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Sáenz de Miera C, Bellefontaine N, Allen SJ, Myers MG, Elias CF. Glutamate neurotransmission from leptin receptor cells is required for typical puberty and reproductive function in female mice. eLife 2024; 13:RP93204. [PMID: 39007235 PMCID: PMC11249761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) is a glutamatergic nucleus essential for the metabolic control of reproduction. However, conditional deletion of leptin receptor long form (LepRb) in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) expressing neurons results in virtually no reproductive deficits. In this study, we determined the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission from leptin responsive PMv neurons on puberty and fertility. We first assessed if stimulation of PMv neurons induces luteinizing hormone (LH) release in fed adult females. We used the stimulatory form of designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in LeprCre (LepRb-Cre) mice. We collected blood sequentially before and for 1 hr after intravenous clozapine-N-oxide injection. LH level increased in animals correctly targeted to the PMv, and LH level was correlated to the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the PMv. Next, females with deletion of Slc17a6 (Vglut2) in LepRb neurons (LeprΔVGlut2) showed delayed age of puberty, disrupted estrous cycles, increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) concentration in the axon terminals, and disrupted LH secretion, suggesting impaired GnRH release. To assess if glutamate is required for PMv actions in pubertal development, we generated a Cre-induced reexpression of endogenous LepRb (LeprloxTB) with concomitant deletion of Slc17a6 (Vglut2flox) mice. Rescue of Lepr and deletion of Slc17a6 in the PMv was obtained by stereotaxic injection of an adeno-associated virus vector expressing Cre recombinase. Control LeprloxTB mice with PMv LepRb rescue showed vaginal opening, follicle maturation, and became pregnant, while LeprloxTB;Vglut2flox mice showed no pubertal development. Our results indicate that glutamatergic neurotransmission from leptin sensitive neurons regulates the reproductive axis, and that leptin action on pubertal development via PMv neurons requires Vglut2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sáenz de Miera
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Nicole Bellefontaine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Susan J Allen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
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Golshan M, Alavi SMH, Hatef A, Kazori N, Socha M, Milla S, Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk M, Unniappan S, Butts IAE, Linhart O. Impact of absolute food deprivation on the reproductive system in male goldfish exposed to sex steroids. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01570-4. [PMID: 38880793 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a link between metabolism and reproduction as metabolic hormones affect hypothalamus-pituitary-testis (HPT) hormonal functions and vice versa. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of negative energy balance on the reproductive system in male goldfish exposed to testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2). Following 7 days of food deprivation (FD), ANOVA models showed significant FD × sex steroid interactions on sperm quality and circulating sex steroid levels. When FD effects were investigated, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) level and sperm motility and velocity decreased in food-deprived goldfish in the control group. In E2-exposed goldfish, FD decreased sperm production in addition to sperm motility and velocity that coincided with an elevation of circulating E2 level. However, FD did not significantly impact sex steroids and sperm quality in T-exposed goldfish. ANOVA models showed non-significant FD × sex steroid interactions for HSI, GSI, circulating luteinizing hormone (Lh) level, and metabolic (preproghrelin, goat and nucb2) and reproductive (kiss1, gpr54 and gnrh3) mRNAs. Furthermore, results showed that FD decreased HSI, and increased Lh levels and testicular preproghrelin and goat mRNAs, while sex steroids increased mid-brain nucb2, kiss1 and gpr54 mRNAs. Together, our results suggest that FD-induced inhibition of androgenesis resulted in diminished sperm quality associated with activation of the testicular ghrelinergic system, and negative feedback of 11-KT increased Lh level. The FD-induced testicular metabolic and hormonal system was impacted in goldfish exposed to sex steroids. However, the negative effects of FD on sperm quality were accelerated in E2-exposed goldfish due to estrogenic activity. This study provides novel information to better understand metabolic-associated reproductive disorders in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Golshan
- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Hatef
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Negar Kazori
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylvain Milla
- Research Unit Animal and Functionalities of Animal Products, INRA, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Suraj Unniappan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ian A E Butts
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Otomar Linhart
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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3
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de Miera CS, Bellefontaine N, Allen SJ, Myers MG, Elias CF. Glutamate neurotransmission from leptin receptor cells is required for typical puberty and reproductive function in female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.21.558865. [PMID: 37790549 PMCID: PMC10542178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) is a glutamatergic nucleus essential for the metabolic control of reproduction. However, conditional deletion of leptin receptor (LepRb) in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) expressing neurons results in virtually no reproductive deficits. In this study, we determine the role of glutamatergic signaling from leptin responsive PMv neurons on puberty and fertility. We first assessed if stimulation of PMv neurons induces LH release in fed adult females. We used the stimulatory form of designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in LepRb-Cre mice. We collected blood sequentially before and for 1h after iv. clozapine-N-oxide injection. LH level increased in animals correctly targeted to the PMv, and LH level was correlated to the number of cFos immunoreactive neurons in the PMv. Next, females with deletion of Vglut2 in LepRb neurons (LepR∆VGlut2) showed delayed age of puberty, disrupted estrous cycles, increased GnRH concentration in the axon terminals and disrupted LH responses, suggesting impaired GnRH release. To assess if glutamate is required for PMv actions in pubertal development, we generated a Cre-induced reexpression of endogenous LepRb (LepRloxTB) with concomitant deletion of Vglut2 (Vglut2-floxed) mice. Rescue of Lepr and deletion of Vglut2 in the PMv was obtained by stereotaxic injection of an adeno-associated virus vector expressing Cre recombinase. Control LepRloxTB mice with PMv LepRb rescue showed vaginal opening, follicle maturation and became pregnant, while LepRloxTB;Vglut2flox mice showed no pubertal development. Our results indicate that glutamatergic signaling from leptin sensitive neurons regulates the reproductive axis, and that leptin action on pubertal development via PMv neurons requires Vglut2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sáenz de Miera
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Nicole Bellefontaine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Susan J. Allen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Carol F. Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5622, USA
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Anderson GM, Hill JW, Kaiser UB, Navarro VM, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Prevot V, Tena-Sempere M, Elias CF. Metabolic control of puberty: 60 years in the footsteps of Kennedy and Mitra's seminal work. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:111-123. [PMID: 38049643 PMCID: PMC10843588 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
An individual's nutritional status has a powerful effect on sexual maturation. Puberty onset is delayed in response to chronic energy insufficiency and is advanced under energy abundance. The consequences of altered pubertal timing for human health are profound. Late puberty increases the chances of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal and neurocognitive disorders, whereas early puberty is associated with increased risks of adult obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancer. Kennedy and Mitra's trailblazing studies, published in 1963 and using experimental models, were the first to demonstrate that nutrition is a key factor in puberty onset. Building on this work, the field has advanced substantially in the past decade, which is largely due to the impressive development of molecular tools for experimentation and population genetics. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in basic and translational sciences underlying the nutritional and metabolic control of pubertal development, with a focus on perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Januś D, Stępniewska A, Szczudlik E, Stochel-Gaudyn A, Wójcik M. Beyond the Metabolic Syndrome: Non-Obvious Complications of Obesity in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1905. [PMID: 38136107 PMCID: PMC10742254 DOI: 10.3390/children10121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is currently one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide due to the continuous increase in obesity rates among children, especially younger children. Complications related to obesity, including serious ones, are increasingly being diagnosed in younger children. A search was performed from January 2023 to September 2023 using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO databases. The focus was on English-language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies worldwide. Four main topics were defined as follows: disorders of glucose metabolism; liver disease associated with childhood obesity; the relationship between respiratory disorders and obesity in children; and the effects of obesity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and puberty. Understanding potential complications and their underlying mechanisms can expedite the diagnostic process and enhance the effectiveness of treatment. We aspire that this study will bring insight into the often-overlooked complications associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.S.-G.)
