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Li Y, Zhou L, Deng H, Zhang Y, Li G, Yu H, Wu K, Wang F. A switch in the pathway of TRPC3-mediated calcium influx into brain pericytes contributes to capillary spasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00380. [PMID: 38839450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx and subsequent elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) induce contractions of brain pericytes and capillary spasms following subarachnoid hemorrhage. This calcium influx is exerted through cation channels. However, the specific calcium influx pathways in brain pericytes after subarachnoid hemorrhage remain unknown. Transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) is the most abundant cation channel potentially involved in calcium influx into brain pericytes and is involved in calcium influx into other cell types either via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) or receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE). Therefore, we hypothesized that TRPC3 is associated with [Ca2+]i elevation in brain pericytes, potentially mediating brain pericyte contraction and capillary spasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this study, we isolated rat brain pericytes and demonstrated increased TRPC3 expression and its currents in brain pericytes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Calcium imaging of brain pericytes revealed that changes in TRPC3 expression mediated a switch from SOCE-dominant to ROCE-dominant calcium influx after subarachnoid hemorrhage, resulting in significantly higher [Ca2+]i levels after SAH. TRPC3 activity in brain pericytes also contributed to capillary spasms and reduction in cerebral blood flow in an in vivo rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Therefore, we suggest that the switch in TRPC3-mediated calcium influx pathways plays a crucial role in the [Ca2+]i elevation in brain pericytes after subarachnoid hemorrhage, ultimately leading to capillary spasms and a reduction in cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine of Yunnan Province, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongji Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory for Basic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Guibo Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hanfu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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Maeda K, Kuriyama N, Noguchi D, Ito T, Gyoten K, Hayasaki A, Fujii T, Iizawa Y, Murata Y, Tanemura A, Kishiwada M, Mizuno S. Xa inhibitor edoxaban ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via PAR-2-ERK 1/2 pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292628. [PMID: 38748746 PMCID: PMC11095713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury causes liver damage during surgery. In hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, the blood coagulation cascade is activated, causing microcirculatory incompetence and cellular injury. Coagulation factor Xa (FXa)- protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 signaling activates inflammatory reactions and the cytoprotective effect of FXa inhibitor in several organs. However, no studies have elucidated the significance of FXa inhibition on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The present study elucidated the treatment effect of an FXa inhibitor, edoxaban, on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, focusing on FXa-PAR-2 signaling. A 60 min hepatic partial-warm ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model and a hypoxia-reoxygenation model of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were used. Ischemia-reperfusion injury mice and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were treated and pretreated, respectively with or without edoxaban. They were incubated during hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro. Cell signaling was evaluated using the PAR-2 knockdown model. In ischemia-reperfusion injury mice, edoxaban treatment significantly attenuated fibrin deposition in the sinusoids and liver histological damage and resulted in both anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury upregulated PAR-2 generation and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation; however, edoxaban treatment reduced PAR-2 generation and suppressed ERK 1/2 activation in vivo. In the hypoxia/reoxygenation model of sinusoidal endothelial cells, hypoxia/reoxygenation stress increased FXa generation and induced cytotoxic effects. Edoxaban protected sinusoidal endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation stress and reduced ERK 1/2 activation. PAR-2 knockdown in the sinusoidal endothelial cells ameliorated hypoxia/reoxygenation stress-induced cytotoxicity and suppressed ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Thus, edoxaban ameliorated hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by protecting against micro-thrombosis in sinusoids and suppressing FXa-PAR-2-induced inflammation in the sinusoidal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Maeda
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Naohisa Kuriyama
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Daisuke Noguchi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Gyoten
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Aoi Hayasaki
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takehiro Fujii
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iizawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murata
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tanemura
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masashi Kishiwada
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shugo Mizuno
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Paul S, Mukherjee T, Das K. Coagulation Protease-Driven Cancer Immune Evasion: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 38672649 PMCID: PMC11048528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation and cancer are intrinsically connected, hypercoagulation-associated thrombotic complications are commonly observed in certain types of cancer, often leading to decreased survival in cancer patients. Apart from the common role in coagulation, coagulation proteases often trigger intracellular signaling in various cancers via the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily protease: protease-activated receptors (PARs). Although the role of PARs is well-established in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, their impact on cancer immune response is only just emerging. The present review highlights how coagulation protease-driven PAR signaling plays a key role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the contribution of coagulation protease-induced signaling in cancer immune evasion, thereby supporting the growth and development of certain tumors. A special section of the review demonstrates the role of coagulation proteases, thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa in cancer immune evasion. Targeting coagulation protease-induced signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy to boost the immune surveillance mechanism of a host fighting against cancer, thereby augmenting the clinical consequences of targeted immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West Bengal, India
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Tao C, Li Y, An N, Liu H, Liu Z, Sun Y, Qian Y, Li N, Xing Y, Gao Y. Pathological mechanisms and future therapeutic directions of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1293428. [PMID: 38698822 PMCID: PMC11063263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1293428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common subtype of hemorrhagic stroke, often causes severe disability or death. ICH induces adverse events that might lead to secondary brain injury (SBI), and there is currently a lack of specific effective treatment strategies. To provide a new direction for SBI treatment post-ICH, the systematic review discussed how thrombin impacts secondary injury after ICH through several potentially deleterious or protective mechanisms. We included 39 studies and evaluated them using SYRCLE's ROB tool. Subsequently, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of thrombin-mediated effects on SBI post-ICH in terms of inflammation, iron deposition, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we described the effects of thrombin in endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons, as well as the harmful and beneficial effects of high and low thrombin concentrations on ICH. Finally, we concluded the current research status of thrombin therapy for ICH, which will provide a basis for the future clinical application of thrombin in the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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5
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Aleksandrowicz K, Hempel D, Polityńska B, Wojtukiewicz AM, Honn KV, Tang DG, Wojtukiewicz MZ. The Complex Role of Thrombin in Cancer and Metastasis: Focus on Interactions with the Immune System. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:462-473. [PMID: 37984359 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin, a pleiotropic enzyme involved in coagulation, plays a crucial role in both procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, initiates platelet activation, and promotes clot formation. Thrombin also activates anticoagulant pathways, indirectly inhibiting factors involved in coagulation. Tissue factor triggers thrombin generation, and the overexpression of thrombin in various cancers suggests that it is involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increased thrombin generation has been observed in cancer patients, especially those with metastases. Thrombin exerts its effects through protease-activated receptors (PARs), particularly PAR-1 and PAR-2, which are involved in cancer progression, angiogenesis, and immunological responses. Thrombin-mediated signaling promotes angiogenesis by activating endothelial cells and platelets, thereby releasing proangiogenic factors. These functions of thrombin are well recognized and have been widely described. However, in recent years, intriguing new findings concerning the association between thrombin activity and cancer development have come to light, which justifies a review of this research. In particular, there is evidence that thrombin-mediated events interact with the immune system, and may regulate its response to tumor growth. It is also worth reevaluating the impact of thrombin on thrombocytes in conjunction with its multifaceted influence on tumor progression. Understanding the role of thrombin/PAR-mediated signaling in cancer and immunological responses is crucial, particularly in the context of developing immunotherapies. In this systematic review, we focus on the impact of the thrombin-related immune system response on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Polityńska
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna M Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bialystok, Poland
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Langhans B, Kalthoff S, Zhou T, Weismüller TJ, Lenzen H, Nischalke HD, Strassburg CP, Lutz P, Dold L. Role of PAR1 -506 deletion/insertion polymorphism in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Res 2024. [PMID: 38509789 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Pathogenesis of PSC is still enigmatic but is likely to be multifactorial. Recently, we identified an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in CD4+ TH1 and TH17 cells in PSC. The IL-6/STAT3 pathway was shown to be regulated by protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) contributing to inflammation. The role of the PAR1 -506 deletion/insertion (Del/Ins) polymorphism in PSC has not yet been investigated. METHODS Two hundred eighty four PSC patients (200 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] and 84 without IBD) and 309 healthy controls were genotyped for PAR1 rs11267092 (-506 Del/Ins -13 bp). Results were correlated with clinical characteristics and transplant-free survival. RESULTS The frequency of PAR1 -506 Ins allele carriers (Del/Ins and Ins/Ins) was significantly higher in PSC patients (57.0%) compared to healthy controls (39.8%). Furthermore, carriers of PAR1 -506 Ins allele were more likely to have PSC than noncarriers (odds ratio 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.79). Patients with PSC carrying the PAR1 -506 Ins allele showed significantly higher alanine aminotransferase serum levels (p = 0.0357) and a trend toward shorter transplant-free survival time compared to noncarriers (8.9 ± 6.6 years vs. 10.5 ± 7.1 years; p = 0.076). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that PAR1 -506 Ins is significantly more frequent in people with PSC. As PAR1 -506 Ins allele carriers tended to have a shorter transplant-free survival, PAR1 might play a role in the development and course of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Langhans
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Kalthoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Taotao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias J Weismüller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Oncology, Vivantes Humboldt-Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Lenzen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leona Dold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Hou JJ, Ding L, Yang T, Yang YF, Jin YP, Zhang XP, Ma AH, Qin YH. The proteolytic activity in inflammatory bowel disease: insight from gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106560. [PMID: 38272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the destruction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium that affects a growing number of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is complex and still elucidated, the role of dysbiosis and dysregulated proteolysis is well recognized. Various studies observed altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as increased proteolytic activity (PA) in serum, plasma, colonic mucosa, and fecal supernatant of IBD compared to healthy individuals. The imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis were gradually considered to be closely related to IBD. Notably, the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining proteolytic balance received increasing attention. In summary, we have speculated a mesmerizing story, regarding the hidden role of PA and microbiota-derived PA hidden in IBD. Most importantly, we provided the diagnosis and therapeutic targets for IBD as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Ping Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - A-Huo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China.
