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Gökçe E, Milot E, Langeard A, Quarck G. Impact of repetitive home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation on cognitive skills in healthy older adults. Exp Gerontol 2024; 194:112504. [PMID: 38936440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The human vestibular system is adversely affected by the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that vestibular information and cognitive functions are related, suggesting that age-related vestibular loss may contribute to cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive, home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Twenty-one participants (age = 64.66 ± 2.97 years, 12 females) were randomly allocated to either a home-based GVS or an active control group. The GVS intervention lasted 20 min per session, five times a week, for two weeks (10 sessions). Cognitive functions were assessed before and after the intervention using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A&B, and Dual-Task (digit recall and paper-pencil tracking test). Our findings revealed a significant group-by-time interaction effect for the tracking accuracy (F(1,18) = 7.713, p = 0.012, η p2 = 0.30), with only the home-based GVS group showing significant improvement (t = -2.544, p = 0.029). The proposed home-based GVS protocol offers a promising non-pharmacological avenue for enhancing visuospatial ability in healthy older adults. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of different GVS protocols on various cognitive functions, particularly in older individuals with different health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Gökçe
- Université de Caen Normandie, INSERM, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, Normandie Université, Caen, France.
| | - Emma Milot
- Université de Caen Normandie, INSERM, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Antoine Langeard
- Université de Caen Normandie, INSERM, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Gaëlle Quarck
- Université de Caen Normandie, INSERM, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, Normandie Université, Caen, France
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Hernandez-Sarabia JA, Schmid AA, Sharp JL, Stephens JA. Intervention-Induced Changes in Balance and Task-Dependent Neural Activity in Adults with Acquired Brain Injury: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4047. [PMID: 39000826 PMCID: PMC11244558 DOI: 10.3390/s24134047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging technology, like functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), support the evaluation of task-dependent brain activity during functional tasks, like balance, in healthy and clinical populations. To date, there have been no studies examining how interventions, like yoga, impact task-dependent brain activity in adults with chronic acquired brain injury (ABI). This pilot study compared eight weeks of group yoga (active) to group exercise (control) on balance and task-dependent neural activity outcomes. Twenty-three participants were randomized to yoga (n = 13) or exercise groups (n = 10). Neuroimaging and balance performance data were collected simultaneously using a force plate and mobile fNIRS device before and after interventions. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effect of time, time x group interactions, and simple (i.e., within-group) effects. Regardless of group, all participants had significant balance improvements after the interventions. Additionally, regardless of group, there were significant changes in task-dependent neural activity, as well as distinct changes in neural activity within each group. In summary, using advances in sensor technology, we were able to demonstrate preliminary evidence of intervention-induced changes in balance and neural activity in adults with ABI. These preliminary results may provide an important foundation for future neurorehabilitation studies that leverage neuroimaging methods, like fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlene A. Schmid
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Jaclyn A. Stephens
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Molecular Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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3
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Du J, Liu Y, Zhu W. The altered functional status in vestibular migraine: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3591. [PMID: 38849984 PMCID: PMC11161393 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vestibular migraine (VM) is a disorder with prominent vestibular symptoms that are causally correlated with migraine and is the most prevalent neurological cause of episodic vertigo. Nevertheless, the functional underpinnings of VM remain largely unclear. This study aimed to reveal concordant alteration patterns of functional connectivity (FC) in VM patients. METHODS We searched literature measuring resting-state FC abnormalities of VM patients in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases before May 2023. Furthermore, we applied the anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) to conduct a whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analysis to identify the convergence of FC alterations in VM patients. RESULTS Nine studies containing 251 VM patients and 257 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Relative to HCs, VM patients showed reduced activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and left midcingulate/paracingulate gyri, and increased activity in the precuneus, right superior parietal gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus. Jackknife's analysis and subgroup analysis further supported the generalization and robustness of the main results. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses indicated that the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) ratings were positively correlated with the activity in the precuneus, while higher Headache Impact Test-6 and DHI scores were associated with lower activity within the left midcingulate/paracingulate gyri. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that VM is associated with specific functional deficits of VM patients in crucial regions involved in the vestibular and pain networks and provides further information on the pathophysiological mechanisms of VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Du
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
- School of Artificial IntelligenceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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4
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Bouisset N, Nissi J, Laakso I, Reynolds RF, Legros A. Is activation of the vestibular system by electromagnetic induction a possibility in an MRI context? Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:171-183. [PMID: 38348647 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have discussed the mechanisms of vestibular activation in strong magnetic field settings such as occur in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment. Amid the different hypotheses, the Lorentz force explanation currently stands out as the most plausible mechanism, as evidenced by activation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Other hypotheses have largely been discarded. Nonetheless, both human data and computational modeling suggest that electromagnetic induction could be a valid mechanism which may coexist alongside the Lorentz force. To further investigate the induction hypothesis, we provide, herein, a first of its kind dosimetric analysis to estimate the induced electric fields at the vestibular system and compare them with what galvanic vestibular stimulation would generate. We found that electric fields strengths from induction match galvanic vestibular stimulation strengths generating vestibular responses. This review examines the evidence in support of electromagnetic induction of vestibular responses, and whether movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields should be further considered and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bouisset
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janita Nissi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Raymond F Reynolds
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Legros
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Eurostim, Montpellier, France
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Chen Z, Liu Y, Lin C, Liu D, Xiao L, Liu H, Wei X, Rong L. Altered parietal operculum cortex 2 functional connectivity in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients with residual dizziness: A resting-state fMRI study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14570. [PMID: 38421104 PMCID: PMC10850607 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate changes in functional connectivity (FC) focusing on parietal operculum cortex 2 (OP2) in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) patients with residual dizziness (RD) after successful canalith repositioning procedure (CRP). METHODS High-resolution three-dimensional T1 and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were performed on 55 healthy controls (HCs), 55 BPPV patients with RD, and 55 patients without RD after successful CRP. Seed-based (bilateral OP2) FC was calculated to investigate the changes in FC among the three groups. Additionally, we further explored the associations between abnormal FC and clinical symptoms. RESULTS One-way analysis of covariance showed significant FC differences among the three groups. Post-hoc analysis showed that patients with RD exhibited decreased FC between left OP2 and regions of left angular gyrus (AG), thalamus, precuneus, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and right cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) in comparison with HCs. In addition, compared with patients without RD, patients with RD showed decreased FC between left OP2 and regions of left MFG, AG, middle temporal gyrus, and right CPL. Moreover, in patients with RD, the FC between left thalamus and OP2 was negatively correlated with duration of RD, and the FC between left AG and OP2 was negatively correlated with duration of BPPV. CONCLUSION BPPV patients with RD showed reduced FC between brain regions involved in vestibular processing and spatial cognition; These results suggested that BPPV patients with RD might have diminished central processing of vestibular information and impaired spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yueji Liu
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Cunxin Lin
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Lijie Xiao
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiu‐e Wei
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Liangqun Rong
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Electrical stimulation of the peripheral and central vestibular system using noninvasive (galvanic vestibular stimulation, GVS) or invasive (intracranial electrical brain stimulation, iEBS) approaches have a long history of use in studying self-motion perception and balance control. The aim of this review is to summarize recent electrophysiological studies of the effects of GVS, and functional mapping of the central vestibular system using iEBS in awake patients. RECENT FINDINGS The use of GVS has become increasingly common in the assessment and treatment of a wide range of clinical disorders including vestibulopathy and Parkinson's disease. The results of recent single unit recording studies have provided new insight into the neural mechanisms underlying GVS-evoked improvements in perceptual and motor responses. Furthermore, the application of iEBS in patients with epilepsy or during awake brain surgery has provided causal evidence of vestibular information processing in mostly the middle cingulate cortex, posterior insula, inferior parietal lobule, amygdala, precuneus, and superior temporal gyrus. SUMMARY Recent studies have established that GVS evokes robust and parallel activation of both canal and otolith afferents that is significantly different from that evoked by natural head motion stimulation. Furthermore, there is evidence that GVS can induce beneficial neural plasticity in the central pathways of patients with vestibular loss. In addition, iEBS studies highlighted an underestimated contribution of areas in the medial part of the cerebral hemispheres to the cortical vestibular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lopez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (LNC), FR3C, Marseille, France
| | - Kathleen E. Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21205 MD, USA
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Zhao Y, Wei Y, Wang Y, So RHY, Chan CCH, Cheung RTF, Wilkins A. Identification of the human cerebral cortical hemodynamic response to passive whole-body movements using near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1280015. [PMID: 38152645 PMCID: PMC10751349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1280015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human vestibular system is crucial for motion perception, balance control, and various higher cognitive functions. Exploring how the cerebral cortex responds to vestibular signals is not only valuable for a better understanding of how the vestibular system participates in cognitive and motor functions but also clinically significant in diagnosing central vestibular disorders. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a portable and non-invasive brain imaging technology to monitor cortical hemodynamics under physical motion. Objective This study aimed to investigate the cerebral cortical response to naturalistic vestibular stimulation induced by real physical motion and to validate the vestibular cerebral cortex previously identified using alternative vestibular stimulation. Approach Functional NIRS data were collected from 12 right-handed subjects when they were sitting in a motion platform that generated three types of whole-body passive translational motion (circular, lateral, and fore-and-aft). Main results The study found that different cortical regions were activated by the three types of motion. The cortical response was more widespread under circular motion in two dimensions compared to lateral and fore-and-aft motions in one dimensions. Overall, the identified regions were consistent with the cortical areas found to be activated in previous brain imaging studies. Significance The results provide new evidence of brain selectivity to different types of motion and validate previous findings on the vestibular cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Wei
