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Chen FD, Sharma A, Xue T, Jung Y, Govdeli A, Mak JCC, Chameh HM, Movahed M, Brunk MGK, Luo X, Chua H, Lo PGQ, Valiante TA, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Implantable silicon neural probes with nanophotonic phased arrays for single-lobe beam steering. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2024; 3:182. [PMID: 39695300 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
In brain activity mapping with optogenetics, patterned illumination is crucial for targeted neural stimulation. However, due to optical scattering in brain tissue, light-emitting implants are needed to bring patterned illumination to deep brain regions. A promising solution is silicon neural probes with integrated nanophotonic circuits that form tailored beam patterns without lenses. Here we propose neural probes with grating-based light emitters that generate a single steerable beam. The light emitters, optimized for blue or amber light, combine end-fire optical phased arrays with slab gratings to suppress higher-order sidelobes. In vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that the optical phased array provided sufficient power for optogenetic stimulation. While beam steering performance in tissue reveals challenges, including beam broadening from scattering and the need for a wider steering range, this proof-of-concept demonstration illustrates the design principles for realizing compact optical phased arrays capable of continuous single-beam scanning, laying the groundwork for advancing optical phased arrays toward targeted optogenetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youngho Jung
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Alperen Govdeli
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason C C Mak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mandana Movahed
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G K Brunk
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., Singapore Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., Singapore Science Park II, Singapore
| | | | - Taufik A Valiante
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Xue T, Stalmashonak A, Chen FD, Ding P, Luo X, Chua H, Lo GQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Implantable photonic neural probes with out-of-plane focusing grating emitters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13812. [PMID: 38877050 PMCID: PMC11178810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We have designed, fabricated, and characterized implantable silicon neural probes with nanophotonic grating emitters that focus the emitted light at a specified distance above the surface of the probe for spatially precise optogenetic targeting of neurons. Using the holographic principle, we designed gratings for wavelengths of 488 and 594 nm, targeting the excitation spectra of the optogenetic actuators Channelrhodopsin-2 and Chrimson, respectively. The measured optical emission pattern of these emitters in non-scattering medium and tissue matched well with simulations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of focused spots with the size scale of a neuron soma in brain tissue formed from implantable neural probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xue
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrei Stalmashonak
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada
| | - Peisheng Ding
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada.
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3
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Barros BJ, Cunha JPS. Neurophotonics: a comprehensive review, current challenges and future trends. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1382341. [PMID: 38765670 PMCID: PMC11102054 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1382341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The human brain, with its vast network of billions of neurons and trillions of synapses (connections) between diverse cell types, remains one of the greatest mysteries in science and medicine. Despite extensive research, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive normal behaviors and response to disease states is still limited. Advancement in the Neuroscience field and development of therapeutics for related pathologies requires innovative technologies that can provide a dynamic and systematic understanding of the interactions between neurons and neural circuits. In this work, we provide an up-to-date overview of the evolution of neurophotonic approaches in the last 10 years through a multi-source, literature analysis. From an initial corpus of 243 papers retrieved from Scopus, PubMed and WoS databases, we have followed the PRISMA approach to select 56 papers in the area. Following a full-text evaluation of these 56 scientific articles, six main areas of applied research were identified and discussed: (1) Advanced optogenetics, (2) Multimodal neural interfaces, (3) Innovative therapeutics, (4) Imaging devices and probes, (5) Remote operations, and (6) Microfluidic platforms. For each area, the main technologies selected are discussed according to the photonic principles applied, the neuroscience application evaluated and the more indicative results of efficiency and scientific potential. This detailed analysis is followed by an outlook of the main challenges tackled over the last 10 years in the Neurophotonics field, as well as the main technological advances regarding specificity, light delivery, multimodality, imaging, materials and system designs. We conclude with a discussion of considerable challenges for future innovation and translation in Neurophotonics, from light delivery within the brain to physical constraints and data management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jacinto Barros
