle with appropriate thresholds for when revealing genetic risk is warranted.
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Richard MA, Huan T, Ligthart S, Gondalia R, Jhun MA, Brody JA, Irvin MR, Marioni R, Shen J, Tsai PC, Montasser ME, Jia Y, Syme C, Salfati EL, Boerwinkle E, Guan W, Mosley TH, Bressler J, Morrison AC, Liu C, Mendelson MM, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Franco OH, Zhang G, Li Y, Stewart JD, Bis JC, Psaty BM, Chen YDI, Kardia SLR, Zhao W, Turner ST, Absher D, Aslibekyan S, Starr JM, McRae AF, Hou L, Just AC, Schwartz JD, Vokonas PS, Menni C, Spector TD, Shuldiner A, Damcott CM, Rotter JI, Palmas W, Liu Y, Paus T, Horvath S, O'Connell JR, Guo X, Pausova Z, Assimes TL, Sotoodehnia N, Smith JA, Arnett DK, Deary IJ, Baccarelli AA, Bell JT, Whitsel E, Dehghan A, Levy D, Fornage M. DNA Methylation Analysis Identifies Loci for Blood Pressure Regulation. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:888-902. [PMID: 29198723 PMCID: PMC5812919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with blood pressure (BP), but sequence variation accounts for a small fraction of the phenotypic variance. Epigenetic changes may alter the expression of genes involved in BP regulation and explain part of the missing heritability. We therefore conducted a two-stage meta-analysis of the cross-sectional associations of systolic and diastolic BP with blood-derived genome-wide DNA methylation measured on the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in 17,010 individuals of European, African American, and Hispanic ancestry. Of 31 discovery-stage cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides, 13 replicated after Bonferroni correction (discovery: N = 9,828, p < 1.0 × 10-7; replication: N = 7,182, p < 1.6 × 10-3). The replicated methylation sites are heritable (h2 > 30%) and independent of known BP genetic variants, explaining an additional 1.4% and 2.0% of the interindividual variation in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization among up to 4,513 individuals of European ancestry from 4 cohorts suggested that methylation at cg08035323 (TAF1B-YWHAQ) influences BP, while BP influences methylation at cg00533891 (ZMIZ1), cg00574958 (CPT1A), and cg02711608 (SLC1A5). Gene expression analyses further identified six genes (TSPAN2, SLC7A11, UNC93B1, CPT1A, PTMS, and LPCAT3) with evidence of triangular associations between methylation, gene expression, and BP. Additional integrative Mendelian randomization analyses of gene expression and DNA methylation suggested that the expression of TSPAN2 is a putative mediator of association between DNA methylation at cg23999170 and BP. These findings suggest that heritable DNA methylation plays a role in regulating BP independently of previously known genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Richard
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Rahul Gondalia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Min A Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Riccardo Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, SE17EH London, UK
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yucheng Jia
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Catriona Syme
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Elias L Salfati
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael M Mendelson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce B van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Guosheng Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Statistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James D Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Unit, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Allan F McRae
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pantel S Vokonas
- Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, SE17EH London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, SE17EH London, UK
| | - Alan Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Coleen M Damcott
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Walter Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada; Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, Gonda Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40563, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 8JZ, UK
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, SE17EH London, UK
| | - Eric Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Bajpeyi S, Covington JD, Taylor EM, Stewart LK, Galgani JE, Henagan TM. Skeletal Muscle PGC1α -1 Nucleosome Position and -260 nt DNA Methylation Determine Exercise Response and Prevent Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Men. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2190-2199. [PMID: 28398573 PMCID: PMC5505213 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise has been shown to improve lipid oxidation and increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, two features that have shown dependence on increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). It is also hypothesized that exercise-related alterations in PGC1α expression occur through epigenetic regulation of nucleosome positioning in association with differential DNA methylation status within the PGC1α promoter. In this study, we show that when primary human myotubes from obese patients with type 2 diabetes are exposed to lipolytic stimulus (palmitate, forskolin, inomycin) in vitro, nucleosome occupancy surrounding the -260 nucleotide (nt) region, a known regulatory DNA methylation site, is reduced. This finding is reproduced in vivo in the vastus lateralis from 11 healthy males after a single, long endurance exercise bout in which participants expended 650 kcal. Additionally, we show a significant positive correlation between fold change of PGC1α messenger RNA expression and -1 nucleosome repositioning away from the -260 nt methylation site in skeletal muscle tissue following exercise. Finally, we found that when exercise participants are divided into high and low responders based on the -260 nt methylation status, the -1 nucleosome is repositioned away from the regulatory -260 nt methylation site in high responders, those exhibiting a significant decrease in -260 nt methylation, but not in low responders. Additionally, high but not low responders showed a significant decrease in intramyocellular lipid content after exercise. These findings suggest a potential target for epigenetic modification of the PGC1α promoter to stimulate the therapeutic effects of endurance exercise in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Jeffrey D. Covington
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Erin M. Taylor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Laura K. Stewart
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639
| | - Jose E. Galgani
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Tara M. Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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11