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Bio-Engineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard H. Y. So
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chetwyn C. H. Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond T. F. Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arnold Wilkins
- Centre for Brain Studies, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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8
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McCarthy B, Datta S, Sesa-Ashton G, Wong R, Henderson LA, Dawood T, Macefield VG. Top-down control of vestibular inputs by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2845-2853. [PMID: 37902866 PMCID: PMC10635918 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular apparatus provides spatial information on the position of the head in space and with respect to gravity. Low-frequency sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS), a means of selectively changing the firing of vestibular afferents, induces a frequency-dependent perception of sway and, in some individuals, induces nausea. Given that vestibular afferents project to the insular cortex-which forms part of the vestibular cortex-and that the insula receives inputs from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), we tested the hypothesis that electrical stimulation of the dlPFC can modulate vestibular inputs. Sinusoidal electrical stimulation (± 2 mA, 0.08 Hz, 100 cycles) was delivered via surface electrodes over (1) the mastoid processes alone (sGVS), (2) electroencephalogram (EEG) site F4 (right dlPFC) and the nasion or (3) to each site concurrently (sGVS + dlPFC) in 23 participants. The same stimulation protocol was used in a separate study to investigate EEG site F3 (left dlPFC) instead of F4 in 13 participants. During sGVS, all participants reported perceptions of sway and 13 participants also reported nausea, neither sensation of which occurred as a result of dlPFC stimulation. Interestingly, when sGVS and dlPFC stimulations were delivered concurrently, vestibular perceptions and sensations of nausea were almost completely abolished. We conclude that the dlPFC provides top-down control of vestibular inputs and further suggests that dlPFC stimulation may provide a novel means of controlling nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McCarthy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudipta Datta
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Wong
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tye Dawood
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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9
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Marciniak Dg Agra K, Dg Agra P. F = ma. Is the macaque brain Newtonian? Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 39:376-408. [PMID: 37045793 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2023.2191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive Physics, the ability to anticipate how the physical events involving mass objects unfold in time and space, is a central component of intelligent systems. Intuitive physics is a promising tool for gaining insight into mechanisms that generalize across species because both humans and non-human primates are subject to the same physical constraints when engaging with the environment. Physical reasoning abilities are widely present within the animal kingdom, but monkeys, with acute 3D vision and a high level of dexterity, appreciate and manipulate the physical world in much the same way humans do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Marciniak Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Gallagher M, Romano F, Bockisch CJ, Ferrè ER, Bertolini G. Quantifying virtual self-motion sensations induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation. J Vestib Res 2023; 33:21-30. [PMID: 36591665 DOI: 10.3233/ves-220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vestibular system provides a comprehensive estimate of self-motion in 3D space. Widely used to artificially stimulate the vestibular system, binaural-bipolar square-wave Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) elicits a virtual sensation of roll rotation. Postural responses to GVS have been clearly delineated, however quantifying the perceived virtual rotation vector has not been fully realised. OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the perceived virtual roll rotation vector elicited by GVS using a psychophysical approach on a 3D turntable. METHODS Participants were placed supine on the 3D turntable and rotated around the naso-occipital axis while supine and received square-wave binaural-bipolar GVS or sham stimulation. GVS amplitudes and intensities were systematically manipulated. The turntable motion profile consisted of a velocity step of 20°/s2 until the trial velocity between 0-20°/s was reached, followed by a 1°/s ramp until the end of the trial. In a psychophysical adaptive staircase procedure, we systematically varied the roll velocity to identify the exact velocity that cancelled the perceived roll sensation induced by GVS. RESULTS Participants perceived a virtual roll rotation towards the cathode of approximately 2°/s velocity for 1 mA GVS and 6°/s velocity for 2.5 mA GVS. The observed values were stable across repetitions. CONCLUSIONS Our results quantify for the first time the perceived virtual roll rotations induced by binaural-bipolar square-wave GVS. Importantly, estimates were based on perceptual judgements, in the absence of motor or postural responses and in a head orientation where the GVS-induced roll sensation did not interact with the perceived direction of gravity. This is an important step towards applications of GVS in different settings, including sensory substitution or Virtual Reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gallagher
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,School of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - F Romano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C J Bockisch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E R Ferrè
- School of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - G Bertolini
- Institute of Optometry, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
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11
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Nakazono H, Taniguchi T, Mitsutake T, Takeda A, Yamada E, Ogata K. Phase-dependent modulation of the vestibular-cerebellar network via combined alternating current stimulation influences human locomotion and posture. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1057021. [PMID: 36590300 PMCID: PMC9795064 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1057021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human locomotion induces rhythmic movements of the trunk and head. Vestibular signaling is relayed to multiple regions in the brainstem and cerebellum, and plays an essential role in maintaining head stability. However, how the vestibular-cerebellar network contributes to the rhythmic locomotor pattern in humans is unclear. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been used to investigate the effects of the task-related network between stimulation regions in a phase-dependent manner. Here, we investigated the relationship between the vestibular system and the cerebellum during walking imagery using combined tACS over the left cerebellum and alternating current galvanic vestibular stimulation (AC-GVS). Methods In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of AC-GVS alone at around individual gait stride frequencies. In Experiment 2, we then determined the phase-specificity of combined stimulation at the gait frequency. Combined stimulation was applied at in-phase (0° phase lag) or anti-phase (180° phase lag) between the left vestibular and left cerebellar stimulation, and the sham stimulation. We evaluated the AC-GVS-induced periodic postural response during walking imagery or no-imagery using the peak oscillatory power on the angular velocity signals of the head in both experiments. In Experiment 2, we also examined the phase-locking value (PLV) between the periodic postural responses and the left AC-GVS signals to estimate entrainment of the postural response by AC-GVS. Results AC-GVS alone induced the periodic postural response in the yaw and roll axes, but no interactions with imagery walking were observed in Experiment 1 (p > 0.05). By contrast, combined in-phase stimulation increased yaw motion (0.345 ± 0.23) compared with sham (-0.044 ± 0.19) and anti-phase stimulation (-0.066 ± 0.18) during imaginary walking (in-phase vs. other conditions, imagery: p < 0.05; no-imagery: p ≥ 0.125). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the yaw peak power of actual locomotion and in-phase stimulation in the imagery session (imagery: p = 0.041; no-imagery: p = 0.177). Meanwhile, we found no imagery-dependent effects in roll peak power or PLV, although in-phase stimulation enhanced roll motion and PLV in Experiment 2. Conclusion These findings suggest that combined stimulation can influence vestibular-cerebellar network activity, and modulate postural control and locomotion systems in a temporally sensitive manner. This novel combined tACS/AC-GVS stimulation approach may advance development of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Nakazono
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,*Correspondence: Hisato Nakazono,
| | - Takanori Taniguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mitsutake
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinori Takeda
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Emi Yamada
- Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ogata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Varangot-Reille C, Herranz-Gomez A, de la Nava J, Suso-Martí L, Cuenca-Martínez F. The experience of vertigo: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2797-2808. [PMID: 36242719 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our primary objective was to assess consistent activation and deactivation among healthy participants and patients reporting vertigo. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of the stimulus and the direction of the perception of self-motion We realized a systematic review with an extensive data visualization. We included neuroimaging studies (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], positron emission tomography [PET] or near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) that have measured functional activity in human adults reporting vertigo and/or dizziness. We included 21 studies (n = 336 participants), ~ 64% male, age ranging from 18 to 80.5 years. The different stimuli used to induce vertigo: caloric stimulation, galvanic stimulation, visual stimulation or vibratory stimulus on neck muscles. We found a consistent activation of the insular cortex, inferior parietal lobule, putamen, cerebellum, anterior cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and thalamus. Cortical and subcortical activation seems to have a contralateral pattern to the perception of self-movement. We found a deactivation pattern of structures related to the ventral and third visual pathway. Vertigo is an unpleasant and subjective experience which involves multiple vestibular and non-specific networks with the involvement of a cortico-basal ganglia- cerebellar-thalamic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Varangot-Reille
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Carrer de Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aida Herranz-Gomez
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Carrer de Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luis Suso-Martí
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Carrer de Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ferran Cuenca-Martínez
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Carrer de Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Doricchi F, Lasaponara S, Pazzaglia M, Silvetti M. Left and right temporal-parietal junctions (TPJs) as "match/mismatch" hedonic machines: A unifying account of TPJ function. Phys Life Rev 2022; 42:56-92. [PMID: 35901654 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies have tried to gain insights into the involvement of the Temporal Parietal Junction (TPJ) in a broad range of cognitive functions like memory, attention, language, self-agency and theory of mind. Recent investigations have demonstrated the partition of the TPJ in discrete subsectors. Nonetheless, whether these subsectors play different roles or implement an overarching function remains debated. Here, based on a review of available evidence, we propose that the left TPJ codes both matches and mismatches between expected and actual sensory, motor, or cognitive events while the right TPJ codes mismatches. These operations help keeping track of statistical contingencies in personal, environmental, and conceptual space. We show that this hypothesis can account for the participation of the TPJ in disparate cognitive functions, including "humour", and explain: a) the higher incidence of spatial neglect in right brain damage; b) the different emotional reactions that follow left and right brain damage; c) the hemispheric lateralisation of optimistic bias mechanisms; d) the lateralisation of mechanisms that regulate routine and novelty behaviours. We propose that match and mismatch operations are aimed at approximating "free energy", in terms of the free energy principle of decision-making. By approximating "free energy", the match/mismatch TPJ system supports both information seeking to update one's own beliefs and the pleasure of being right in one's own' current choices. This renewed view of the TPJ has relevant clinical implications because the misfunctioning of TPJ-related "match" and "mismatch" circuits in unilateral brain damage can produce low-dimensional deficits of active-inference and predictive coding that can be associated with different neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Silvetti