- INESC TEC – Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal
| | - João P. S. Cunha
- INESC TEC – Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chen FD, Sharma A, Roszko DA, Xue T, Mu X, Luo X, Chua H, Lo PGQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Development of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes for brain activity mapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2397-2417. [PMID: 38623840 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Optical techniques, such as optogenetic stimulation and functional fluorescence imaging, have been revolutionary for neuroscience by enabling neural circuit analysis with cell-type specificity. To probe deep brain regions, implantable light sources are crucial. Silicon photonics, commonly used for data communications, shows great promise in creating implantable devices with complex optical systems in a compact form factor compatible with high volume manufacturing practices. This article reviews recent developments of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes. The probes can be realized on 200 or 300 mm wafers in commercial foundries and integrate light emitters for photostimulation, microelectrodes for electrophysiological recording, and microfluidic channels for chemical delivery and sampling. By integrating active optical devices to the probes, denser emitter arrays, enhanced on-chip biosensing, and increased ease of use may be realized. Silicon photonics technology makes possible highly versatile implantable neural probes that can transform neuroscience experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - David A Roszko
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xin Mu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Patrick Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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5
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Jia Q, Liu Y, Lv S, Wang Y, Jiao P, Xu W, Xu Z, Wang M, Cai X. Wireless closed-loop deep brain stimulation using microelectrode array probes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:803-823. [PMID: 39420519 PMCID: PMC11494161 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), including optical stimulation and electrical stimulation, has been demonstrated considerable value in exploring pathological brain activity and developing treatments for neural disorders. Advances in DBS microsystems based on implantable microelectrode array (MEA) probes have opened up new opportunities for closed-loop DBS (CL-DBS) in situ. This technology can be used to detect damaged brain circuits and test the therapeutic potential for modulating the output of these circuits in a variety of diseases simultaneously. Despite the success and rapid utilization of MEA probe-based CL-DBS microsystems, key challenges, including excessive wired communication, need to be urgently resolved. In this review, we considered recent advances in MEA probe-based wireless CL-DBS microsystems and outlined the major issues and promising prospects in this field. This technology has the potential to offer novel therapeutic options for psychiatric disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. ,
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. ,
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6
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Mu X, Chen FD, Dang KM, Brunk MGK, Li J, Wahn H, Stalmashonak A, Ding P, Luo X, Chua H, Lo GQ, Poon JKS, Sacher WD. Implantable photonic neural probes with 3D-printed microfluidics and applications to uncaging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1213265. [PMID: 37521687 PMCID: PMC10373094 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1213265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in chip-scale photonic-electronic integration are enabling a new generation of foundry-manufacturable implantable silicon neural probes incorporating nanophotonic waveguides and microelectrodes for optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording in neuroscience research. Further extending neural probe functionalities with integrated microfluidics is a direct approach to achieve neurochemical injection and sampling capabilities. In this work, we use two-photon polymerization 3D printing to integrate microfluidic channels onto photonic neural probes, which include silicon nitride nanophotonic waveguides and grating emitters. The customizability of 3D printing enables a unique geometry of microfluidics that conforms to the shape of each neural probe, enabling integration of microfluidics with a variety of existing neural probes while avoiding the complexities of monolithic microfluidics integration. We demonstrate the photonic and fluidic functionalities of the neural probes via fluorescein injection in agarose gel and photoloysis of caged fluorescein in solution and in fixed brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ka My Dang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. K. Brunk
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hannes Wahn
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Peisheng Ding