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Ricard A, Robert C, Blouin C, Baste F, Torquet G, Morgenthaler C, Rivière J, Mach N, Mata X, Schibler L, Barrey E. Endurance Exercise Ability in the Horse: A Trait with Complex Polygenic Determinism. Front Genet 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28702049 PMCID: PMC5488500 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance horses are able to run at more than 20 km/h for 160 km (in bouts of 30-40 km). This level of performance is based on intense aerobic metabolism, effective body heat dissipation and the ability to endure painful exercise. The known heritabilities of endurance performance and exercise-related physiological traits in Arabian horses suggest that adaptation to extreme endurance exercise is influenced by genetic factors. The objective of the present genome-wide association study (GWAS) was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to endurance racing performance in 597 Arabian horses. The performance traits studied were the total race distance, average race speed and finishing status (qualified, eliminated or retired). We used three mixed models that included a fixed allele or genotype effect and a random, polygenic effect. Quantile-quantile plots were acceptable, and the regression coefficients for actual vs. expected log10p-values ranged from 0.865 to 1.055. The GWAS revealed five significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) corresponding to 6 SNPs on chromosomes 6, 1, 7, 16, and 29 (two SNPs) with corrected p-values from 1.7 × 10-6 to 1.8 × 10-5. Annotation of these 5 QTL revealed two genes: sortilin-related VPS10-domain-containing receptor 3 (SORCS3) on chromosome 1 is involved in protein trafficking, and solute carrier family 39 member 12 (SLC39A12) on chromosome 29 is active in zinc transport and cell homeostasis. These two coding genes could be involved in neuronal tissues (CNS). The other QTL on chromosomes 6, 7, and 16 may be involved in the regulation of the gene expression through non-coding RNAs, CpG islands and transcription factor binding sites. On chromosome 6, a new candidate equine long non-coding RNA (KCNQ1OT1 ortholog: opposite antisense transcript 1 of potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 gene) was predicted in silico and validated by RT-qPCR in primary cultures of equine myoblasts and fibroblasts. This lncRNA could be one element of the cardiac rhythm regulation. Our GWAS revealed that equine performance during endurance races is a complex polygenic trait, and is partially governed by at least 5 QTL: two coding genes involved in neuronal tissues and three other loci with many regulatory functions such as slowing down heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ricard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Département Recherche et InnovationExmes, France
| | - Céline Robert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons Alfort, France
| | - Christine Blouin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fanny Baste
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gwendoline Torquet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Morgenthaler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nuria Mach
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xavier Mata
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurent Schibler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie IntégrativeJouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Malhotra S, Preet K, Tomar A, Rawat S, Singh S, Singh I, Varte LR, Chatterjee T, Pal MS, Sarkar S. Polygenic study of endurance-associated genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T) in male Gorkha soldiers. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:17. [PMID: 28444615 PMCID: PMC5405041 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Gorkhas, a sub-mountainous population of the Himalayan region, are known for strength and bravery. In the present study when “Gorkha” is used without brackets, we are mentioning Gorkhas of Tibeto-Burman origin. Physical capability, strength and endurance are important components of fitness associated with genetic traits. The aim of this study was to examine the endurance potential of male Gorkha soldiers, based on endurance-related genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg (R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T). Methods Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 374 male Gorkha soldiers (Tibeto-Burman). These frequencies were compared with frequencies obtained from Gorkha (Indo-Aryan), high-altitude natives (Tibeto-Burman) and Indian lowlanders (Indo-Aryan). “Total genotype score” (TGS) was calculated from accumulated combination of polymorphisms with maximum value “100” for theoretically “optimal” polygenic score. Probability of occurrence of “optimal” endurance profile was also determined. Results ACE II genotypic frequency was highest in Tamangs followed by Gurungs, Rais, Limbus and Magars. No statistical difference in genotypic and allelic frequency of ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X) was noted within the groups. Rais showed the highest CKMM A allele frequency (0.908) compared to other Gorkha (Tibeto-Burman) groups. Limbus and Tamangs showed the highest eNOS G allele frequency (0.938 and 0.915, respectively) compared to that of other groups. Probability of male Gorkha soldiers possessing a theoretically optimal polygenic endurance profile for four candidate polymorphisms was ~3.35% (1 in 30). Four percent of the population of male Gorkha soldiers (15 in 374) exhibited an optimal TGS 100, and 16% exhibited TGS 87 for endurance compared to male Indian soldiers belonging to the lowland (Indo-Aryan) and Gorkha (Indo-Aryan) populations suggesting an overall more “favourable” polygenic profile in the male Gorkha soldier (Tibeto-Burman) population. Conclusions This study presents evidence of higher frequency of endurance-associated genes in the Gorkhas implying thereby that such genetically endowed individuals from the population may be selected and trained for achieving excellence in endurance-related elite sports activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Malhotra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Kiran Preet
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Arvind Tomar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE). Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sayar Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Inderjeet Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - L Robert Varte
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Tirthankar Chatterjee
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - M S Pal
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Soma Sarkar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India.