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Houlahan CB, Kong Y, Johnston B, Cielesh M, Chau TH, Fenwick J, Coleman PR, Hao H, Haltiwanger RS, Thaysen-Andersen M, Passam FH, Larance M. Analysis of the Healthy Platelet Proteome Identifies a New Form of Domain-Specific O-Fucosylation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100717. [PMID: 38237698 PMCID: PMC10879016 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation induces the secretion of proteins that promote platelet aggregation and inflammation. However, detailed analysis of the released platelet proteome is hampered by platelets' tendency to preactivate during their isolation and a lack of sensitive protocols for low abundance releasate analysis. Here, we detail the most sensitive analysis to date of the platelet releasate proteome with the detection of >1300 proteins. Unbiased scanning for posttranslational modifications within releasate proteins highlighted O-glycosylation as being a major component. For the first time, we detected O-fucosylation on previously uncharacterized sites including multimerin-1 (MMRN1), a major alpha granule protein that supports platelet adhesion to collagen and is a carrier for platelet factor V. The N-terminal elastin microfibril interface (EMI) domain of MMRN1, a key site for protein-protein interaction, was O-fucosylated at a conserved threonine within a new domain context. Our data suggest that either protein O-fucosyltransferase 1, or a novel protein O-fucosyltransferase, may be responsible for this modification. Mutating this O-fucose site on the EMI domain led to a >50% reduction of MMRN1 secretion, supporting a key role of EMI O-fucosylation in MMRN1 secretion. By comparing releasates from resting and thrombin-treated platelets, 202 proteins were found to be significantly released after high-dose thrombin stimulation. Complementary quantification of the platelet lysates identified >3800 proteins, which confirmed the platelet origin of releasate proteins by anticorrelation analysis. Low-dose thrombin treatment yielded a smaller subset of significantly regulated proteins with fewer secretory pathway enzymes. The extensive platelet proteome resource provided here (larancelab.com/platelet-proteome) allows identification of novel regulatory mechanisms for drug targeting to address platelet dysfunction and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum B Houlahan
- The Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne Kong
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bede Johnston
- The Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Cielesh
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - The Huong Chau
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jemma Fenwick
- The Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul R Coleman
- The Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Huilin Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Glyco-Core Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Freda H Passam
- The Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mark Larance
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Dai C, Lin X, Qi Y, Wang Y, Lv Z, Zhao F, Deng Z, Feng X, Zhang T, Pu X. Vitamin D3 improved hypoxia-induced lung injury by inhibiting the complement and coagulation cascade and autophagy pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:9. [PMID: 38166725 PMCID: PMC10759436 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary metabolic dysfunction can cause lung tissue injury. There is still no ideal drug to protect against hypoxia-induced lung injury, therefore, the development of new drugs to prevent and treat hypoxia-induced lung injury is urgently needed. We aimed to explore the ameliorative effects and molecular mechanisms of vitamin D3 (VD3) on hypoxia-induced lung tissue injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: normoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia + VD3. The rat model of hypoxia was established by placing the rats in a hypobaric chamber. The degree of lung injury was determined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, lung water content, and lung permeability index. Transcriptome data were subjected to differential gene expression and pathway analyses. In vitro, type II alveolar epithelial cells were co-cultured with hepatocytes and then exposed to hypoxic conditions for 24 h. For VD3 treatment, the cells were treated with low and high concentrations of VD3. RESULTS Transcriptome and KEGG analyses revealed that VD3 affects the complement and coagulation cascade pathways in hypoxia-induced rats, and the genes enriched in this pathway were Fgb/Fga/LOC100910418. Hypoxia can cause increases in lung edema, inflammation, and lung permeability disruption, which are attenuated by VD3 treatment. VD3 weakened the complement and coagulation cascade in the lung and liver of hypoxia-induced rats, characterized by lower expression of fibrinogen alpha chain (Fga), fibrinogen beta chain (Fgb), protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3), protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), complement (C) 3, C3a, and C5. In addition, VD3 improved hypoxic-induced type II alveolar epithelial cell damage and inflammation by inhibiting the complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, VD3 inhibited hypoxia-induced autophagy in vivo and in vitro, which was abolished by the mitophagy inducer, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). CONCLUSION VD3 alleviated hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema by inhibiting the complement and coagulation cascades and autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Dai
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Lin
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglian Qi
- Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkui Lv
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fubang Zhao
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangchang Deng
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Pu
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810016, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ruf L, Bukowska A, Gardemann A, Goette A. Coagulation Factor Xa Has No Effects on the Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 and No Proinflammatory Effects on HL-1 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 38132169 PMCID: PMC10741780 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), characterised by irregular high-frequency contractions of the atria of the heart, is of increasing clinical importance. The reasons are the increasing prevalence and thromboembolic complications caused by AF. So-called atrial remodelling is characterised, among other things, by atrial dilatation and fibrotic remodelling. As a result, AF is self-sustaining and forms a procoagulant state. But hypercoagulation not only appears to be the consequence of AF. Coagulation factors can exert influence on cells via protease-activated receptors (PAR) and thereby the procoagulation state could contribute to the development and maintenance of AF. In this work, the influence of FXa on Heart Like-1 (HL-1) cells, which are murine adult atrial cardiomyocytes (immortalized), was investigated. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 expression was detected. After incubations with FXa (5-50 nM; 4-24 h) or PAR1- and PAR2-agonists (20 µM; 4-24 h), no changes occurred in PAR expression or in the inflammatory signalling cascade. There were no time- or concentration-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 or the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In addition, there was no change in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, fibronectin). Thus, FXa has no direct PAR-dependent effects on HL-1 cells. Future studies should investigate the influence of FXa on human cardiomyocytes or on other cardiac cell types like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ruf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gardemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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11
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Carré J, Kerforne T, Hauet T, Macchi L. Tissue Injury Protection: The Other Face of Anticoagulant Treatments in the Context of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury with a Focus on Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17491. [PMID: 38139319 PMCID: PMC10743711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation has enhanced the length and quality of life of patients suffering from life-threatening organ failure. Donors deceased after brain death (DBDDs) have been a primary source of organs for transplantation for a long time, but the need to find new strategies to face organ shortages has led to the broadening of the criteria for selecting DBDDs and advancing utilization of donors deceased after circulatory death. These new sources of organs come with an elevated risk of procuring organs of suboptimal quality. Whatever the source of organs for transplant, one constant issue is the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The latter results from the variation of oxygen supply during the sequence of ischemia and reperfusion, from organ procurement to the restoration of blood circulation, triggering many deleterious interdependent processes involving biochemical, immune, vascular and coagulation systems. In this review, we focus on the roles of thrombo-inflammation and coagulation as part of IR injury, and we give an overview of the state of the art and perspectives on anticoagulant therapies in the field of transplantation, discussing benefits and risks and proposing a strategic guide to their use during transplantation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carré
- Service D’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France;
- INSERM 1313 Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme, Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (T.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Kerforne
- INSERM 1313 Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme, Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (T.K.); (T.H.)