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joyce K. S. Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wesley D. Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Centre for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Brunert D, Quintela RM, Rothermel M. The anterior olfactory nucleus revisited - an emerging role for neuropathological conditions? Prog Neurobiol 2023:102486. [PMID: 37343762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sensory modality for many species and greatly influences animal and human behavior. Still, much about olfactory perception remains unknown. The anterior olfactory nucleus is one of the brain's central early olfactory processing areas. Located directly posterior to the olfactory bulb in the olfactory peduncle with extensive in- and output connections and unique cellular composition, it connects olfactory processing centers of the left and right hemispheres. Almost 20 years have passed since the last comprehensive review on the anterior olfactory nucleus has been published and significant advances regarding its anatomy, function, and pathophysiology have been made in the meantime. Here we briefly summarize previous knowledge on the anterior olfactory nucleus, give detailed insights into the progress that has been made in recent years, and map out its emerging importance in translational research of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Vöröslakos M, Kim K, Slager N, Ko E, Oh S, Parizi SS, Hendrix B, Seymour JP, Wise KD, Buzsáki G, Fernández‐Ruiz A, Yoon E. HectoSTAR μLED Optoelectrodes for Large-Scale, High-Precision In Vivo Opto-Electrophysiology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105414. [PMID: 35451232 PMCID: PMC9218760 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions within and across brain areas underlie behavioral and cognitive functions. To understand the basis of these processes, the activities of distributed local circuits inside the brain of a behaving animal must be synchronously recorded while the inputs to these circuits are precisely manipulated. Even though recent technological advances have enabled such large-scale recording capabilities, the development of the high-spatiotemporal-resolution and large-scale modulation techniques to accompany those recordings has lagged. A novel neural probe is presented in this work that enables simultaneous electrical monitoring and optogenetic manipulation of deep neuronal circuits at large scales with a high spatiotemporal resolution. The "hectoSTAR" micro-light-emitting-diode (μLED) optoelectrode features 256 recording electrodes and 128 stimulation μLEDs monolithically integrated on the surface of its four 30-µm thick silicon micro-needle shanks, covering a large volume with 1.3-mm × 0.9-mm cross-sectional area located as deep as 6 mm inside the brain. The use of this device in behaving mice for dissecting long-distance network interactions across cortical layers and hippocampal regions is demonstrated. The recording-and-stimulation capabilities hectoSTAR μLED optoelectrodes enables will open up new possibilities for the cellular and circuit-based investigation of brain functions in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Vöröslakos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Neuroscience InstituteLangone Medical CenterNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Kanghwan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Center for BioMicrosystemsBrain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792South Korea
| | - Nathan Slager
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Eunah Ko
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Sungjin Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Saman S. Parizi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Blake Hendrix
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - John P. Seymour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Kensall D. Wise
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience InstituteLangone Medical CenterNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10016USA
| | | | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722South Korea
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9
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Sacher WD, Chen FD, Moradi-Chameh H, Liu X, Felts Almog I, Lordello T, Chang M, Naderian A, Fowler TM, Segev E, Xue T, Mahallati S, Valiante TA, Moreaux LC, Poon JKS, Roukes ML. Optical phased array neural probes for beam-steering in brain tissue. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1073-1076. [PMID: 35230293 DOI: 10.1364/ol.441609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Implantable silicon neural probes with integrated nanophotonic waveguides can deliver patterned dynamic illumination into brain tissue at depth. Here, we introduce neural probes with integrated optical phased arrays and demonstrate optical beam steering in vitro. Beam formation in brain tissue is simulated and characterized. The probes are used for optogenetic stimulation and calcium imaging.
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10
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Azadeh SS, Stalmashonak A, Bennett KW, Chen FD, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Multicore fibers with 10 and 16 single-mode cores for the visible spectrum. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:26-29. [PMID: 34951874 DOI: 10.1364/ol.446161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report multicore fibers (MCFs) with 10 and 16 linearly distributed cores with single-mode operation in the visible spectrum. The average propagation loss of the cores is 0.06 dB/m at λ = 445 nm and < 0.03 dB/m at wavelengths longer than 488 nm. The low inter-core crosstalk and nearly identical performance of the cores make these MCFs suitable for spatial division multiplexing in the visible spectrum. As a proof-of-concept application, one of the MCFs was coupled to an implantable neural probe to spatially address light-emitting gratings on the probe.
