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Resolving Clinical Phenotypes into Endotypes in Allergy: Molecular and Omics Approaches. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 60:200-219. [PMID: 32378146 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are highly complex with respect to pathogenesis, inflammation, and response to treatment. Current efforts for allergic disease diagnosis have focused on clinical evidence as a binary outcome. Although outcome status based on clinical phenotypes (observable characteristics) is convenient and inexpensive to measure in large studies, it does not adequately provide insight into the complex molecular determinants of allergic disease. Individuals with similar clinical diagnoses do not necessarily have similar disease etiologies, natural histories, or responses to treatment. This heterogeneity contributes to the ineffective response to treatment leading to an annual estimated cost of $350 billion in the USA alone. There has been a recent focus to deconvolute the clinical heterogeneity of allergic diseases into specific endotypes using molecular and omics approaches. Endotypes are a means to classify patients based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involving distinct functions or treatment response. The advent of high-throughput molecular omics, immunophenotyping, and bioinformatics methods including machine learning algorithms is facilitating the development of endotype-based diagnosis. As we move to the next decade, we should truly start treating clinical endotypes not clinical phenotype. This review highlights current efforts taking place to improve allergic disease endotyping via molecular omics profiling, immunophenotyping, and machine learning approaches in the context of precision diagnostics in allergic diseases. Graphical Abstract.
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Mathematical modeling of septic shock: an innovative tool for assessing therapeutic hypotheses. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abbasi A, de Paula Vieira R, Bischof F, Walter M, Movassaghi M, Berchtold NC, Niess AM, Cotman CW, Northoff H. Sex-specific variation in signaling pathways and gene expression patterns in human leukocytes in response to endotoxin and exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:289. [PMID: 27832807 PMCID: PMC5105243 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While exercise effects on the immune system have received increasing attention in recent years, it remains unclear to what extent gender and fluctuations in sex hormones during menstrual cycle influence immunological responses to exercise. Methods We investigated mRNA changes induced through exhaustive exercise (half-marathon; pre-exercise and post-exercise [30 min, 3 h, 24 h] on whole blood cultures ± lipopolysaccharide [LPS] [1 h]) with a specific focus on sex differences (men vs women in luteal phase) as an extension of our previous study. Results Inflammation related signaling pathways, TLRs, cytosolic DNA sensing and RIG-I like receptors were differentially activated between sexes in LPS-stimulated cultures. Genes differentially regulated between sexes included TNIP-1, TNIP-3, IL-6, HIVEP1, CXCL3, CCR3, IL-8, and CD69, revealing a bias towards less anti-inflammatory gene regulation in women compared to men. In addition, several genes relevant to brain function (KMO, DDIT4, VEGFA, IGF1R, IGF2R, and FGD4) showed differential activation between sexes. Some of these genes (e.g., KMO in women, DDIT4 in both sexes) potentially constitute neuroprotective mechanisms. Conclusions These data reveal that the exercise-induced change in gene expression might be gender and menstrual cycle phase dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0758-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA. .,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 1113, University of California, Irvine, 92697.4540, USA.