- Service D’Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
- FHU Survival Optimization in Organ Transplantation (SUPORT), 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM 1313 Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme, Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (T.K.); (T.H.)
- FHU Survival Optimization in Organ Transplantation (SUPORT), 86000 Poitiers, France
- Service de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Macchi
- Service D’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France;
- INSERM 1313 Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme, Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (T.K.); (T.H.)
- FHU Survival Optimization in Organ Transplantation (SUPORT), 86000 Poitiers, France
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12
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Hu M, Scheffel J, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Maurer M, Hawro T, Metz M. An update on mechanisms of pruritus and their potential treatment in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4177-4197. [PMID: 37555911 PMCID: PMC10725374 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), which include mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), are a group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by clonal accumulation of neoplastic T-lymphocytes in the skin. Severe pruritus, one of the most common and distressing symptoms in primary CTCL, can significantly impair emotional well-being, physical functioning, and interpersonal relationships, thus greatly reducing quality of life. Unfortunately, effectively managing pruritus remains challenging in CTCL patients as the underlying mechanisms are, as of yet, not fully understood. Previous studies investigating the mechanisms of itch in CTCL have identified several mediators and their corresponding antagonists used for treatment. However, a comprehensive overview of the mediators and receptors contributing to pruritus in primary CTCL is lacking in the current literature. Here, we summarize and review the mediators and receptors that may contribute to pruritus in primary CTCL to explore the mechanisms of CTCL pruritus and identify effective therapeutic targets using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they described itch mediators and receptors in MF and SS. Overall, the available data suggest that proteases (mainly tryptase), and neuropeptides (particularly Substance P) may be of greatest interest. At the receptor level, cytokine receptors, MRGPRs, and TRP channels are most likely important. Future drug development efforts should concentrate on targeting these mediators and receptors for the treatment of CTCL pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Institute and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Martin Metz
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Yang CC, Lee IT, Lin YJ, Wu WB, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Thrombin-Induced COX-2 Expression and PGE 2 Synthesis in Human Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of PKCδ/Pyk2-Dependent AP-1 Pathway Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15130. [PMID: 37894811 PMCID: PMC10606820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we confirmed that thrombin significantly increases the production of COX-2 and PGE2 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs), leading to inflammation in the airways and lungs. These molecules are well-known contributors to various inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated in detail the involved signaling pathways using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our results demonstrated that inhibitors targeting proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC)δ, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), or activator protein-1 (AP-1) effectively reduced thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 production. Additionally, transfection with siRNAs against PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, protein kinase B (Akt), or c-Jun mitigated these responses. Furthermore, our observations revealed that thrombin stimulated the phosphorylation of key components of the signaling cascade, including PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. Thrombin activated COX-2 promoter activity through AP-1 activation, a process that was disrupted by a point-mutated AP-1 site within the COX-2 promoter. Finally, resveratrol (one of the most researched natural polyphenols) was found to effectively inhibit thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in HTSMCs through blocking the activation of Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. In summary, our findings demonstrate that thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 generation involves a PKCδ/Pyk2/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt-dependent AP-1 activation pathway. This study also suggests the potential use of resveratrol as an intervention for managing airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan;
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-Jyun Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
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14
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Russo V, Falco L, Tessitore V, Mauriello A, Catapano D, Napolitano N, Tariq M, Caturano A, Ciccarelli G, D’Andrea A, Giordano A. Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Malignancy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1888. [PMID: 37763292 PMCID: PMC10532829 DOI: 10.3390/life13091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the anticoagulation therapy is of pivotal importance in patients with a malignant tumor, as venous thromboembolism (VTE) has become the second-leading cause of death in this population. Cancer can highly increase the risk of thrombosis and bleeding. Consequently, the management of cancer-associated VTE is complex. In recent years, translational research has intensified, and several studies have highlighted the role of inflammatory cytokines in cancer growth and progression. Simultaneously, the pleiotropic effects of anticoagulants currently recommended for VTE have emerged. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of both direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and low-molecular-weight heparins (LWMHs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Luigi Falco
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Viviana Tessitore
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Alfredo Mauriello
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Dario Catapano
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Nicola Napolitano
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Moiz Tariq
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy (A.D.)
| | - Giovanni Ciccarelli
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Antonello D’Andrea
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy (A.D.)
- Cardiology Unit, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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15
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Kuzmina IV, Ovchinnikova NV, Tolpygo SM. Serum Activity of Proteolytic Enzyme Trypsin in Rats under Conditions of Water and Food Deprivation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:608-611. [PMID: 37861909 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin is mainly regarded as a digestive enzyme, but there is evidence that activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) leads to behavioral changes. There are no data on trypsin activity in the serum of animals under conditions of thirst and starvation in the available literature. In our experiments, water deprivation led to a significant (p⩽0.05) increase in trypsin activity in rats, and food deprivation led to its decrease in comparison with controls (free access to water and food). After deprived rats received water and food, a decrease in trypsin activity was observed in both experimental groups. Changes in trypsin activity under conditions of water or food deprivation and after satiation were accompanied by shifts in some biochemical parameters of the bloods. Under conditions of metabolic stress (starvation and thirst), opposite changes in trypsin activity seem to indicate its participation in the mechanisms of adequate restructuring of metabolism and maintenance of vital processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Kuzmina
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N V Ovchinnikova
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S M Tolpygo
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Lee HY, You DJ, Taylor-Just A, Tisch LJ, Bartone RD, Atkins HM, Ralph LM, Antoniak S, Bonner JC. Role of the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in the exacerbation of house dust mite-induced murine allergic lung disease by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37580758 PMCID: PMC10424461 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been reported to exert strong pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic adjuvant effects in mouse models of allergic lung disease. However, the molecular mechanisms through which MWCNTs exacerbate allergen-induced lung disease remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein coupled receptor previously implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including pulmonary fibrosis and asthma, may play an important role in the exacerbation of house dust mite (HDM) allergen-induced lung disease by MWCNTs. METHODS Wildtype (WT) male C57BL6 mice and Par2 KO mice were exposed to vehicle, MWCNTs, HDM extract, or both via oropharyngeal aspiration 6 times over a period of 3 weeks and were sacrificed 3-days after the final exposure (day 22). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was harvested to measure changes in inflammatory cells, total protein, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Lung protein and RNA were assayed for pro-inflammatory or profibrotic mediators, and formalin-fixed lung sections were evaluated for histopathology. RESULTS In both WT and Par2 KO mice, co-exposure to MWCNTs synergistically increased lung inflammation assessed by histopathology, and increased BALF cellularity, primarily eosinophils, as well as BALF total protein and LDH in the presence of relatively low doses of HDM extract that alone produced little, if any, lung inflammation. In addition, both WT and par2 KO mice displayed a similar increase in lung Cc1-11 mRNA, which encodes the eosinophil chemokine CCL-11, after co-exposure to MWCNTs and HDM extract. However, Par2 KO mice displayed significantly less airway fibrosis as determined by quantitative morphometry compared to WT mice after co-exposure to MWCNTs and HDM extract. Accordingly, at both protein and mRNA levels, the pro-fibrotic mediator arginase 1 (ARG-1), was downregulated in Par2 KO mice exposed to MWCNTs and HDM. In contrast, phosphorylation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and the pro-inflammatory cytokine CXCL-1 was increased in Par2 KO mice exposed to MWCNTs and HDM. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that PAR2 mediates airway fibrosis but not eosinophilic lung inflammation induced by co-exposure to MWCNTs and HDM allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Lee
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dorothy J You
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alexia Taylor-Just
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Logan J Tisch
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ryan D Bartone
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M Atkins
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren M Ralph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James C Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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17
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Agrawal A, Kulkarni GT. Topical application of aerial portion of Acalypha indica Linn ameliorates psoriasis in rodents: Evidences from in vivo and in silico studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116685. [PMID: 37236382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHANOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acalypha indica Linn. is a weed, used traditionally for different skin diseases such as eczema and dermatitis in various parts of India. There are no previous in vivo studies reported on the antipsoriatic potential of this medicinal plant. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate antipsoriatic activity of coconut oil dispersion of aerial portion of Acalypha indica Linn. Few lipid-soluble phytoconstituents of this plantwere subjected to molecular docking studies on different targets to determine phytoconstituent responsible for antipsoriatic activity. METHODS Virgin coconut oil dispersion of aerial portion of the plant was prepared by mixing three parts of coconut oil and one part of powdered aerial portion. The acute dermal toxicity was determined according to OECD guidelines. Mouse tail model was used to evaluate the antipsoriatic activity. Molecular docking of phytoconstituents was carried out using Biovia Discovery Studio. RESULTS In acute dermal toxicity study,the coconut oil dispersion was found to be safe up to the dose of 20000 mg/kg. The dispersion exhibited significant antipsoriatic activity (p < 0.01) at the dose of 250 mg/kg; at 500 mg/kg dose, the activity was similar that of 250 mg/kg dose. In the docking study of the phytoconstituents, 2-methyl anthraquinone was found to be responsible for antipsoriatic activity. CONCLUSION This study provides new evidence of Acalypha indica Linn as antipsoriatic plant and justifies its traditional use. Computational studies also endorse the results obtained via acute dermal toxicity study and mouse tail model for evaluation of antipsoriatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 001, India; Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 007, India; Department of Pharmacology, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education, Greater Noida, Dist. Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India.