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11
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Wang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Wu X, Wang Y, Pei W. Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference and Shielding in the μLED Optrode Based on Finite Element Method. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.758484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolithic integrated μLED optrode has promising applications in optogenetics due to their ability to achieve more optical channels in a smaller footprint. The current used to drive the μLED will cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise to the recording electrodes at a very close distance. Utilizing a grounded metal shielding layer between the active device and the electrode can potentially reduce the interference. In this paper, multi-dimensional μLED optrode models are set up according to the real device. By numerically analyzing the electromagnetic interference between the μLED and recording electrodes, several optimized shielding schemes are evaluated by simulations and experiments. Some important process and layout parameters that may influence the shielding effect are studied through the finite element method (FEM). Different circuit models based on the corresponding test environment are built to analyze the simulation and experiment results. A new PCB with a shielding layer has been designed and initially verified. The proposed novel computational model can analyze EMI quantitatively, which could facilitate the design of low-noise μLED optrode with reasonable shielding and packaging.
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12
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Ahmed Z, Reddy JW, Malekoshoaraie MH, Hassanzade V, Kimukin I, Jain V, Chamanzar M. Flexible optoelectric neural interfaces. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 72:121-130. [PMID: 34826682 PMCID: PMC9741731 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of brain function and dysfunction and designing effective therapeutics require high resolution targeted stimulation and recording of neural activity. Optical methods have been recently developed for neural stimulation as well as functional and structural imaging. These methods call for implantable devices to deliver light into the neural tissue at depth with high spatiotemporal resolution. To address this need, rigid and flexible neurophotonic implants have been recently designed. This article reviews the state-of-the-art flexible passive and active penetrating optical neural probes developed for light delivery with minimal damage to the tissue. Passive and active flexible neurophotonic implants are compared and insights about future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabir Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jay W Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Mohammad H Malekoshoaraie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Vahid Hassanzade
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ibrahim Kimukin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Vishal Jain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Maysamreza Chamanzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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13
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Libbrecht S, Van den Haute C, Welkenhuysen M, Braeken D, Haesler S, Baekelandt V. Chronic chemogenetic stimulation of the anterior olfactory nucleus reduces newborn neuron survival in the adult mouse olfactory bulb. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1186-1198. [PMID: 34338310 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During adult rodent life, newborn neurons are added to the olfactory bulb (OB) in a tightly controlled manner. Upon arrival in the OB, input synapses from the local bulbar network and the higher olfactory cortex precede the formation of functional output synapses, indicating a possible role for these regions in newborn neuron survival. An interplay between the environment and the piriform cortex in the regulation of newborn neuron survival has been suggested. However, the specific network and the neuronal cell types responsible for this effect have not been elucidated. Furthermore, the role of the other olfactory cortical areas in this process is not known. Here we demonstrate that pyramidal neurons in the mouse anterior olfactory nucleus, the first cortical area for odor processing, have a key role in the survival of newborn neurons. Using DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) technology, we applied chronic stimulation to the anterior olfactory nucleus and observed a decrease in newborn neurons in the OB through induction of apoptosis. These findings provide further insight into the network regulating neuronal survival in adult neurogenesis and strengthen the importance of the surrounding network for sustained integration of new neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Libbrecht
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Life Science Technologies Department, Imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dries Braeken
- Life Science Technologies Department, Imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Haesler
- Research Group Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Lanzio V, Telian G, Koshelev A, Micheletti P, Presti G, D’Arpa E, De Martino P, Lorenzon M, Denes P, West M, Sassolini S, Dhuey S, Adesnik H, Cabrini S. Small footprint optoelectrodes using ring resonators for passive light localization. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 34567754 PMCID: PMC8433201 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of electrophysiology and optogenetics enables the exploration of how the brain operates down to a single neuron and its network activity. Neural probes are in vivo invasive devices that integrate sensors and stimulation sites to record and manipulate neuronal activity with high spatiotemporal resolution. State-of-the-art probes are limited by tradeoffs involving their lateral dimension, number of sensors, and ability to access independent stimulation sites. Here, we realize a highly scalable probe that features three-dimensional integration of small-footprint arrays of sensors and nanophotonic circuits to scale the density of sensors per cross-section by one order of magnitude with respect to state-of-the-art devices. For the first time, we overcome the spatial limit of the nanophotonic circuit by coupling only one waveguide to numerous optical ring resonators as passive nanophotonic switches. With this strategy, we achieve accurate on-demand light localization while avoiding spatially demanding bundles of waveguides and demonstrate the feasibility with a proof-of-concept device and its scalability towards high-resolution and low-damage neural optoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorino Lanzio