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13
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Aleksandra Z, Zbigniew J, Waldemar M, Agata LD, Mariusz K, Marek S, Agnieszka MS, Piotr Ż, Krzysztof F, Grzegorz T, Ewelina LK, Semenova EA, Ahmetov II, Paweł C. The AGT Gene M235T Polymorphism and Response of Power-Related Variables to Aerobic Training. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:616-624. [PMID: 27928207 PMCID: PMC5131215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C allele of the M235T (rs699) polymorphism of the AGT gene correlates with higher levels of angiotensin II and has been associated with power and strength sport performance. The aim of the study was to investigate whether or not selected power-related variables and their response to a 12-week program of aerobic dance training are modulated by the AGT M235T genotype in healthy participants. Two hundred and one Polish Caucasian women aged 21 ± 1 years met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. All women completed a 12-week program of low and high impact aerobics. Wingate peak power and total work capacity, 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m running times and jump height and jump power were determined before and after the training programme. All power-related variables improved significantly in response to aerobic dance training. We found a significant association between the M235T polymorphism and jump-based variables (squat jump (SJ) height, p = 0.005; SJ power, p = 0.015; countermovement jump height, p = 0.025; average of 10 countermovement jumps with arm swing (ACMJ) height, p = 0.001; ACMJ power, p = 0.035). Specifically, greater improvements were observed in the C allele carriers in comparison with TT homozygotes. In conclusion, aerobic dance, one of the most commonly practiced adult fitness activities in the world, provides sufficient training stimuli for augmenting the explosive strength necessary to increase vertical jump performance. The AGT gene M235T polymorphism seems to be not only a candidate gene variant for power/strength related phenotypes, but also a genetic marker for predicting response to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarębska Aleksandra
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jastrzębski Zbigniew
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Moska Waldemar
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Leońska-Duniec Agata
- University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kaczmarczyk Mariusz
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sawczuk Marek
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk, Poland; University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciejewska-Skrendo Agnieszka
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk, Poland; University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Ficek Krzysztof
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice , Katowice, Poland
| | - Trybek Grzegorz
- Pomeranian Medical University , Department of Oral Surgery, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lulińska-Kuklik Ewelina
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation , Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Federal Research Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cięszczyk Paweł
- University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion , Szczecin, Poland
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14
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Translating Genomic Advances to Physical Therapist Practice: A Closer Look at the Nature and Nurture of Common Diseases. Phys Ther 2016; 96:570-80. [PMID: 26637647 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project have yielded new understanding of the influence of the human genome on health and disease, advancing health care in significant ways. In personalized medicine, genetic factors are used to identify disease risk and tailor preventive and therapeutic regimens. Insight into the genetic bases of cellular processes is revealing the causes of disease and effects of exercise. Many diseases known to have a major lifestyle contribution are highly influenced by common genetic variants. Genetic variants are associated with increased risk for common diseases such as cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Exercise response also is influenced by genetic factors. Knowledge of genetic factors can help clinicians better understand interindividual differences in disease presentation, pain experience, and exercise response. Family health history is an important genetic tool and encourages clinicians to consider the wider client-family unit. Clinicians in this new era need to be prepared to guide patients and their families on a variety of genomics-related concerns, including genetic testing and other ethical, legal, or social issues. Thus, it is essential that clinicians reconsider the role of genetics in the preservation of wellness and risk for disease to identify ways to best optimize fitness, health, or recovery. Clinicians with knowledge of the influence of genetic variants on health and disease will be uniquely positioned to institute individualized lifestyle interventions, thereby fulfilling roles in prevention and wellness. This article describes how discoveries in genomics are rapidly evolving the understanding of health and disease by highlighting 2 conditions: cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Genetic factors related to exercise effects also are considered.
