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Heldmann M, Spitta G, Wagner-Altendorf T, Münte TF. Threatening an Illusory Limb: An Event-related Potential Study of the Rubber Hand Illusion. Cogn Behav Neurol 2024; 37:99-106. [PMID: 39056214 PMCID: PMC11356691 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a well-established method for studying body ownership: Given adequate concordance of visual, sensory, and proprioceptive stimuli, the individual experiences a rubber hand as his or her own. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of a threat to the rubber hand. METHODS We created a typical RHI paradigm but added threatening pain: Both the real hand of an individual and the rubber hand were stroked with a brush, either synchronously (RHI-inducing condition) or asynchronously (control condition), but only the rubber hand was then pricked with a needle to create a threatening pain condition. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a group of 23 typically-developed individuals. ERP effects were source-localized using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. RESULTS The individuals consistently reported experience of the RHI during the experiment when the brush strokes were applied synchronously to both the real hand and the rubber hand. ERP analysis revealed that synchronous brush stroking gave rise to higher amplitude of frontal ERPs in the 100-200 ms range than asynchronous brush stroking, which was interpreted as reflecting the RHI. In the threatening pain condition, ERPs showed a greater positivity at frontocentral electrodes, source localized in the supplementary motor area (SMA). CONCLUSION SMA activation could reflect a control mechanism over reflexive motor activity, facilitating a possible threat-related response. Further studies should address ERP effects and the extent of the RHI to standard and threat stimuli in a correlative fashion to further elucidate the functional significance of the neurophysiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gregor Spitta
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Wagner-Altendorf
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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2
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Dong WK. Modulation of multisensory nociceptive neurons in monkey cortical area 7b and behavioral correlates. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:544-569. [PMID: 38985936 PMCID: PMC11427044 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00377.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wide-range thermoreceptive neurons (WRT-EN) in monkey cortical area 7b that encoded innocuous and nocuous cutaneous thermal and threatening visuosensory stimulation with high fidelity were studied to identify their multisensory integrative response properties. Emphasis was given to characterizing the spatial and temporal effects of threatening visuosensory input on the thermal stimulus-response properties of these multisensory nociceptive neurons. Threatening visuosensory stimulation was most efficacious in modulating thermal evoked responses when presented as a downward ("looming"), spatially congruent, approaching and closely proximal target in relation to the somatosensory receptive field. Both temporal alignment and misalignment of spatially aligned threatening visual and thermal stimulation significantly increased mean discharge frequencies above those evoked by thermal stimulation alone, particularly at near noxious (43°C) and mildly noxious (45°C) temperatures. The enhanced multisensory discharge frequencies were equivalent to the discharge frequency evoked by overtly noxious thermal stimulation alone at 47°C (monkey pain tolerance threshold). A significant increase in behavioral mean escape frequency with shorter escape latency was evoked by multisensory stimulation at near noxious temperature (43°C), which was equivalent to that evoked by noxious stimulation alone (47°C). The remarkable concordance of elevating both neural discharge and escape frequency from a nonnociceptive and prepain level by near noxious thermal stimulation to a nociceptive and pain level by multisensory visual and near noxious thermal stimulation and integration is an elegantly designed defensive neural mechanism that in effect lowers both nociceptive response and pain thresholds to preemptively engage nocifensive behavior and, consequently, avert impending and actual injurious noxious thermal stimulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Multisensory nociceptive neurons in cortical area 7b are engaged in integration of threatening visuosensory and a wide range of innocuous and nocuous somatosensory (thermoreceptive) inputs. The enhancement of neuronal activity and escape behavior in monkey by multisensory integration is consistent and supportive of human psychophysical studies. The spatial features of visuosensory stimulation in peripersonal space in relation to somatic stimulation in personal space are critical to multisensory integration, nociception, nocifensive behavior, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie K Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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3
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Carpio A, Dreher JC, Ferrera D, Galán D, Mercado F, Obeso I. Causal computations of supplementary motor area on spatial impulsivity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17040. [PMID: 39048603 PMCID: PMC11269645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial proximity to important stimuli often induces impulsive behaviour. How we overcome impulsive tendencies is what determines behaviour to be adaptive. Here, we used virtual reality to investigate whether the spatial proximity of stimuli is causally related to the supplementary motor area (SMA) functions. In two experiments, we set out to investigate these processes using a virtual environment that recreates close and distant spaces to test the causal contributions of the SMA in spatial impulsivity. In an online first experiment (N = 93) we validated and measured the influence of distant stimuli using a go/no-go task with close (21 cm) or distant stimuli (360 cm). In experiment 2 (N = 28), we applied transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) over the SMA (double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled design) to test its computations in controlling impulsive tendencies towards close vs distant stimuli. Reaction times and error rates (omission and commission) were analysed. In addition, the EZ Model parameters (a, v, Ter and MDT) were computed. Close stimuli elicited faster responses compared to distant stimuli but also exhibited higher error rates, specifically in commission errors (experiment 1). Real stimulation over SMA slowed response latencies (experiment 2), an effect mediated by an increase in decision thresholds (a). Current findings suggest that impulsivity might be modulated by spatial proximity, resulting in accelerated actions that may lead to an increase of inaccurate responses to nearby objects. Our study also provides a first starting point on the role of the SMA in regulating spatial impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Carpio
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Av. Atenas S/N, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-Making Team, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut Des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France
| | - David Ferrera
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Av. Atenas S/N, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Galán
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Av. Atenas S/N, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mercado
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Av. Atenas S/N, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Obeso
- HM Hospitales - Centro Integral de Neurociencias HM CINAC, HM Hospitales Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
- CINC-CSIC, Avda Leon S/N, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Basile GA, Tatti E, Bertino S, Milardi D, Genovese G, Bruno A, Muscatello MRA, Ciurleo R, Cerasa A, Quartarone A, Cacciola A. Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1047-1072. [PMID: 38683211 PMCID: PMC11147881 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS) is a construct referring to the portion of space immediately surrounding our bodies, where most of the interactions between the subject and the environment, including other individuals, take place. Decades of animal and human neuroscience research have revealed that the brain holds a separate representation of this region of space: this distinct spatial representation has evolved to ensure proper relevance to stimuli that are close to the body and prompt an appropriate behavioral response. The neural underpinnings of such construct have been thoroughly investigated by different generations of studies involving anatomical and electrophysiological investigations in animal models, and, recently, neuroimaging experiments in human subjects. Here, we provide a comprehensive anatomical overview of the anatomical circuitry underlying PPS representation in the human brain. Gathering evidence from multiple areas of research, we identified cortical and subcortical regions that are involved in specific aspects of PPS encoding.We show how these regions are part of segregated, yet integrated functional networks within the brain, which are in turn involved in higher-order integration of information. This wide-scale circuitry accounts for the relevance of PPS encoding in multiple brain functions, including not only motor planning and visuospatial attention but also emotional and social cognitive aspects. A complete characterization of these circuits may clarify the derangements of PPS representation observed in different neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpaolo Antonio Basile
- Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Elisa Tatti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Salvatore Bertino
- Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Bruno
- Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello
- Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Cerasa
- S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, Messina, Italy
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Cacciola
- Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Fang W, Liu Y, Wang L. Multisensory Integration in Body Representation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1437:77-89. [PMID: 38270854 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7611-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To be aware of and to move one's body, the brain must maintain a coherent representation of the body. While the body and the brain are connected by dense ascending and descending sensory and motor pathways, representation of the body is not hardwired. This is demonstrated by the well-known rubber hand illusion in which a visible fake hand is erroneously felt as one's own hand when it is stroked in synchrony with the viewer's unseen actual hand. Thus, body representation in the brain is not mere maps of tactile and proprioceptive inputs, but a construct resulting from the interpretation and integration of inputs across sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Portugal LCL, Ramos TC, Fernandes O, Bastos AF, Campos B, Mendlowicz MV, da Luz M, Portella C, Berger W, Volchan E, David IA, Erthal F, Pereira MG, de Oliveira L. Machine learning applied to fMRI patterns of brain activation in response to mutilation pictures predicts PTSD symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:719. [PMID: 37798693 PMCID: PMC10552290 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to apply multivariate pattern recognition methods to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms from whole-brain activation patterns during two contexts where the aversiveness of unpleasant pictures was manipulated by the presence or absence of safety cues. METHODS Trauma-exposed participants were presented with neutral and mutilation pictures during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) collection. Before the presentation of pictures, a text informed the subjects that the pictures were fictitious ("safe context") or real-life scenes ("real context"). We trained machine learning regression models (Gaussian process regression (GPR)) to predict PTSD symptoms in real and safe contexts. RESULTS The GPR model could predict PTSD symptoms from brain responses to mutilation pictures in the real context but not in the safe context. The brain regions with the highest contribution to the model were the occipito-parietal regions, including the superior parietal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. Additional analysis showed that GPR regression models accurately predicted clusters of PTSD symptoms, nominal intrusion, avoidance, and alterations in cognition. As expected, we obtained very similar results as those obtained in a model predicting PTSD total symptoms. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that machine learning applied to fMRI data collected in an aversive context can predict not only PTSD total symptoms but also clusters of PTSD symptoms in a more aversive context. Furthermore, this approach was able to identify potential biomarkers for PTSD, especially in occipitoparietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Catarina Lima Portugal