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix Bischof
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Agilent Technologies Sales and Services, GmbH & Co. KG, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin (ZKT) and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Salvesen Ø, Reiten MR, Heegaard PMH, Tranulis MA, Espenes A, Skovgaard K, Ersdal C. Activation of innate immune genes in caprine blood leukocytes after systemic endotoxin challenge. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:241. [PMID: 27793136 PMCID: PMC5084394 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a serious health problem associated with a range of infectious diseases in animals and humans. Early events of this syndrome can be mimicked by experimental administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Compared with mice, small ruminants and humans are highly sensitive to LPS, making goats valuable in inflammatory models. We performed a longitudinal study in eight Norwegian dairy goats that received LPS (0.1 μg/kg, Escherichia coli O26:B6) intravenously. A control group of five goats received corresponding volumes of sterile saline. Clinical examinations were performed continuously, and blood samples were collected throughout the trial. Results Characteristic signs of acute sepsis, such as sickness behavior, fever, and leukopenia were observed within 1 h of LPS administration. A high-throughput longitudinal gene expression analysis of circulating leukocytes was performed, and genes associated with the acute phase response, type I interferon signaling, LPS cascade and apoptosis, in addition to cytokines and chemokines were targeted. Pro-inflammatory genes, such as IL1B, CCL3 and IL8, were significantly up-regulated. Interestingly, increased mRNA levels of seven interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) were observed peaking at 2 h, corroborating the increasing evidence that ISGs respond immediately to bacterial endotoxins. A slower response was manifested by four extrahepatic acute phase proteins (APP) (SAA3, HP, LF and LCN2) reaching maximum levels at 5 h. Conclusions We report an immediate induction of ISGs in leukocytes in response to LPS supporting a link between the interferon system and defense against bacterial infections. The extrahepatic expression of APPs suggests that leukocytes contribute to synthesis of these proteins at the beginning of a systemic inflammation. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the dynamic regulation of innate immune genes, as well as raising new questions regarding the importance of ISGs and extrahepatic APPs in leukocytes after systemic endotoxin challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0870-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Salvesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin R Reiten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Ersdal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Birngruber T, Sinner F. Cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) an innovative interface to brain tissue. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 20:19-25. [PMID: 27986219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) is a new in-vivo technique for continuous sampling of the interstitial fluid in brain tissue. cOFM can be used to monitor substance transport across the blood-brain barrier (pharmacokinetics) and to investigate metabolic changes in brain tissue after drug application (pharmacodynamics). The possibility of long-term implantation into the brain makes cOFM an outstanding tool in the development of brain relevant pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Birngruber
- Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Frank Sinner
- Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Graz, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Hamed MR, Hassanein NMA, Zaquqe SAM, Mousa AAR. Impact of certain immunomodulators on LPS-induced hematotoxicity. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roh SG, Carroll JA, Kim SW. Effects of fermented soybean meal on innate immunity-related gene expressions in nursery pigs acutely challenged with lipopolysaccharides. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:508-16. [PMID: 25440755 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was to determine if replacing soybean meal with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) would reduce the innate immune response after lipopolysaccharide challenge and the changes of gene expression profiles associated with this response. Forty-eight 21 day-old pigs were housed individually and fed three diets for 15 days: CON (a diet without FSBM or spray-dried plasma protein; SDPP), PP7 (a diet with 7% SDPP), and FS10 (a diet with 10% FSBM). Pigs were fitted with a jugular vein catheters receiving lipopolysaccharide challenge (25 μg/kg body weight (BW)) on day 15. Blood was collected for 5 h at 30-min intervals to measure cortisol. Expressions of gene transcripts in total RNA from leukocytes were compared using an oligonucleotide microarray at 210 min after lipopolysaccharides injection. Cortisol of FS10 was lower (P < 0.05) than CON after lipopolysaccharides challenge. The expression levels of 17 transcripts, including cytosolic glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase A4-4 were increased (P < 0.05), whereas 23 genes including adiponectin, neonatal Fc receptor and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 were decreased (P < 0.05) in FS10. This study suggests that FSBM-fed pigs can modulate expression of genes related to inflammatory response and anti-oxidant activity which can be a potential reason for reduced serum cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gun Roh