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18
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Liu H, Baeumler TA, Nakamura K, Okada Y, Cho S, Eguchi A, Kuroda D, Tsumoto K, Ueki R, Sando S. An Engineered Synthetic Receptor-Aptamer Pair for an Artificial Signal Transduction System. ACS NANO 2023; 17:9039-9048. [PMID: 37154259 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane receptors regulate cellular responses through sensing extracellular environmental signals and subsequently transducing them. Receptor engineering provides a means of directing cells to react to a designated external cue and exert programmed functions. However, rational design and precise modulation of receptor signaling activity remain challenging. Here, we report an aptamer-based signal transduction system and its applications in controlling and customizing the functions of engineered receptors. A previously reported membrane receptor-aptamer pair was used to design a synthetic receptor system that transduces cell signaling depending on exogenous aptamer input. To eliminate the cross-reactivity of the receptor with its native ligand, the extracellular domain of the receptor was engineered to ensure that the receptor was solely activated by the DNA aptamer. The present system features tunability in the signaling output level using aptamer ligands with different receptor dimerization propensities. In addition, the functional programmability of DNA aptamers enables the modular sensing of extracellular molecules without the need for genetic engineering of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Bagang N, Gupta K, Singh G, Kanuri SH, Mehan S. Protease-activated receptors in kidney diseases: A comprehensive review of pathological roles, therapeutic outcomes and challenges. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 377:110470. [PMID: 37011708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that protease-activated receptors (PARs) with four subtypes (PAR1-4) are mainly expressed in the renal epithelial, endothelial, and podocyte cells. Some endogenous and urinary proteases, namely thrombin, trypsin, urokinase, and kallikrein released during diseased conditions, are responsible for activating different subtypes of PARs. Each PAR receptor subtype is involved in kidney disease of distinct aetiology. PAR1 and PAR2 have shown differential therapeutic outcomes in rodent models of type-1 and type-2 diabetic kidney diseases due to the distinct etiological basis of each disease type, however such findings need to be confirmed in other diabetic renal injury models. PAR1 and PAR2 blockers have been observed to abolish drug-induced nephrotoxicity in rodents by suppressing tubular inflammation and fibrosis and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, PAR2 inhibition improved autophagy and prevented fibrosis, inflammation, and remodeling in the urethral obstruction model. Only the PAR1/4 subtypes have emerged as a therapeutic target for treating experimentally induced nephrotic syndrome, where their respective antibodies attenuated the podocyte apoptosis induced upon thrombin activation. Strikingly PAR2 and PAR4 subtypes involvement has been tested in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury models. Thus, more studies are required to delineate the role of other subtypes in the sepsis-AKI model. Evidence suggests that PARs regulate oxidative, inflammatory stress, immune cell activation, fibrosis, autophagic flux, and apoptosis during kidney diseases.
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Schiff HV, Rivas CM, Pederson WP, Sandoval E, Gillman S, Prisco J, Kume M, Dussor G, Vagner J, Ledford JG, Price TJ, DeFea KA, Boitano S. β-Arrestin-biased proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist C781 limits allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:667-680. [PMID: 35735078 PMCID: PMC10311467 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma is a heterogenous disease strongly associated with inflammation that has many different causes and triggers. Current asthma treatments target symptoms such as bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Despite recent advances in biological therapies, there remains a need for new classes of therapeutic agents with novel, upstream targets. The proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has long been implicated in allergic airway inflammation and asthma and it remains an intriguing target for novel therapies. Here, we describe the actions of C781, a newly developed low MW PAR2 biased antagonist, in vitro and in vivo in the context of acute allergen exposure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A human bronchial epithelial cell line expressing PAR2 (16HBE14o- cells) was used to evaluate the modulation in vitro, by C781, of physiological responses to PAR2 activation and downstream β-arrestin/MAPK and Gq/Ca2+ signalling. Acute Alternaria alternata sensitized and challenged mice were used to evaluate C781 as a prophylactically administered modulator of airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and mucus overproduction in vivo. KEY RESULTS C781 reduced in vitro physiological signalling in response to ligand and proteinase activation. C781 effectively antagonized β-arrestin/MAPK signalling without significant effect on Gq/Ca2+ signalling in vitro. Given prophylactically, C781 modulated airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and mucus overproduction of the small airways in an acute allergen-challenged mouse model. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work demonstrates the first biased PAR2 antagonist for β-arrestin/MAPK signalling. C781 is efficacious as a prophylactic treatment for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice. It exemplifies a key pharmacophore for PAR2 that can be optimized for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary V. Schiff
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Candy M. Rivas
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - William P. Pederson
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Estevan Sandoval
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Samuel Gillman
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Joy Prisco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
| | - Moeno Kume
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Theodore J. Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Kathryn A. DeFea
- University of California Riverside, Biomedical Sciences and PARMedics, Incorporated
| | - Scott Boitano
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona
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21
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McArthur S. Regulation of Physiological Barrier Function by the Commensal Microbiota. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020396. [PMID: 36836753 PMCID: PMC9964120 DOI: 10.3390/life13020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their ability to separate the internal and external environments, a function achieved in large part through the different physiological barrier systems and their component junctional molecules. Barrier integrity is subject to multiple influences, but one that has received comparatively little attention to date is the role of the commensal microbiota. These microbes, which represent approximately 50% of the cells in the human body, are increasingly recognized as powerful physiological modulators in other systems, but their role in regulating barrier function is only beginning to be addressed. Through comparison of the impact commensal microbes have on cell-cell junctions in three exemplar physiological barriers-the gut epithelium, the epidermis and the blood-brain barrier-this review will emphasize the important contribution microbes and microbe-derived mediators play in governing barrier function. By extension, this will highlight the critical homeostatic role of commensal microbes, as well as identifying the puzzles and opportunities arising from our steadily increasing knowledge of this aspect of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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22
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Allam VSRR, Waern I, Taha S, Akula S, Wernersson S, Pejler G. Nafamostat has anti-asthmatic effects associated with suppressed pro-inflammatory gene expression, eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperreactivity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1136780. [PMID: 37153590 PMCID: PMC10160450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1136780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asthma is characterized by an imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors. Hence, an attractive therapeutic option could be to interfere with asthma-associated proteases. Here we exploited this option by assessing the impact of nafamostat, a serine protease inhibitor known to neutralize mast cell tryptase. Methods Nafamostat was administered in a mouse model for asthma based on sensitization by house dust mite (HDM) extract, followed by the assessment of effects on airway hyperreactivity, inflammatory parameters and gene expression. Results We show that nafamostat efficiently suppressed the airway hyperreactivity in HDM-sensitized mice. This was accompanied by reduced infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes to the airways, and by lower levels of pro-inflammatory compounds within the airway lumen. Further, nafamostat had a dampening impact on goblet cell hyperplasia and smooth muscle layer thickening in the lungs of HDM-sensitized animals. To obtain deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms, a transcriptomic analysis was conducted. This revealed, as expected, that the HDM sensitization caused an upregulated expression of numerous pro-inflammatory genes. Further, the transcriptomic analysis showed that nafamostat suppressed the levels of multiple pro-inflammatory genes, with a particular impact on genes related to asthma. Discussion Taken together, this study provides extensive insight into the ameliorating effect of nafamostat on experimental asthma, and our findings can thereby provide a basis for the further evaluation of nafamostat as a potential therapeutic agent in human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sowsan Taha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Wernersson, ; Gunnar Pejler,