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, Biomedical Center, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 87 - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Taiane Coelho Ramos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
- Mídiacom Lab, Institute of Computing, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza, s/n, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-310, Brazil
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Aline Furtado Bastos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 373 - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruna Campos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 373 - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mauro Vitor Mendlowicz
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Luz
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Carla Portella
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - William Berger
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 373 - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Isabel Antunes David
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Fátima Erthal
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 373 - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Linpes, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Mirtes Garcia Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, R. Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
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Guo Y, Wu H, Dong D, Zhou F, Li Z, Zhao L, Long Z. Stress and the brain: Emotional support mediates the association between myelination in the right supramarginal gyrus and perceived chronic stress. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 22:100511. [PMID: 36632310 PMCID: PMC9826980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived stress, which refers to people's evaluation of a stressful event and their ability to cope with it, has emerged as a stable predictor for physical and mental health outcomes. Increasing evidence has suggested the buffering effect of social support on perceived stress. Although previous studies have investigated the brain structural features (e.g., gray matter volume) associated with perceived stress, less is known about the association between perceived chronic stress and intra-cortical myelin (ICM), which is an important microstructure of brain and is essential for healthy brain functions, and the role of social support in this association. Using a sample of 1076 healthy young adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project, we quantified the ICMby the contrast of T1w and T2w images and examined its association with perceived chronic stress during the last month and social support. Behavioral results showed that perceived chronic stress was negatively associated with both emotional support and instrumental support. Vertex-wise multiple regression analyses revealed that higher level of perceived chronic stress was significantly associated with lower ICM content of a cluster in the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG). Interestingly, the emotional support, but not the instrumental support, significantly mediated the association of perceived chronic stress with ICM in the rSMG. Overall, the present study provides novel evidence for the cortical myelination of perceived chronic stress in humans and highlights the essential role of the rSMG in perceived chronic stress and emotional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Guo
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China,School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China,Corresponding author. School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2, Chongwen Road, Nanan District, China.
| | - Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Debo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhiliang Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Beyond fear: Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder fail to engage in safety cues. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing of sensorimotor cognition during awake surgery in pre-central and post-somatosensory areas. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e599-e610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Borst AW, de Gelder B. Threat Detection in Nearby Space Mobilizes Human Ventral Premotor Cortex, Intraparietal Sulcus, and Amygdala. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030391. [PMID: 35326349 PMCID: PMC8946485 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the monkey brain, the precentral gyrus and ventral intraparietal area are two interconnected brain regions that form a system for detecting and responding to events in nearby “peripersonal” space (PPS), with threat detection as one of its major functions. Behavioral studies point toward a similar defensive function of PPS in humans. Here, our aim was to find support for this hypothesis by investigating if homolog regions in the human brain respond more strongly to approaching threatening stimuli. During fMRI scanning, naturalistic social stimuli were presented in a 3D virtual environment. Our results showed that the ventral premotor cortex and intraparietal sulcus responded more strongly to threatening stimuli entering PPS. Moreover, we found evidence for the involvement of the amygdala and anterior insula in processing threats. We propose that the defensive function of PPS may be supported by a subcortical circuit that sends information about the relevance of the stimulus to the premotor cortex and intraparietal sulcus, where action preparation is facilitated when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline W. de Borst
- Department of Biological and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement, Hamburg University, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- UCL Interaction Centre, University College London, 66-72 Gower St., London WC1E 6EA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Gleichgerrcht E, Roth R, Fridriksson J, den Ouden D, Delgaizo J, Stark B, Hickok G, Rorden C, Wilmskoetter J, Hillis A, Bonilha L. Neural bases of elements of syntax during speech production in patients with aphasia. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 222:105025. [PMID: 34555689 PMCID: PMC8546356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to string together words into a structured arrangement capable of conveying nuanced information is key to speech production. The assessment of the neural bases for structuring sentences has been challenged by the need of experts to delineate the aberrant morphosyntactic structures in aphasic speech. Most studies have relied on focused tasks with limited ecological validity. We characterized syntactic complexity during connected speech produced by patients with chronic post-stroke aphasia. We automated this process by employing Natural Language Processing (NLP). We conducted voxel-based and connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping to identify brain regions crucially associated with sentence production and syntactic complexity. Posterior-inferior aspects of left frontal and parietal lobes, as well as white matter tracts connecting these areas, were essential for syntactic complexity, particularly the posterior inferior frontal gyrus. These findings suggest that sentence structuring during word production depends on the integrity of Broca's area and the dorsal stream of language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Roth
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dirk den Ouden
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - John Delgaizo
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brielle Stark
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gregory Hickok
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chris Rorden
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Janina Wilmskoetter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Argye Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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12
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Indovina I, Passamonti L, Mucci V, Chiarella G, Lacquaniti F, Staab JP. Brain Correlates of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness: A Review of Neuroimaging Studies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4274. [PMID: 34575385 PMCID: PMC8468644 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), defined in 2017, is a vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness that is exacerbated by upright posture and exposure to complex visual stimuli. This review focused on recent neuroimaging studies that explored the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PPPD and three conditions that predated it. The emerging picture is that local activity and functional connectivity in multimodal vestibular cortical areas are decreased in PPPD, which is potentially related to structural abnormalities (e.g., reductions in cortical folding and grey-matter volume). Additionally, connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, which regulates attentional and emotional responses, and primary visual and motor regions appears to be increased in PPPD. These results complement physiological and psychological data identifying hypervigilant postural control and visual dependence in patients with PPPD, supporting the hypothesis that PPPD arises from shifts in interactions among visuo-vestibular, sensorimotor, and emotional networks that overweigh visual over vestibular inputs and increase the effects of anxiety-related mechanisms on locomotor control and spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Indovina
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
- Institute of Bioimaging & Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, 20054 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Mucci
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Chiarella
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
- Department of Systems Medicine and Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey P. Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Neural and behavioral correlates of human pain avoidance in participants with and without episodic migraine. Pain 2021; 163:1023-1034. [PMID: 34510134 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The innate motivation to avoid pain can be disrupted when individuals experience uncontrollable stress, such as pain. This can lead to maladaptive behaviors, including passivity, and negative affect. Despite its importance, motivational aspects of pain avoidance are understudied in humans and their neural mechanisms vastly unknown. Rodent models suggest an important role of the periaqueductal gray, but it is unknown whether it subserves a similar role in humans. Furthermore, it is unclear whether pain avoidance is associated with individual differences in pain coping. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, networks underlying pain avoidance behavior were examined in 32 participants with and without episodic migraine. Pain avoidance behavior was assessed using an adaptation of the incentive delay task. In each trial of the task, participants tried to avoid a painful stimulus and receive a nonpainful one instead while the difficulty to succeed varied across trials (3 difficulty levels: safe, easy, and difficult). After unsuccessful pain avoidance on the preceding trial, participants showed reduced pain avoidance behavior, especially in the difficult condition. This reduction in behavior was associated with higher helplessness scores only in participants with migraine. Higher helplessness in participants with migraine was further correlated with a stronger decrease in activation of cortical areas associated with motor behavior, attention, and memory after unsuccessful pain avoidance. Of these areas, specifically posterior parietal cortex activation predicted individual's pain avoidance behavior on the next trial. The results link individual pain coping capacity to patterns of neural activation associated with altered pain avoidance in patients with migraine.