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dominika Januś
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Stępniewska
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Ewa Szczudlik
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Stochel-Gaudyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.S.-G.)
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (E.S.)
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
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Fernandois D, Vázquez MJ, Barroso A, Paredes AH, Tena-Sempere M, Cruz G. Multi-Organ Increase in Norepinephrine Levels after Central Leptin Administration and Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16909. [PMID: 38069231 PMCID: PMC10706686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomic innervation is important to regulate homeostasis in every organ of the body. The sympathetic nervous system controls several organs associated with metabolism and reproduction, including adipose tissue, the liver, and the ovaries. The sympathetic nervous system is controlled within the central nervous system by neurons located in the hypothalamus, which in turn are regulated by hormones like leptin. Leptin action in the hypothalamus leads to increased sympathetic activity in the adipose tissue. In this short report, we propose that leptin action in the brain also controls the sympathetic innervation of other organs like the liver and the ovary. We performed two experiments: We performed an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin and measured norepinephrine levels in several organs, and we used a validated model of overnutrition and obesity to evaluate whether an increase in leptin levels coexists with high levels of norepinephrine in the liver and ovaries. Norepinephrine was measured by ELISA in adipose tissue and by HPLC-EC in other tissues. Leptin was measured by ELISA. We found that the ICV injection of leptin increases norepinephrine levels in several organs, including the liver and ovaries. Also, we found that diet-induced obesity leads to an increase in leptin levels while inducing an increase in norepinephrine levels in the liver and ovaries. Finally, since hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is observed both in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, we think that an increase in norepinephrine levels induced by hyperleptinemia could be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fernandois
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.); (A.H.P.)
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alexia Barroso
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso H. Paredes
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
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Zimerman J, Niño OMS, da Costa CS, Zanol JF, Comério M, da Gama de Souza LN, Miranda-Alves L, Miranda RA, Lisboa PC, Camilo TA, Rorato R, Alves GA, Frazão R, Zomer HD, Freitas-Lima LC, Graceli JB. Subacute high-refined carbohydrate diet leads to abnormal reproductive control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in female rats. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108410. [PMID: 37211340 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that female rats placed on a diet containing refined carbohydrates (HCD) resulted in obesity and reproductive abnormalities, such as high serum LH concentration and abnormal ovarian function. However, the impacts at the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) function, specifically regarding pathways linked to reproductive axis modulation are unknown. In this study, we assessed whether subacute feeding with HCD results in abnormal reproductive control in the HP axis. Female rats were fed with HCD for 15 days and reproductive HP axis morphophysiology was assessed. HCD reduced hypothalamic mRNA expression (Kiss1, Lepr, and Amhr2) and increased pituitary LHβ+ cells. These changes likely contribute to the increase in serum LH concentration observed in HCD. Blunted estrogen negative feedback was observed in HCD, with increased kisspeptin protein expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), lower LHβ+ cells and LH concentration in ovariectomized (OVX)+HCD rats. Thus, these data suggest that HCD feeding led to female abnormal reproductive control of HP axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanini Zimerman
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Oscar M S Niño
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Human Sciences and Education, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jordana F Zanol
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Milena Comério
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Governador, Cidade Universitária, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tays A Camilo
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Andrade Alves
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena D Zomer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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8
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Brito VN, Canton APM, Seraphim CE, Abreu AP, Macedo DB, Mendonca BB, Kaiser UB, Argente J, Latronico AC. The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:193-221. [PMID: 35930274 PMCID: PMC9985412 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of central precocious puberty (CPP) is multiple and heterogeneous, including congenital and acquired causes that can be associated with structural or functional brain alterations. All causes of CPP culminate in the premature pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic GnRH and, consequently, in the premature reactivation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The activation of excitatory factors or suppression of inhibitory factors during childhood represent the 2 major mechanisms of CPP, revealing a delicate balance of these opposing neuronal pathways. Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is the most well-known congenital cause of CPP with central nervous system abnormalities. Several mechanisms by which hamartoma causes CPP have been proposed, including an anatomical connection to the anterior hypothalamus, autonomous neuroendocrine activity in GnRH neurons, trophic factors secreted by HH, and mechanical pressure applied to the hypothalamus. The importance of genetic and/or epigenetic factors in the underlying mechanisms of CPP has grown significantly in the last decade, as demonstrated by the evidence of genetic abnormalities in hypothalamic structural lesions (eg, hamartomas, gliomas), syndromic disorders associated with CPP (Temple, Prader-Willi, Silver-Russell, and Rett syndromes), and isolated CPP from monogenic defects (MKRN3 and DLK1 loss-of-function mutations). Genetic and epigenetic discoveries involving the etiology of CPP have had influence on the diagnosis and familial counseling providing bases for potential prevention of premature sexual development and new treatment targets in the future. Global preventive actions inducing healthy lifestyle habits and less exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during the lifespan are desirable because they are potentially associated with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius N Brito
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Seraphim
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Delanie B Macedo
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Núcleo de Atenção Médica Integrada, Centro de Ciências da Saúde,
Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811 905,
Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and
Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry,
CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA
Institute, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
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9