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Lab of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Abbasi A, Hauth M, Walter M, Hudemann J, Wank V, Niess AM, Northoff H. Exhaustive exercise modifies different gene expression profiles and pathways in LPS-stimulated and un-stimulated whole blood cultures. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:130-41. [PMID: 24513876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise can interfere with immunity, causing transient immunosuppression and infections/inflammation in athletes. We used microarray technology to analyze the gene expression profiles of whole blood in short time (1h) LPS-stimulated and un-stimulated cultures drawn before, 30min after, 3h after and 24h after a half-marathon run. Four male and 4 female athletes participated. Exercise induced differential expression of genes known to be involved in innate immunity/inflammatory response, metabolic response, DNA methylation, apoptosis and regulation of brain function. Several genes with prominent anti-inflammatory function were up-regulated in un-stimulated cultures, including ARG-1, SOCS3, DUSP-1, ORMs, IRAK3, and GJB6. Some of these genes were also strongly up-regulated in LPS-stimulated cultures (ARG-1, ORM2, and GJB6). Some genes were strongly up-regulated through exercise in LPS-stimulated cultures, but not in un-stimulated cultures (TNIP3, PLAU, and HIVEP1). There was also a row of genes, which were strongly down-regulated by exercise in LPS-stimulated cultures, notably IFN-β1 and CXCL10. Exercise also significantly changed the expression of genes (OLIG2, TMEM106B) which are known to be related to brain function and expression of which has never been documented in peripheral blood. In summary, exhaustive exercise, in addition to modifying gene expression in un-stimulated cells, could also interfere with the early gene expression response to endotoxin. There was an anti-inflammatory bias of gene regulation by exercise, including genes involved in the negative regulation of TLRs signalling. The results of the present study demonstrate that some potentially important effects of exercise can only be detected in relation to pathogen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Hauth
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jens Hudemann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Veit Wank
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Ghosh A, Birngruber T, Sattler W, Kroath T, Ratzer M, Sinner F, Pieber TR. Assessment of blood-brain barrier function and the neuroinflammatory response in the rat brain by using cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM). PLoS One 2014; 9:e98143. [PMID: 24852285 PMCID: PMC4031165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment in systemic inflammation leads to neuroinflammation. Several factors including cytokines, chemokines and signal transduction molecules are implicated in BBB dysfunction in response to systemic inflammation. Here, we have adopted a novel in vivo technique; namely, cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM), to perform time-dependent cytokine analysis (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10) in the frontal cortex of the rat brain in response to a single peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In parallel, we monitored BBB function using sodium fluorescein as low molecular weight reporter in the cOFM sample. In response to the systemic LPS administration, we observed a rapid increase of TNF-alpha in the serum and brain, which coincides with the BBB disruption. Brain IL-6 and IL-10 synthesis was delayed by approximately 1 h. Our data demonstrate that cOFM can be used to monitor changes in brain cytokine levels and BBB disruption in a rat sepsis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH – Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroath
- HEALTH – Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Ratzer
- HEALTH – Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- HEALTH – Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- HEALTH – Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
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Tiong WN, Fong AYY, Sim EUH, Chan HC, Ong TK, Chang BC, Sim KH. Increased serum levels of interleukin-6 and von Willenbrand Factor in early phase of acute coronary syndrome in a young and multiethnic Malaysian population. HEART ASIA 2012; 4:146-50. [DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2012-010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zenilman ME, Chow WB, Ko CY, Ibrahim AM, Makary MA, Lagoo-Deenadayalan S, Dardik A, Boyd CA, Riall TS, Sosa JA, Tummel E, Gould LJ, Segev DL, Berger JC. New Developments in Geriatric Surgery. Curr Probl Surg 2011; 48:670-754. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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In vitro identification and verification of inflammatory biomarkers in swine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:67-72. [PMID: 20828834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are no non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) approved for the control of inflammation in swine due to a lack of validated animal models and suitable biomarkers to assess drug efficacy. This study investigates the differential expression of genes altered in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation which may serve as indicators of NSAID efficacy. Unstimulated whole blood from swine was mixed with tissue culture media, stimulated with LPS, and RNA extracted at the following time points 0h, 1h, 3h, 24h and 48h. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed using a commercial swine DNA microarray. The DNA microarray was utilized as a screen to determine potential biomarkers, focusing on the genes that exhibited the greatest degree of differential expression. A master list of 57 genes was formed based on the differential expression as a result of the stimulation. Following analysis, 12 genes whose expressions were significantly altered (8 up- and 4 down-regulated) were chosen for verification via quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the differential expression of 11 of the 12 genes chosen via the microarray analyses. Specifically, traditional genes such as SAA, G-CSF, and IL-10 were up-regulated, while CD4 was down-regulated; all of the genes were altered by 24h or 48h post-stimulation. We demonstrate here that expression of these 11 genes is altered as a direct result of LPS stimulation and consequently inflammation.