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14
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Abstract
Action videogames have been shown to induce modifications in perceptual and cognitive systems, as well as in brain structure and function. Nevertheless, whether such changes are correlated with brain functional connectivity modifications outlasting the training period is not known. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used in order to quantify acute and long-lasting connectivity changes following a sustained gaming experience on a first-person shooter (FPS) game. Thirty-five healthy participants were assigned to either a gaming or a control group prior to the acquisition of resting state fMRI data and a comprehensive cognitive assessment at baseline (T0), post-gaming (T1) and at a 3 months' follow-up (T2). Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analysis revealed a significant greater connectivity between left thalamus and left parahippocampal gyrus in the gamer group, both at T1 and at T2. Furthermore, a positive increase in the rs-FC between the cerebellum, Heschl's gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus paralleled improvements of in-gaming performance. In addition, baseline rs-FC of left supramarginal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus and right cerebellum were associated with individual changes in videogame performance. Finally, enhancement of perceptual and attentional measures was observed at both T1 and T2, which correlated with a pattern of rs-FC changes in bilateral occipito-temporal regions belonging to the visual and attention fMRI networks. The present findings increase knowledge on functional connectivity changes induced by action videogames, pointing to a greater and long-lasting synchronization between brain regions associated with spatial orientation, visual discrimination and motor learning even after a relatively short multi-day gaming exposure.
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15
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Pamplona GSP, Salgado JAD, Staempfli P, Seifritz E, Gassert R, Ionta S. Illusory Body Ownership Affects the Cortical Response to Vicarious Somatosensation. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:312-328. [PMID: 34240141 PMCID: PMC8754387 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental human feelings such as body ownership (“this” body is “my” body) and vicariousness (first-person-like experience of events occurring to others) are based on multisensory integration. Behavioral links between body ownership and vicariousness have been shown, but the neural underpinnings remain largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we investigated the neural effects of altered body ownership on vicarious somatosensation. While recording functional brain imaging data, first, we altered participants’ body ownership by robotically delivering tactile stimulations (“tactile” stroking) in synchrony or not with videos of a virtual hand being brushed (“visual” stroking). Then, we manipulated vicarious somatosensation by showing videos of the virtual hand being touched by a syringe’s plunger (touch) or needle (pain). Only after the alteration of body ownership (synchronous visuo-tactile stroking) and specifically during late epochs of vicarious somatosensation, vicarious pain was associated with lower activation in premotor and anterior cingulate cortices with respect to vicarious touch. At the methodological level, the present study highlights the importance of the neural response’s temporal evolution. At the theoretical level, it shows that the higher-level (cognitive) impact of a lower-level (sensory) body-related processing (visuo-tactile) is not limited to body ownership but also extends to other psychological body-related domains, such as vicarious somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S P Pamplona
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology-University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julio A D Salgado
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Staempfli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Gassert
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Ionta
- Address correspondence to Silvio Ionta, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Av. de France 15, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Increasing self-other bodily overlap increases sensorimotor resonance to others' pain. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 20:19-33. [PMID: 31190136 PMCID: PMC7012796 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Empathy for another person’s pain and feeling pain oneself seem to be accompanied by similar or shared neural responses. Such shared responses could be achieved by mapping the bodily states of others onto our own bodily representations. We investigated whether sensorimotor neural responses to the pain of others are increased when experimentally reducing perceived bodily distinction between the self and the other. Healthy adult participants watched video clips of the hands of ethnic ingroup or outgroup members being painfully penetrated by a needle syringe or touched by a cotton swab. Manipulating the video presentation to create a visuospatial overlap between the observer’s and the target’s hand increased the perceived bodily self-attribution of the target’s hand. For both ingroup and outgroup targets, this resulted in increased neural responses to the painful injections (compared with nonpainful contacts), as indexed by desynchronizations of central mu and beta scalp rhythms recorded using electroencephalography. Furthermore, these empathy-related neural activations were stronger in participants who reported stronger bodily self-attribution of the other person’s hand. Our findings provide further evidence that empathy for pain engages sensorimotor resonance mechanisms. They also indicate that reducing bodily self-other distinction may increase such resonance for ingroup as well as outgroup targets.
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17
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Remote hand: Hand-centered peripersonal space transfers to a disconnected hand avatar. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:3250-3258. [PMID: 33977406 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The space surrounding our body is called peripersonal space (PPS). It has been reported that visuo-tactile facilitation occurs more strongly within PPS than outside PPS. Furthermore, previous research has revealed several methods by which PPS can be extended. The present study provides the first behavioral evidence of the transfer of PPS in a virtual environment by a novel technique. PPS representation was investigated using a remote-controlled hand avatar presented far from the body in a virtual environment. Participants showed strongest visuo-tactile facilitation at the far space around the remote hand and no facilitation at the near space around the real hand, suggesting that PPS transfers from near the body to the space around the hand avatar. The present results extend previous findings of the plasticity of PPS and demonstrate flexibility of PPS representation beyond the physical and anatomical limits of body representation.