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Wernersson, ; Gunnar Pejler,
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23
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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24
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Nagy M, van der Meijden PEJ, Glunz J, Schurgers L, Lutgens E, ten Cate H, Heitmeier S, Spronk HMH. Integrating Mechanisms in Thrombotic Peripheral Arterial Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1428. [PMID: 36422558 PMCID: PMC9695058 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, is underdiagnosed in the general population. Despite the extensive research performed to unravel its pathophysiology, inadequate knowledge exists, thus preventing the development of new treatments. This review aims to highlight the essential elements of atherosclerosis contributing to the pathophysiology of PAD. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on the role of thrombo-inflammation, with particular focus on platelet and coagulation activation as well as cell-cell interactions. Additional insight will be then discussed to reveal the contribution of hypercoagulability to the development of vascular diseases such as PAD. Lastly, the current antithrombotic treatments will be discussed, and light will be shed on promising new targets aiming to aid the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E. J. van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Glunz
- Cardiovascular Research, Bayer AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 10785 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Experimental Cardiovascular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Henri M. H. Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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25
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. Proteolysis and Deficiency of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:271-291. [PMID: 36407837 PMCID: PMC9668222 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had stimulated the emergence of numerous publications on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), especially when it was found that the regions of high mortality corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the data obtained in the last century, when the first cause of the genetic deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leading to elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema was proven, it can be supposed that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with the impaired functions of α1-PI. The purpose of this review was to systematize the scientific data and critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of viral infection: the reception and penetration of the virus into a cell and the imbalance of the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinin, and blood clotting systems. The role of ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases in the virus tropism, the activation of proteolytic cascades in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is considered. The scientific reports on α1-PI involvement in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the relationship with the severity of infection and comorbidities were analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the state of patients with proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases, which are accompanied by the risk factors for comorbidity progression and the long-term consequences of COVID-19. Essential data on the search and application of protease inhibitor drugs in the therapy for bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies were analyzed. The evidence of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anti-apoptotic effects of α1-PI, as well as the prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. V. Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - D. A. Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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26
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Wang Z, Hao M, Wu L, He Y, Sun X. Mast cells disrupt the duodenal mucosal integrity: Implications for the mechanisms of barrier dysfunction in functional dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 58:460-470. [PMID: 36345966 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2141075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Mast cells (MCs) may play a critical role in the development of FD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MCs on barrier function, tight junction (TJ) proteins and related signaling pathways. METHODS The expression of the TJ proteins claudin-8, ZO-1 and occludin in biopsy tissues from seven FD patients and five controls was assessed. Based on the in vivo results, we further investigated the effect of (1) MC degranulation in a coculture model of Caco-2/RBL-2H3 cells and tryptase in Caco-2 monolayers, (2) MC degranulation in the presence or absence of a PAR-2 antagonist and (3) MC degranulation in the presence or absence of an ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor. The epithelial integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayers was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The expression of TJ proteins was evaluated by western blotting, QT-PCR and immunostaining. RESULTS Epithelial claudin-8, ZO-1 and occludin protein expression were significantly reduced in tissues from FD patients compared with controls. MC degranulation and tryptase decreased the TEER and reduced the expression of TJ proteins in Caco-2 cell monolayers. A PAR-2 antagonist and an ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor significantly reduced the effect of MC degranulation on the TEER and TJ protein expression in Caco-2 cell monolayers. CONCLUSIONS MCs disrupt duodenal barrier function by modulating the levels of TJ proteins, and the PAR-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways may mediate the pathogenesis of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Menghao Hao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yumei He
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
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27
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Mirakhur M, Diener M. Proteinase-activated receptors regulate intestinal functions in a segment-dependent manner in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175264. [PMID: 36100127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases released e.g. during inflammatory or allergic responses affect gastrointestinal functions via proteinase-activated receptors such as PAR1 and PAR2. As the gastrointestinal tract exerts pronounced gradients along its longitudinal axis, the present study focuses on the effect of PAR1 and PAR2 agonists on electrogenic ion transport (measured as short-circuit current; Isc), tissue conductance (Gt) and contractility of the longitudinal muscle layer of rats. In Ussing chamber experiments, the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2, which mimics the tethered ligand liberated after cleavage of the receptor, evoked only a modest increase in Isc (<0.5 μEq·h-1·cm-2) in small intestine, but a strong increase (3-4 μEq·h-1·cm-2) in colon. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin reduced the response of the colonic segments to the level of the small intestine. Thrombin, the natural activator of PAR1, was much less effective suggesting biased activation by this peptidase. A similar gradient along the longitudinal axis of the intestine was observed with trypsin, the endogenous activator of PAR2. Divergent actions of PAR1 activation by enzymatic cleavage or a mimetic peptide were also observed when recording isometric contractions of longitudinal muscle. For example, in the jejunum TFLLR-NH2 concentration-dependently induced a contractile response, whereas thrombin showed only inconsistent effects. The PAR2 activator AC264613 induced a concentration-dependent decrease in muscle tone combined with an inhibition of phasic spontaneous contractions. PCR experiments and immunohistochemical stainings confirmed the expression of PAR1 and PAR2. The data implies that PAR1 and PAR2 functions vary depending on the intestinal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanvee Mirakhur
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
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29
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Proteases and Their Potential Role as Biomarkers and Drug Targets in Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Surface Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179795. [PMID: 36077189 PMCID: PMC9456293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder that leads to ocular discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability. DED is accompanied by an increase in tear osmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. The diagnosis and treatment of DED still present significant challenges. Therefore, novel biomarkers and treatments are of great interest. Proteases are present in different tissues on the ocular surface. In a healthy eye, proteases are highly regulated. However, dysregulation occurs in various pathologies, including DED. With this review, we provide an overview of the implications of different families of proteases in the development and severity of DED, along with studies involving protease inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Even though further research is needed, this review aims to give suggestions for identifying novel biomarkers and developing new protease inhibitors.