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Argente J, Dunkel L, Kaiser UB, Latronico AC, Lomniczi A, Soriano-Guillén L, Tena-Sempere M. Molecular basis of normal and pathological puberty: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:203-216. [PMID: 36620967 PMCID: PMC10198266 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a major maturational event; its mechanisms and timing are driven by genetic determinants, but also controlled by endogenous and environmental cues. Substantial progress towards elucidation of the neuroendocrine networks governing puberty has taken place. However, key aspects of the mechanisms responsible for the precise timing of puberty and its alterations have only recently begun to be deciphered, propelled by epidemiological data suggesting that pubertal timing is changing in humans, via mechanisms that are not yet understood. By integrating basic and clinical data, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances on the physiological basis of puberty, with a particular focus on the roles of kisspeptins and other central transmitters, the underlying molecular and endocrine mechanisms, and the pathways involved in pubertal modulation by nutritional and metabolic cues. Additionally, we have summarised molecular features of precocious and delayed puberty in both sexes, as revealed by clinical and genetic studies. This Review is a synoptic up-to-date view of how puberty is controlled and of the pathogenesis of major pubertal alterations, from both a clinical and translational perspective. We also highlight unsolved challenges that will seemingly concentrate future research efforts in this active domain of endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, University Hospital Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Latronico
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics, LIM42, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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10
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Dardente H, Lomet D, Desmarchais A, Téteau O, Lasserre O, Gonzalez AA, Dubois E, Beltramo M, Elis S. Impact of food restriction on the medio-basal hypothalamus of intact ewes as revealed by a large-scale transcriptomics study. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13198. [PMID: 36168278 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) integrates photoperiodic and food-related cues to ensure timely phasing of physiological functions, including seasonal reproduction. The current human epidemics of obesity and associated reproductive disorders exemplifies the tight link between metabolism and reproduction. Yet, how food-related cues impact breeding at the level of the MBH remains unclear. In this respect, the sheep, which is a large diurnal mammal with a marked dual photoperiodic/metabolic control of seasonal breeding, is a relevant model. Here, we present a large-scale study in ewes (n = 120), which investigated the impact of food restriction (FRes) on the MBH transcriptome using unbiased RNAseq, followed by RT-qPCR. Few genes (~100) were impacted by FRes and the transcriptional impact was very modest (<2-fold increase or < 50% decrease for most genes). As anticipated, FRes increased expression of Npy/AgRP/LepR and decreased expression of Pomc/Cartpt, while Kiss1 expression was not impacted. Of particular interest, Eya3, Nmu and Dio2, genes involved in photoperiodic decoding within the MBH, were also affected by FRes. Finally, we also identified a handful of genes not known to be regulated by food-related cues (e.g., RNase6, HspA6, Arrdc2). In conclusion, our transcriptomics study provides insights into the impact of metabolism on the MBH in sheep, which may be relevant to human, and identifies possible molecular links between metabolism and (seasonal) reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Ophélie Téteau
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sébastien Elis
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
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11
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Saleh FL, Joshi AA, Tal A, Xu P, Hens JR, Wong SL, Flannery CA. Hyperinsulinemia induces early and dyssynchronous puberty in lean female mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 254:121-135. [PMID: 35904489 PMCID: PMC9837806 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Girls with obesity are at increased risk of early puberty. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. We hypothesized that insulin plays a physiological role in pubertal transition, and super-imposed hyperinsulinemia due to childhood obesity promotes early initiation of puberty in girls. To isolate the effect of hyperinsulinemia from adiposity, we compared pre-pubertal and pubertal states in hyperinsulinemic, lean muscle (M)-insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)-lysine (K)-arginine (R) (MKR) mice to normoinsulinemic WT, with puberty onset defined by vaginal opening (VO). Our results show MKR had greater insulin resistance and higher insulin levels (P < 0.05) than WT despite lower body weight (P < 0.0001) and similar IGF-1 levels (P = NS). Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were higher in hyperinsulinemic MKR (P = 0.005), and insulin stimulation induced an increase in LH levels in WT. VO was earlier in hyperinsulinemic MKR vs WT (P < 0.0001). When compared on the day of VO, kisspeptin expression was higher in hyperinsulinemic MKR vs WT (P < 0.05), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone and insulin receptor isoform expression was similar (P = NS). Despite accelerated VO, MKR had delayed, disordered ovarian follicle and mammary gland development. In conclusion, we found that hyperinsulinemia alone without adiposity triggers earlier puberty. In our study, hyperinsulinemia also promoted dyssynchrony between pubertal initiation and progression, urging future studies in girls with obesity to assess alterations in transition to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah L Saleh
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Frank H. Netter School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aditi A Joshi
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aya Tal
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patricia Xu
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julie R Hens
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Serena L Wong
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clare A Flannery
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Kisspeptin in the Limbic System: New Insights Into Its Neuromodulatory Roles. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 34:190-195. [PMID: 35921618 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine (López-Ojeda, Hurley) and Radiology (Hurley), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine (López-Ojeda, Hurley) and Radiology (Hurley), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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13
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Screening of Differentially Expressed Genes and miRNAs in Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland of Sheep under Different Photoperiods. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061091. [PMID: 35741853 PMCID: PMC9222358 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproduction of sheep is affected by many factors such as light, nutrition and genetics. The Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is an important pathway for sheep reproduction, and changes in HPG axis-related gene expression can affect sheep reproduction. In this study, a model of bilateral ovarian removal and estrogen supplementation (OVX + E2) was applied to screen differentially expressed genes and miRNAs under different photoperiods using whole transcriptome sequencing and reveal the regulatory effects of the photoperiod on the upstream tissues of the HPG axis in sheep. Whole transcriptome sequencing was performed in ewe hypothalamus (HYP) and distal pituitary (PD) tissues under short photoperiod 21st day (SP21) and long photoperiod 21st day (LP21). Compared to the short photoperiod, a total of 1813 differential genes (up-regulation 966 and down-regulation 847) and 145 differential miRNAs (up-regulation 73 and down-regulation 72) were identified in the hypothalamus of long photoperiod group. Similarly, 2492 differential genes (up-regulation 1829 and down-regulation 663) and 59 differential miRNAs (up-regulation 49 and down-regulation 10) were identified in the pituitary of long photoperiod group. Subsequently, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the differential genes and target genes of differential miRNA were enriched in GnRH, Wnt, ErbB and circadian rhythm pathways associated with reproduction. Combined with sequence complementation and gene expression correlation analysis, several miRNA-mRNA target combinations (e.g., LHB regulated by novel-414) were obtained. Taken together, these results will help to understand the regulatory effect of the photoperiod on the upstream tissues of HPG in sheep.