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18
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Alahmadi AAS. Investigating the sub-regions of the superior parietal cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:47. [PMID: 33847819 PMCID: PMC8044280 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-00993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Traditionally, the superior parietal lobule (SPL) is usually investigated as one region of interest, particularly in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. However, cytoarchitectonic analysis has shown that the SPL has a complex, heterogeneous topology that comprises more than seven sub-regions. Since previous studies have shown how the SPL is significantly involved in different neurological functions—such as visuomotor, cognitive, sensory, higher order, working memory and attention—this study aims to investigate whether these cytoarchitecturally different sub-regions have different functional connectivity to different functional brain networks. Methods This study examined 198 healthy subjects using resting-state fMRI and investigated the functional connectivity of seven sub-regions of the SPL to eight regional functional networks. Results The findings showed that most of the seven sub-regions were functionally connected to these targeted networks and that there are differences between these sub-regions and their functional connectivity patterns. The most consistent functional connectivity was observed with the visual and attention networks. There were also clear functional differences between Brodmann area (BA) 5 and BA7. BA5, with its three sub-regions, had strong functional connectivity to both the sensorimotor and salience networks. Conclusion These findings have enhanced our understanding of the functional organisations of the complexity of the SPL and its varied topology and also provide clear evidence of the functional patterns and involvements of the SPL in major brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Garofalo G, Marino BFM, Bellelli S, Riggio L. Adjectives Modulate Sensorimotor Activation Driven by Nouns. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12953. [PMID: 33755244 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We performed three experiments to investigate whether adjectives can modulate the sensorimotor activation elicited by nouns. In Experiment 1, nouns of graspable objects were used as stimuli. Participants had to decide if each noun referred to a natural or artifact, by performing either a precision or a power reach-to-grasp movement. Response grasp could be compatible or incompatible with the grasp typically used to manipulate the objects to which the nouns referred. The results revealed faster reaction times (RTs) in compatible than in incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, the nouns were combined with adjectives expressing either disadvantageous information about object graspability (e.g., sharp) or information about object color (e.g., reddish). No difference in RTs between compatible and incompatible conditions was found when disadvantageous adjectives were used. Conversely, a compatibility effect occurred when color adjectives were combined with nouns referring to natural objects. Finally, in Experiment 3 the nouns were combined with adjectives expressing tactile or shape proprieties of the objects (e.g., long or smooth). Results revealed faster RTs in compatible than in incompatible condition for both noun categories. Taken together, our findings suggest that adjectives can shape the sensorimotor activation elicited by nouns of graspable objects, highlighting that language simulation goes beyond the single-word level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Garofalo
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
| | | | | | - Lucia Riggio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
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20
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Coello Y, Cartaud A. The Interrelation Between Peripersonal Action Space and Interpersonal Social Space: Psychophysiological Evidence and Clinical Implications. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:636124. [PMID: 33732124 PMCID: PMC7959827 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.636124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripersonal space is an adaptive and flexible interface between the body and the environment that fulfills a dual-motor function: preparing the body for voluntary object-oriented actions to interact with incentive stimuli and preparing the body for defensive responses when facing potentially harmful stimuli. In this position article, we provide arguments for the sensorimotor rooting of the peripersonal space representation and highlight the variables that contribute to its flexible and adaptive characteristics. We also demonstrate that peripersonal space represents a mediation zone between the body and the environment contributing to not only the control of goal-directed actions but also the organization of social life. The whole of the data presented and discussed led us to the proposal of a new theoretical framework linking the peripersonal action space and the interpersonal social space and we highlight how this theoretical framework can account for social behaviors in populations with socio-emotional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Coello
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Lille, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Alice Cartaud
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Lille, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
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21
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Pereira ES, Krause Neto W, Calefi AS, Georgetti M, Guerreiro L, Zocoler CAS, Gama EF. EFFECT OF EXTREME CONDITIONING TRAINING ON BODY PERCEPTION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Extreme conditioning training (ECT) has become a popular method, characterized by a wide variety of exercises. For good technical performance, practitioners must have good perception of the different parts of the body; however, it is not known whether this perception differs between practitioners and non-practitioners of ECT. Objective To analyze the perception of body dimensions among subjects submitted to an ECT session. Methods Adult men were divided into TRAINED (n = 10) and UNTRAINED (n = 10). All subjects were submitted to a combination of high-effort multiarticular exercises for a set period of nine minutes (“the largest possible number of repetitions” [AMRAP]). For the procedure of marking the body pattern, the subjects were scored in terms of acromioclavicular joints, waist and trochanter. Results Regarding the general perception of body size, the TRAINED and UNTRAINED groups were classified as adequate for each stage. In the dimension of body segments, there was an overestimation of the shoulder region in both groups (TRAINED Pre = 105.2 ± 8.37; Post = 117.23 ± 22.11 [ES = 0.79]; 30 min = 101.34 ± 14.21 [ES = 0.34] and UNTRAINED Pre = 96.72 ± 12.79; Post = 99.47 ± 12.17 [ES = 0.22]; 30 min = 111.05 ± 11.06 [ES = 1.27]). The perception of the waist region improved significantly after training (TRAINED Pre = 114.11 ± 16.4; Post = 117.7 ± 20.16 [ES = 0.20]; 30 min = 104.59 ± 11.46 [ES = 0.68] and UNTRAINED Pre = 114.66 ± 9.88; Post = 104.64 ± 12.87; [ES = 0.88]; 30 min = 108.36 ± 12.32 [ES = 0.57]). Conclusion ECT can promote better perception of body dimensions. In addition, the assessment of body size in active, but untrained individuals showed a better body perception, albeit a transitory effect. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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First-Person Virtual Embodiment Modulates the Cortical Network that Encodes the Bodily Self and Its Surrounding Space during the Experience of Domestic Violence. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0263-19.2019. [PMID: 32312823 PMCID: PMC7240289 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0263-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social aggression, such as domestic violence, has been associated with a reduced ability to take on others’ perspectives. In this naturalistic imaging study, we investigated whether training human participants to take on a first-person embodied perspective during the experience of domestic violence enhances the identification with the victim and elicits brain activity associated with the monitoring of the body and surrounding space and the experience of threat. We combined fMRI measurements with preceding virtual reality exposure from either first-person perspective (1PP) or third-person perspective (3PP) to manipulate whether the domestic abuse stimulus was perceived as directed to oneself or another. We found that 1PP exposure increased body ownership and identification with the virtual victim. Furthermore, when the stimulus was perceived as directed toward oneself, the brain network that encodes the bodily self and its surrounding space was more strongly synchronized across participants and connectivity increased from premotor cortex (PM) and intraparietal sulcus towards superior parietal lobe. Additionally, when the stimulus came near the body, brain activity in the amygdala (AMG) strongly synchronized across participants. Exposure to 3PP reduced synchronization of brain activity in the personal space network, increased modulation of visual areas and strengthened functional connectivity between PM, supramarginal gyrus and primary visual cortex. In conclusion, our results suggest that 1PP embodiment training enhances experience from the viewpoint of the virtual victim, which is accompanied by synchronization in the fronto-parietal network to predict actions toward the body and in the AMG to signal the proximity of the stimulus.