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30
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Russo C, Morello G, Mannino G, Russo A, Malaguarnera L. Immunoregulation of Ghrelin in neurocognitive sequelae associated with COVID-19: an in silico investigation. Gene 2022; 834:146647. [PMID: 35680023 PMCID: PMC9169425 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop an exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by a “cytokine storm” resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with the concomitant activation of non-specific inflammatory reactivity in the circulatory system and other organs, leading to multiorgan failure, leaky vasculature, coagulopathies and stroke. Impairment of brain functions may also occur as dysregulations in immune function resulting from neuroendocrine interactions. In this study, we explored, by bioinformatics approaches, the interaction between the multiple inflammatory agents involved in SARS-CoV-2 and Ghrelin (Ghre) together with its receptor GHSR-1A, which are described as anti-inflammatory mediators, in order to investigate what could trigger the hyper-inflammatory response in some SARS-CoV-2 patients. In our analysis, we found several interactions of Ghre and GHSR-1A with SARS-CoV-2 interacting human genes. We observed a correlation between Ghre, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2, toll-like receptors 9 (TLR9), and Acidic chitinase (CHIA), whereas its receptor GHSR-1A interacts with chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (F2RL1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and DDP4 in receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4. To our knowledge, our findings show, for the first time, that Ghre and GHSR-1A may exert an immunomodulatory function in the course of SARS-Cov-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Physiology section, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Thrombin facilitates the aggregation of platelet in hemostatic processes and participates in the regulation of cell signaling. Therefore, the development of thrombin sensors is conducive to comprehending the role of thrombin in the course of a disease. Biosensors based on aptamers screened by SELEX have exhibited superiority for thrombin detection. In this review, we summarized the aptamer-based sensors for thrombin detection which rely on the specific recognitions between thrombin and aptamer. Meanwhile, the unique advantages of different sensors including optical and electrochemical sensors were also highlighted. Especially, these sensors based on electrochemistry have the potential to be miniaturized, and thus have gained comprehensive attention. Furthermore, concerns about aptamer-based sensors for thrombin detection, prospects of the future and promising avenues in this field were also presented.
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32
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. [Proteolysis and deficiency of α1-proteinase inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 infection]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:157-176. [PMID: 35717581 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226803157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemia had stimulated the numerous publications emergence on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), primarily when it was found that high mortality in some regions corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the last century's data, when the root cause of the α1-antitrypsin, genetic deficiency leading to the elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema, was proven. It is evident that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with α1-PI impaired functions. The purpose of this review is to systematize scientific data, critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a target in therapy. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of a viral infection: the reception and virus penetration into the cell, the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinins, blood clotting systems imbalance. The ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases role in the virus tropism, proteolytic cascades activation in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is presented. The analysis of scientific reports on the α1-PI implementation in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the links with the infection severity, and comorbidities were carried out. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the patients with the proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases that are accompanied by the risk factors for the comorbidities progression, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 initiation. Analyzed data on the search and proteases inhibitory drugs usage in the bronchopulmonary cardiovascular pathologies therapy are essential. It becomes evident the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anti-apoptotic effect of α1-PI. The prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L V Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia; Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - D A Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Masunova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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Trypsin Depolarizes Pacemaker Potentials in Murine Small Intestinal Interstitial Cells of Cajal. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) generate pacemaker potentials in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, the effects of trypsin on pacemaker potentials in murine small intestinal ICCs were examined. We used whole-cell patch-clamp analysis. The results of whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that trypsin dose-dependently depolarized pacemaker potentials and decreased their amplitude. Treatments with the antagonists of neurokinin1 (NK1) and NK2 receptors (SR-140333 and SR-48968, respectively) slightly inhibited the trypsin-induced responses. However, treatment with the combination of SR-140333 and SR-48968 completely inhibited trypsin-induced responses. Trypsin slightly depolarized pacemaker potentials and increased their amplitude after the intracellular application of GDP-β-S. Additionally, incubation in external Ca2+-free solution inhibited trypsin-induced responses. In the presence of U-73122, staurosporine, Go6976, or xestospongin C, trypsin did not depolarize the pacemaker’s potentials. However, trypsin depolarized the pacemaker potentials in the presence of rottlerin. Finally, HC067047, a TRPV4 inhibitor, did not affect the trypsin-induced responses. These results suggest that trypsin depolarized pacemaker potentials through NK1 and NK2 receptors in the murine small intestinal ICCs, with this effect being dependent on the G protein, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, inositol triphosphate pathways, and extracellular Ca2+ but being independent of the TRPV4 pathway. Hence, trypsin-mediated GI motility regulation must be considered for prokinetic drug developments.
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Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases: Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094742. [PMID: 35563133 PMCID: PMC9100506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of proteases can be controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation through gene expression; post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation; zymogen activation; targeting specific compartments, such as lysosomes and mitochondria; and blocking proteolysis using endogenous inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are important molecules to be explored for the control of proteolytic processes in organisms because of their ability to act on several proteases. In this context, plants synthesize numerous proteins that contribute to protection against attacks by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and/or invertebrates (insects and nematodes) through the inhibition of proteases in these organisms. These proteins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in higher concentrations in legume seeds (compared to other organs and other botanical families), motivating studies on their inhibitory effects in various organisms, including humans. In most cases, the biological roles of these proteins have been assigned based mostly on their in vitro action, as is the case with enzyme inhibitors. This review highlights the structural evolution, function, and wide variety of effects of plant Kunitz protease inhibitors, and their potential for pharmaceutical application based on their interactions with different proteases.
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Zhang W, Zhu Q. Punicalagin suppresses inflammation in ventilator-induced lung injury through protease-activated receptor-2 inhibition-induced inhibition of NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome activation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:218-229. [PMID: 35434894 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Punicalagin is recorded to be a potent anti-inflammatory drug, while its effect on inflammation existing in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) requires further verification. Rats were pretreated with punicalagin, followed by VILI modeling. Lung histopathological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining accompanied by the lung injury score. The lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and total bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein level were measured. After transfection with protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) overexpression plasmids, mouse alveolar epithelial MLE-12 cells were treated with punicalagin and then subjected to cyclic stretching. Punicalagin's cytotoxicity to MLE-12 cells were measured by MTT assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6), PAR2, NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3), and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) in the BALF, lung tissues or cells were analyzed by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), qRT-PCR or/and western blot. Punicalagin treatment attenuated VILI-induced lung histopathological changes and counteracted VILI-induced increases in the lung injury score, W/D weight ratio and total protein level in BALF. Also, punicalagin treatment counteracted in vivo VILI/cyclic stretching-induced increases in the levels of PAR2, inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3, and ASC. PAR2 overexpression potentiated the cyclic stretching-induced effects, while punicalagin treatment revoked this PAR2 overexpression-induced potentiation effect. In turn, PAR2 overexpression partly resisted the punicalagin treatment-induced counteractive effects on the cyclic stretching-induced effects. Punicalagin suppresses inflammation in VILI through PAR2 inhibition-induced inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
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Emerging Roles for the Orphan GPCRs, GPR37 and GPR37 L1, in Stroke Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074028. [PMID: 35409385 PMCID: PMC9000135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shed light on the diverse and complex roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the pathophysiology of stroke. These receptors constitute a large family of seven transmembrane-spanning proteins that play an intricate role in cellular communication mechanisms which drive both tissue injury and repair following ischemic stroke. Orphan GPCRs represent a unique sub-class of GPCRs for which no natural ligands have been found. Interestingly, the majority of these receptors are expressed within the central nervous system where they represent a largely untapped resource for the treatment of neurological diseases. The focus of this review will thus be on the emerging roles of two brain-expressed orphan GPCRs, GPR37 and GPR37 L1, in regulating various cellular and molecular processes underlying ischemic stroke.
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Direct oral anticoagulant agents attenuate temporary aortic occlusion-induced renal oxidative and inflammatory responses in rats. TURKISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2022; 30:184-191. [PMID: 36168569 PMCID: PMC9473587 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2022.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background
This study aims to investigate the effects of different direct oral anticoagulants on experimental renal injury induced by temporary infrarenal aortic occlusion.
Methods
A total of 35 male Wistar rats (250 to 350 g) were randomly allocated to any of the five groups: sham, ischemia-reperfusion, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban groups. Sham group underwent median laparotomy. Ischemia-reperfusion group was given saline gavage for one week. Animals in the other groups received rivaroxaban (3 mg/kg), dabigatran (15 mg/kg), or apixaban (10 mg/kg) daily once for one week via oral gavage. The infrarenal abdominal aorta was clamped for 60 min, and reperfusion was maintained for 120 min in the ischemia-reperfusion, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban groups. At the end of reperfusion, kidneys were harvested for biochemical and histopathological analysis.