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Lab (CTNLab), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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14
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Murdison TS, Standage DI, Lefèvre P, Blohm G. Effector-dependent stochastic reference frame transformations alter decision-making. J Vis 2022; 22:1. [PMID: 35816048 PMCID: PMC9284468 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical, motor control, and modeling studies have revealed that sensorimotor reference frame transformations (RFTs) add variability to transformed signals. For perceptual decision-making, this phenomenon could decrease the fidelity of a decision signal's representation or alternatively improve its processing through stochastic facilitation. We investigated these two hypotheses under various sensorimotor RFT constraints. Participants performed a time-limited, forced-choice motion discrimination task under eight combinations of head roll and/or stimulus rotation while responding either with a saccade or button press. This paradigm, together with the use of a decision model, allowed us to parameterize and correlate perceptual decision behavior with eye-, head-, and shoulder-centered sensory and motor reference frames. Misalignments between sensory and motor reference frames produced systematic changes in reaction time and response accuracy. For some conditions, these changes were consistent with a degradation of motion evidence commensurate with a decrease in stimulus strength in our model framework. Differences in participant performance were explained by a continuum of eye–head–shoulder representations of accumulated motion evidence, with an eye-centered bias during saccades and a shoulder-centered bias during button presses. In addition, we observed evidence for stochastic facilitation during head-rolled conditions (i.e., head roll resulted in faster, more accurate decisions in oblique motion for a given stimulus–response misalignment). We show that perceptual decision-making and stochastic RFTs are inseparable within the present context. We show that by simply rolling one's head, perceptual decision-making is altered in a way that is predicted by stochastic RFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Murdison
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Association for Canadian Neuroinformatics and Computational Neuroscience (CNCN), Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,
| | - Dominic I Standage
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Association for Canadian Neuroinformatics and Computational Neuroscience (CNCN), Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.,
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- ICTEAM Institute and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.,
| | - Gunnar Blohm
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Association for Canadian Neuroinformatics and Computational Neuroscience (CNCN), Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,
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15
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Kataoka H, Okada Y, Kiriyama T, Kita Y, Nakamura J, Shomoto K, Sugie K. Effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation on axial symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221081599. [PMID: 35237093 PMCID: PMC8883401 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural imbalance, abnormal axial posture, and axial rigidity are the characteristic features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and they are referred to as axial symptoms. The symptoms are difficult to manage since they are often resistant to both L-DOPA and deep brain stimulation. Hence, other treatments that can improve Parkinsonian axial symptoms without adverse effects are required. Vestibular dysfunction occurs in PD since neuropathological changes and reflex abnormalities are involved in the vestibular nucleus complex. Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), which activates the vestibular system, is a noninvasive method. This review aimed to assess the clinical effect of GVS on axial symptoms in PD. To date, studies on the effects of GVS on postural instability, anterior bending posture, lateral bending posture, and trunk rigidity and akinesia in PD had yielded interesting data, and none of the patients presented with severe adverse events, and the others had mild reactions. GVS indicated a possible novel therapy. However, most included a small number of patients, and the sample sizes were not similar in some studies that included controls. In addition, there was only one randomized controlled clinical trial, and it did not perform an objective evaluation of axial symptoms. In this type of research, vestibular contributions to balance should be distinguished from others such as proprioceptive inputs or nonmotor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kataoka
- The Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kashiba, Nara, Japan
| | - Takao Kiriyama
- The Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Kita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nishiyamato Rehabilitation Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nishiyamato Rehabilitation Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Shomoto
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kashiba, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- The Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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16
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Huber J, Ruehl M, Flanagin V, Zu Eulenburg P. Delineating neural responses and functional connectivity changes during vestibular and nociceptive stimulation reveal the uniqueness of cortical vestibular processing. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:779-791. [PMID: 34611776 PMCID: PMC8930960 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vestibular information is ubiquitous and often processed jointly with visual, somatosensory and proprioceptive information. Among the cortical brain regions associated with human vestibular processing, area OP2 in the parietal operculum has been proposed as vestibular core region. However, delineating responses uniquely to vestibular stimulation in this region using neuroimaging is challenging for several reasons: First, the parietal operculum is a cytoarchitectonically heterogeneous region responding to multisensory stimulation. Second, artificial vestibular stimulation evokes confounding somatosensory and nociceptive responses blurring responses contributing to vestibular perception. Furthermore, immediate effects of vestibular stimulation on the organization of functional networks have not been investigated in detail yet. Using high resolution neuroimaging in a task-based and functional connectivity approach, we compared two equally salient stimuli—unilateral galvanic vestibular (GVS) and galvanic nociceptive stimulation (GNS)—to disentangle the processing of both modalities in the parietal operculum and characterize their effects on functional network architecture. GNS and GVS gave joint responses in area OP1, 3, 4, and the anterior and middle insula, but not in area OP2. GVS gave stronger responses in the parietal operculum just adjacent to OP3 and OP4, whereas GNS evoked stronger responses in area OP1, 3 and 4. Our results underline the importance of considering this common pathway when interpreting vestibular neuroimaging experiments and underpin the role of area OP2 in central vestibular processing. Global network changes were found during GNS, but not during GVS. This lack of network reconfiguration despite the saliency of GVS may reflect the continuous processing of vestibular information in the awake human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Huber
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology II and Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maxine Ruehl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Virginia Flanagin
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology II and Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zu Eulenburg
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology II and Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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17
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Paplou V, Schubert NMA, Pyott SJ. Age-Related Changes in the Cochlea and Vestibule: Shared Patterns and Processes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680856. [PMID: 34539328 PMCID: PMC8446668 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and age-related loss in vestibular function (ARVL) are prevalent conditions with deleterious consequences on the health and quality of life. Age-related changes in the inner ear are key contributors to both conditions. The auditory and vestibular systems rely on a shared sensory organ - the inner ear - and, like other sensory organs, the inner ear is susceptible to the effects of aging. Despite involvement of the same sensory structure, ARHL and ARVL are often considered separately. Insight essential for the development of improved diagnostics and treatments for both ARHL and ARVL can be gained by careful examination of their shared and unique pathophysiology in the auditory and vestibular end organs of the inner ear. To this end, this review begins by comparing the prevalence patterns of ARHL and ARVL. Next, the normal and age-related changes in the structure and function of the auditory and vestibular end organs are compared. Then, the contributions of various molecular mechanisms, notably inflammaging, oxidative stress, and genetic factors, are evaluated as possible common culprits that interrelate pathophysiology in the cochlea and vestibular end organs as part of ARHL and ARVL. A careful comparison of these changes reveals that the patterns of pathophysiology show similarities but also differences both between the cochlea and vestibular end organs and among the vestibular end organs. Future progress will depend on the development and application of new research strategies and the integrated investigation of ARHL and ARVL using both clinical and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Paplou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nick M A Schubert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sonja J Pyott
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Nakul E, Bartolomei F, Lopez C. Vestibular-Evoked Cerebral Potentials. Front Neurol 2021; 12:674100. [PMID: 34621231 PMCID: PMC8490637 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.674100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human vestibular cortex has mostly been approached using functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography combined with artificial stimulation of the vestibular receptors or nerve. Few studies have used electroencephalography and benefited from its high temporal resolution to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of vestibular information processing from the first milliseconds following vestibular stimulation. Evoked potentials (EPs) are largely used to describe neural processing of other sensory signals, but they remain poorly developed and standardized in vestibular neuroscience and neuro-otology. Yet, vestibular EPs of brainstem, cerebellar, and cortical origin have been reported as early as the 1960s. This review article summarizes and compares results from studies that have used a large range of vestibular stimulation, including natural vestibular stimulation on rotating chairs and motion platforms, as well as artificial vestibular stimulation (e.g., sounds, impulsive acceleration stimulation, galvanic stimulation). These studies identified vestibular EPs with short latency (<20 ms), middle latency (from 20 to 50 ms), and late latency (>50 ms). Analysis of the generators (source analysis) of these responses offers new insights into the neuroimaging of the vestibular system. Generators were consistently found in the parieto-insular and temporo-parietal junction-the core of the vestibular cortex-as well as in the prefrontal and frontal areas, superior parietal, and temporal areas. We discuss the relevance of vestibular EPs for basic research and clinical neuroscience and highlight their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Nakul
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), FR3C, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Timone, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Lopez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), FR3C, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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19
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Yoshimura N, Umetsu K, Tonin A, Maruyama Y, Harada K, Rana A, Ganesh G, Chaudhary U, Koike Y, Birbaumer N. Binary Semantic Classification Using Cortical Activation with Pavlovian-Conditioned Vestibular Responses in Healthy and Locked-In Individuals. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab046. [PMID: 34447933 PMCID: PMC8382900 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a more reliable brain–computer interface (BCI) for patients in the completely locked-in state (CLIS), here we propose a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), which can induce a strong sensation of equilibrium distortion in individuals. We hypothesized that associating two different sensations caused by two-directional GVS with the thoughts of “yes” and “no” by individuals would enable us to emphasize the differences in brain activity associated with the thoughts of yes and no and hence help us better distinguish the two from electroencephalography (EEG). We tested this hypothesis with 11 healthy and 1 CLIS participant. Our results showed that, first, conditioning of GVS with the thoughts of yes and no is possible. And second, the classification of whether an individual is thinking “yes” or “no” is significantly improved after the conditioning, even in the absence of subsequent GVS stimulations. We observed average classification accuracy of 73.0% over 11 healthy individuals and 85.3% with the CLIS patient. These results suggest the establishment of GVS-based Pavlovian conditioning and its usability as a noninvasive BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsue Yoshimura