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Pathan AR, Karwa M, Pamidiboina V, Deshattiwar JJ, Deshmukh NJ, Gaikwad PP, Mali SV, Desai DC, Dhiman M, Thanga Mariappan T, Sharma SD, Satyam A, Nemmani KVS. Oral bioavailability, efficacy and gastric tolerability of P2026, a novel nitric oxide-releasing diclofenac in rat. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 18:157-68. [PMID: 20495878 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate, P2026 [(2-((2-(nitrooxy)ethyl)disulfanyl)ethyl 2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetate)], a novel NO (nitric oxide) donor prodrug of diclofenac for its ability to release NO and diclofenac, and whether P2026 provides advantage of improved activity/gastric tolerability over diclofenac. Oral bioavailability of P2026 was estimated from plasma concentration of diclofenac and nitrate/nitrite (NOx). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in three different models of inflammation: acute (carrageenan-induced paw oedema), chronic (adjuvant-induced arthritis), and systemic (lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock). Gastric tolerability was evaluated from compound's propensity to cause gastric ulcers. P2026 exhibited dose-dependent diclofenac and NOx release. Similar to diclofenac, P2026 showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic model, whereas it improved activity in systemic model. Both diclofenac and P2026 inhibited gastric prostaglandin, but only diclofenac produced dose-dependent haemorrhagic ulcers. Thus, the results suggest that coupling of NO and diclofenac contribute to improved gastric tolerability while retaining the anti-inflammatory properties of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif R Pathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Foteinou PT, Calvano SE, Lowry SF, Androulakis IP. Multiscale model for the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in human endotoxemia. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:5-19. [PMID: 20233835 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00184.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe injury and infection are associated with autonomic dysfunction. The realization that a dysregulation in autonomic function may predispose a host to excessive inflammatory processes has renewed interest in understanding the role of central nervous system (CNS) in modulating systemic inflammatory processes. Assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to evaluate systemic abnormalities and as a predictor of the severity of illness. Dissecting the relevance of neuroimmunomodulation in controlling inflammatory processes requires an understanding of the multiscale interplay between CNS and the immune response. A vital enabler in that respect is the development of a systems-based approach that integrates data across multiple scales, and models the emerging host response as the outcome of interactions of critical modules. Thus, a multiscale model of human endotoxemia, as a prototype model of systemic inflammation in humans, is proposed that integrates processes across the host from the cellular to the systemic host response level. At the cellular level interacting components are associated with elementary signaling pathways that propagate extracellular signals to the transcriptional response level. Further, essential modules associated with the neuroendocrine immune crosstalk are considered. Finally, at the systemic level, phenotypic expressions such as HRV are incorporated to assess systemic decomplexification indicative of the severity of the host response. Thus, the proposed work intends to associate acquired endocrine dysfunction with diminished HRV as a critical enabler for clarifying how cellular inflammatory processes and neural-based pathways mediate the links between patterns of autonomic control (HRV) and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota T Foteinou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Lee KS, Alvarenga TA, Guindalini C, Andersen ML, Castro RMRPS, Tufik S. Validation of commonly used reference genes for sleep-related gene expression studies. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:45. [PMID: 19445681 PMCID: PMC2685383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep is a restorative process and is essential for maintenance of mental and physical health. In an attempt to understand the complexity of sleep, multidisciplinary strategies, including genetic approaches, have been applied to sleep research. Although quantitative real time PCR has been used in previous sleep-related gene expression studies, proper validation of reference genes is currently lacking. Thus, we examined the effect of total or paradoxical sleep deprivation (TSD or PSD) on the expression stability of the following frequently used reference genes in brain and blood: beta-actin (b-actin), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). Results Neither TSD nor PSD affected the expression stability of all tested genes in both tissues indicating that b-actin, B2M, GAPDH and HPRT are appropriate reference genes for the sleep-related gene expression studies. In order to further verify these results, the relative expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1 (GPD1) was evaluated in brain and blood, respectively. The normalization with each of four reference genes produced similar pattern of expression in control and sleep deprived rats, but subtle differences in the magnitude of expression fold change were observed which might affect the statistical significance. Conclusion This study demonstrated that sleep deprivation does not alter the expression stability of commonly used reference genes in brain and blood. Nonetheless, the use of multiple reference genes in quantitative RT-PCR is required for the accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kil S Lee
- Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Foteinou PT, Calvano SE, Lowry SF, Androulakis IP. Modeling endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation using an indirect response approach. Math Biosci 2008; 217:27-42. [PMID: 18840451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A receptor mediated model of endotoxin-induced human inflammation is proposed. The activation of the innate immune system in response to the endotoxin stimulus involves the interaction between the extracellular signal and critical receptors driving downstream signal transduction cascades leading to transcriptional changes. We explore the development of an in silico model that aims at coupling extracellular signals with essential transcriptional responses through a receptor mediated indirect response model. The model consists of eight (8) variables and is evaluated in a series of biologically relevant scenarios indicative of the non-linear behavior of inflammation. Such scenarios involve a self-limited response where the inflammatory stimulus is cleared successfully; a persistent infectious response where the inflammatory instigator is not eliminated, leading to an aberrant inflammatory response, and finally, a persistent non-infectious inflammatory response that can be elicited under an overload of the pathogen-derived product; as such high dose of the inflammatory insult can disturb the dynamics of the host response leading to an unconstrained inflammatory response. Finally, the potential of the model is demonstrated by analyzing scenarios associated with endotoxin tolerance and potentiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Foteinou
- Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Lobenhofer EK, Auman JT, Blackshear PE, Boorman GA, Bushel PR, Cunningham ML, Fostel JM, Gerrish K, Heinloth AN, Irwin RD, Malarkey DE, Merrick BA, Sieber SO, Tucker CJ, Ward SM, Wilson RE, Hurban P, Tennant RW, Paules RS. Gene expression response in target organ and whole blood varies as a function of target organ injury phenotype. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R100. [PMID: 18570634 PMCID: PMC2481421 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report details the standardized experimental design and the different data streams that were collected (histopathology, clinical chemistry, hematology and gene expression from the target tissue (liver) and a bio-available tissue (blood)) after treatment with eight known hepatotoxicants (at multiple time points and doses with multiple biological replicates). The results of the study demonstrate the classification of histopathological differences, likely reflecting differences in mechanisms of cell-specific toxicity, using either liver tissue or blood transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Todd Auman
- NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Current address: Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Gary A Boorman
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Pierre R Bushel
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jennifer M Fostel
- National Center for Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alexandra N Heinloth
- NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard D Irwin
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - B Alex Merrick
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stella O Sieber
- NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles J Tucker
- NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sandra M Ward
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ralph E Wilson
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Patrick Hurban
- Cogenics, a Division of Clinical Data, Inc., Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Raymond W Tennant
- Cancer Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard S Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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18
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Kitamura H, Ito M, Yuasa T, Kikuguchi C, Hijikata A, Takayama M, Kimura Y, Yokoyama R, Kaji T, Ohara O. Genome-wide identification and characterization of transcripts translationally regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Physiol Genomics 2008; 33:121-32. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli LPS is known to elicit various proinflammatory responses in macrophages, its effect on the translational states of transcripts has not yet been explored on a genome-wide scale. To address this, we investigated the mRNA profiles in polysomal and free messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) fractions of mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells, using Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 GeneChips. Comparison of the mRNA profiles in total cellular, polysomal, and free mRNP fractions enabled us to identify transcripts that were modulated at the translational level by LPS: among 19,791 transcripts, 115 and 418 were up- and downregulated at 1, 2, or 4 h after LPS stimulation (100 ng/ml) in a translation-dependent manner. Interestingly, gene ontology-based analysis suggested that translation-dependent downregulated genes frequently include those encoding proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In fact, the mRNA levels of some transcripts for complexes I, IV, and V in the mitochondrial respiratory chain were translationally downregulated, eventually contributing to the decline of their protein levels. Moreover, the amount of metabolically labeled cytochrome oxidase subunit Va in complex IV was decreased without any change of its mRNA level in total cellular fraction after LPS stimulation. Consistently, the total amounts and activities of complexes I and IV were attenuated by LPS stimulation, and the attenuation was independent of nitric oxide. These results demonstrated that translational suppression may play a critical role in the LPS-mediated attenuation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a nitric oxide-independent manner in J774.1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Masatoshi Ito
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Tomoko Yuasa
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Chisato Kikuguchi
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Atsushi Hijikata
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Michiyo Takayama
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Ryo Yokoyama
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Tomohiro Kaji