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23
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Son JE, Choi H, Lim H, Ku J. Development of a flickering action video based steady state visual evoked potential triggered brain computer interface-functional electrical stimulation for a rehabilitative action observation game. Technol Health Care 2020; 28:509-519. [PMID: 32364183 PMCID: PMC7369077 DOI: 10.3233/thc-209051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study focused on developing an upper limb rehabilitation program. In this regard, a steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) triggered brain computer interface (BCI)-functional electrical stimulation (FES) based action observation game featuring a flickering action video was designed. OBJECTIVE: In particular, the synergetic effect of the game was investigated by combining the action observation paradigm with BCI based FES. METHODS: The BCI-FES system was contrasted under two conditions: with flickering action video and flickering noise video. In this regard, 11 right-handed subjects aged between 22–27 years were recruited. The differences in brain activation in response to the two conditions were examined. RESULTS: The results indicate that T3 and P3 channels exhibited greater Mu suppression in 8–13 Hz for the action video than the noise video. Furthermore, T4, C4, and P4 channels indicated augmented high beta (21–30 Hz) for the action in contrast to the noise video. Finally, T4 indicated suppressed low beta (14–20 Hz) for the action video in contrast to the noise video. CONCLUSION: The flickering action video based BCI-FES system induced a more synergetic effect on cortical activation than the flickering noise based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Son
- Department of Bioscience, College of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Bioscience, College of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyoseon Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Bioscience, College of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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Nechifor RE, Ciobanu D, Vonica CL, Popita C, Roman G, Bala C, Mocan A, Inceu G, Craciun A, Rusu A. Social jetlag and sleep deprivation are associated with altered activity in the reward-related brain areas: an exploratory resting-state fMRI study. Sleep Med 2020; 72:12-19. [PMID: 32540632 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to assess the effect of social jetlag (SJL) and its interaction with partial sleep deprivation on resting-state brain activity using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) during free-living conditions. METHODS A total of 28 normal weight healthy subjects were enrolled in four study groups (with SJL [with sleep deprivation and without sleep deprivation] and without SJL [with sleep deprivation and without sleep deprivation]), matched 1:1:1:1 for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were collected with SIEMENS 3T scanner while subjects were in a fasting state. RESULTS Participants with SJL had significantly higher fALFF values in right lingual gyrus and right putamen and significantly lower fALFF values in left and right inferior parietal lobe in comparison with participants without SJL and without sleep deprivation. Subjects with sleep deprivation had significantly higher fALFF in the thalamus and left superior frontal gyrus. In those with both SJL and sleep deprivation, we observed higher fALFF values in right Brodmann Area (BA)18 and lower values in left and right parietal inferior lobe. Subjects with SJL alone had significantly lower fALFF values in left frontal mid gyrus (BA6) than those with sleep deprivation alone. CONCLUSIONS SJL was associated with altered resting-state brain activity in regions that have been shown to be involved in hedonic feeding. The effect of SJL was independent of effects induced by short sleep duration. These alterations might represent the substrate for the increased risk of obesity observed in those with SJL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Emanuel Nechifor
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Ciobanu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Camelia Larisa Vonica
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Popita
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Gabriela Roman
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Bala
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreia Mocan
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georgeta Inceu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Craciun
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Rusu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Calabrò RS, Chillura A, Billeri L, Cannavò A, Buda A, Molonia F, Manuli A, Bramanti P, Naro A. Peri-Personal Space Tracing by Hand-Blink Reflex Modulation in Patients with Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1712. [PMID: 32015445 PMCID: PMC6997168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of awareness in patients with chronic Disorders of Consciousness (DoC), including Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) and Minimally Conscious State (MCS), is challenging. The level of awareness impairment may depend on the degree of deterioration of the large-scale cortical-thalamo-cortical networks induced by brain injury. Electrophysiological approaches may shed light on awareness presence in patients with DoC by estimating cortical functions related to the cortical-thalamo-cortical networks including, for example, the cortico-subcortical processes generating motor responses to the perturbation of the peri-personal space (PPS). We measured the amplitude, latency, and duration of the hand-blink reflex (HBR) responses by recording electromyography (EMG) signals from both the orbicularis oculi muscles while electrically stimulating the median nerve at the wrist. Such a BR is thought to be mediated by a neural circuit at the brainstem level. Despite its defensive-response nature, HBR can be modulated by the distance between the stimulated hand and the face. This suggests a functional top-down control of HBR as reflected by HBR features changes (latency, amplitude, and magnitude). We therefore estimated HBR responses in a sample of patients with DoC (8 MCS and 12 UWS, compared to 15 healthy controls -HC) while performing a motor task targeting the PPS. This consisted of passive movements in which the hand of the subject was positioned at different distances from the participant's face. We aimed at demonstrating a residual top-down modulation of HBR properties, which could be useful to differentiate patients with DoC and, potentially, demonstrate awareness preservation. We found a decrease in latency, and an increase in duration and magnitude of HBR responses, which were all inversely related to the hand-to-face distance in HC and patients with MCS, but not in individuals with UWS. Our data suggest that only patients with MCS have preserved, residual, top-down modulation of the processes related to the PPS from higher-order cortical areas to sensory-motor integration network. Although the sample size was relatively small, being thus our data preliminary, HBR assessment seems a rapid, easy, and first-level tool to differentiate patients with MCS from those with UWS. We may also hypothesize that such a HBR modulation suggests awareness preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Buda
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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Serino A. Peripersonal space (PPS) as a multisensory interface between the individual and the environment, defining the space of the self. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99:138-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the posterior parietal cortex reduces the onset time to the rubber hand illusion and increases the body ownership. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2935-2943. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Convento S, Romano D, Maravita A, Bolognini N. Roles of the right temporo‐parietal and premotor cortices in self‐location and body ownership. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1289-1302. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Convento
- Psychology Department and NeuroMiMilan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
- Neuroscience DepartmentBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Daniele Romano
- Psychology Department and NeuroMiMilan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Maravita
- Psychology Department and NeuroMiMilan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Psychology Department and NeuroMiMilan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
- Laboratory of NeuropsychologyIRCSS Italian Auxological Institute Milan Italy
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Schienle A, Wabnegger A, Leitner M, Leutgeb V. Neuronal correlates of personal space intrusion in violent offenders. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:454-460. [PMID: 26935553 PMCID: PMC5408037 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Personal space (PS) is defined as the imagery region immediately surrounding our body, which acts as safety zone. It has been suggested that PS is enlarged in violent offenders and that this group shows an enhanced sensitivity to the reduction of interpersonal distance. In the present fMRI study high-risk violent offenders and noncriminal controls were presented with photos of neutral facial expressions by men and women. All images were shown twice, as static photos, and animated (i.e., appearing to approach the subject) in order to simulate PS intrusion. Approaching faces generally provoked activation of a fronto-parietal network and the insula. Offenders responded with greater insula activation to approaching faces, especially when the person was male. Insular activation has been recognized before as a neuronal correlate of potential threat and harm detection in PS. The increased reactivity of violent offenders is possibly a result of their hostile attribution bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- Clinical Psychology, BioTechMedGraz, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/DG, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- Clinical Psychology, BioTechMedGraz, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/DG, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Leitner
- Graz-Karlau State Correctional Facility, Herrgottwiesgasse 50, 8200, Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Leutgeb
- Clinical Psychology, BioTechMedGraz, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/DG, 8010, Graz, Austria
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30
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Silva PHR, Spedo CT, Barreira AA, Leoni RF. Symbol Digit Modalities Test adaptation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging environment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 20:136-143. [PMID: 29414287 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is widely used for cognitive evaluation of information processing speed (IPS), required in many cognitive operations. Despite being unspecific for different neurological disorders, it is sensitive to assess impaired performance related to stroke, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. However, in addition to evaluate the presence and severity of IPS impairment, it is of interest to determine the localization and integration of brain regions responsible for the functions assessed by the SDMT. OBJECTIVE To review the studies that adapted the SDMT to the magnetic resonance environment and obtain the brain areas associated with the performance of the task in healthy subjects with a meta-analysis. METHODOLOGY A systematic review was performed using ten studies published between 1990 and 2017, and selected from four databases. All studies included participants of both genders and age between 18 and 50 years, used Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and SDMT adaptation and reported brain regions associated with the task. Six of them also reported the region coordinates in a standard space, so they were included in a meta-analysis. Activation Likelihood Estimation algorithm, with significance for p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons, was used to identify areas that are robustly related to the performance of the SDMT. RESULTS The areas predominantly reported in the studies of our meta-analysis were regions of the frontoparietal attentional network and occipital cortex, as well as cuneus, precuneus, and cerebellum. Individually all regions that survived the statistical threshold are consistent with what is expected after reviewing prospective studies. CONCLUSIONS The present study allowed the identification of brain areas activated during the performance of the SDMT in healthy subjects, and therefore it will help understanding the differences in brain activation by this task in clinical populations. Moreover, it may guide future studies of therapeutic strategies and interventions in those populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H R Silva
- Dept. of Physics, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C T Spedo
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, FMRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A A Barreira
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, FMRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Leoni
- Dept. of Physics, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Pain outside the body: defensive peripersonal space deformation in trigeminal neuralgia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12487. [PMID: 28970521 PMCID: PMC5624942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of space has been guiding effective therapeutic interventions in a number of unilateral chronic pain conditions. However little is known about how trigeminal neuralgia (TN), a condition in which trigeminal stimulation triggers paroxysmal facial pain, affects defensive peripersonal space (DPPS), the portion of space surrounding the body within which defensive responses are enhanced. Given that TN is unilateral, in TN patients the DPPS of the face might not be horizontally symmetric as in pain-free individuals, but instead larger around the affected side. We tested this a priori hypothesis by measuring the proximity-dependent modulation of the hand-blink reflex. Stimuli delivered to the hand ipsilateral to TN elicited a stronger blink, particularly when it was measured from the eye ipsilateral to TN and the hand was closer to the face. Geometric modelling revealed (1) that DPPS was larger on the side of space ipsilateral to TN, and (2) this asymmetry was consequent to an increased estimated potential of sensory events to cause harm when they occur ipsilaterally to TN. These observations demonstrate that neural mechanisms underlying body protection in TN are adjusted to reduce the likelihood that external events evoke the painful paroxysm typical of this condition.