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kaito Umetsu
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Alessandro Tonin
- Wyss-Center for Bio and NeuroEngineering, Geneva CH-1202, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhisa Maruyama
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Harada
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Aygul Rana
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gowrishankar Ganesh
- Laboratorie d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier, U. Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Ujwal Chaudhary
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yasuharu Koike
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Chen Z, Xiao L, Liu H, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Lv Y, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Dong S, Wei X, Rong L. Altered thalamo-cortical functional connectivity in patients with vestibular migraine: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuroradiology 2021; 64:119-127. [PMID: 34374821 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the functional connectivity (FC) between the bilateral thalamus and the other brain regions in patients with vestibular migraine (VM). METHODS Resting-state fMRI and 3D-T1 data were collected from 37 patients with VM during the interictal period and 44 age-, gender-, and years of education-matched healthy controls (HC). The FC of the bilateral thalamus was analyzed using a standard seed-based whole-brain correlation method. Furthermore, the correlations between thalamus FC and clinical characteristics of patients were investigated using Pearson's partial correlation. RESULTS Compared with HC, VM patients showed decreased FC between the left thalamus and the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral insular and right supplementary motor cortex. We also observed decreased FC between the right thalamus and the left insular and ACC in VM patients. Furthermore, patients with VM also exhibited increased FC between the left thalamus and the right precuneus and middle frontal gyrus, between the right thalamus and superior parietal lobule. FC between the right thalamus and the left insular was negatively correlated with disease duration (p = 0.019, r = - 0.399), FC between the left thalamus and the left ACC was negatively correlated with HIT-6 score (p = 0.004, r = - 0.484). CONCLUSION VM patients showed altered FC between thalamus and brain regions involved in pain, vestibular and visual processing, which are associated with specific clinical features. Specifically, VM patients showed reduced thalamo-pain and thallamo-vestibular pathways, while exhibited enhanced thalamo-visual pathway, which provided first insight into the underlying functional brain connectivity in VM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Medical Imaging Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Lv
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiue Wei
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangqun Rong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 32, Meijian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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De Maio G, Bottini G, Ferré ER. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation influences risk-taking behaviour. Neuropsychologia 2021; 160:107965. [PMID: 34303719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Risk-taking behaviour is an essential aspect of our interactions with the environment. Here we investigated whether vestibular inputs influence behavioural measurement of risk-taking propensity. We have combined bipolar Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) with a well-known and established risk-taking behaviour task, namely the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). A sham stimulation was used to control for non-specific effects. Left-anodal and right-cathodal GVS (L-GVS), which preferentially activates the vestibular projections in the right hemisphere, decreased the willingness to take risk during the BART compared with right-anodal and left-cathodal GVS (R-GVS), which activates the left hemisphere. This proved a specific vestibular effect which depends on GVS polarity. Conversely, no generic vestibular effect, defined as the adjusted average of L-GVS and R-GVS conditions compared to sham, emerged, excluding non-specific vestibular effects. Our results confirmed recent findings of a vestibular contribution to decision-making and strategy control behaviour. We suggest that the vestibular-mediated balancing of risk seeking behaviour is an important element of the brain's capacity to adapt to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele De Maio
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK; Brain and Behavioural Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bottini
- Brain and Behavioural Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Centre of Cognitive Neuropsychology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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22
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Wilkinson D. Caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: rationale and prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:649-655. [PMID: 34047226 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1935874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Deeply embedded within the inner ear, the sensory organs of the vestibular system are exquisitely sensitive to the orientation and movement of the head. This information constrains aspects of autonomic reflex control as well as higher-level processes involved in cognition and affect. The anatomical pathways that underline these functional interactions project to many cortical and sub-cortical brain areas, and the question arises as to whether they can be therapeutically harnessed.Areas covered: The body of work reviewed here indicates that the controlled application of galvanic or thermal current to the vestibular end-organs can modulate activity throughout the ascending vestibular network and, under appropriate conditions, reduce motor and non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease, a disease of growing prevalence and continued unmet clinical need.Expert opinion: The appeal of vestibular stimulation in Parkinson's disease is underpinned by its noninvasive nature, favorable safety profile, and capacity for home-based administration. Clinical adoption now rests on the demonstration of cost-effectiveness and on the commercial availability of suitable devices, many of which are only permitted for research use or lack functionality. Dose optimization and mechanisms-of-action studies are also needed, along with a broader awareness amongst physicians of its therapeutic potential.
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23
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Mikhail Y, Charron J, Mac-Thiong JM, Barthélemy D. Assessing head acceleration to identify a motor threshold to galvanic vestibular stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2191-2205. [PMID: 33881904 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00254.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is used to assess vestibular system function, but vestibulospinal responses can exhibit variability depending on protocols or intensities used. Here, we measured head acceleration in healthy subjects to identify an objective motor threshold on which to base GVS intensity when assessing standing postural responses. Thirteen healthy right-handed subjects stood on a force platform, eyes closed, and head facing forward. An accelerometer was placed on the vertex to detect head acceleration, and electromyography activity of the right soleus was recorded. GVS (200 ms; current steps 0.5, from 1 mA to 4 mA) was applied in a binaural and bipolar configuration. 1) GVS induced a biphasic accelerometer response at a latency of 15 ms. Based on response amplitude, we constructed a recruitment curve for all participants and determined the motor threshold. In parallel, the method of limits was used to devise a more rapid approach to determine motor threshold. 2) We observed significant differences between motor threshold based on a recruitment curve and all perceptual thresholds reported either by the subject (sensation of movement) or a standing experimenter observing the participant (perception of movement). No significant difference was observed between the motor threshold based on the method of limits and perceptual thresholds of movement. 3) Using orthogonal polynomial contrasts, we observed a linear progression between multiples of the objective motor threshold (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5× motor threshold) and the 95% confidence ellipse area, the first peak of center of pressure displacement velocity, and the short and medium latency responses in the soleus. Hence, an objective motor threshold for GVS based on head acceleration was identified in standing participants and a recruitment curve could be constructed for all participants. These novel approaches could enable better understanding of changes in the vestibular system in different conditions or over time.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been used to assess the vestibular system, but the significant interindividual variability in the responses makes it difficult to quantitatively compare them between individuals or conditions. Using an accelerometer to quantify head movement induced by GVS, we were able to determine an objective motor threshold and construct a recruitment curve for all participants. These methods could help assess changes in the vestibular system under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youstina Mikhail
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centres Intégrés Universitaires de Santé et de Services Sociaux Centre-Sud, Institut Universitaire sur la Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Charron
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centres Intégrés Universitaires de Santé et de Services Sociaux Centre-Sud, Institut Universitaire sur la Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Centres Intégrés Universitaires de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dorothy Barthélemy
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centres Intégrés Universitaires de Santé et de Services Sociaux Centre-Sud, Institut Universitaire sur la Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Centres Intégrés Universitaires de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Lee S, Liu A, McKeown MJ. Current perspectives on galvanic vestibular stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:405-418. [PMID: 33621149 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1894928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a noninvasive technique that activates vestibular afferents, influencing activity and oscillations in a broad network of brain regions. Several studies have suggested beneficial effects of GVS on motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PD).Areas covered: A comprehensive overview of the stimulation techniques, potential mechanisms of action, challenges, and future research directions.Expert opinion: This emerging technology is not currently a viable therapy. However, a complementary therapy that is inexpensive, easily disseminated, customizable, and portable is sufficiently enticing that continued research and development is warranted. Future work utilizing biomedical engineering approaches, including concomitant functional neuroimaging, have the potential to significantly increase efficacy. GVS could be explored for other PD symptoms including orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesia, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Lee
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Aiping Liu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Martin J McKeown
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Valdés BA, Lajoie K, Marigold DS, Menon C. Cortical Effects of Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041476. [PMID: 33672519 PMCID: PMC7923808 DOI: 10.3390/s21041476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) can improve different motor, sensory, and cognitive behaviors. However, it is unclear how this stimulation affects brain activity to facilitate these improvements. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is inexpensive, portable, and less prone to motion artifacts than other neuroimaging technology. Thus, fNIRS has the potential to provide insight into how nGVS affects cortical activity during a variety of natural behaviors. Here we sought to: (1) determine if fNIRS can detect cortical changes in oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin with application of subthreshold nGVS, and (2) determine how subthreshold nGVS affects this fNIRS-derived hemodynamic response. A total of twelve healthy participants received nGVS and sham stimulation during a seated, resting-state paradigm. To determine whether nGVS altered activity in select cortical regions of interest (BA40, BA39), we compared differences between nGVS and sham HbO and HbR concentrations. We found a greater HbR response during nGVS compared to sham stimulation in left BA40, a region previously associated with vestibular processing, and with all left hemisphere channels combined (p < 0.05). We did not detect differences in HbO responses for any region during nGVS (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that fNIRS may be suitable for understanding the cortical effects of nGVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulmaro A. Valdés
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (B.A.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Kim Lajoie
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (B.A.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Daniel S. Marigold
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Carlo Menon
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (B.A.V.); (K.L.)