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15
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Yoo J, Kim BH, Kim SH, Kim Y, Yim SV. Genetic polymorphisms to predict gains in maximal O2 uptake and knee peak torque after a high intensity training program in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:947-57. [PMID: 27001664 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that significantly influenced the level of improvement of two kinds of training responses, including maximal O2 uptake (V'O2max) and knee peak torque of healthy adults participating in the high intensity training (HIT) program. The study also aimed to use these SNPs to develop prediction models for individual training responses. METHODS 79 Healthy volunteers participated in the HIT program. A genome-wide association study, based on 2,391,739 SNPs, was performed to identify SNPs that were significantly associated with gains in V'O2max and knee peak torque, following 9 weeks of the HIT program. To predict two training responses, two independent SNPs sets were determined using linear regression and iterative binary logistic regression analysis. False discovery rate analysis and permutation tests were performed to avoid false-positive findings. RESULTS To predict gains in V'O2max, 7 SNPs were identified. These SNPs accounted for 26.0 % of the variance in the increment of V'O2max, and discriminated the subjects into three subgroups, non-responders, medium responders, and high responders, with prediction accuracy of 86.1 %. For the knee peak torque, 6 SNPs were identified, and accounted for 27.5 % of the variance in the increment of knee peak torque. The prediction accuracy discriminating the subjects into the three subgroups was estimated as 77.2 %. CONCLUSIONS Novel SNPs found in this study could explain, and predict inter-individual variability in gains of V'O2max, and knee peak torque. Furthermore, with these genetic markers, a methodology suggested in this study provides a sound approach for the personalized training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Yoo
- Bio-Age Medical Research Institute, Bio-Age Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine and Hospital, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-872, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Kim
- Bio-Age Medical Research Institute, Bio-Age Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangseok Kim
- Bio-Age Medical Research Institute, Bio-Age Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine and Hospital, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-872, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Abstract
Hypertension is a highly prevalent condition with numerous health risks, and the incidence of hypertension is greatest among older adults. Traditional discussions of hypertension have largely focused on the risks for cardiovascular disease and associated events. However, there are a number of collateral effects, including risks for dementia, physical disability, and falls/fractures which are increasingly garnering attention in the hypertension literature. Several key mechanisms--including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction--are common to biologic aging and hypertension development and appear to have key mechanistic roles in the development of the cardiovascular and collateral risks of late-life hypertension. The objective of the present review is to highlight the multi-dimensional risks of hypertension among older adults and discuss potential strategies for treatment and future areas of research for improving overall care for older adults with hypertension.
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Rankinen T, Fuku N, Wolfarth B, Wang G, Sarzynski MA, Alexeev DG, Ahmetov II, Boulay MR, Cieszczyk P, Eynon N, Filipenko ML, Garton FC, Generozov EV, Govorun VM, Houweling PJ, Kawahara T, Kostryukova ES, Kulemin NA, Larin AK, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Miyachi M, Muniesa CA, Murakami H, Ospanova EA, Padmanabhan S, Pavlenko AV, Pyankova ON, Santiago C, Sawczuk M, Scott RA, Uyba VV, Yvert T, Perusse L, Ghosh S, Rauramaa R, North KN, Lucia A, Pitsiladis Y, Bouchard C. No Evidence of a Common DNA Variant Profile Specific to World Class Endurance Athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147330. [PMID: 26824906 PMCID: PMC4732768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are strong genetic components to cardiorespiratory fitness and its response to exercise training. It would be useful to understand the differences in the genomic profile of highly trained endurance athletes of world class caliber and sedentary controls. An international consortium (GAMES) was established in order to compare elite endurance athletes and ethnicity-matched controls in a case-control study design. Genome-wide association studies were undertaken on two cohorts of elite endurance athletes and controls (GENATHLETE and Japanese endurance runners), from which a panel of 45 promising markers was identified. These markers were tested for replication in seven additional cohorts of endurance athletes and controls: from Australia, Ethiopia, Japan, Kenya, Poland, Russia and Spain. The study is based on a total of 1520 endurance athletes (835 who took part in endurance events in World Championships and/or Olympic Games) and 2760 controls. We hypothesized that world-class athletes are likely to be characterized by an even higher concentration of endurance performance alleles and we performed separate analyses on this subsample. The meta-analysis of all available studies revealed one statistically significant marker (rs558129 at GALNTL6 locus, p = 0.0002), even after correcting for multiple testing. As shown by the low heterogeneity index (I2 = 0), all eight cohorts showed the same direction of association with rs558129, even though p-values varied across the individual studies. In summary, this study did not identify a panel of genomic variants common to these elite endurance athlete groups. Since GAMES was underpowered to identify alleles with small effect sizes, some of the suggestive leads identified should be explored in expanded comparisons of world-class endurance athletes and sedentary controls and in tightly controlled exercise training studies. Such studies have the potential to illuminate the biology not only of world class endurance performance but also of compromised cardiac functions and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sport Medicine Humboldt University and Charite University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guan Wang
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marcel R. Boulay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland
- Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maxim L. Filipenko
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fleur C. Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Childrens Hospital Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Vadim M. Govorun