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32
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Interoceptive signals impact visual processing: Cardiac modulation of visual body perception. Neuroimage 2017; 158:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Self-Grounded Vision: Hand Ownership Modulates Visual Location through Cortical β and γ Oscillations. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11-22. [PMID: 28053026 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0563-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is known to be shaped by context, defined by environmental and bodily signals. In the Taylor illusion, the size of an afterimage projected on one's hand changes according to proprioceptive signals conveying hand position. Here, we assessed whether the Taylor illusion does not just depend on the physical hand position, but also on bodily self-consciousness as quantified through illusory hand ownership. Relying on the somatic rubber hand illusion, we manipulated hand ownership, such that participants embodied a rubber hand placed next to their own hand. We found that an afterimage projected on the participant's hand drifted depending on illusory ownership between the participants' two hands, showing an implication of self-representation during the Taylor illusion. Oscillatory power analysis of electroencephalographic signals showed that illusory hand ownership was stronger in participants with stronger α suppression over left sensorimotor cortex, whereas the Taylor illusion correlated with higher β/γ power over frontotemporal regions. Higher γ connectivity between left sensorimotor and inferior parietal cortex was also found during illusory hand ownership. These data show that afterimage drifts in the Taylor illusion do not only depend on the physical hand position but also on subjective ownership, which itself is based on the synchrony of somatosensory signals from the two hands. The effect of ownership on afterimage drifts is associated with β/γ power and γ connectivity between frontoparietal regions and the visual cortex. Together, our results suggest that visual percepts are not only influenced by bodily context but are self-grounded, mapped on a self-referential frame. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vision is influenced by the body: in the Taylor illusion, the size of an afterimage projected on one's hand changes according to tactile and proprioceptive signals conveying hand position. Here, we report a new phenomenon revealing that the perception of afterimages depends not only on bodily signals, but also on the sense of self. Relying on the rubber hand illusion, we manipulated hand ownership, so that participants embodied a rubber hand placed next to their own hand. We found that visual afterimages projected on the participant's hand drifted laterally, only when the rubber hand was embodied. Electroencephalography revealed spectral dissociations between somatic and visual effects, and higher γ connectivity along the dorsal visual pathways when the rubber hand was embodied.
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34
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Spatial limits of visuotactile interactions in the presence and absence of tactile stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2591-2600. [PMID: 28560494 PMCID: PMC5550542 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a light flash near to the body not only increases the ability to detect a weak touch but also increases reports of feeling a weak touch that did not occur. The somatic signal detection task (SSDT) provides a behavioural marker by which to clarify the spatial extent of such visuotactile interactions in peripersonal space. Whilst previous evidence suggests a limit to the spatial extent over which visual input can distort the perception of tactile stimulation during the rubber hand illusion, the spatial boundaries of light-induced tactile sensations are not known. In a repeated measures design, 41 participants completed the SSDT with the light positioned 1 cm (near), 17.5 cm (mid) or 40 cm (far) from the tactile stimulation. In the far condition, the light did not affect hit, or false alarm rates during the SSDT. In the near and mid conditions, the light significantly increased hit rates and led to a more liberal response criterion, that is, participants reported feeling the touch more often regardless of whether or not it actually occurred. Our results demonstrate a spatial boundary over which visual input influences veridical and non-veridical touch perception during the SSDT, and provide further behavioural evidence to show that the boundaries of the receptive fields of visuotactile neurons may be limited to reach space.
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35
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Altered brain structure and function associated with sensory and affective components of classic trigeminal neuralgia. Pain 2017; 158:1561-1570. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Ronchi R, Heydrich L, Serino A, Blanke O. Illusory hand ownership in a patient with personal neglect for the upper limb, but no somatoparaphenia. J Neuropsychol 2017; 12:442-462. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ronchi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute; EPFL; Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences; EPFL; Switzerland
| | - Lukas Heydrich
- Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute; EPFL; Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences; EPFL; Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute; EPFL; Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences; EPFL; Switzerland
- Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Switzerland
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37
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Wittkopf PG, Lloyd DM, Johnson MI. Changing the size of a mirror-reflected hand moderates the experience of embodiment but not proprioceptive drift: a repeated measures study on healthy human participants. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1933-1944. [PMID: 28315946 PMCID: PMC5435794 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mirror visual feedback is used for reducing pain and visually distorting the size of the reflection may improve efficacy. The findings of studies investigating size distortion are inconsistent. The influence of the size of the reflected hand on embodiment of the mirror reflection is not known. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of magnifying and minifying mirror reflections of the hand on embodiment measured using an eight-item questionnaire and on proprioceptive drift. During the experiment, participants (n = 45) placed their right hand behind a mirror and their left hand in front of a mirror. Participants watched a normal-sized, a magnified and a minified reflection of the left hand while performing synchronised finger movements for 3 min (adaptive phase). Measurements of embodiment were taken before (pre) and after (post) synchronous movements of the fingers of both hands (embodiment adaptive phase). Results revealed larger proprioceptive drift post-adaptive phase (p = 0.001). Participants agreed more strongly with questionnaire items associated with location, ownership and agency of the reflection of the hand post-adaptive phase (p < 0.001) and when looking at the normal-sized reflection (p < 0.001). In conclusion, irrespective of size, watching a reflection of the hand while performing synchronised movements enhances the embodiment of the reflection of the hand. Magnifying and minifying the reflection of the hand has little effect on proprioceptive drift, but it weakens the subjective embodiment experience. Such factors need to be taken into account in future studies using this technique, particularly when assessing mirror visual feedback for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla G Wittkopf
- Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - Donna M Lloyd
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark I Johnson
- Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
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38
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Gandhi W, Morrison I, Schweinhardt P. How Accurate Appraisal of Behavioral Costs and Benefits Guides Adaptive Pain Coping. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:103. [PMID: 28659834 PMCID: PMC5467009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coping with pain is a complex phenomenon encompassing a variety of behavioral responses and a large network of underlying neural circuits. Whether pain coping is adaptive or maladaptive depends on the type of pain (e.g., escapable or inescapable), personal factors (e.g., individual experiences with coping strategies in the past), and situational circumstances. Keeping these factors in mind, costs and benefits of different strategies have to be appraised and will guide behavioral decisions in the face of pain. In this review we present pain coping as an unconscious decision-making process during which accurately evaluated costs and benefits lead to adaptive pain coping behavior. We emphasize the importance of passive coping as an adaptive strategy when dealing with ongoing pain and thus go beyond the common view of passivity as a default state of helplessness. In combination with passive pain coping, we highlight the role of the reward system in reestablishing affective homeostasis and discuss existing evidence on a behavioral and neural level. We further present neural circuits involved in the decision-making process of pain coping when circumstances are ambiguous and, therefore, costs and benefits are difficult to anticipate. Finally, we address the wider implications of this topic by discussing its relevance for chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Gandhi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - India Morrison
- Center for Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petra Schweinhardt