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14
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Elliott V, Waldrop SW, Wiromrat P, Carreau AM, Green MC. The Interaction of Obesity and Reproductive Function in Adolescents. Semin Reprod Med 2022; 40:53-68. [PMID: 35562099 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing worldwide, including in pediatrics. Adequate nutrition is required for initiation of menses, and there is a clear secular trend toward earlier pubertal onset and menarche in females in countries around the globe. Similar findings of earlier pubertal start are suggested in males. However, as individuals and populations have crossed into over-nutritional states including overweight and obesity, the effect of excess weight on disrupting reproductive function has become apparent. Hypothalamic hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome are two conditions where reproductive function appears to directly relate to excess weight. Clinical findings in individuals with certain polygenic and monogenic obesity syndromes, which also have reproductive disruptions, have helped elucidate neurologic pathways that are common to both. Clinical endocrinopathies such as hypothyroidism or panhypopituitarism also aide in the understanding of the role of the endocrine system in weight gain. Understanding the intersection of obesity and reproductive function may lead to future therapies which can treat both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Elliott
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie W Waldrop
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pattara Wiromrat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anne-Marie Carreau
- Endocrinologue, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Endocrinologie-Néphrologie, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Melanie Cree Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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15
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Papadimitriou A, Marakaki C, Papadimitriou DT. Growth variations with opposite clinical outcomes and the emerging role of IGF-1. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:359-370. [PMID: 35331614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Normal growth pattern variations [i.e., constitutional advancement and constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CAGP and CDGP)] are the mirror image of each other and are associated with early puberty (EP) and delayed puberty (DP), respectively. Differences between CAGP and CDGP relate not only to auxological characteristics (height, weight) but also to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 levels in CAGP are above average whereas in CDGP they are below average, suggesting a role for IGF-1 in the induction of these growth patterns. Herein, we provide data suggesting that early activation of the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 axis induces the growth pattern of CAGP. Moreover, we suggest that IGF-1 is a decisive factor for the release of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) inhibition brake that occurs in prepuberty. It is therefore crucial for puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Papadimitriou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Chrisanthi Marakaki
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Papadimitriou
- Pediatric-Adolescent Endocrinology and Diabetes, Athens Medical Center, Marousi and Endocrine Unit, Aretaeion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Prevot V, Sharif A. The polygamous GnRH neuron: Astrocytic and tanycytic communication with a neuroendocrine neuronal population. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13104. [PMID: 35233849 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the survival of the species, hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits controlling fertility, which converge onto neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), must respond to fluctuating physiological conditions by undergoing rapid and reversible structural and functional changes. However, GnRH neurons do not act alone, but through reciprocal interactions with multiple hypothalamic cell populations, including several glial and endothelial cell types. For instance, it has long been known that in the hypothalamic median eminence, where GnRH axons terminate and release their neurohormone into the pituitary portal blood circulation, morphological plasticity displayed by distal processes of tanycytes modifies their relationship with adjacent neurons as well as the spatial properties of the neurohemal junction. These alterations not only regulate the capacity of GnRH neurons to release their neurohormone, but also the activation of discrete non-neuronal pathways that mediate feedback by peripheral hormones onto the hypothalamus. Additionally, a recent breakthrough has demonstrated that GnRH neurons themselves orchestrate the establishment of their neuroendocrine circuitry during postnatal development by recruiting an entourage of newborn astrocytes that escort them into adulthood and, via signalling through gliotransmitters such as prostaglandin E2, modulate their activity and GnRH release. Intriguingly, several environmental and behavioural toxins perturb these neuron-glia interactions and consequently, reproductive maturation and fertility. Deciphering the communication between GnRH neurons and other neural cell types constituting hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits is thus critical both to understanding physiological processes such as puberty, oestrous cyclicity and aging, and to developing novel therapeutic strategies for dysfunctions of these processes, including the effects of endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
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17
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He X, Di R, Guo X, Cao X, Zhou M, Li X, Xia Q, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Chu M. Transcriptomic Changes of Photoperiodic Response in the Hypothalamus Were Identified in Ovariectomized and Estradiol-Treated Sheep. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:848144. [PMID: 35480892 PMCID: PMC9036065 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.848144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate timing of seasonal changes is an essential ability for an animal’s survival, and the change in the photoperiod is the key factor affecting reproductive seasonality in mammals. Emerging evidence has suggested that multiple hypothalamic genes participate in the photoperiod-induced regulation of reproductive activities in sheep, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we initially examined the plasma level of two major reproductive hormones, namely, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL), under different photoperiods in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated (OVX + E2) sheep using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Of the two hormones, the concentration of PRL significantly increased with the extension of the photoperiod, while FSH showed the opposite trend. Subsequently, an examination of the transcriptomic variation between the short photoperiod (SP) and long photoperiod (LP) was conducted. Differential expression analyses and functional annotation showed that several key genes in the insulin secretion (VAMP2, PRKACB, PRKCG, and PLCB1), GnRH (MAPK13, CGA, CDC42, ATF4, and LHB) pathways, and circadian entrainment (KCNJ5, PER1, GNB2, MTNR1A, and RASD1), as well as numerous lncRNAs, including XR_173257.3, XR_173415.3, XR_001435315.1, XR_001024596.2, and XR_001023464.2, were shown potentially vital for the hypothalamic photoperiodic response. Four of the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were validated by qPCR. The constructed mRNA–mRNA interaction networks further revealed that transcripts potentially participated in hypothalamic thyroid hormone synthesis, endocrine resistance, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions. The interactome analysis of lncRNAs and their targets implied that XR_173257.3 and its target arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and XR_173415.3 and its target TH might participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction. Together, the changes in reproductive hormones and transcriptome will help to determine the important photoperiod-induced lncRNAs and mRNAs and provide a valuable resource for further research on reproductive seasonality in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuyue Liu, ; Mingxing Chu,
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuyue Liu, ; Mingxing Chu,
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18
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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19
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Soriano-Guillén L, Tena-Sempere M, Seraphim CE, Latronico AC, Argente J. Precocious sexual maturation: Unravelling the mechanisms of pubertal onset through clinical observations. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e12979. [PMID: 33904190 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a crucial biological process normally occurring at a specific time during the lifespan, during which sexual and somatic maturation are completed, and reproductive capacity is reached. Pubertal timing is not only determined by genetics, but also by endogenous and environmental cues, including nutritional and metabolic signals. During the last decade, we have learned much regarding the essential roles of kisspeptins and the neuropeptide pathways that converge on these neurones to modulate kisspeptin signalling, as well as neurokinin B and dynorphin, the co-transmitters of Kiss1 neurones in the arcuate nucleus, and the effects of melanocortins on puberty. Indeed, melanocortins are involved in transmitting the regulatory actions of metabolic cues on pubertal maturation. Intracellular metabolic sensors, such as the AMP-activated protein kinase and the fuel-sensing deacetylase SIRT1, have been shown to contribute to puberty. Further understanding of these signals and regulatory circuits will help uncover the intimacies of the central control of puberty, as well as how alterations in metabolic status, ranging from undernutrition to obesity, affect the pubertal process. Precocious puberty is rare and has a clear female predominance. Central precocious puberty (CPP) is diagnosed when premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis occurs. Its causes are heterogeneous, with alterations of the central nervous system being of special interest, and with environmental factors also playing a role in some cases. During the last decade, several mutations in different genes (including KISS1, KISS1R, MKRN3 and DLK1) that cause CPP have been discovered. Loss-of-function mutations in MKRN3 are the most common monogenic cause of CPP known to date. Here, we review and update what is known regarding the genotype-phenotype relationship in patients with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos E Seraphim
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics, LIM42, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Clinicas Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Latronico
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics, LIM42, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Clinicas Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Extrahypothalamic Control of Energy Balance and Its Connection with Reproduction: Roles of the Amygdala. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120837. [PMID: 34940594 PMCID: PMC8708157 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Body energy and metabolic homeostasis are exquisitely controlled by multiple, often overlapping regulatory mechanisms, which permit the tight adjustment between fuel reserves, internal needs, and environmental (e.g., nutritional) conditions. As such, this function is sensitive to and closely connected with other relevant bodily systems, including reproduction and gonadal function. The aim of this mini-review article is to summarize the most salient experimental data supporting a role of the amygdala as a key brain region for emotional learning and behavior, including reward processing, in the physiological control of feeding and energy balance. In particular, a major focus will be placed on the putative interplay between reproductive signals and amygdala pathways, as it pertains to the control of metabolism, as complementary, extrahypothalamic circuit for the integral control of energy balance and gonadal function.