- Immunological Memory, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratories for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
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19
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Merrick BA. The plasma proteome, adductome and idiosyncratic toxicity in toxicoproteomics research. BRIEFINGS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 7:35-49. [PMID: 18270218 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/eln004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxicoproteomics uses the discovery potential of proteomics in toxicology research by applying global protein measurement technologies to biofluids and tissues after host exposure to injurious agents. Toxicoproteomic studies thus far have focused on protein profiling of major organs and biofluids such as liver and blood in preclinical species exposed to model toxicants. The slow pace of discovery for new biomarkers, toxicity signatures and mechanistic insights is partially due to the limited proteome coverage derived from analysis of native organs, tissues and body fluids by traditional proteomic platforms. Improved toxicoproteomic analysis would result by combining higher data density LC-MS/MS platforms with stable isotope labelled peptides and parallel use of complementary platforms. Study designs that remove abundant proteins from biofluids, enrich subcellular structures and include cell specific isolation from heterogeneous tissues would greatly increase differential expression capabilities. By leveraging resources from immunology, cell biology and nutrition research communities, toxicoproteomics could make particular contributions in three inter-related areas to advance mechanistic insights and biomarker development: the plasma proteome and circulating microparticles, the adductome and idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- National Center for Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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20
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Abstract
To respond to potential adverse exposures properly, health care providers need accurate indicators of exposure levels. The indicators are particularly important in the case of acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication, the leading cause of liver failure in the U.S. We hypothesized that gene expression patterns derived from blood cells would provide useful indicators of acute exposure levels. To test this hypothesis, we used a blood gene expression data set from rats exposed to APAP to train classifiers in two prediction algorithms and to extract patterns for prediction using a profiling algorithm. Prediction accuracy was tested on a blinded, independent rat blood test data set and ranged from 88.9% to 95.8%. Genomic markers outperformed predictions based on traditional clinical parameters. The expression profiles of the predictor genes from the patterns extracted from the blood exhibited remarkable (97% accuracy) transtissue APAP exposure prediction when liver gene expression data were used as a test set. Analysis of human samples revealed separation of APAP-intoxicated patients from control individuals based on blood expression levels of human orthologs of the rat discriminatory genes. The major biological signal in the discriminating genes was activation of an inflammatory response after exposure to toxic doses of APAP. These results support the hypothesis that gene expression data from peripheral blood cells can provide valuable information about exposure levels, well before liver damage is detected by classical parameters. It also supports the potential use of genomic markers in the blood as surrogates for clinical markers of potential acute liver damage.
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21
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Transcriptome profiling of the small intestinal epithelium in germfree versus conventional piglets. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:215. [PMID: 17615075 PMCID: PMC1949829 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To gain insight into host-microbe interactions in a piglet model, a functional genomics approach was used to address the working hypothesis that transcriptionally regulated genes associated with promoting epithelial barrier function are activated as a defensive response to the intestinal microbiota. Cesarean-derived germfree (GF) newborn piglets were colonized with adult swine feces, and villus and crypt epithelial cell transcriptomes from colonized and GF neonatal piglets were compared using laser-capture microdissection and high-density porcine oligonucleotide microarray technology. RESULTS Consistent with our hypothesis, resident microbiota induced the expression of genes contributing to intestinal epithelial cell turnover, mucus biosynthesis, and priming of the immune system. Furthermore, differential expression of genes associated with antigen presentation (pan SLA class I, B2M, TAP1 and TAPBP) demonstrated that microbiota induced immune responses using a distinct regulatory mechanism common for these genes. Specifically, gene network analysis revealed that microbial colonization activated both type I (IFNAR) and type II (IFNGR) interferon receptor mediated signaling cascades leading to enhanced expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT2 and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) transcription factors and the induction of IFN-inducible genes as a reflection of intestinal epithelial inflammation. In addition, activated RNA expression of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFkappaBIA; a.k.a I-kappa-B-alpha, IKBalpha) and toll interacting protein (TOLLIP), both inhibitors of inflammation, along with downregulated expression of the immunoregulatory transcription factor GATA binding protein-1 (GATA1) is consistent with the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. CONCLUSION This study supports the concept that the intestinal epithelium has evolved to maintain a physiological state of inflammation with respect to continuous microbial exposure, which serves to sustain a tight intestinal barrier while preventing overt inflammatory responses that would compromise barrier function.