Results
Renal total antioxidant capacity was reduced, and total oxidant status, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated in the ischemia-reperfusion group, compared to the sham group (p<0.005). Histological damage scores were also higher in the ischemia-reperfusion group (p<0.005). Administration of direct oral anticoagulants caused an increase of total antioxidant capacity and reduction of total oxidant status, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta in the rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban groups compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group (p<0.005). Histological damage scores were lower in the rivaroxaban and dabigatran groups than the ischemia-reperfusion group scores (p<0.005).
Conclusion
Direct oral anticoagulants reduce aortic clamping-induced renal tissue oxidation and inflammation. Rivaroxaban and dabigatran attenuate ischemia-reperfusion-related histological damage in kidneys.
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Alexander ET, Gilmour SK. Immunomodulatory role of thrombin in cancer progression. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:527-536. [PMID: 35338515 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation proteases and the generation of thrombin are increased in tumors. In addition, chemotherapeutic agents commonly used to treat malignant cancers can exacerbate cancer-associated thromboses. Thrombin can modify tumor cell behavior directly through the activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) or indirectly by generating fibrin matrices. In addition to its role in generating fibrin to promote hemostasis, thrombin acts directly on multiple effector cells of the immune system impacting both acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Thrombin-mediated release of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 leads to the accumulation of multiple tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cell populations including myeloid derived suppresser cells, M2-like macrophages, and T regulatory cells. Ablation of PAR-1 from the tumor microenvironment, but not the tumor, has been shown to dramatically reduce tumor growth and metastasis in multiple tumor models. Thrombin-activated platelets release immunosuppressive cytokines including transforming growth factor-β that can inhibit natural killer cell activity, helping tumor cells to evade host immunosurveillance. Taken together, there is strong evidence that thrombin influences cancer progression via multiple mechanisms, including the tumor immune response, with thrombin emerging as a target for novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Alexander
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan K Gilmour
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ostermeier B, Soriano-Sarabia N, Maggirwar SB. Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2321. [PMID: 35216433 PMCID: PMC8876984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (B.O.); (N.S.-S.)
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Mice expressing fluorescent PAR 2 reveal that endocytosis mediates colonic inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112059119. [PMID: 35110404 PMCID: PMC8833192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112059119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many pathophysiological processes and are major therapeutic targets. The impact of disease on the subcellular distribution and function of GPCRs is poorly understood. We investigated trafficking and signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in colitis. To localize PAR2 and assess redistribution during disease, we generated knockin mice expressing PAR2 fused to monomeric ultrastable green fluorescent protein (muGFP). PAR2-muGFP signaled and trafficked normally. PAR2 messenger RNA was detected at similar levels in Par2-mugfp and wild-type mice. Immunostaining with a GFP antibody and RNAScope in situ hybridization using F2rl1 (PAR2) and Gfp probes revealed that PAR2-muGFP was expressed in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine and in subsets of enteric and dorsal root ganglia neurons. In healthy mice, PAR2-muGFP was prominently localized to the basolateral membrane of colonocytes. In mice with colitis, PAR2-muGFP was depleted from the plasma membrane of colonocytes and redistributed to early endosomes, consistent with generation of proinflammatory proteases that activate PAR2 PAR2 agonists stimulated endocytosis of PAR2 and recruitment of Gαq, Gαi, and β-arrestin to early endosomes of T84 colon carcinoma cells. PAR2 agonists increased paracellular permeability of colonic epithelial cells, induced colonic inflammation and hyperalgesia in mice, and stimulated proinflammatory cytokine release from segments of human colon. Knockdown of dynamin-2 (Dnm2), the major colonocyte isoform, and Dnm inhibition attenuated PAR2 endocytosis, signaling complex assembly and colonic inflammation and hyperalgesia. Thus, PAR2 endocytosis sustains protease-evoked inflammation and nociception and PAR2 in endosomes is a potential therapeutic target for colitis.
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Namvar S, Labram B, Rowley J, Herrick S. Aspergillus fumigatus-Host Interactions Mediating Airway Wall Remodelling in Asthma. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020159. [PMID: 35205913 PMCID: PMC8879933 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous respiratory condition that is mainly associated with sensitivity to airborne agents such as pollen, dust mite products and fungi. Key pathological features include increased airway inflammation and airway wall remodelling. In particular, goblet cell hyperplasia, combined with excess mucus secretion, impairs clearance of the inhaled foreign material. Furthermore, structural changes such as subepithelial fibrosis and increased smooth muscle hypertrophy collectively contribute to deteriorating airway function and possibility of exacerbations. Current pharmacological therapies focused on airway wall remodelling are limited, and as such, are an area of unmet clinical need. Sensitisation to the fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, is associated with enhanced asthma severity, bronchiectasis, and hospitalisation. How Aspergillus fumigatus may drive airway structural changes is unclear, although recent evidence points to a central role of the airway epithelium. This review provides an overview of the airway pathology in patients with asthma and fungal sensitisation, summarises proposed airway epithelial cell-fungal interactions and discusses the initiation of a tissue remodelling response. Related findings from in vivo animal models are included given the limited analysis of airway pathology in patients. Lastly, an important role for Aspergillus fumigatus-derived proteases in triggering a cascade of damage-repair events through upregulation of airway epithelial-derived factors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Namvar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (B.L.); (J.R.)
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Briony Labram
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (B.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Jessica Rowley
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (B.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Sarah Herrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (B.L.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (S.H.)
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Rivas CM, Schiff H, Moutal A, Khanna R, Kiela PR, Dussor G, Price TJ, Vagner J, DeFea KA, Boitano S. Alternaria alternata-induced airway epithelial signaling and inflammatory responses via protease-activated receptor-2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 591:13-19. [PMID: 34990903 PMCID: PMC8792334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of the fungus Alternaria alternata is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma development and exacerbations. Recent work in acute exposure animal models suggests that A. alternata-induced asthma symptoms, which include inflammation, mucus overproduction and airway hyperresponsiveness, are due to A. alternata proteases that act via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). However, because other active components present in A. alternata may be contributing to asthma pathophysiology through alternative signaling, the specific role PAR2 plays in asthma initiation and maintenance remains undefined. Airway epithelial cells provide the first encounter with A. alternata and are thought to play an important role in initiating the physiologic response. To better understand the role for PAR2 airway epithelial signaling we created a PAR2-deficient human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBEPAR-/-) from a model bronchial parental line (16HBE14o-). Comparison of in vitro physiologic responses in these cell lines demonstrated a complete loss of PAR2 agonist (2at-LIGRL-NH2) response and significantly attenuated protease (trypsin and elastase) and A. alternata responses in the 16HBEPAR-/- line. Apical application of A. alternata to 16HBE14o- and 16HBEPAR2-/- grown at air-liquid interface demonstrated rapid, PAR2-dependent and independent, inflammatory cytokine, chemokine and growth factor basolateral release. In conclusion, the novel human PAR2-deficient cell line allows for direct in vitro examination of the role(s) for PAR2 in allergen challenge with polarized human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy M. Rivas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Hillary Schiff
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kathryn A. DeFea
- University of California Riverside, Biomedical Sciences and PARMedics, Incorporated
| | - Scott Boitano
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Corresponding Author: Scott Boitano, Ph.D., Professor, Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona. 85724-5030, , +1 (520) 626-2105