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21
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Vazquez MJ, Daza-Dueñas S, Tena-Sempere M. Emerging Roles of Epigenetics in the Control of Reproductive Function: Focus on Central Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab152. [PMID: 34703958 PMCID: PMC8533971 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an essential function for perpetuation of the species. As such, it is controlled by sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that allow a perfect match between environmental conditions and internal cues to ensure adequate pubertal maturation and achievement of reproductive capacity. Besides classical genetic regulatory events, mounting evidence has documented that different epigenetic mechanisms operate at different levels of the reproductive axis to finely tune the development and function of this complex neuroendocrine system along the lifespan. In this mini-review, we summarize recent evidence on the role of epigenetics in the control of reproduction, with special focus on the modulation of the central components of this axis. Particular attention will be paid to the epigenetic control of puberty and Kiss1 neurons because major developments have taken place in this domain recently. In addition, the putative role of central epigenetic mechanisms in mediating the influence of nutritional and environmental cues on reproductive function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Vazquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Silvia Daza-Dueñas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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22
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Abstract
Breastfeeding suppresses postpartum fecundity (the capacity for reproduction). This mechanism is critically important to control fertility (actual reproduction) when contraception is uncommon. Whether dependence of the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding on environmental conditions is strong enough to have a significant effect on fertility remains unclear. Analyzing 2.7 million births in 84 low- and middle-income countries over the past four decades, we find a dramatic weakening of the breastfeeding–postpartum amenorrhea relationship that correlates with improved living standards. These results suggest that, in the absence of contraception, the effect of breastfeeding on fertility depends on the level of socioeconomic development. The contraceptive effect of breastfeeding remains essential to controlling fertility in many developing regions of the world. The extent to which this negative effect of breastfeeding on ovarian activity is sensitive to ecological conditions, notably maternal energetic status, has remained controversial. We assess the relationship between breastfeeding duration and postpartum amenorrhea (the absence of menstruation following a birth) in 17 World Fertility Surveys and 284 Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 1975 and 2019 in 84 low- and middle-income countries. We then analyze the resumption of menses in women during unsupplemented lactation. We find that a sharp weakening of the breastfeeding–postpartum amenorrhea relationship has globally occurred over the time period analyzed. The slope of the breastfeeding–postpartum amenorrhea relationship is negatively associated with development: higher values of the Human Development Index, urbanization, access to electricity, easier access to water, and education are predictive of a weaker association between breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea. Low parity also predicts shorter postpartum amenorrhea. The association between exclusive breastfeeding and maintenance of amenorrhea in the early postpartum period is also found in rapid decline in Asia and in moderate decline in sub-Saharan Africa. These findings indicate that the effect of breastfeeding on ovarian function is partly mediated by external factors that likely include negative maternal energy balance and support the notion that prolonged breastfeeding significantly helps control fertility only under harsh environmental conditions.
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Paiola M, Moreira C, Hétru J, Duflot A, Pinto PIS, Scapigliati G, Knigge T, Monsinjon T. Prepubertal gonad investment modulates thymus function: evidence in a teleost fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238091. [PMID: 33789987 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymus plasticity following gonadectomy or sex hormone replacement has long since exemplified sex hormone effects on the immune system in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in 'lower vertebrates', including amphibians and fish. Nevertheless, the underlying physiological significances as well as the ontogenetic establishment of this crosstalk remain largely unknown. Here, we used a teleost fish, the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to investigate: (1) whether the regulation of thymus plasticity relies on resource trade-off with somatic growth and reproductive investment and (2) if the gonad-thymus interaction takes place during gonadal differentiation and development. Because gonadal development and, supposedly, thymus function in sea bass depend on environmental changes associated with the winter season, we evaluated thymus changes (foxn1 expression, and thymocyte and T cell content) in juvenile D. labrax raised for 1 year under either constant or fluctuating photoperiod and temperature. Importantly, in both conditions, intensive gonadal development following sex differentiation coincided with a halt of thymus growth, while somatic growth continued. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that gonadal development during prepuberty regulates thymus plasticity. This finding may provide an explanation for the initiation of the thymus involution related to ageing in mammals. Comparing fixed and variable environmental conditions, our work also demonstrates that the extent of the effects on the thymus, which are related to reproduction, depend on ecophysiological conditions, rather than being directly related to sexual maturity and sex hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Catarina Moreira
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Julie Hétru
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
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24
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Franssen D, Barroso A, Ruiz-Pino F, Vázquez MJ, García-Galiano D, Castellano JM, Onieva R, Ruiz-Cruz M, Poutanen M, Gaytán F, Diéguez C, Pinilla L, Lopez M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in GnRH neurons links energy status and reproduction. Metabolism 2021; 115:154460. [PMID: 33285180 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproduction is tightly coupled to body energy and metabolic status. GnRH neurons, master elements and final output pathway for the brain control of reproduction, directly or indirectly receive and integrate multiple metabolic cues to regulate reproductive function. Yet, the molecular underpinnings of such phenomenon remain largely unfolded. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the fundamental cellular sensor that becomes activated in conditions of energy deficit, has been recently shown to participate in the control of Kiss1 neurons, essential gatekeepers of the reproductive axis, by driving an inhibitory valence in situations of energy scarcity at puberty. However, the contribution of AMPK signaling specifically in GnRH neurons to the metabolic control of reproduction remains unknown. METHODS Double immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to evaluate expression of active (phosphorylated) AMPK in GnRH neurons and a novel mouse line, named GAMKO, with conditional ablation of the AMPK α1 subunit in GnRH neurons, was generated. GAMKO mice of both sexes were subjected to reproductive characterization, with attention to puberty and gonadotropic responses to kisspeptin and metabolic stress. RESULTS A vast majority (>95%) of GnRH neurons co-expressed pAMPK. Female (but not male) GAMKO mice displayed earlier puberty onset and exaggerated LH (as surrogate marker of GnRH) responses to kisspeptin-10 at the prepubertal age. In adulthood, GAMKO females retained increased LH responsiveness to kisspeptin and showed partial resilience to the inhibitory effects of conditions of negative energy balance on the gonadotropic axis. The modulatory role of AMPK in GnRH neurons required preserved ovarian function, since the differences in LH pulsatility detected between GAMKO and control mice subjected to fasting were abolished in ovariectomized animals. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data document a sex-biased, physiological role of AMPK signaling in GnRH neurons, as molecular conduit of the inhibitory actions of conditions of energy deficit on the female reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Franssen
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Barroso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Ruiz-Pino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M J Vázquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D García-Galiano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J M Castellano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Onieva
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M Ruiz-Cruz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - F Gaytán
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Pinilla