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Matsugi A, Nagino K, Shiozaki T, Okada Y, Mori N, Nakamura J, Douchi S, Oku K, Nagano K, Tamaru Y. No Impact of Stochastic Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in the Elderly Population. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:646127. [PMID: 33679355 PMCID: PMC7925407 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.646127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) is often used to improve postural stability in disorders, such as neurorehabilitation montage. For the safe use of nGVS, we investigated whether arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate vary during static supine and slow whole-body tilt with random nGVS (0.4 mA, 0.1–640 Hz, gaussian distribution) in a healthy elderly population. Methods This study was conducted with a double-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over design. Seventeen healthy older adults were recruited. They were asked to maintain a static supine position on a bed for 10 min, and the bed was tilted up (TU) to 70 degrees within 30 s. After maintaining this position for 3 min, the bed was passively tilted down (TD) within 30 s. Real-nGVS or sham-nGVS was applied from 4 to 15 min. The time course of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and RR interval variability (RRIV) were analyzed to estimate the autonomic nervous activity. Result nGVS and/or time, including pre-/post-event (nGVS-start, TU, and TD), had no impact on MAP and RRIV-related parameters. Further, there was no evidence supporting the argument that nGVS induces pain, vertigo/dizziness, and uncomfortable feeling. Conclusion nGVS may not affect the AP and RRIV during static position and whole-body tilting or cause pain, vertigo/dizziness, and discomfort in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Nagino
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shiozaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan.,Neurorehabilitation Research Center of Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mori
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nishiyamato Rehabilitation Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinya Douchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Wakayama Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oku
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nagano
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tamaru
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Osaka, Japan
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Lajoie K, Marigold DS, Valdés BA, Menon C. The potential of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation for optimizing and assisting human performance. Neuropsychologia 2021; 152:107751. [PMID: 33434573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) is an emerging non-invasive brain stimulation technique. It involves applying alternating currents of different frequencies and amplitudes presented in a random, or noisy, manner through electrodes on the mastoid bones behind the ears. Because it directly activates vestibular hair cells and afferents and has an indirect effect on a variety of brain regions, it has the potential to impact many different functions. The objective of this review is twofold: (1) to review how nGVS affects motor, sensory, and cognitive performance in healthy adults; and (2) to discuss potential clinical applications of nGVS. First, we introduce the technique. We then describe the regions receiving and processing vestibular information. Next, we discuss the effects of nGVS on motor, sensory, and cognitive function in healthy adults. Subsequently, we outline its potential clinical applications. Finally, we highlight other electrical stimulation technologies and discuss why nGVS offers an alternative or complementary approach. Overall, nGVS appears promising for optimizing human performance and as an assistive technology, though further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lajoie
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel S Marigold
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Bulmaro A Valdés
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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The effects of neck muscle vibration on postural orientation and spatial perception: A systematic review. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:227-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Aedo-Jury F, Cottereau BR, Celebrini S, Séverac Cauquil A. Antero-Posterior vs. Lateral Vestibular Input Processing in Human Visual Cortex. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:43. [PMID: 32848650 PMCID: PMC7430162 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuo-vestibular integration is crucial for locomotion, yet the cortical mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We combined binaural monopolar galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize the cortical networks activated during antero-posterior and lateral stimulations in humans. We focused on functional areas that selectively respond to egomotion-consistent optic flow patterns: the human middle temporal complex (hMT+), V6, the ventral intraparietal (VIP) area, the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area and the posterior insular cortex (PIC). Areas hMT+, CSv, and PIC were equivalently responsive during lateral and antero-posterior GVS while areas VIP and V6 were highly activated during antero-posterior GVS, but remained silent during lateral GVS. Using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses, we confirmed that a cortical network including areas V6 and VIP is engaged during antero-posterior GVS. Our results suggest that V6 and VIP play a specific role in processing multisensory signals specific to locomotion during navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Aedo-Jury
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Touloue III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit R. Cottereau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Touloue III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Simona Celebrini
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Touloue III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Séverac Cauquil
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Touloue III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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Thomas C, Truong D, Clark TK, Datta A. Understanding current flow in Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation: A Computational Study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2442-2446. [PMID: 33018500 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) involves the application of electrical current through electrodes placed exclusively at the mastoids or in combination with electrodes placed on other regions. It is a simple, safe modality to modulate and probe vestibular function. Despite a long history of use, it continues to be primarily used as a research tool with no fully developed therapeutic use. This is partly due to the fact that to further advance this technique, a better understanding of what structures are stimulated and by how much is needed. While models have been proposed to explain response, cellular and structural substrates confirmed empirically, the exact current flow pattern has not been investigated.The goal of this study is to therefore determine current flow patterns in GVS. In order to do so, we developed the first ultrahigh-resolution finite element model of GVS incorporating the tiny structures of interest in the inner ear. We simulated the Bilateral-Bipolar, Bilateral-Monopolar, and the Unilateral-Monopolar configurations. Specifically, we generated surface electric field magnitude plots for the brain and for structures considered most relevant to GVS mechanism of action- the semi-circular canals (SCC) and the otolith.Findings show that the Bilateral-Bipolar configuration results in the most spatially restricted flow while the Unilateral-Monopolar configuration results in the most diffuse. With respect to SCC and the otolith, both Bilateral-Bipolar and Bilateral-Monopolar configurations led to similar flow in both the left and right pairs. For the Unilateral-Monopolar configuration, we observed increased flow in the left pair.We expect via this first model developed for GVS, researchers investigating this technique to have a better understanding of the effects of different configurations. Anatomically detailed models like these may also help understand the mechanism of action and may guide the rational design of future GVS administration.
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Direct comparison of activation maps during galvanic vestibular stimulation: A hybrid H2[15 O] PET-BOLD MRI activation study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233262. [PMID: 32413079 PMCID: PMC7228124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous unimodal PET and fMRI studies in humans revealed a reproducible vestibular brain activation pattern, but with variations in its weighting and expansiveness. Hybrid studies minimizing methodological variations at baseline conditions are rare and still lacking for task-based designs. Thus, we applied for the first time hybrid 3T PET-MRI scanning (Siemens mMR) in healthy volunteers using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) in healthy volunteers in order to directly compare H215O-PET and BOLD MRI responses. List mode PET acquisition started with the injection of 750 MBq H215O simultaneously to MRI EPI sequences. Group-level statistical parametric maps were generated for GVS vs. rest contrasts of PET, MR-onset (event-related), and MR-block. All contrasts showed a similar bilateral vestibular activation pattern with remarkable proximity of activation foci. Both BOLD contrasts gave more bilateral wide-spread activation clusters than PET; no area showed contradictory signal responses. PET still confirmed the right-hemispheric lateralization of the vestibular system, whereas BOLD-onset revealed only a tendency. The reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction concept was confirmed by PET signal decreases in primary and secondary visual cortices, and BOLD-block decreases in secondary visual areas. In conclusion, MRI activation maps contained a mixture of CBF measured using H215O-PET and additional non-CBF effects, and the activation-deactivation pattern of the BOLD-block appears to be more similar to the H215O-PET than the BOLD-onset.