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129 Italy
| | - Gregory Telian
- Adesnik Lab, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Paolo Micheletti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129 Italy
| | - Gianni Presti
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Elisa D’Arpa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129 Italy
| | - Paolo De Martino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129 Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzon
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Peter Denes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Melanie West
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Simone Sassolini
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Scott Dhuey
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Adesnik Lab, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Stefano Cabrini
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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15
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Lanzio V, Lorenzon M, Dhuey S, Pirri CF, Lamberti A, Cabrini S. Scalable nanophotonic neural probes for multicolor and on-demand light delivery in brain tissue. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:265201. [PMID: 33725677 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abef2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural probes arein vivobrain-invasive devices that record and manipulate neural circuits using electricity, light, or drugs. The capability to shine distinct wavelengths and control their respective output locations for activation or deactivation of specific groups of neurons is desirable but remains unachieved. Here, we discuss our probe's capability to deliver two independently controllable wavelengths (450 and 655 nm) in the location(s) of interest using nanophotonic directional couplers and ring resonators. These nanophotonics are scalable to dozens of outputs without significantly increasing the device's lateral dimensions. Furthermore, they are entirely passive and thus do not require electrical input that results in heat generation. Besides, we integrate a high number of electrodes for a simultaneous neural activity readout. Thus, we overcome the challenges associated with multicolor illumination for neural devices by exploiting the capability of miniaturizable, passive probes to deliver two different frequencies in several areas of interest. These devices open the path towards investigating thein vivoelectrical signal propagation under the individual or simultaneous activation or inhibition of distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lanzio
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, I-10129, Italy
| | - M Lorenzon
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - S Dhuey
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - C F Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, I-10129, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Corso Trento, 21, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - A Lamberti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, I-10129, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Corso Trento, 21, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - S Cabrini
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
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16
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Sacher WD, Chen FD, Moradi-Chameh H, Luo X, Fomenko A, Shah PT, Lordello T, Liu X, Almog IF, Straguzzi JN, Fowler TM, Jung Y, Hu T, Jeong J, Lozano AM, Lo PGQ, Valiante TA, Moreaux LC, Poon JKS, Roukes ML. Implantable photonic neural probes for light-sheet fluorescence brain imaging. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025003. [PMID: 33898636 PMCID: PMC8059764 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a powerful technique for high-speed volumetric functional imaging. However, in typical light-sheet microscopes, the illumination and collection optics impose significant constraints upon the imaging of non-transparent brain tissues. We demonstrate that these constraints can be surmounted using a new class of implantable photonic neural probes. Aim: Mass manufacturable, silicon-based light-sheet photonic neural probes can generate planar patterned illumination at arbitrary depths in brain tissues without any additional micro-optic components. Approach: We develop implantable photonic neural probes that generate light sheets in tissue. The probes were fabricated in a photonics foundry on 200-mm-diameter silicon wafers. The light sheets were characterized in fluorescein and in free space. The probe-enabled imaging approach was tested in fixed, in vitro, and in vivo mouse brain tissues. Imaging tests were also performed using fluorescent beads suspended in agarose. Results: The probes had 5 to 10 addressable sheets and average sheet thicknesses < 16 μ m for propagation distances up to 300 μ m in free space. Imaging areas were as large as ≈ 240 μ m × 490 μ m in brain tissue. Image contrast was enhanced relative to epifluorescence microscopy. Conclusions: The neural probes can lead to new variants of LSFM for deep brain imaging and experiments in freely moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley D. Sacher
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Address all correspondence to Wesley D. Sacher, ; Michael L. Roukes,
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Homeira Moradi-Chameh