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Lopez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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da Costa CS, Oliveira TF, Freitas-Lima LC, Padilha AS, Krause M, Carneiro MTWD, Salgado BS, Graceli JB. Subacute cadmium exposure disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome and premature ovarian failure features in female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116154. [PMID: 33280922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, is a known endocrine disruptor that is associated with reproductive complications. However, few studies have explored the effects of Cd exposure on features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovary failure (POF). In this study, we assessed whether doses found in workers occupationally exposed to Cd and subacute exposure result in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and other irregularities. We administered CdCl2 to female rats (100 ppm in drinking water for 30 days) and then assessed Cd levels in the blood, HPG axis and uterus. Metabolic features, HPG axis function, reproductive tract (RT) morphophysiology, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and fibrosis were evaluated. Cd exposure increased Cd levels in the serum, HPG axis, and uterus. Cd rats displayed metabolic impairments, such as a reduction in adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR). Cd exposure also caused improper functioning in the HPG. Specifically, Cd exposure caused irregular estrous cyclicity, abnormal hypothalamic gene expression (upregulated - Kiss1, AR and mTOR; downregulated - Kiss1R, LepR and TNF-α), high LH levels, low AMH levels and abnormal ovarian follicular development, coupled with a reduction in ovarian reserve and antral follicle number was observed, suggesting ovarian depletion. Further, Cd exposure caused a reduction in corpora lutea (CL) and granulosa layer thickness together with an increase in cystic/atretic follicles. In addition, Cd exposure caused RT inflammation, OS and fibrosis. Finally, strong positive correlations were observed between serum, RT Cd levels, IR, dyslipidemia and estrous cycle length, cystic, atretic follicles, LH levels, and RT inflammation. Thus, these data suggest that subacute Cd exposure using doses found in workers occupationally exposed to Cd disrupt the HPG axis function, leading to PCOS and POF features and other abnormalities in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Thiago F Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Leandro C Freitas-Lima
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra S Padilha
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Maiara Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Campos, 1468, CEP: 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Maria Tereza W D Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Campos, 1468, CEP: 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Breno S Salgado
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Chachlaki K, Prevot V. Nitric oxide signalling in the brain and its control of bodily functions. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5437-5458. [PMID: 31347144 PMCID: PMC7707094 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile molecule that plays key roles in the development and survival of mammalian species by endowing brain neuronal networks with the ability to make continual adjustments to function in response to moment-to-moment changes in physiological input. Here, we summarize the progress in the field and argue that NO-synthetizing neurons and NO signalling in the brain provide a core hub for integrating sensory- and homeostatic-related cues, control key bodily functions, and provide a potential target for new therapeutic opportunities against several neuroendocrine and behavioural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
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27
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Smedlund KB, Hill JW. The role of non-neuronal cells in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110996. [PMID: 32860862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus. Disruption of this system leads to impaired reproductive maturation and function, a condition known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Most studies to date have focused on genetic causes of HH that impact neuronal development and function. However, variants may also impact the functioning of non-neuronal cells known as glia. Glial cells make up 50% of brain cells of humans, primates, and rodents. They include radial glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, tanycytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Many of these cells influence the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system controlling fertility. Indeed, glia regulate GnRH neuronal activity and secretion, acting both at their cell bodies and their nerve endings. Recent work has also made clear that these interactions are an essential aspect of how the HPG axis integrates endocrine, metabolic, and environmental signals to control fertility. Recognition of the clinical importance of interactions between glia and the GnRH network may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for dysfunctions of puberty and adult fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Smedlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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D’Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Baruselli PS. Peripheral action of kisspeptin at reproductive tissues-role in ovarian function and embryo implantation and relevance to assisted reproductive technology in livestock: a review. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1157-1170. [PMID: 32776148 PMCID: PMC7711897 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D’Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hua L, Feng B, Huang L, Li J, Luo T, Jiang X, Han X, Che L, Xu S, Lin Y, Fang Z, Wu D, Zhuo Y. Time-restricted feeding improves the reproductive function of female mice via liver fibroblast growth factor 21. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e195. [PMID: 33135359 PMCID: PMC7533054 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a significant increase, to epidemic levels, of obese and overweight women of reproductive age, causing impairments to reproductive health. Time‐restricted feeding (TRF) including isocaloric intake has shown to be preventive of obesity‐related disorders. However, its therapeutic ability to improve the reproductive function of female remains largely unknown. Methods Here, we investigated the ability of TRF to improve the reproductive function in wild‐type and liver‐specific FGF21 knockout female mice. To study fertility, a continuous and a short‐term fertility test, gonadotropin releasing‐hormone (GnRH), and Kisspeptin test were performed. Immortalized GnRH neuron was used to examine the direct role of liver fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on GnRH secretion. Results We found that TRF rescues female mice from bodyweight gain and glucose intolerance, as well as ovarian follicle loss and dysfunction of estrus cyclicity induced by high‐fat diet. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the TRF regimen on the reproductive performance were also observed in mice fed both chow and high‐fat diet. However, those beneficial effects of TRF on metabolism and reproduction were absent in liver‐specific FGF21 knockout mice. In vitro, FGF21 directly acted on GnRH neurons to modulate GnRH secretion via extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) pathway. Conclusions Overall, time‐restricted feeding improves the reproductive function of female mice and liver FGF21 signaling plays a key role in GnRH neuron activity in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Hua
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Liansu Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xingfa Han
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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30
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Marshall CJ, Prescott M, Campbell RE. Investigating the NPY/AgRP/GABA to GnRH Neuron Circuit in Prenatally Androgenized PCOS-Like Mice. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa129. [PMID: 33094210 PMCID: PMC7566551 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common form of anovulatory infertility, is associated with altered signaling within the hormone-sensitive neuronal network that regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, leading to a pathological increase in GnRH secretion. Circuit remodeling is evident between GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARN) and GnRH neurons in a murine model of PCOS. One-third of ARN GABA neurons co-express neuropeptide Y (NPY), which has a known yet complex role in regulating GnRH neurons and reproductive function. Here, we investigated whether the NPY-expressing subpopulation (NPYARN) of ARN GABA neurons (GABAARN) is also affected in prenatally androgenized (PNA) PCOS-like NPYARN reporter mice [Agouti-related protein (AgRP)-Cre;τGFP]. PCOS-like mice and controls were generated by exposure to di-hydrotestosterone or vehicle (VEH) in late gestation. τGFP-expressing NPYARN neuron fiber appositions with GnRH neurons and gonadal steroid hormone receptor expression in τGFP-expressing NPYARN neurons were assessed using confocal microscopy. Although GnRH neurons received abundant close contacts from τGFP-expressing NPYARN neuron fibers, the number and density of putative inputs was not affected by prenatal androgen excess. NPYARN neurons did not co-express progesterone receptor or estrogen receptor α in either PNA or VEH mice. However, the proportion of NPYARN neurons co-expressing the androgen receptor was significantly elevated in PNA mice. Therefore, NPYARN neurons are not remodeled by prenatal androgen excess like the wider GABAARN population, indicating GABA-to-GnRH neuron circuit remodeling occurs in a presently unidentified non-NPY/AgRP population of GABAARN neurons. NPYARN neurons do, however, show independent changes in the form of elevated androgen sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Marshall
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Prescott
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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31