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22
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Murphy BA, Vick MM, Sessions DR, Cook RF, Fitzgerald BP. Acute systemic inflammation transiently synchronizes clock gene expression in equine peripheral blood. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:467-76. [PMID: 17174528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral clocks receive timing signals from the master mammalian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and function to adaptively anticipate daily changes that influence local physiology. Evidence suggests that peripheral immune activation may act as a resetting signal for circadian clocks in peripheral tissues. We wished to investigate whether acute systemic inflammation could synchronize clock gene expression in equine peripheral blood, a tissue that does not normally oscillate in this species. We report that in vivo administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in significant upregulation of the core clock genes Per2 and Bmal1 in equine blood, in association with an acute rise in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and core body temperature compared to vehicle-treated control animals. Furthermore, co-administration of LPS and phenylbutazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) known to inhibit prostaglandin (PG) E(2) synthesis in the horse, prevents both the febrile response and the synchronized increase in clock gene expression. However, the rise in Per2 and Bmal1 expression cannot be replicated in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo by treatment with PGE(2), LPS or a heat shock mimicking the in vivo febrile response. These results may suggest an indirect communication pathway between immune modulators and the molecular machinery of cell clocks in peripheral blood. This potential immune feedback regulation of an equine peripheral clock implies a role for the circadian system in contributing to innate immune reactions and maintaining homeostasis in a tissue that acts as the first line of defense during an infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Murphy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Toxicoproteomics, in applying proteomics to toxicology, seeks to identify critical proteins and pathways in biological systems responding to adverse chemical exposures and environmental stressors using global protein expression technologies. Toxicoproteomics is being exploited for the discovery of new biomarkers and toxicity signatures in target organs, such as liver, in major biological processes, such as inflammation, in mapping serum, plasma, and other biofluid proteomes, and in parallel proteomic and transcriptomic studies. The new field of toxicoproteomics is uniquely positioned toward discovery of new biomarkers and signatures of tissue injury and a better understanding of protein expression responses during toxicity and environmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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24
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Heuer JG, Cummins DJ, Edmonds BT. Multiplex proteomic approaches to sepsis research: case studies employing new technologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2006; 2:669-80. [PMID: 16209647 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.5.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a multifactorial disease that provides unique challenges to the critical care physician. Diagnosis is hampered by the lack of a quantitative in vitro diagnostic test, instead, it relies on a series of clinical measures. The complex nature of the disease, with involvement of several physiologic systems, suggests a need to simultaneously monitor many clinical parameters. Novel proteomic technologies now exist that enable the multiplex measurement of multiple protein analytes from the same sample. Integration of these analytical measures with patient clinical data may provide the foundation for a better understanding of disease diagnosis, disease progression and the selection of optimal therapeutic regimen. The future challenge is the translation of these multiplex approaches from investigative research to clinical diagnostics for the greatest impact on patient treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef G Heuer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, IN 46285, USA.
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25
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Teufelhofer O, Parzefall W, Elbling L, Kainzbauer E, Grasl-Kraupp B, Zielinski C, Schulte-Hermann R, Gerner C. Divide and conquer: Rat liver tissue proteomics based on the analysis of purified constituents. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4112-20. [PMID: 17054093 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Comparative proteome data of normal and diseased tissue samples are difficult to interpret. Proteins detected in tissues are derived from different cell types and blood constituents. Pathologic or toxicant-induced aberrations may affect the proteome profile of tissues in several ways since different cell types may respond in very different and highly specific manners. The aim of this study was to analyze the proteome profiles of purified rat liver primary cells and of blood plasma in comparison to liver whole tissue. Moreover, we investigated alterations of these profiles induced by the liver toxicant N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) used as a model compound. Whole liver samples, pure hepatocytes and Kupffer cells as well as blood plasma were obtained from saline- or NNM-treated rats. Proteins were separated by 2-D PAGE and their amounts were estimated by fluorography. Selected proteins were identified by MS analysis of tryptic digests. Among them we identified proteins exclusively expressed in the analysed constituents. Several of these proteins were assigned in the proteome profile of whole-tissue homogenates. Furthermore, we identified several proteins that were modified, up-regulated or down-regulated due to NNM treatment in total liver homogenates. Some of these protein alterations were specifically detected in primary cells isolated from NNM-treated rats. Thus, we demonstrated the successful assignment of NNM-induced proteome alterations in rat liver to the cell type of origin. The currently applied approach may help to better understand pathologic processes at a whole-tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Teufelhofer