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter J. Houweling
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Sports Medicine, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Andrey K. Larin
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- College of Medicine, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olga N. Pyankova
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Yvert
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis Perusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kathryn N. North
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Childrens Hospital Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Wells A, Kopp N, Xu X, O'Brien DR, Yang W, Nehorai A, Adair-Kirk TL, Kopan R, Dougherty JD. The anatomical distribution of genetic associations. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10804-20. [PMID: 26586807 PMCID: PMC4678833 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deeper understanding of the anatomical intermediaries for disease and other complex genetic traits is essential to understanding mechanisms and developing new interventions. Existing ontology tools provide functional, curated annotations for many genes and can be used to develop mechanistic hypotheses; yet information about the spatial expression of genes may be equally useful in interpreting results and forming novel hypotheses for a trait. Therefore, we developed an approach for statistically testing the relationship between gene expression across the body and sets of candidate genes from across the genome. We validated this tool and tested its utility on three applications. First, we show that the expression of genes in associated loci from GWA studies implicates specific tissues for 57 out of 98 traits. Second, we tested the ability of the tool to identify novel relationships between gene expression and phenotypes. Specifically, we experimentally confirmed an underappreciated prediction highlighted by our tool: that white blood cell count--a quantitative trait of the immune system--is genetically modulated by genes expressed in the skin. Finally, using gene lists derived from exome sequencing data, we show that human genes under selective constraint are disproportionately expressed in nervous system tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wells
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan Kopp
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- The Preston M. Green Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David R O'Brien
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arye Nehorai
- The Preston M. Green Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tracy L Adair-Kirk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - J D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kohli U, Diedrich A, Kannankeril PJ, Muszkat M, Sofowora GG, Hahn MK, English BA, Blakely RD, Stein CM, Kurnik D. Genetic variation in alpha2-adrenoreceptors and heart rate recovery after exercise. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:400-6. [PMID: 26058836 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. HRR is mediated by both parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal and is highly heritable. We examined whether common genetic variants in adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and transporters affect HRR. In our study 126 healthy subjects (66 Caucasians, 56 African Americans) performed an 8 min step-wise bicycle exercise test with continuous computerized ECG recordings. We fitted an exponential curve to the postexercise R-R intervals for each subject to calculate the recovery constant (kr) as primary outcome. Secondary outcome was the root mean square residuals averaged over 1 min (RMS1min), a marker of parasympathetic tone. We used multiple linear regressions to determine the effect of functional candidate genetic variants in autonomic pathways (6 ADRA2A, 1 ADRA2B, 4 ADRA2C, 2 ADRB1, 3 ADRB2, 2 NET, 2 CHT, and 1 GRK5) on the outcomes before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Recovery constant was lower (indicating slower HRR) in ADRA2B 301-303 deletion carriers (n = 54, P = 0.01), explaining 3.6% of the interindividual variability in HRR. ADRA2A Asn251Lys, ADRA2C rs13118771, and ADRB1 Ser49Gly genotypes were associated with RMS1min. Genetic variability in adrenergic receptors may be associated with HRR after exercise. However, most of the interindividual variability in HRR remained unexplained by the variants examined. Noncandidate gene-driven approaches to study genetic contributions to HRR in larger cohorts will be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Kohli
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - André Diedrich
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Engineering Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prince J Kannankeril
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mordechai Muszkat
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gbenga G Sofowora
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brett A English
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Parexel International Early Phase, Glendale, California; and
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C Michael Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel Kurnik
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Bruneau ML, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Larson KA, Ash GI, Pescatello LS. The blood pressure response to acute and chronic aerobic exercise: A meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:424-31. [PMID: 26122461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To meta-analyze candidate gene association studies on the change in blood pressure beyond the immediate post-exercise phase after versus before aerobic exercise. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search was conducted. Studies retrieved included acute (short-term or postexercise hypotension) or chronic (long-term or training) aerobic exercise interventions; and blood pressure measured before and after aerobic exercise training, or before and after exercise or control under ambulatory conditions by genotype. Effect sizes were determined for genotype and adjusted for sample features. RESULTS Qualifying studies (k=17, n=3524) on average included middle-aged, overweight men (44.2%) and women (55.8%) with prehypertension (134.9±11.7/78.6±9.5mmHg). Training interventions (k=12) were performed at 60.4±12.9% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 41.9±12.5minsession(-1), 3.6±1.2daysweek(-1) for 15.7±7.6week; and post-exercise hypotension interventions (k=5) were performed at 53.5±14.4% VO2max for 38.5±5.4minsession(-1). Sample characteristics explained 54.2-59.0% of the variability in the blood pressure change after versus before acute exercise or control under ambulatory conditions, and 57.4-67.1% of the variability in the blood pressure change after versus before training (p<0.001). Only angiotensinogen M235T (rs699) associated with the change in diastolic blood pressure after versus before training (R(2)=0.1%, p=0.05), but this association did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Sample characteristics explained most of the variability in the change of BP beyond the immediate post-exercise phase after versus before acute and chronic aerobic exercise. Angiotensinogen M235T (rs699) was the only genetic variant that associated with the change in diastolic blood pressure after versus before training, accounting for <1% of the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Bruneau