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Mintziori G, Nigdelis MP, Mathew H, Mousiolis A, Goulis DG, Mantzoros CS. The effect of excess body fat on female and male reproduction. Metabolism 2020; 107:154193. [PMID: 32119876 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity coincides with a decline in reproductive health indices in both sexes. Energy excess mediates changes to the regulatory mechanisms of the reproductive system. Obese individuals exhibit increased estrogen concentrations, due to the overexpression of aromatase in the adipose tissue; via a negative feedback loop, men present with symptoms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. These hormonal changes, along with increased oxidative stress, lipotoxicity and disturbances in the concentrations of adipokines, directly affect the gonads, peripheral reproductive organs and the embryo. Clinical evidence is somewhat contradicting, with only some studies advocating worse semen parameters, increased incidence of erectile dysfunction, increased doses of ovulation induction medications, and worse live birth rates in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles in obese individuals compared with those of normal weight. Similar conclusions are drawn about patients with insulin resistance syndromes, namely polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). As far as treatment options are concerned, lifestyle changes, medical therapy and bariatric surgery may improve the reproductive outcome, although the evidence remains inconclusive. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the association of obesity and reproductive health on both the molecular and the clinical level, and the effect of weight-loss interventions on reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesthimani Mintziori
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Meletios P Nigdelis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hannah Mathew
- Department of Medicine Boston VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Athanasios Mousiolis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine Boston VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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32
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Terasawa E. Mechanism of pulsatile GnRH release in primates: Unresolved questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110578. [PMID: 31518609 PMCID: PMC6944307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatility of GnRH release is essential for reproductive function. The key events in reproductive function, such as puberty onset and ovulatory cycles, are regulated by the frequency and amplitude modulation of pulsatile GnRH release. Abnormal patterns of GnRH pulsatility are seen in association with disease states, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Recent studies with physiological, track-tracing, optogenetic and electrophysiological recording experiments indicate that a group of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are responsible for pulsatile GnRH release. Thus, the kisspeptin neuron in the ARC has been called the "GnRH pulse-generator." However, a few pieces of evidence do not quite fit into this concept. This article reviews some old works and discusses unresolved issues on the mechanism of GnRH pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- AWisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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33
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Leptin actions through the nitrergic system to modulate the hypothalamic expression of the kiss1 mRNA in the female rat. Brain Res 2019; 1728:146574. [PMID: 31790683 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the main controller of the reproductive axis and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of gonadotrophins. Estrogen is the main peripheral factor controlling GnRH secretion, and this action is mainly mediated by the transsynaptic pathway through nitric oxide, kisspeptin, leptin, among other factors. Kisspeptin is the most potent factor known to induce GnRH release. Nitric oxide and leptin also promote GnRH release; however, neurons expressing GnRH do not express the leptin receptor (OB-R). Leptin seems to modulate the expression of genes and proteins involved in the kisspeptin system. However, few kisspeptin-synthesizing cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and few cells, if any, in the preoptic area (POA) express OB-R; this indicates an indirect mechanism of leptin action on kisspeptin. Nitric oxide is an important intermediate in the actions of leptin in the central nervous system. Thus, this work aimed to verify the numbers of nNOS cells were activated by leptin in different hypothalamic areas; the modulatory effects of the nitrergic system on the kisspeptin system; and the indirect regulatory effect of leptin on the kisspeptin system via nitric oxide. Ovariectomized rats were treated with estrogen or a vehicle and received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a nitric oxide donor, leptin or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) enzyme inhibitor. Thirty minutes after the injection, the animals were decapitated. Leptin acts directly on nitrergic neurons in different hypothalamic regions, and the effects on the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) and ventral dorsomedial hypothalamus (vDMH) are enhanced. The use of a nitric oxide donor or the administration of leptin stimulates the expression of the kisspeptin mRNA in the ARC of animals with or without estrogenic action; however, these changes are not observed in the POA. In addition, the action of leptin on the expression of the kisspeptin mRNA in the ARC is blocked by a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor. We concluded that the effects of leptin on the central nervous system are at least partially mediated by the nitrergic system. Also, nitric oxide acts on the kisspeptin system by modulating the expression of the kisspeptin mRNA, and leptin at least partially modulates the kisspeptin system through the nitrergic system, particularly in the ARC.
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34
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Bialy M, Bogacki-Rychlik W, Przybylski J, Zera T. The Sexual Motivation of Male Rats as a Tool in Animal Models of Human Health Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:257. [PMID: 31956302 PMCID: PMC6947634 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal or dysfunctional sexual behavior seems to be an important indicator of health or disease. Many health disorders in male patients affect sexual activity by directly causing erectile dysfunction, affecting sexual motivation, or both. Clinical evidence indicates that many diseases strongly disrupt sexual motivation and sexual performance in patients with depression, addiction, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disturbances with obesity and diet-related factors, kidney and liver failure, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep disturbances including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, developmental and hormonal disorders, brain damages, cardiovascular diseases, and peripheral neuropathies. Preclinical studies of these conditions often require appropriate experimental paradigms, including animal models. Male sexual behavior and motivation have been intensively investigated over the last 80 years in animal rat model. Sexual motivation can be examined using such parameters as: anticipatory behavior and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations reflecting the emotional state of rats, initiation of copulation, efficiency of copulation, or techniques of classical (pavlovian) and instrumental conditioning. In this review article, we analyze the behavioral parameters that describe the sexual motivation and sexual performance of male rats in the context of animal experimental models of human health disorders. Based on analysis of the parameters describing the heterogeneous and complex structure of sexual behavior in laboratory rodents, we propose an approach that is useful for delineating distinct mechanisms affecting sexual motivation and sexual performance in selected disease states and the efficacy of therapy in preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bialy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bogacki-Rychlik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Przybylski
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Lainez NM, Coss D. Obesity, Neuroinflammation, and Reproductive Function. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2719-2736. [PMID: 31513269 PMCID: PMC6806266 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of obesity has become a significant public health concern. Individuals with obesity have higher prevalence of heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and reproductive disorders. Reproductive problems include menstrual irregularities, pregnancy complications, and infertility due to anovulation, in women, and lower testosterone and diminished sperm count, in men. In particular, women with obesity have reduced levels of both gonadotropin hormones, and, in obese men, lower testosterone is accompanied by diminished LH. Taken together, these findings indicate central dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, specifically at the level of the GnRH neuron function, which is the final brain output for the regulation of reproduction. Obesity is a state of hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and chronic inflammation. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of how these metabolic and immune changes affect hypothalamic function and regulation of GnRH neurons. In the latter part, we focus on neuroinflammation as a major consequence of obesity and discuss findings that reveal that GnRH neurons are uniquely positioned to respond to inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Lainez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
- Correspondence: Djurdjica Coss, PhD, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 303 SOM Research Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521. E-mail:
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Semple E, Shalabi F, Hill JW. Oxytocin Neurons Enable Melanocortin Regulation of Male Sexual Function in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6310-6323. [PMID: 30756300 PMCID: PMC6684847 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin pathway has been implicated in both metabolism and sexual function. When the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is knocked out globally, male mice display obesity, low sexual desire, and copulatory difficulties; however, it is unclear whether these phenotypes are interdependent. To elucidate the neuronal circuitry involved in sexual dysfunction in MC4R knockouts, we re-expressed the MC4R in these mice exclusively on Sim1 neurons (tbMC4RSim1 mice) or on a subset of Sim1 neurons, namely oxytocin neurons (tbMC4Roxt mice). The groups were matched at young ages to control for the effects of obesity. Interestingly, young MC4R null mice had no deficits in sexual motivation or erectile function. However, MC4R null mice were found to have an increased latency to reach ejaculation compared to control mice, which was restored in both tbMC4RSim1 and tbMC4Roxt mice. These results indicate that melanocortin signaling via the MC4R on oxytocin neurons is important for normal ejaculation independent of the male's metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Semple