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Adair D, Truong D, Esmaeilpour Z, Gebodh N, Borges H, Ho L, Bremner JD, Badran BW, Napadow V, Clark VP, Bikson M. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:717-750. [PMID: 32289703 PMCID: PMC7196013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial nerves are the pathways through which environmental information (sensation) is directly communicated to the brain, leading to perception, and giving rise to higher cognition. Because cranial nerves determine and modulate brain function, invasive and non-invasive cranial nerve electrical stimulation methods have applications in the clinical, behavioral, and cognitive domains. Among other neuromodulation approaches such as peripheral, transcranial and deep brain stimulation, cranial nerve stimulation is unique in allowing axon pathway-specific engagement of brain circuits, including thalamo-cortical networks. In this review we amalgamate relevant knowledge of 1) cranial nerve anatomy and biophysics; 2) evidence of the modulatory effects of cranial nerves on cognition; 3) clinical and behavioral outcomes of cranial nerve stimulation; and 4) biomarkers of nerve target engagement including physiology, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and behavioral metrics. Existing non-invasive stimulation methods cannot feasibly activate the axons of only individual cranial nerves. Even with invasive stimulation methods, selective targeting of one nerve fiber type requires nuance since each nerve is composed of functionally distinct axon-types that differentially branch and can anastomose onto other nerves. None-the-less, precisely controlling stimulation parameters can aid in affecting distinct sets of axons, thus supporting specific actions on cognition and behavior. To this end, a rubric for reproducible dose-response stimulation parameters is defined here. Given that afferent cranial nerve axons project directly to the brain, targeting structures (e.g. thalamus, cortex) that are critical nodes in higher order brain networks, potent effects on cognition are plausible. We propose an intervention design framework based on driving cranial nerve pathways in targeted brain circuits, which are in turn linked to specific higher cognitive processes. State-of-the-art current flow models that are used to explain and design cranial-nerve-activating stimulation technology require multi-scale detail that includes: gross anatomy; skull foramina and superficial tissue layers; and precise nerve morphology. Detailed simulations also predict that some non-invasive electrical or magnetic stimulation approaches that do not intend to modulate cranial nerves per se, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), may also modulate activity of specific cranial nerves. Much prior cranial nerve stimulation work was conceptually limited to the production of sensory perception, with individual titration of intensity based on the level of perception and tolerability. However, disregarding sensory emulation allows consideration of temporal stimulation patterns (axon recruitment) that modulate the tone of cortical networks independent of sensory cortices, without necessarily titrating perception. For example, leveraging the role of the thalamus as a gatekeeper for information to the cerebral cortex, preventing or enhancing the passage of specific information depending on the behavioral state. We show that properly parameterized computational models at multiple scales are needed to rationally optimize neuromodulation that target sets of cranial nerves, determining which and how specific brain circuitries are modulated, which can in turn influence cognition in a designed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Adair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nigel Gebodh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Borges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Libby Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard medical school, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dept. Psychology, MSC03-2220, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Effects of perceptible and imperceptible galvanic vestibular stimulation on the postural control of patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol 2020; 267:2383-2397. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nguyen NT, Takakura H, Nishijo H, Ueda N, Ito S, Fujisaka M, Akaogi K, Shojaku H. Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses to the Sensory Conflict Between Visual and Rotary Vestibular Stimuli: An Analysis With a Multichannel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) System. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:125. [PMID: 32372931 PMCID: PMC7187689 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory conflict among visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information induces vertiginous sensation and postural instability. To elucidate the cognitive mechanisms of the integration between the visual and vestibular cues in humans, we analyzed the cortical hemodynamic responses during sensory conflict between visual and horizontal rotatory vestibular stimulation using a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. The subjects sat on a rotatory chair that was accelerated at 3°/s2 for 20 s to the right or left, kept rotating at 60°/s for 80 s, and then decelerated at 3°/s2 for 20 s. The subjects were instructed to watch white stripes projected on a screen surrounding the chair during the acceleration and deceleration periods. The white stripes moved in two ways; in the "congruent" condition, the stripes moved in the opposite direction of chair rotation at 3°/s2 (i.e., natural visual stimulation), whereas in the "incongruent" condition, the stripes moved in the same direction of chair rotation at 3°/s2 (i.e., conflicted visual stimulation). The cortical hemodynamic activity was recorded from the bilateral temporoparietal regions. Statistical analyses using NIRS-SPM software indicated that hemodynamic activity increased in the bilateral temporoparietal junctions (TPJs) and human MT+ complex, including the medial temporal (MT) area and medial superior temporal (MST) area in the incongruent condition. Furthermore, the subjective strength of the vertiginous sensation was negatively correlated with hemodynamic activity in the dorsal part of the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). These results suggest that sensory conflict between the visual and vestibular stimuli promotes cortical cognitive processes in the cortical network consisting of the TPJ, the medial temporal gyrus (MTG), and IPS, which might contribute to self-motion perception to maintain a sense of balance or equilibrioception during sensory conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Trong Nguyen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Takakura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michiro Fujisaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Akaogi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toyama Red Cross Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideo Shojaku
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Hoppes CW, Huppert TJ, Whitney SL, Dunlap PM, DiSalvio NL, Alshebber KM, Furman JM, Kwon YH, Rosso AL. Changes in Cortical Activation During Dual-Task Walking in Individuals With and Without Visual Vertigo. J Neurol Phys Ther 2020; 44:156-163. [PMID: 32168158 PMCID: PMC7112165 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Persons with vestibular disorders are known to have slower gait speed with greater imbalance and veering during dual-task walking than healthy individuals, but the cerebral mechanisms are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether individuals with visual vertigo (VV) have different cerebral activation during dual-task walking compared with control subjects. METHODS Fourteen individuals with VV and 14 healthy controls (CON) were included (mean 39 years old, 85% women). A cross-sectional experimental study consisting of 4 combinations of 2 surfaces (even and uneven) and 2 task conditions (single- and dual-task) was performed. Participants walked over an even (level flooring) or uneven (wood prisms underneath carpeting) surface, either quietly or while reciting every other letter of the alphabet. Changes in cerebral activation over the bilateral prefrontal cortices were recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during 4 task conditions relative to quiet standing. Gait speed and cognitive performance were recorded. RESULTS There were no between-group differences in cognitive performance. Both groups slowed when walking on an uneven surface or performing a dual-task; participants in the VV group walked more slowly than those in the CON group in all conditions. Participants with VV had decreased cerebral activation in the bilateral prefrontal regions in comparison to CON participants in all conditions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Participants with VV had lower prefrontal cortex activation than CON participants during dual-task walking. Lower cortical activity in those with VV may be due to shifted attention away from the cognitive task to prioritize maintenance of dynamic balance.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A303).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie W. Hoppes
- Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nikki L. DiSalvio
- University of Southern California/Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yong H. Kwon
- Yeungnam University College, Nam-gu, Daegu, South Korea
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Helmchen C, Machner B, Rother M, Spliethoff P, Göttlich M, Sprenger A. Effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation on resting state brain activity in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2527-2547. [PMID: 32103579 PMCID: PMC7267973 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on resting state brain activity using fMRI (rs‐fMRI) in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. Based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that GVS, which excites the vestibular nerve fibers, (a) increases functional connectivity in temporoparietal regions processing vestibular signals, and (b) alleviates abnormal visual–vestibular interaction. Rs‐fMRI of 26 patients and 26 age‐matched healthy control subjects was compared before and after GVS. The stimulation elicited a motion percept in all participants. Using different analyses (degree centrality, DC; fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations [fALFF] and seed‐based functional connectivity, FC), group comparisons revealed smaller rs‐fMRI in the right Rolandic operculum of patients. After GVS, rs‐fMRI increased in the right Rolandic operculum in both groups and in the patients' cerebellar Crus 1 which was related to vestibular hypofunction. GVS elicited a fALFF increase in the visual cortex of patients that was inversely correlated with the patients' rating of perceived dizziness. After GVS, FC between parietoinsular cortex and higher visual areas increased in healthy controls but not in patients. In conclusion, short‐term GVS is able to modulate rs‐fMRI in healthy controls and BV patients. GVS elicits an increase of the reduced rs‐fMRI in the patients' right Rolandic operculum, which may be an important contribution to restore the disturbed visual–vestibular interaction. The GVS‐induced changes in the cerebellum and the visual cortex were associated with lower dizziness‐related handicaps in patients, possibly reflecting beneficial neural plasticity that might subserve visual–vestibular compensation of deficient self‐motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Björn Machner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Rother
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peer Spliethoff