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anton Fomenko
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prajay T. Shah
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lordello
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Ilan Felts Almog
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Trevor M. Fowler
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Youngho Jung
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Ting Hu
- Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore
| | - Junho Jeong
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Taufik A. Valiante
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent C. Moreaux
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Joyce K. S. Poon
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Wesley D. Sacher, ; Michael L. Roukes,
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17
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Vandekerckhove B, Missinne J, Vonck K, Bauwens P, Verplancke R, Boon P, Raedt R, Vanfleteren J. Technological Challenges in the Development of Optogenetic Closed-Loop Therapy Approaches in Epilepsy and Related Network Disorders of the Brain. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:38. [PMID: 33396287 PMCID: PMC7824489 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic, neurological disorder affecting millions of people every year. The current available pharmacological and surgical treatments are lacking in overall efficacy and cause side-effects like cognitive impairment, depression, tremor, abnormal liver and kidney function. In recent years, the application of optogenetic implants have shown promise to target aberrant neuronal circuits in epilepsy with the advantage of both high spatial and temporal resolution and high cell-specificity, a feature that could tackle both the efficacy and side-effect problems in epilepsy treatment. Optrodes consist of electrodes to record local field potentials and an optical component to modulate neurons via activation of opsin expressed by these neurons. The goal of optogenetics in epilepsy is to interrupt seizure activity in its earliest state, providing a so-called closed-loop therapeutic intervention. The chronic implantation in vivo poses specific demands for the engineering of therapeutic optrodes. Enzymatic degradation and glial encapsulation of implants may compromise long-term recording and sufficient illumination of the opsin-expressing neural tissue. Engineering efforts for optimal optrode design have to be directed towards limitation of the foreign body reaction by reducing the implant's elastic modulus and overall size, while still providing stable long-term recording and large-area illumination, and guaranteeing successful intracerebral implantation. This paper presents an overview of the challenges and recent advances in the field of electrode design, neural-tissue illumination, and neural-probe implantation, with the goal of identifying a suitable candidate to be incorporated in a therapeutic approach for long-term treatment of epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Vandekerckhove
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.M.); (P.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Jeroen Missinne
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.M.); (P.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Kristl Vonck
- 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (P.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Pieter Bauwens
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.M.); (P.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Rik Verplancke
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.M.); (P.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Paul Boon
- 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (P.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (P.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Jan Vanfleteren
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.M.); (P.B.); (R.V.)
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18
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Reddy JW, Lassiter M, Chamanzar M. Parylene photonics: a flexible, broadband optical waveguide platform with integrated micromirrors for biointerfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:85. [PMID: 34567695 PMCID: PMC8433189 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeted light delivery into biological tissue is needed in applications such as optogenetic stimulation of the brain and in vivo functional or structural imaging of tissue. These applications require very compact, soft, and flexible implants that minimize damage to the tissue. Here, we demonstrate a novel implantable photonic platform based on a high-density, flexible array of ultracompact (30 μm × 5 μm), low-loss (3.2 dB/cm at λ = 680 nm, 4.1 dB/cm at λ = 633 nm, 4.9 dB/cm at λ = 532 nm, 6.1 dB/cm at λ = 450 nm) optical waveguides composed of biocompatible polymers Parylene C and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This photonic platform features unique embedded input/output micromirrors that redirect light from the waveguides perpendicularly to the surface of the array for localized, patterned illumination in tissue. This architecture enables the design of a fully flexible, compact integrated photonic system for applications such as in vivo chronic optogenetic stimulation of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Maya Lassiter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Maysamreza Chamanzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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19