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Firas Shalabi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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37
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Csillag V, Vastagh C, Liposits Z, Farkas I. Secretin Regulates Excitatory GABAergic Neurotransmission to GnRH Neurons via Retrograde NO Signaling Pathway in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:371. [PMID: 31507377 PMCID: PMC6716020 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, reproduction is regulated by a wide range of metabolic hormones that maintain the proper energy balance. In addition to regulating feeding and energy expenditure, these metabolic messengers also modulate the functional performance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Secretin, a member of the secretin-glucagon-vasoactive intestinal peptide hormone family, has been shown to alter reproduction centrally, although the underlying mechanisms have not been explored yet. In order to elucidate its central action in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, in vitro electrophysiological slice experiments were carried out on GnRH-GFP neurons in male mice. Bath application of secretin (100 nM) significantly increased the frequency of the spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) to 118.0 ± 2.64% compared to the control, and that of the GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) to 147.6 ± 19.19%. Resting membrane potential became depolarized by 12.74 ± 4.539 mV after secretin treatment. Frequency of evoked action potentials (APs) also increased to 144.3 ± 10.8%. The secretin-triggered elevation of the frequency of mPSCs was prevented by using either a secretin receptor antagonist (3 μM) or intracellularly applied G-protein-coupled receptor blocker (GDP-β-S; 2 mM) supporting the involvement of secretin receptor in the process. Regarding the actions downstream to secretin receptor, intracellular blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) with KT-5720 (2 μM) or intracellular inhibition of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) by NPLA (1 μM) abolished the stimulatory effect of secretin on mPSCs. These data suggest that secretin acts on GnRH neurons via secretin receptors whose activation triggers the cAMP/PKA/nNOS signaling pathway resulting in nitric oxide release and in the presynaptic terminals this retrograde NO machinery regulates the GABAergic input to GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Csillag
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Zhang Z, Tang J, He X, Zhu M, Gan S, Guo X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hu W, Chu M. Comparative Transcriptomics Identify Key Hypothalamic Circular RNAs that Participate in Sheep ( Ovis aries) Reproduction. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080557. [PMID: 31416269 PMCID: PMC6721059 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The hypothalamus plays crucial roles in sheep reproduction. However, the expression profiles of sheep hypothalamic circular RNA (circRNA), which has been proved to exert important functions in many physiological processes, remain largely unknown. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to explore the expression of circRNAs in the hypothalamus of sheep with the FecB ++ genotype. The results suggested that several key hypothalamic circRNAs may participate in sheep reproduction by influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activities or affecting key gene expression indirectly or directly. This study provides a further reference for understanding the differences of sheep fecundity. Abstract Circular RNA (circRNA), as an emerging class of noncoding RNA, has been found to play key roles in many biological processes. However, its expression profile in the hypothalamus, a powerful organ initiating the reproductive process, has not yet been explored. Therefore, we used RNA sequencing to explore the expression of circRNAs in the hypothalamus of sheep with the FecB ++ genotype. We totally identified 41,863 circRNAs from sheep hypothalamus, in which 333 (162 were upregulated, while 171 were downregulated) were differentially expressed in polytocous sheep in the follicular phase versus monotocous sheep in the follicular phase (PF vs. MF), moreover, 340 circRNAs (163 were upregulated, while 177 were downregulated) were differentially expressed in polytocous sheep in the luteal phase versus monotocous sheep in the luteal sheep (PL vs. ML). We also identified several key circRNAs including oar_circ_0018794, oar_circ_0008291, oar_circ_0015119, oar_circ_0012801, oar_circ_0010234, and oar_circ_0013788 through functional enrichment analysis and oar_circ_0012110 through a competing endogenous RNA network, most of which may participate in reproduction by influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activities or affecting key gene expression, indirectly or directly. Our study explored the overall expression profile of circRNAs in sheep hypothalamus, which potentially provides an alternative insight into the mechanism of sheep prolificacy without the effects of FecB mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangbiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jishun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Agricultural College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shangquan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Witchel SF, Oberfield SE, Peña AS. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1545-1573. [PMID: 31384717 PMCID: PMC6676075 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. Depending on diagnostic criteria, 6% to 20% of reproductive aged women are affected. Symptoms of PCOS arise during the early pubertal years. Both normal female pubertal development and PCOS are characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, anovulation, and acne. Owing to the complicated interwoven pathophysiology, discerning the inciting causes is challenging. Most available clinical data communicate findings and outcomes in adult women. Whereas the Rotterdam criteria are accepted for adult women, different diagnostic criteria for PCOS in adolescent girls have been delineated. Diagnostic features for adolescent girls are menstrual irregularity, clinical hyperandrogenism, and/or hyperandrogenemia. Pelvic ultrasound findings are not needed for the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescent girls. Even before definitive diagnosis of PCOS, adolescents with clinical signs of androgen excess and oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, features of PCOS, can be regarded as being "at risk for PCOS." Management of both those at risk for PCOS and those with a confirmed PCOS diagnosis includes education, healthy lifestyle interventions, and therapeutic interventions targeting their symptoms. Interventions can include metformin, combined oral contraceptive pills, spironolactone, and local treatments for hirsutism and acne. In addition to ascertaining for associated comorbidities, management should also include regular follow-up visits and planned transition to adult care providers. Comprehensive knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of PCOS will enable earlier identification of girls with high propensity to develop PCOS. Timely implementation of individualized therapeutic interventions will improve overall management of PCOS during adolescence, prevent associated comorbidities, and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Feldman Witchel
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York–Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Alexia S Peña
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Zhang Z, Tang J, Di R, Liu Q, Wang X, Gan S, Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen W, Hu W, Chu M. Identification of Prolificacy-Related Differentially Expressed Proteins from Sheep (Ovis aries) Hypothalamus by Comparative Proteomics. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900118. [PMID: 31136077 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction, as a physiologically complex process, can significantly affect the development of the sheep industry. However, a lack of overall understanding to sheep fecundity has long blocked the progress in sheep breeding and husbandry. In the present study, the aim is to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from hypothalamus in sheep without FecB mutation in two comparison groups: polytocous (PF) versus monotocous (MF) sheep at follicular phase and polytocous (PL) versus monotocous (ML) sheep at luteal phase. Totally 5058 proteins are identified in sheep hypothalamus, where 22 in PF versus MF, and 39 proteins in PL versus ML are differentially expressed, respectively. A functional analysis is then conducted including Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis to reveal the potential roles of these DEPs. The proteins ENSOARP00000020097, ENSOARP00000006714, growth hormone (GH), histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), and 5'-3' exoribonuclease 2 (XRN2) in PF versus MF, and bcl-2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1), and transthyretin (TTR) in PL versus ML appear to modulate reproduction, presumably by influencing the activities of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This study provides an alternative method to identify DEPs associated with sheep prolificacy from the hypothalamus. The mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013822.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangbiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jishun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ran Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shangquan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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