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Bian Z, Liu X, Feng T, Yu H, Hu X, Hu X, Bian Y, Sun H, Tadokoro K, Takemoto M, Yunoki T, Nakano Y, Fukui Y, Morihara R, Abe K, Yamashita T. Protective Effect of Rivaroxaban Against Amyloid Pathology and Neuroinflammation Through Inhibiting PAR-1 and PAR-2 in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:111-123. [PMID: 35001892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that atrial fibrillation (AF) patients have a high risk of developing cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some reports suggest that the application of oral anticoagulant with an appropriate dose may have a preventive effect on AD. However, which oral anticoagulant drug is more appropriate for preventing AD and the underlying mechanism(s) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the treatment effect of rivaroxaban administration as well as investigate the roles of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the AD + CAA mice model. METHODS In the present study, we compared a traditional oral anticoagulant, warfarin, and a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), rivaroxaban, via long-term administration to an AD with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) mice model. RESULTS Rivaroxaban treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, memory deficits, and amyloid-β deposition through PAR-1/PAR-2 inhibition in the AD + CAA mice model compared with warfarin and no-treatment groups. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that rivaroxaban can attenuate AD progress and can be a potential choice to prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xinran Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuting Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hongming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taijun Yunoki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Rovai ES, Alves T, Gasparoni LM, França BND, Sipert CR, Kantarci A, Holzhausen M. Protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR1) increases CEMP1 gene expression through MAPK/ERK pathway. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e048. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zhao J, Jin G, Liu X, Wu K, Yang Y, He Z, Liu D, Zhang C, Zhu D, Jiao J, Li X, Zhao S. PAR1 and PAR4 exert opposite effects on tumor growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:637. [PMID: 34844621 PMCID: PMC8628382 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process in which genetic and environmental factors interact to activate intracellular signals, leading to the uncontrolled survival and growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. The intracellular pathways of ESCC cells could be regulated by proteinase activated-receptors (PARs), which are comprised of four receptors (i.e., PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4). Therefore, the function and possible mechanism of PAR1 and PAR4 in the progression of ECSS were explored in our study. METHODS First, we detected the expression levels of PAR1 and PAR4 in 27 cases of ESCC specimens and cell lines by RT-qPCR, IHC and western blot. Meanwhile, the correlation between PAR1/PAR4 expression levels, clinicopathological characteristics, and disease free survival was analyzed. Then, we constructed PAR1/PAR4 knockdown cell models and investigated the role of PAR1/PAR4 knockdown on the proliferation, apoptosis, changes of calcium flow, and metastasis of ESCC cells via MTT, flow cytometry, transwell and wound healing assays in vitro. Further, an experimental metastasis model in vivo was established to explore the role of stable PAR1/PAR4 knockdown on the growth and metastasis of ESCC cells. Finally, the role of nSMase2 in the activation of NF-κB induced by PAR4 and the role of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways in the PAR1/PAR4-mediated tumor promoting or suppressive functions were measured by immunoprecipitation, western blot and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS First, the integrated results demonstrated the expression levels of PAR1 and PAR4 are inversely proportional in ESCC. PAR1 potently enhanced tumor growth and metastasis, while PAR4 had an inhibitory effect. Further, the co-activation of STAT3 and NF-κB was involved in the PAR1 activation-induced tumor promoting effect, while only NF-κB participated in the PAR4 activation-induced tumor inhibitory effect in ESCC. To be specific, FAK/PI3K/AKT/STAT3/NF-κB signaling mediated PAR1 activation-induced tumor promoting effect and nSMase2/MAPK/NF-κB signaling mediated PAR4 activation-induced tumor inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study has provided new insights into the potential implication of PAR1 and PAR4 in the pathogenesis of ESCC. Besides, FAK/PI3K/AKT/STAT3/NF-κB and nSMase2/MAPK/NF-κB pathways may be novel targets for regulating tumor growth and metastasis in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangyu Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhanfeng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dengyan Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jia Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Fang X, Li M, Zhang W, Li J, Zhu T. Thrombin induces pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion from human mast cell line (HMC-1) via protease-activated receptors. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:60-69. [PMID: 34808483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced mast cell activation represents cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation. However, there is still controversy concerning the pro- or anti-inflammatory effects mast cells have in response to thrombin signaling. Human mast cell HMC-1 was incubated with 0.2 U/mL thrombin. Cells and supernatants were collected. Production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and -4 (PAR4) mRNA in HMC-1 cells was analyzed by qPCR. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was measured by immunoblotting. Furthermore, the impact of PAR1 inhibitor (SCH79797) and agonist (TFLLR-NH2), PAR4 inhibitor (BMS986120) and agonist (AYPGKF-NH2), and MAPK inhibitors (SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125) on the production of mediators was evaluated using qPCR and ELISA. Thrombin exposure increased pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, expression of PAR1 and PAR4 mRNA, and phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 MAPKs in HMC-1 cells. SCH79797, BMS986120, and MAPK inhibitors (SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125) were inhibited, while TFLLR-NH2 and AYPGKF-NH2 promoted pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in this process. HMC-1 produces pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after thrombin incubation, namely PAR1 and PAR4. Alongside HMC-1, MAPK signaling pathways are involved in the production of these mediators. The mast cells showed dual activation after thrombin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Periodontal acidification contributes to tooth pain hypersensitivity during orthodontic tooth movement. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:103-110. [PMID: 34808249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tooth movements associated with orthodontic treatment often cause tooth pain. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we examined the involvement of periodontal acidification caused by tooth movement in mechanical tooth pain hypersensitivity. Elastics were inserted between the first and second molars to move the teeth in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and the pH of the gingival sulcus around the tooth were measured. The expression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in trigeminal ganglion neurons and phosphorylation of ASIC3 in the periodontal tissue were analyzed. The mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and pH in the gingival sulcus decreased on day 1 after the elastic insertion. These decreases recovered to the sham level by buffering periodontal acidification. Periodontal inhibition of ASIC3 channel activity reversed the decreased mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation. On day 1 after elastic insertion, the tooth movement did not change the number of ASIC3 immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the periodontal tissue but increased phosphorylated-ASIC3 levels in the periodontal tissue. Periodontal acidification induced by tooth movement causes phosphorylation of ASIC3, resulting in mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mechanically forced tooth.
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Michael E, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Lipopeptide Pepducins as Therapeutic Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2383:307-333. [PMID: 34766299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pepducins are lipidated peptides that target the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in order to modulate transmembrane signaling to internally located effectors. With a wide array of potential activities ranging from partial, biased, or full agonism to antagonism, pepducins represent a versatile class of compounds that can be used to potentially treat diverse human diseases or be employed as novel tools to probe complex mechanisms of receptor activation and signaling in cells and in animals. Here, we describe a number of different pepducins including an advanced compound, PZ-128, that has successfully progressed through phase 2 clinical trials in cardiac patients demonstrating safety and efficacy in suppressing myonecrosis and arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Michael
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tian L, Huang CK, Ding F, Zhang R. Galectin-3 Mediates Thrombin-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:686200. [PMID: 34746246 PMCID: PMC8563778 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.686200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is an important step in the progression and development of vulnerable plaques. Thrombin is involved in both physiological and pathological processes of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying thrombin-induced VSMC migration is essential for devising effective treatments aimed at the prevention of plaque instability. In this study, we found that thrombin activated MAPK signaling pathways and increased the expression of galectin-3, which was also a well-known factor in atherosclerosis. Knockdown of galectin-3 by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked thrombin-induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but not JNK MAPK. Src/FAK phosphorylation was also shown to be activated by thrombin. FAK autophosphorylation at Y397 was most significantly inhibited by galectin-3 siRNA. Galectin-3 siRNA or specific inhibitor (P38 MAPK inhibitor and ERK1/2 inhibitor) effectively prevented thrombin-induced VSMC migration via reducing paxillin expression. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that thrombin stimulation of VSMC migration and paxillin expression are regulated by galectin-3, and ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and Src/FAK signaling pathways are involved in this process. These results are beneficial to clarify the role of galectin-3 in thrombin-induced advanced lesions in atherosclerosis and shed new insights into the regulatory mechanism of VSMC migration in combating plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Protease Activated Receptors and Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179352. [PMID: 34502257 PMCID: PMC8430764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic and destructive activity of serine proteases in arthritic joints is well known; however, these enzymes can also signal pain and inflammation in joints. For example, thrombin, trypsin, tryptase, and neutrophil elastase cleave the extracellular N-terminus of a family of G protein-coupled receptors and the remaining tethered ligand sequence then binds to the same receptor to initiate a series of molecular signalling processes. These protease activated receptors (PARs) pervade multiple tissues and cells throughout joints where they have the potential to regulate joint homeostasis. Overall, joint PARs contribute to pain, inflammation, and structural integrity by altering vascular reactivity, nociceptor sensitivity, and tissue remodelling. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting PARs to alleviate the pain and destructive nature of elevated proteases in various arthritic conditions.
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