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
| | - Blair T Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Tania B Huedo-Medina
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Kara A Larson
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Garrett I Ash
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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21
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High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Med 2015; 44:1113-24. [PMID: 24807838 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The response to an exercise intervention is often described in general terms, with the assumption that the group average represents a typical response for most individuals. In reality, however, it is more common for individuals to show a wide range of responses to an intervention rather than a similar response. This phenomenon of 'high responders' and 'low responders' following a standardized training intervention may provide helpful insights into mechanisms of training adaptation and methods of training prescription. Therefore, the aim of this review was to discuss factors associated with inter-individual variation in response to standardized, endurance-type training. It is well-known that genetic influences make an important contribution to individual variation in certain training responses. The association between genotype and training response has often been supported using heritability estimates; however, recent studies have been able to link variation in some training responses to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms. It would appear that hereditary influences are often expressed through hereditary influences on the pre-training phenotype, with some parameters showing a hereditary influence in the pre-training phenotype but not in the subsequent training response. In most cases, the pre-training phenotype appears to predict only a small amount of variation in the subsequent training response of that phenotype. However, the relationship between pre-training autonomic activity and subsequent maximal oxygen uptake response appears to show relatively stronger predictive potential. Individual variation in response to standardized training that cannot be explained by genetic influences may be related to the characteristics of the training program or lifestyle factors. Although standardized programs usually involve training prescribed by relative intensity and duration, some methods of relative exercise intensity prescription may be more successful in creating an equivalent homeostatic stress between individuals than other methods. Individual variation in the homeostatic stress associated with each training session would result in individuals experiencing a different exercise 'stimulus' and contribute to individual variation in the adaptive responses incurred over the course of the training program. Furthermore, recovery between the sessions of a standardized training program may vary amongst individuals due to factors such as training status, sleep, psychological stress, and habitual physical activity. If there is an imbalance between overall stress and recovery, some individuals may develop fatigue and even maladaptation, contributing to variation in pre-post training responses. There is some evidence that training response can be modulated by the timing and composition of dietary intake, and hence nutritional factors could also potentially contribute to individual variation in training responses. Finally, a certain amount of individual variation in responses may also be attributed to measurement error, a factor that should be accounted for wherever possible in future studies. In conclusion, there are several factors that could contribute to individual variation in response to standardized training. However, more studies are required to help clarify and quantify the role of these factors. Future studies addressing such topics may aid in the early prediction of high or low training responses and provide further insight into the mechanisms of training adaptation.
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22
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Individual responses to completion of short-term and chronic interval training: a retrospective study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97638. [PMID: 24847797 PMCID: PMC4029621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), heart rate (HR), and fat oxidation occur in response to chronic endurance training. However, many studies report frequent incidence of “non-responders” who do not adapt to continuous moderate exercise. Whether this is the case in response to high intensity interval training (HIT), which elicits similar adaptations as endurance training, is unknown. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine individual responses to two paradigms of interval training. In the first study (study 1), twenty active men and women (age and baseline VO2max = 24.0±4.6 yr and 42.8±4.8 mL/kg/min) performed 6 d of sprint interval training (SIT) consisting of 4–6 Wingate tests per day, while in a separate study (study 2), 20 sedentary women (age and baseline VO2max = 23.7±6.2 yr and 30.0±4.9 mL/kg/min) performed 12 wk of high-volume HIT at workloads ranging from 60–90% maximal workload. Individual changes in VO2max, HR, and fat oxidation were examined in each study, and multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of training adaptations to SIT and HIT. Data showed high frequency of increased VO2max (95%) and attenuated exercise HR (85%) in response to HIT, and low frequency of response for VO2max (65%) and exercise HR (55%) via SIT. Frequency of improved fat oxidation was similar (60–65%) across regimens. Only one participant across both interventions showed non-response for all variables. Baseline values of VO2max, exercise HR, respiratory exchange ratio, and body fat were significant predictors of adaptations to interval training. Frequency of positive responses to interval training seems to be greater in response to prolonged, higher volume interval training compared to similar durations of endurance training.