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Valdés BA, Menon C. Effects of Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation During a Bimanual Tracking Robotic Task. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1132. [PMID: 31749673 PMCID: PMC6843009 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) has been shown to improve motor performance in people with and without disabilities. Previous investigations on the use of nGVS to improve upper-limb motor performance have focused on unimanual fine motor movements, nevertheless, bimanual gross movements are also essential for conducting activities of daily living and can be affected as a result of cerebral dysfunction. Consequently, in this study we investigated the effects of nGVS on bimanual gross motor performance. Methods Twelve healthy participants completed a visuomotor task in which they performed bimanual upper-limb movements using two robots. During the task, participants tracked a target that oscillated following a sinusoidal amplitude-modulated trajectory. In half of the trials, participants received subthreshold nGVS, in the other half, they received sham stimulation. Primary outcome measure: percent improvement in root mean square error (RMSE) between the target’s and cursors’ trajectories. Secondary outcome measures: percent improvement in lag between the cursors and target; and percent improvement in RMSE between the cursors’ trajectories. A post-test questionnaire was administered to evaluate the experience of participants. Results Tracking error was not affected by nGVS: left −2.6(5.5)%, p = 0.128; right −0.9(6.2)%, p = 0.639; nor was bimanual coordination −1.5(9.6)%, p = 0.590. When comparing if one hand was affected more than the other, we did not find a statistically significant difference (−1.7(3.3)%, p = 0.098). Similar results were found for the lag. Questionnaire results indicated that the robotic devices did not limit participants’ movements, did not make participants feel unsafe, nor were they difficult to control. Furthermore, participants did not feel unsafe with the nGVS device, nor did they report any discomfort due to nGVS. Conclusion Results suggest that nGVS applied to people without disabilities do not affect bimanual gross motor performance. However, as this was the first study to investigate such effects, stimulation parameters were based on previous unimanual fine motor studies. Future studies should investigate optimal stimulation parameters for improving upper-limb gross motor performance. Overall, participants felt safe using the robotic devices and receiving the noisy electrical stimulation. As such, a similar setup could potentially be employed for subsequent studies investigating the relation between upper-limb performance and nGVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulmaro A Valdés
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Wang S, Wang H, Zhao D, Liu X, Yan W, Wang M, Zhao R. Grey matter changes in patients with vestibular migraine. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:898.e1-898.e5. [PMID: 31451181 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify structural changes in the brain regions of patients with vestibular migraine (VM) so as to better understand its pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS The differences in grey matter (GM) in patients with VM, patients with migraine without aura (MWoA), and healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Using a GE Signa 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, 3D structural images were acquired from 18 VM, 21 MWoA, and 21 age-, gender-, and education level-matched HC using a T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequence. The volumetric abnormalities of GM were estimated by voxel-based morphometry. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were applied. RESULTS Compared with HC, patients with VM had significantly increased GM volume of the right medial superior frontal gyrus (p=0.008) and the right angular gyrus (p=0.009). Compared to patients with MWoA, patients with VM also had significantly increased volume of the right medial superior frontal gyrus (p=0.001), the right angular gyrus (p=0.008), and the left middle frontal gyrus (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS The GM volume of some brain regions of patients with VM is significantly larger than the other two groups. The increased GM volume in these brain regions in patients with VM may be related to self-adaptation of the nervous system, leading to an abnormal brain sensitization. Some of the brain regions with increased GM volume identified in this study were involved in assessment, integration, and expectations of pain and were strongly related to mood and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - D Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - W Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - M Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - R Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Niehof N, Perdreau F, Koppen M, Medendorp WP. Time course of the subjective visual vertical during sustained optokinetic and galvanic vestibular stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:788-796. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00083.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is thought to use rotation cues from both the vestibular and optokinetic system to disambiguate the gravito-inertial force, as measured by the otoliths, into components of linear acceleration and gravity direction relative to the head. Hence, when the head is stationary and upright, an erroneous percept of tilt arises during optokinetic roll stimulation (OKS) or when an artificial canal-like signal is delivered by means of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). It is still unknown how this percept is affected by the combined presence of both cues or how it develops over time. Here, we measured the time course of the subjective visual vertical (SVV), as a proxy of perceived head tilt, in human participants ( n = 16) exposed to constant-current GVS (1 and 2 mA, cathodal and anodal) and constant-velocity OKS (30°/s clockwise and counterclockwise) or their combination. In each trial, participants continuously adjusted the orientation of a visual line, which drifted randomly, to Earth vertical. We found that both GVS and OKS evoke an exponential time course of the SVV. These time courses have different amplitudes and different time constants, 4 and 7 s respectively, and combine linearly when the two stimulations are presented together. We discuss these results in the framework of observer theory and Bayesian state estimation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While it is known that both roll optokinetic stimuli and galvanic vestibular stimulation affect the percept of vertical, how their effects combine and develop over time is still unclear. Here we show that both effects combined linearly but are characterized by different time constants, which we discuss from a probabilistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Niehof
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Perdreau
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Koppen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Helmchen C, Rother M, Spliethoff P, Sprenger A. Increased brain responsivity to galvanic vestibular stimulation in bilateral vestibular failure. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:101942. [PMID: 31382239 PMCID: PMC6690736 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we investigated how the brain of patients with bilateral vestibular failure (BVF) responds to vestibular stimuli. We used imperceptible noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) and perceptible bi-mastoidal GVS intensities and related the corresponding brain activity to the evoked motion perception. In contrast to caloric irrigation, GVS stimulates the vestibular organ at its potentially intact afferent nerve site. Motion perception thresholds and cortical responses were compared between 26 BVF patients to 27 age-matched healthy control participants. To identify the specificity of vestibular cortical responses we used a parametric design with different stimulus intensities (noisy imperceptible, low perceptible, high perceptible) allowing region-specific stimulus response functions. In a 2 × 3 flexible factorial design all GVS-related brain activities were contrasted with a sham condition that did not evoke perceived motion. Patients had a higher motion perception threshold and rated the vestibular stimuli higher than the healthy participants. There was a stimulus intensity related and region-specific increase of activity with steep stimulus response functions in parietal operculum (e.g. OP2), insula, superior temporal gyrus, early visual cortices (V3) and cerebellum while activity in the hippocampus and intraparietal sulcus did not correlate with vestibular stimulus intensity. Using whole brain analysis, group comparisons revealed increased brain activity in early visual cortices (V3) and superior temporal gyrus of patients but there was no significant interaction, i.e. stimulus-response function in these regions were still similar in both groups. Brain activity in these regions during (high)GVS increased with higher dizziness-related handicap scores but was not related to the degree of vestibular impairment or disease duration. nGVS did not evoke cortical responses in any group. Our data indicate that perceptible GVS-related cortical responsivity is not diminished but increased in multisensory (visual-vestibular) cortical regions despite bilateral failure of the peripheral vestibular organ. The increased activity in early visual cortices (V3) and superior temporal gyrus of BVF patients has several potential implications: (i) their cortical reciprocal inhibitory visuo-vestibular interaction is dysfunctional, (ii) it may contribute to the visual dependency of BVF patients, and (iii) it needs to be considered when BVF patients receive peripheral vestibular stimulation devices, e.g. vestibular implants or portable GVS devices. Imperceptible nGVS did not elicit cortical brain responses making it unlikely that the reported balance improvement of BVF by nGVS is mediated by cortical mechanisms. Responsivity to galvanic vestibular stimuli is increased in the visual and superior temporal Cortex of patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. Group differences correlated with clinical scores of disability. Dysfunctional visual-vestibular interaction is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Matthias Rother
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peer Spliethoff
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Luebeck, Germany
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Dlugaiczyk J, Gensberger KD, Straka H. Galvanic vestibular stimulation: from basic concepts to clinical applications. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2237-2255. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00035.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) plays an important role in the quest to understand sensory signal processing in the vestibular system under normal and pathological conditions. It has become a highly relevant tool to probe neuronal computations and to assist in the differentiation and treatment of vestibular syndromes. Following its accidental discovery, GVS became a diagnostic tool that generates eye movements in the absence of head/body motion. With the possibility to record extracellular and intracellular spikes, GVS became an indispensable method to activate or block the discharge in vestibular nerve fibers by cathodal and anodal currents, respectively. Bernie Cohen, in his attempt to decipher vestibular signal processing, has used this method in a number of hallmark studies that have added to our present knowledge, such as the link between selective electrical stimulation of semicircular canal nerves and the generation of directionally corresponding eye movements. His achievements paved the way for other major milestones including the differential recruitment order of vestibular fibers for cathodal and anodal currents, pronounced discharge adaptation of irregularly firing afferents, potential activation of hair cells, and fiber type-specific activation of central circuits. Previous disputes about the structural substrate for GVS are resolved by integrating knowledge of ion channel-related response dynamics of afferents, fiber type-specific innervation patterns, and central convergence and integration of semicircular canal and otolith signals. On the basis of solid knowledge of the methodology, specific waveforms of GVS are currently used in clinical diagnosis and patient treatment, such as vestibular implants and noisy galvanic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dlugaiczyk
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