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Spinal Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Christov‐Moore L, Iacoboni M. Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1544-58. [PMID: 26954937 PMCID: PMC4785834 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans seem to place a positive reward value on prosocial behavior. Evidence suggests that this prosocial inclination is driven by our reflexive tendency to share in the observed sensations, emotions and behavior of others, or "self-other resonance". In this study, we examine how neural correlates of self-other resonance relate to prosocial decision-making. Subjects performed two tasks while undergoing fMRI: observation of a human hand pierced by a needle, and observation and imitation of emotional facial expressions. Outside the scanner, subjects played the Dictator Game with players of low or high income (represented by neutral-expression headshots). Subjects' offers in the Dictator Game were correlated with activity in neural systems associated with self-other resonance and anticorrelated with activity in systems implicated in the control of pain, affect, and imitation. Functional connectivity between areas involved in self-other resonance and top-down control was negatively correlated with subjects' offers. This study suggests that the interaction between self-other resonance and top-down control processes are an important component of prosocial inclinations towards others, even when biological stimuli associated with self-other resonance are limited. These findings support a view of prosocial decision-making grounded in embodied cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Ahmanson‐Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles
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40
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Fossataro C, Sambo CF, Garbarini F, Iannetti GD. Interpersonal interactions and empathy modulate perception of threat and defensive responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19353. [PMID: 26839143 PMCID: PMC4738254 DOI: 10.1038/srep19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) is a vital “safety margin” surrounding the body. When a threatening stimulus is delivered inside the DPPS, subcortical defensive responses like the hand-blink reflex (HBR) are adjusted depending on the perceived threat content. In three experiments, we explored whether and how defensive responses are affected by the interpersonal interaction within the DPPS of the face. In Experiment 1, we found that the HBR is enhanced when the threat is brought close to the face not only by one’s own stimulated hand, but also by another person’s hand, although to a significantly lesser extent. In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that the HBR is also enhanced when the hand of the participant enters the DPPS of another individual, either in egocentric or in allocentric perspective. This enhancement is larger in participants with strong empathic tendency when the other individual is in a third person perspective. These results indicate that interpersonal interactions shape perception of threat and defensive responses. These effects are particularly evident in individuals with greater tendency to having empathic concern to other people.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fossataro
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL),United Kingdom.,SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor &Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - C F Sambo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL),United Kingdom
| | - F Garbarini
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor &Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL),United Kingdom
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41
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Lloyd DM, Helbig T, Findlay G, Roberts N, Nurmikko T. Brain Areas Involved in Anticipation of Clinically Relevant Pain in Low Back Pain Populations With High Levels of Pain Behavior. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:577-87. [PMID: 26844417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to identify neural correlates of pain anticipation in people with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) that correlated with pain-related distress and disability, thus providing evidence for mechanisms underlying pain behavior in this population. Thirty NSLBP sufferers, with either high levels of pain behavior or low levels on the basis of Waddell signs, were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while a straight-leg raise (of the side deemed to cause moderate pain in the lower back) was performed. On each trial colored stimuli were presented and used to indicate when the leg definitely would be raised (green; 100% certainty), might be raised (yellow; 50% certainty), or would definitely not be raised (red; 100% certainty). In response to expected versus unexpected pain the group difference in activation between patients with high levels of pain behavior and low levels of pain behavior covaried as a function of anxiety scores in the right insula and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and as a function of catastrophizing in prefrontal and parietal cortex and hippocampus. The results suggest NSLBP populations with the highest levels of pain-related distress are more likely to attend to and infer threat from innocuous cues, which may contribute to the maintenance of pain behavior associated with some chronic pain states. PERSPECTIVE This article shows a likely neural network for exacerbating pain anticipation in NSLBP contributing to high levels of pain behavior in some people. This information could potentially help clinicians and patients to understand how anticipation of pain may contribute to patient pain and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lloyd
- Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre (MARIARC), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Torben Helbig
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gordon Findlay
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Roberts
- Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre (MARIARC), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), School of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Turo Nurmikko
- Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gleichgerrcht E, Fridriksson J, Rorden C, Nesland T, Desai R, Bonilha L. Separate neural systems support representations for actions and objects during narrative speech in post-stroke aphasia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:140-5. [PMID: 26759789 PMCID: PMC4683458 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Representations of objects and actions in everyday speech are usually materialized as nouns and verbs, two grammatical classes that constitute the core elements of language. Given their very distinct roles in singling out objects (nouns) or referring to transformative actions (verbs), they likely rely on distinct brain circuits. METHOD We tested this hypothesis by conducting network-based lesion-symptom mapping in 38 patients with chronic stroke to the left hemisphere. We reconstructed the individual brain connectomes from probabilistic tractography applied to magnetic resonance imaging and obtained measures of production of words referring to objects and actions from narrative discourse elicited by picture naming tasks. RESULTS Words for actions were associated with a frontal network strongly engaging structures involved in motor control and programming. Words for objects, instead, were related to a posterior network spreading across the occipital, posterior inferior temporal, and parietal regions, likely related with visual processing and imagery, object recognition, and spatial attention/scanning. Thus, each of these networks engaged brain areas typically involved in cognitive and sensorimotor experiences equivalent to the function served by each grammatical class (e.g. motor areas for verbs, perception areas for nouns). CONCLUSIONS The finding that the two major grammatical classes in human speech rely on two dissociable networks has both important theoretical implications for the neurobiology of language and clinical implications for the assessment and potential rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic aphasia due to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chris Rorden
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Travis Nesland
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rutvik Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Johnson MI, Smith E, Yellow S, Mulvey MR. A preliminary investigation into psychophysiological effects of threatening a perceptually embodied rubber hand in healthy human participants. Scand J Pain 2015; 11:1-8. [PMID: 28850446 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Threatening a perceptually embodied rubber hand with noxious stimuli has been shown to generate levels of anxiety similar to that experienced when a real hand is threatened. The aim of this study was to investigate skin conductance response, self-reported anxiety and the incidence, type and location of sensations when a perceptually embodied rubber hand was exposed to threatening and non-threatening stimuli. METHODS A repeated measures cross-over design was used whereby 20 participants (≥18 years, 14 females) received a threatening (syringe needle) and non-threatening (soft brush) stimulus to a perceptually embodied rubber hand. Perceptual embodiment was achieved using a soft brush to synchronously stroke the participant's real hand (out of view) and a rubber hand (in view). Then the investigator approached the rubber hand with a syringe needle (threat) or soft brush (non-threat). RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA found that approaching the perceptually embodied rubber hand with either stimulus produced statistically significant reductions in the rated intensity of response to the following questions (p<0.01): 'How strongly does it feel like the rubber hand is yours?'; 'How strongly does it feel like the rubber hand is part of your body?'; and 'How strongly does it feel you can move the rubber hand?'. However, there were no statistically significant differences in scores between needle and brush stimuli. Repeated measures ANOVA on skin conductance response found statistically significant effects for experimental Events (baseline; stroking; perceptual embodiment; stimuli approaching rubber hand; stimuli touching rubber hand; p<0.001) but not for Condition (needle versus brush p=0.964) or experimental Event×Condition interaction (p=0.160). Ten of the 20 participants (50%) reported that they experienced a sensation arising from the rubber hand when the rubber hand was approached and touched by either the needle and/or brush but these sensations lacked precision in location, timing, and nature. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our preliminary findings suggest that the increase in arousal in response to stimuli entering the peripersonal space may not be selective for threat. There was tentative evidence that more intense sensations were experienced when a perceptually embodied rubber hand was approached by a threatening stimulus. Our findings provide initial insights and should serve as a catalyst for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds LS1 3HE, United Kingdom; Leeds Pallium Research Group, United Kingdom(1).