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Hagberg JM, Loos RJF, Roth SM, Sarzynski MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2012. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:824-31. [PMID: 23470294 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828b28a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A small number of excellent articles on exercise genomics issues were published in 2012. A new PYGM knock-in mouse model will provide opportunities to investigate the exercise intolerance and very low activity level of people with McArdle disease. New reports on variants in ACTN3 and ACE have increased the level of uncertainty regarding their true role in skeletal muscle metabolism and strength traits. The evidence continues to accumulate on the positive effects of regular physical activity on body mass index or adiposity in individuals at risk of obesity as assessed by their FTO genotype or by the number of risk alleles they carry at multiple obesity-susceptibility loci. The serum levels of triglycerides and the risk of hypertriglyceridemia were shown to be influenced by the interactions between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the NOS3 gene and physical activity level. Allelic variation at nine SNPs was shown to account for the heritable component of the changes in submaximal exercise heart rate induced by the HERITAGE Family Study exercise program. SNPs at the RBPMS, YWHAQ, and CREB1 loci were found to be particularly strong predictors of the changes in submaximal exercise heart rate. The 2012 review ends with comments on the importance of relying more on experimental data, the urgency of identifying panels of genomic predictors of the response to regular exercise and particularly of adverse responses, and the exciting opportunities offered by recent advances in our understanding of the global architecture of the human genome as reported by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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24
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Minich DM, Bland JS. Personalized lifestyle medicine: relevance for nutrition and lifestyle recommendations. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:129841. [PMID: 23878520 PMCID: PMC3710624 DOI: 10.1155/2013/129841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health recommendations for lifestyle modification, including diet and physical activity, have been widely disseminated for the prevention and treatment of disease. These guidelines are intended for the overall population without significant consideration for the individual with respect to one's genes and environment. Personalized lifestyle medicine is a newly developed term that refers to an approach to medicine in which an individual's health metrics from point-of-care diagnostics are used to develop lifestyle medicine-oriented therapeutic strategies for improving individual health outcomes in managing chronic disease. Examples of the application of personalized lifestyle medicine to patient care include the identification of genetic variants through laboratory tests and/or functional biomarkers for the purpose of designing patient-specific prescriptions for diet, exercise, stress, and environment. Personalized lifestyle medicine can provide solutions to chronic health problems by harnessing innovative and evolving technologies based on recent discoveries in genomics, epigenetics, systems biology, life and behavioral sciences, and diagnostics and clinical medicine. A comprehensive, personalized approach to medicine is required to promote the safety of therapeutics and reduce the cost of chronic disease. Personalized lifestyle medicine may provide a novel means of addressing a patient's health by empowering them with information they need to regain control of their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Minich
- Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Institute, 800 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4100, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine the improvements in physiological outcomes, including exercise capacity, in women completing a 12-week gender-specific (tailored) compared with a traditional cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. METHODS A 2-group randomized clinical trial compared symptom limited graded exercise test (SL-GXT), lipid, and anthropometric parameters among 99 women completing a traditional 12-week CR program with 137 women completing a tailored CR program. RESULTS Compared with baseline, improvement in estimated peak metabolic equivalents (METs) was similar (P = .159) between the tailored (6.0 ± 2.7-7.6 ± 2.8) and the traditional CR programs (5.6 ± 2.3-7.1 ± 2.8). The amount of change in SL-GXT, anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, and peak treadmill time from baseline to post-CR were also similar between the 2 groups. Given comparable improvements of the 2 CR programs, in the full cohort, factors independently associated with post-CR METs, in rank order, included baseline METs (part correlation = 0.44, P < .001), perceived physical functioning (0.24, P < .001), waist circumference (-0.10, P = .006), and age (-0.11, P = .004). Factors independently associated with post-CR treadmill time included baseline treadmill time (part correlation = 0.42, P < .001), perceived physical functioning (0.30, P < .001), waist circumference (-0.12, P = .002), and age (-0.10, P 5.006). CONCLUSIONS Exercise capacity was significantly improved among women completing both CR programs. In the context of CR, modifiable factors positively associated with post-CR exercise capacity included reduced waist circumference and improved physical functioning. Future research on strategies for reducing abdominal obesity and improving perceived physical functioning and exercise capacity among women attending CR is warranted.