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Leong ATL, Gu Y, Chan YS, Zheng H, Dong CM, Chan RW, Wang X, Liu Y, Tan LH, Wu EX. Optogenetic fMRI interrogation of brain-wide central vestibular pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10122-10129. [PMID: 31028140 PMCID: PMC6525493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812453116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) constitutes a powerful neuroimaging technology to map brain-wide functions in response to specific sensory or cognitive tasks. However, fMRI mapping of the vestibular system, which is pivotal for our sense of balance, poses significant challenges. Physical constraints limit a subject's ability to perform motion- and balance-related tasks inside the scanner, and current stimulation techniques within the scanner are nonspecific to delineate complex vestibular nucleus (VN) pathways. Using fMRI, we examined brain-wide neural activity patterns elicited by optogenetically stimulating excitatory neurons of a major vestibular nucleus, the ipsilateral medial VN (MVN). We demonstrated robust optogenetically evoked fMRI activations bilaterally at sensorimotor cortices and their associated thalamic nuclei (auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor), high-order cortices (cingulate, retrosplenial, temporal association, and parietal), and hippocampal formations (dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum). We then examined the modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing using auditory and visual stimulation in combination with optogenetic excitation of the MVN. We found enhanced responses to sound in the auditory cortex, thalamus, and inferior colliculus ipsilateral to the stimulated MVN. In the visual pathway, we observed enhanced responses to visual stimuli in the ipsilateral visual cortex, thalamus, and contralateral superior colliculus. Taken together, our imaging findings reveal multiple brain-wide central vestibular pathways. We demonstrate large-scale modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Celia M Dong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Russell W Chan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xunda Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kuatsjah E, Khoshnam M, Menon C. Investigation on the effect of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation on fine motor skills during a visuomotor task in healthy participants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216214. [PMID: 31048906 PMCID: PMC6497271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) has been shown to improve dynamic walking stability, affect postural responses, enhance balance in healthy subjects, and influence motor performance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Although the studies to fully characterize the effect of nGVS are still ongoing, stochastic resonance theory which states that the addition of noisy signal may enhance a weak sensory input signals transmission in a non-linear system may provide a possible explanation for the observed positive effects of nGVS. This study explores the effect of nGVS on fine tracking behavior in healthy subjects. Ten healthy participants performed a computer-based visuomotor task by controlling an object with a joystick to follow an amplitude-modulated signal path while simultaneously receiving a sham or pink noise nGVS. The stimulation was generated to have a zero-mean, linearly detrended 1/f-type power spectrum, Gaussian distribution within 0.1–10 Hz range, and a standard deviation (SD) set to 90% based on each participant’s cutaneous threshold value. Results show that simultaneous nGVS delivery statistically improved the tracking performance with a decreased root-mean-squared error of 5.71±6.20% (mean±SD), a decreased time delay of 11.88±9.66% (mean±SD), and an increased signal-to-noise ratio of 2.93% (median, interquartile range (IQR) 3.31%). This study showed evidence that nGVS may be beneficial in improving sensorimotor performance during a fine motor tracking task requiring fine wrist movement in healthy subjects. Further research with a more comprehensive subset of tasks is required to fully characterize the effects of nGVS on fine motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kuatsjah
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahta Khoshnam
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Grey matter activation by caloric stimulation in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:585-593. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Postural control during galvanic vestibular stimulation in patients with persistent perceptual-postural dizziness. J Neurol 2019; 266:1236-1249. [PMID: 30809703 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been increasingly applied to stimulate the vestibular system in health and disease, but not in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) yet. We functionally tested motion perception thresholds and postural responses to imperceptible noisy (nGVS) and perceptible bimastoidal GVS intensities in patients with PPPD with normal vestibulo-ocular reflexes. We hypothesized that GVS destabilizes PPPD patients under simple postural conditions stronger compared to healthy controls. They were compared to healthy subjects under several conditions each with the eyes open and closed: baseline with firm platform support, standing on foam and cognitive demand (count backward). Low and high GVS intensities (range 0.8-2.8 mA) were applied according to the individual thresholds and compared with no GVS. PPPD patients showed a reduced perception threshold to GVS compared to healthy control subjects. Median postural sway speed increased with stimulus intensity and on eye closure, but there was no group difference, irrespective of the experimental condition. Romberg's ratio was consistently lower during nGVS than in all other conditions. Group-related dissociable effects were found with the eyes closed in (i) the baseline condition in which high GVS elicited higher postural sway of PPPD patients and (ii) in the foam condition, with better postural stability of PPPD patients during perceptible GVS. Group and condition differences of postural control were neither related to anxiety nor depression scores. GVS may be helpful to identify thresholds of vestibular perception and to modulate vestibulo-spinal reflexes in PPPD, with dissociable effects with respect to perceptible and imperceptible stimuli. The sway increase in the baseline of PPPD may be related to an earlier transition from open- to closed-loop mode of postural control. In contrast, the smaller sway of PPPD in the foam condition under visual deprivation is in line with the known balance improvement under more demanding postural challenges in PPPD. It is associated with a prolonged transition from open- to closed-loop postural feedback control. It could also reflect a shift of intersensory weighting with a smaller dependence on proprioceptive feedback control in PPPD patients under complex tasks. In summary, GVS discloses differences between simple and complex balance tasks in PPPD.
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Age differences in arm–trunk coordination during trunk-assisted reaching. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:223-236. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goel R, Rosenberg MJ, Cohen HS, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP. Calibrating balance perturbation using electrical stimulation of the vestibular system. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:193-199. [PMID: 30339880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supra-threshold galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can be used to challenge the balance control system by disrupting vestibular inputs. The goal of this study was to propose an objective method to assess variability across subjects in the minimum safe GVS level that causes maximum balance degradation. New method: Thirteen healthy young subjects stood on a compliant foam surface with their eyes closed and tried to maintain a stable upright stance. Variables related to the stability of the trunk and whole body were quantified to characterize the relationship between postural responses and GVS at amplitudes from 0 to 4.5 mA in 0.5 mA increments. The relationship between decrements in postural responses and GVS was linear up to a minimum GVS level (called KNEE). An increase in the stimulation level above that did not lead to any further degradation of balance performance. The KNEE was determined by iteratively performing linear fits to the performance measure at different stimulation levels. RESULTS There were individual differences in KNEE; it was in the range of 1-2.5 mA across subjects. GVS caused an average performance decrement of 27-99% across six variables at the KNEE level compared to a no-stimulus condition. Comparison to existing methods: We propose a method to consistently attain the maximum level of impairment across subjects using the minimum current intensity, to minimize all types of adverse effects usually observed at high intensities. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in the disruption of posture control in response to GVS have important implications for testing and training paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goel
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - H S Cohen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J J Bloomberg
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Hoppes CW, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM, Huppert TJ. Changes in cerebral activation in individuals with and without visual vertigo during optic flow: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:655-663. [PMID: 30211002 PMCID: PMC6129736 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Individuals with visual vertigo (VV) describe symptoms of dizziness, disorientation, and/or impaired balance in environments with conflicting visual and vestibular information or complex visual stimuli. Physical therapists often prescribe habituation exercises using optic flow to treat these symptoms, but it is not known how individuals with VV process the visual stimuli. The primary purpose of this study was to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if individuals with VV have different cerebral activation during optic flow compared with control subjects. Methods Fifteen individuals (5 males and 10 females in each group) with VV seeking care for dizziness and 15 healthy controls (CON) stood in a virtual reality environment and viewed anterior-posterior optic flow. The support surface was either fixed or sway-referenced. Changes in cerebral activation were recorded using fNIRS during periods of optic flow relative to a stationary visual environment. Postural sway of the head and center of mass was recorded using an electromagnetic tracker. Results Compared with CON, the VV group displayed decreased activation in the bilateral middle frontal regions when viewing optic flow while standing on a fixed platform. Despite both groups having significantly increased activation in most regions while viewing optic flow on a sway-referenced surface, the VV group did not have as much of an increase in the right middle frontal region when viewing unpredictable optic flow in comparison with the CON group. Discussion and conclusions Individuals with VV produced a pattern of reduced middle frontal cerebral activation when viewing optic flow compared with CON. Decreased activation in the middle frontal regions of the cerebral cortex may represent an alteration in control over the normal reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction in visually dependent individuals. Although preliminary, these findings add to a growing body of literature using functional brain imaging to explore changes in cerebral activation in individuals with complaints of dizziness, disorientation, and unsteadiness. Future studies in larger samples should explore if this decreased activation is modified following a rehabilitation regimen consisting of visual habituation exercises. Visual vertigo and healthy controls process optic flow information differently. Visual vertigo had reduced bilateral middle frontal activation on a fixed platform. Visual vertigo had reduced right middle frontal activation on a moving platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie W Hoppes
- Army-Baylor Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
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Frank SM, Greenlee MW. The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area? J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1438-1450. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00907.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Frank
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Vestibular perception thresholds tested by galvanic vestibular stimulation. J Neurol 2018; 265:54-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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