| | - Emily Smith
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds LS1 3HE, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Yellow
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds LS1 3HE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Mulvey
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds LS1 3HE, United Kingdom; Leeds Pallium Research Group, United Kingdom(1); Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, Leeds LS2 9LJ, United Kingdom
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Brauchle D, Vukelić M, Bauer R, Gharabaghi A. Brain state-dependent robotic reaching movement with a multi-joint arm exoskeleton: combining brain-machine interfacing and robotic rehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:564. [PMID: 26528168 PMCID: PMC4607784 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While robot-assisted arm and hand training after stroke allows for intensive task-oriented practice, it has provided only limited additional benefit over dose-matched physiotherapy up to now. These rehabilitation devices are possibly too supportive during the exercises. Neurophysiological signals might be one way of avoiding slacking and providing robotic support only when the brain is particularly responsive to peripheral input. We tested the feasibility of three-dimensional robotic assistance for reaching movements with a multi-joint exoskeleton during motor imagery (MI)-related desynchronization of sensorimotor oscillations in the β-band. We also registered task-related network changes of cortical functional connectivity by electroencephalography via the imaginary part of the coherence function. Healthy subjects and stroke survivors showed similar patterns—but different aptitudes—of controlling the robotic movement. All participants in this pilot study with nine healthy subjects and two stroke patients achieved their maximum performance during the early stages of the task. Robotic control was significantly higher and less variable when proprioceptive feedback was provided in addition to visual feedback, i.e., when the orthosis was actually attached to the subject’s arm during the task. A distributed cortical network of task-related coherent activity in the θ-band showed significant differences between healthy subjects and stroke patients as well as between early and late periods of the task. Brain-robot interfaces (BRIs) may successfully link three-dimensional robotic training to the participants’ efforts and allow for task-oriented practice of activities of daily living with a physiologically controlled multi-joint exoskeleton. Changes of cortical physiology during the task might also help to make subject-specific adjustments of task difficulty and guide adjunct interventions to facilitate motor learning for functional restoration, a proposal that warrants further investigation in a larger cohort of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brauchle
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Vukelić
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Bauer
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tübingen, Germany
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Blanke O, Slater M, Serino A. Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness. Neuron 2015; 88:145-66. [PMID: 26447578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Geneva, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mel Slater
- ICREA-University of Barcelona, Campus de Mundet, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Computer Science, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lobben M, D'Ascenzo S. Grounding grammatical categories: attention bias in hand space influences grammatical congruency judgment of Chinese nominal classifiers. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1299. [PMID: 26379611 PMCID: PMC4550751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodied cognitive theories predict that linguistic conceptual representations are grounded and continually represented in real world, sensorimotor experiences. However, there is an on-going debate on whether this also holds for abstract concepts. Grammar is the archetype of abstract knowledge, and therefore constitutes a test case against embodied theories of language representation. Former studies have largely focussed on lexical-level embodied representations. In the present study we take the grounding-by-modality idea a step further by using reaction time (RT) data from the linguistic processing of nominal classifiers in Chinese. We take advantage of an independent body of research, which shows that attention in hand space is biased. Specifically, objects near the hand consistently yield shorter RTs as a function of readiness for action on graspable objects within reaching space, and the same biased attention inhibits attentional disengagement. We predicted that this attention bias would equally apply to the graspable object classifier but not to the big object classifier. Chinese speakers (N = 22) judged grammatical congruency of classifier-noun combinations in two conditions: graspable object classifier and big object classifier. We found that RTs for the graspable object classifier were significantly faster in congruent combinations, and significantly slower in incongruent combinations, than the big object classifier. There was no main effect on grammatical violations, but rather an interaction effect of classifier type. Thus, we demonstrate here grammatical category-specific effects pertaining to the semantic content and by extension the visual and tactile modality of acquisition underlying the acquisition of these categories. We conclude that abstract grammatical categories are subjected to the same mechanisms as general cognitive and neurophysiological processes and may therefore be grounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Lobben
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo Norway
| | - Stefania D'Ascenzo
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna Italy
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Wu X, Lai Y, Zhang Y, Yao L, Wen X. Breakdown of Sensorimotor Network Communication in Leukoaraiosis. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:322-30. [PMID: 26287381 DOI: 10.1159/000435918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoaraiosis (LA) patients may suffer from sensorimotor dysfunctions. The relationship between behavioral disturbances and changes in the sensorimotor network (SMN) has not been thoroughly elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the hypothesized breakdown of communication of SMN and its behavioral consequences in LA. METHODS Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, resting-state functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) and behavioral data were collected from 30 LA patients and 26 healthy individuals (normal controls, NC). The subjects were grouped according to LA severity, as indicated by their FLAIR images. Group independent component analysis was applied to the fMRI data to map the functional connectivity of SMN for NC and LA patients. A whole-brain, voxel-wise analysis was employed to investigate the functional connectivity alteration of SMN in LA. The relationships between LA severity, functional connectivity alteration of the SMN and behavioral clinical symptoms were examined by correlation analysis. RESULTS The right cingulate motor area (rCMA), left posterior insula and left ventral premotor area showed attenuated functional connectivity in the LA patients. The extent of the attenuation was related to the severity of the disease. Furthermore, the attenuation in the rCMA was associated with worse sensorimotor integration performance. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LA impairs sensorimotor integration by interfering with the communication or coordination of these aforementioned regions related to the SMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Vukelić M, Gharabaghi A. Oscillatory entrainment of the motor cortical network during motor imagery is modulated by the feedback modality. Neuroimage 2015; 111:1-11. [PMID: 25665968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback of self-regulated brain activity in circumscribed cortical regions is used as a novel strategy to facilitate functional restoration following stroke. Basic knowledge about its impact on motor system oscillations and functional connectivity is however scarce. Specifically, a direct comparison between different feedback modalities and their neural signatures is missing. We assessed a neurofeedback training intervention of modulating β-activity in circumscribed sensorimotor regions by kinesthetic motor imagery (MI). Right-handed healthy participants received two different feedback modalities contingent to their MI-associated brain activity in a cross-over design: (I) visual feedback with a brain-computer interface (BCI) and (II) proprioceptive feedback with a brain-robot interface (BRI) orthosis attached to the right hand. High-density electroencephalography was used to examine the reactivity of the cortical motor system during the training session of each task by studying both local oscillatory power entrainment and distributed functional connectivity. Both feedback modalities activated a distributed functional connectivity network of coherent oscillations. A significantly higher skill and lower variability of self-controlled sensorimotor β-band modulation could, however, be achieved in the BRI condition. This gain in controlling regional motor oscillations was accompanied by functional coupling of remote β-band and θ-band activity in bilateral fronto-central regions and left parieto-occipital regions, respectively. The functional coupling of coherent θ-band oscillations correlated moreover with the skill of regional β-modulation thus revealing a motor learning related network. Our findings indicate that proprioceptive feedback is more suitable than visual feedback to entrain the motor network architecture during the interplay between motor imagery and feedback processing thus resulting in better volitional control of regional brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Vukelić
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery & Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery & Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany.
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de Vignemont F, Iannetti G. How many peripersonal spaces? Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:327-34. [PMID: 25448854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Guan S, Hong X, Wang Z, Li X. Neural substrate of initiation of cross-modal working memory retrieval. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103991. [PMID: 25090230 PMCID: PMC4121234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal working memory requires integrating stimuli from different modalities and it is associated with co-activation of distributed networks in the brain. However, how brain initiates cross-modal working memory retrieval remains not clear yet. In the present study, we developed a cued matching task, in which the necessity for cross-modal/unimodal memory retrieval and its initiation time were controlled by a task cue appeared in the delay period. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), significantly larger brain activations were observed in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (l-LPFC), left superior parietal lobe (l-SPL), and thalamus in the cued cross-modal matching trials (CCMT) compared to those in the cued unimodal matching trials (CUMT). However, no significant differences in the brain activations prior to task cue were observed for sensory stimulation in the l-LPFC and l-SPL areas. Although thalamus displayed differential responses to the sensory stimulation between two conditions, the differential responses were not the same with responses to the task cues. These results revealed that the frontoparietal-thalamus network participated in the initiation of cross-modal working memory retrieval. Secondly, the l-SPL and thalamus showed differential activations between maintenance and working memory retrieval, which might be associated with the enhanced demand for cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuchen Guan
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Hong
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xianchun Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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