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26
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Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera WR. Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training. PM R 2013; 4:797-804. [PMID: 23174541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and fitness are associated with a lower prevalence of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and diabetes. This review discusses the body's response to an acute bout of exercise and long-term physiological adaptations to exercise training with an emphasis on endurance exercise. An overview is provided of skeletal muscle actions, muscle fiber types, and the major metabolic pathways involved in energy production. The importance of adequate fluid intake during exercise sessions to prevent impairments induced by dehydration on endurance exercise, muscular power, and strength is discussed. Physiological adaptations that result from regular exercise training such as increases in cardiorespiratory capacity and strength are mentioned. The review emphasizes the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations that lead to improvements in maximal oxygen capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Rivera-Brown
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Sports Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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27
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Genetic Influences on Physiological and Subjective Responses to an Aerobic Exercise Session among Sedentary Adults. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:540563. [PMID: 22899923 PMCID: PMC3414053 DOI: 10.1155/2012/540563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To determine whether genetic variants suggested by the literature to be associated with physiology and fitness phenotypes predicted differential physiological and subjective responses to a bout of aerobic exercise among inactive but otherwise healthy adults. Method. Participants completed a 30-minute submaximal aerobic exercise session. Measures of physiological and subjective responding were taken before, during, and after exercise. 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been previously associated with various exercise phenotypes were tested for associations with physiological and subjective response to exercise phenotypes. Results. We found that two SNPs in the FTO gene (rs8044769 and rs3751812) were related to positive affect change during exercise. Two SNPs in the CREB1 gene (rs2253206 and 2360969) were related to change in temperature during exercise and with maximal oxygen capacity (VO(2) max). The SLIT2 SNP rs1379659 and the FAM5C SNP rs1935881 were associated with norepinephrine change during exercise. Finally, the OPRM1 SNP rs1799971 was related to changes in norepinephrine, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise. Conclusion. Genetic factors influence both physiological and subjective responses to exercise. A better understanding of genetic factors underlying physiological and subjective responses to aerobic exercise has implications for development and potential tailoring of exercise interventions.
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Bouchard C, Blair SN, Church TS, Earnest CP, Hagberg JM, Häkkinen K, Jenkins NT, Karavirta L, Kraus WE, Leon AS, Rao DC, Sarzynski MA, Skinner JS, Slentz CA, Rankinen T. Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence? PLoS One 2012; 7:e37887. [PMID: 22666405 PMCID: PMC3364277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals differ in the response to regular exercise. Whether there are people who experience adverse changes in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors has never been addressed. Methodology/Principal Findings An adverse response is defined as an exercise-induced change that worsens a risk factor beyond measurement error and expected day-to-day variation. Sixty subjects were measured three times over a period of three weeks, and variation in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and in fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and insulin (FI) was quantified. The technical error (TE) defined as the within-subject standard deviation derived from these measurements was computed. An adverse response for a given risk factor was defined as a change that was at least two TEs away from no change but in an adverse direction. Thus an adverse response was recorded if an increase reached 10 mm Hg or more for SBP, 0.42 mmol/L or more for TG, or 24 pmol/L or more for FI or if a decrease reached 0.12 mmol/L or more for HDL-C. Completers from six exercise studies were used in the present analysis: Whites (N = 473) and Blacks (N = 250) from the HERITAGE Family Study; Whites and Blacks from DREW (N = 326), from INFLAME (N = 70), and from STRRIDE (N = 303); and Whites from a University of Maryland cohort (N = 160) and from a University of Jyvaskyla study (N = 105), for a total of 1,687 men and women. Using the above definitions, 126 subjects (8.4%) had an adverse change in FI. Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C. About 7% of participants experienced adverse responses in two or more risk factors. Conclusions/Significance Adverse responses to regular exercise in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors occur. Identifying the predictors of such unwarranted responses and how to prevent them will provide the foundation for personalized exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that genotype-by-physical activity interactions on various health-related outcomes do exist. Observational studies have shown that relationships between DNA sequence variants and risk factors are significantly different between sedentary and physically active individuals, while exercise intervention studies have demonstrated that genetic variation contributes significantly to interindividual variation in responsiveness to exercise training. The knowledge base on gene-activity interactions will grow considerably within a few years when large observational genome-wide association study (GWAS) consortia will report their findings. Progress with exercise intervention studies will be slower because of resource requirements. However, such studies are desperately needed to fully understand the genetics as well as the exercise biology of complex traits and to confirm the gene-exercise interactions derived from observational studies. Furthermore, development of personalized exercise medicine applications will be difficult or even impossible without a proper understanding of gene-exercise interactions.
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