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Dynamic Impairment of Olfactory Behavior and Signaling Mediated by an Olfactory Corticofugal System. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7269-7285. [PMID: 32817250 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2667-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of olfactory information is modulated by centrifugal projections from cortical areas, yet their behavioral relevance and underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear in most cases. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is part of the olfactory cortex, and its extensive connections to multiple upstream and downstream brain centers place it in a prime position to modulate early sensory information in the olfactory system. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of AON neurons in awake male and female mice was not perceived as an odorant equivalent cue. However, AON activation during odorant presentation reliably suppressed behavioral odor responses. This AON-mediated effect was fast and constant across odors and concentrations. Likewise, activation of glutamatergic AON projections to the olfactory bulb (OB) transiently inhibited the excitability of mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) that relay olfactory input to the cortex. Single-unit MTC recordings revealed that optogenetic activation of glutamatergic AON terminals in the OB transiently decreased sensory-evoked MTC spiking, regardless of the strength or polarity of the sensory response. The reduction in MTC firing during optogenetic stimulation was confirmed in recordings in awake mice. These findings suggest that glutamatergic AON projections to the OB impede early olfactory signaling by inhibiting OB output neurons, thereby dynamically gating sensory throughput to the cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) as an olfactory information processing area sends extensive projections to multiple brain centers, but the behavioral consequences of its activation have been scarcely investigated. Using behavioral tests in combination with optogenetic manipulation, we show that, in contrast to what has been suggested previously, the AON does not seem to form odor percepts but instead suppresses behavioral odor responses across odorants and concentrations. Furthermore, this study shows that AON activation inhibits olfactory bulb output neurons in both anesthetized as well as awake mice, pointing to a potential mechanism by which the olfactory cortex can actively and dynamically gate sensory throughput to higher brain centers.
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20
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Horváth ÁC, Borbély S, Boros ÖC, Komáromi L, Koppa P, Barthó P, Fekete Z. Infrared neural stimulation and inhibition using an implantable silicon photonic microdevice. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:44. [PMID: 34567656 PMCID: PMC8433474 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs. Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism, thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neurodegenerative diseases. For such critical environmental factor, thorough mapping of cellular response to variations in temperature is desired in the living brain. So far, limited efforts have been made to create complex devices that are able to modulate temperature, and concurrently record multiple features of the stimulated region. In our work, the in vivo application of a multimodal photonic neural probe is demonstrated. Optical, thermal, and electrophysiological functions are monolithically integrated in a single device. The system facilitates spatial and temporal control of temperature distribution at high precision in the deep brain tissue through an embedded infrared waveguide, while it provides recording of the artefact-free electrical response of individual cells at multiple locations along the probe shaft. Spatial distribution of the optically induced temperature changes is evaluated through in vitro measurements and a validated multi-physical model. The operation of the multimodal microdevice is demonstrated in the rat neocortex and in the hippocampus to increase or suppress firing rate of stimulated neurons in a reversible manner using continuous wave infrared light (λ = 1550 nm). Our approach is envisioned to be a promising candidate as an advanced experimental toolset to reveal thermally evoked responses in the deep neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágoston Csaba Horváth
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Óbuda University Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Borbély
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Örs Csanád Boros
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Komáromi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Koppa
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Sacher WD, Luo X, Yang Y, Chen FD, Lordello T, Mak JCC, Liu X, Hu T, Xue T, Guo-Qiang Lo P, Roukes ML, Poon JKS. Visible-light silicon nitride waveguide devices and implantable neurophotonic probes on thinned 200 mm silicon wafers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:37400-37418. [PMID: 31878521 PMCID: PMC7046040 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.037400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present passive, visible light silicon nitride waveguides fabricated on ≈ 100 µm thick 200 mm silicon wafers using deep ultraviolet lithography. The best-case propagation losses of single-mode waveguides were ≤ 2.8 dB/cm and ≤ 1.9 dB/cm over continuous wavelength ranges of 466-550 nm and 552-648 nm, respectively. In-plane waveguide crossings and multimode interference power splitters are also demonstrated. Using this platform, we realize a proof-of-concept implantable neurophotonic probe for optogenetic stimulation of rodent brains. The probe has grating coupler emitters defined on a 4 mm long, 92 µm thick shank and operates over a wide wavelength range of 430-645 nm covering the excitation spectra of multiple opsins and fluorophores used for brain stimulation and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley D. Sacher
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Yisu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Thomas Lordello
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jason C. C. Mak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ting Hu
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park 11, 117685, Singapore
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Patrick Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Joyce K. S. Poon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Rd., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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