- Internal Medicine Clinic I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Yajima M, Yajima T, Kuwata T. Intraperitoneal injection of lactoferrin ameliorates severe albumin extravasation and neutrophilia in LPS-induced inflammation in neonatal rats. Biomed Res 2006; 26:249-55. [PMID: 16415506 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.26.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) plays various anti-inflammatory roles in inflammation experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). But the effects of LF on albumin extravasation and neutrophilia have not been elucidated. We aimed to study the effects of LF on albumin extravasation, neutrophilia and/or on other symptoms in inflammation caused by LPS in rats. Human lactoferrin (hLF) was injected (10 mg/100 mL in PBS) 18 h, or 15 min prior to, or 60 min after intraperitoneal injection of LPS in 13 days old Sprague Dawley rats. Prophylactic injection of hLF significantly ameliorated albumin extravasation in ascitic fluid at 5 h and neutrophilia in the blood at 24 h after LPS injection, but the after-injection of hLF did not. Interestingly, an injection of rat anti-TNFalpha IgG 15 min prior to LPS injection did not ameliorate albumin extravasation. Prophylactic injection of hLF significantly ameliorated other symptoms like mortality, and the decrease of phagocytotic activity of peritoneal polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL), but did not ameliorate the decrease of platelets in the plasma. These findings suggest that hLF may be available as a medical treatment prior to surgery for prophylaxis of side effects like albumin extravasation or neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yajima
- Institute of Nutrition Science, Meiji Dairies Corporations, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
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27
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Talwar S, Munson PJ, Barb J, Fiuza C, Cintron AP, Logun C, Tropea M, Khan S, Reda D, Shelhamer JH, Danner RL, Suffredini AF. Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes after endotoxin challenge in humans. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:203-15. [PMID: 16403844 PMCID: PMC5560445 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00192.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To define gene expression profiles that occur during the initial activation of human innate immunity, we administered intravenous endotoxin (n = 8) or saline (n = 4) to healthy subjects and hybridized RNA from blood mononuclear cells (0, 0.5, 6, 24, 168 h) or whole blood (0, 3, 6, 24, 168 h) to oligonucleotide probe arrays. The greatest change in mononuclear cell gene expression occurred at 6 h (439 induced and 428 repressed genes, 1% false discovery rate, and 50% fold change) including increased expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition molecules and signaling cascades linked to receptors associated with cell mobility and activation. Induced defense response genes included cytokines, chemokines, and their respective receptors, acute-phase transcription factors, proteases, arachidonate metabolites, and oxidases. Repressed defense response genes included those associated with co-stimulatory molecules, T and cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and protein synthesis. Gene expression profiles of whole blood had similar biological themes. Over 100 genes not typically associated with acute inflammation were differentially regulated after endotoxin. By 24 h, gene expression had returned to baseline values. Thus the inflammatory response of circulating leukocytes to endotoxin in humans is characterized by a rapid amplification and subsidence of gene expression. These results indicate that a single intravascular exposure to endotoxin produces a large but temporally short perturbation of the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Talwar
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1662, USA
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28
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Papoian R, Scherer A, Saulnier M, Staedtler F, Cordier A, Legay F, Maurer G, Staeheli J, Vonderscher J, Chibout SD. VeloceGenomics: An Accelerated in Vivo Drug Discovery Approach to Rapidly Predict the Biologic, Drug-Like Activity of Compounds, Proteins, or Genes. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1597-613. [PMID: 16086225 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to test the predictive power of in vivo multiorgan RNA expression profiling in identifying the biologic activity of molecules. METHODS Animals were treated with compound A or B. At the end of the treatment period, in vivo multiorgan microarray-based gene expression data were collected. Investigators masked to the identity of the compounds analyzed the transcriptome signatures to define the molecular pathways affected by treatment and to hypothesize the biologic activity and potential therapeutic indications of the blinded compounds. RESULTS For compound A, G-protein-coupled receptors and factors associated with cell growth were affected-growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1, glucagon/insulin axes, and general somatomedin-like activity. Deblinding showed the compound to be a somatostatin analog, SOM230, confirming the accuracy of the predicted biologic activity. For compound B, components of the inflammatory cascade potentially mediated by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, or proinflammatory cytokines were affected. The gene expression signatures were most consistent with an interleukin-6 family activity. Deblinding revealed that compound B was leukemia inhibitory factor. CONCLUSIONS VeloceGenomics is a strategy of coupling in vivo compound testing with genomic technologies. The process enables prediction of the mechanism of action and, coupled with other relevant data, prediction of the suitability of compounds for advancement in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Papoian
- Department of Exploratory Development, Biomarker Development, Novartis Pharma A.G., Postfach, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447491 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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