1
|
Zheng Y, Shao M, Zheng Y, Sun W, Qin S, Sun Z, Zhu L, Guan Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li L. PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38555000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic and complex disease caused by lipid disorder, inflammation, and other factors. It is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, the chief cause of death globally. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are valuable anti-atherosclerosis targets that showcase multiple roles at different pathological stages of atherosclerosis and for cell types at different tissue sites. AIM OF REVIEW Considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the pathological evolution of atherosclerosis, the roles and pharmacological and clinical studies of PPARs were summarized systematically and updated under different pathological stages and in different vascular cells of atherosclerosis. Moreover, selective PPAR modulators and PPAR-pan agonists can exert their synergistic effects meanwhile reducing the side effects, thereby providing novel insight into future drug development for precise spatial-temporal therapeutic strategy of anti-atherosclerosis targeting PPARs. KEY SCIENTIFIC Concepts of Review: Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of atherosclerosis, we have proposed the importance of stage- and cell type-dependent precision therapy. Initially, PPARs improve endothelial cells' dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and then regulate macrophages' lipid metabolism and polarization to improve fatty streak. Finally, PPARs reduce fibrous cap formation by suppressing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, research on the cell type-specific mechanisms of PPARs can provide the foundation for space-time drug treatment. Moreover, pharmacological studies have demonstrated that several drugs or compounds can exert their effects by the activation of PPARs. Selective PPAR modulators (that specifically activate gene subsets of PPARs) can exert tissue and cell-specific effects. Furthermore, the dual- or pan-PPAR agonist could perform a better role in balancing efficacy and side effects. Therefore, research on cells/tissue-specific activation of PPARs and PPAR-pan agonists can provide the basis for precision therapy and drug development of PPARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Si Qin
- Lab of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Vurusaner B, Pena S, Thu CT, Mahal LK, Fisher EA, Canary JW. Two-Photon, Ratiometric, Quantitative Fluorescent Probe Reveals Fluctuation of Peroxynitrite Regulated by Arginase 1. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10090-10098. [PMID: 34269045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, a transient reactive oxygen species (ROS), is believed to play a deleterious role in physiological processes. Herein, we report a two-photon ratiometric fluorescent probe that selectively reacts with peroxynitrite yielding a >200-fold change upon reaction. The probe effectively visualized fluctuations in peroxynitrite generation by arginase 1 in vivo and in vitro. This provides evidence that arginase 1 is a critical regulator of peroxynitrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Beyza Vurusaner
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Stephanie Pena
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Chu T Thu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - James W Canary
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gholizadeh M, Saeedy SAG, Roodi PB, Saedisomeolia A. The association between zinc and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAMs and VCAM-1 and nuclear receptors PPAR-ɑ and PPAR-γ: A systematic review on cell culture, animal and human studies. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104217. [PMID: 34197877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular health is strongly influenced by diet. The levels of inflammatory factors like ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are high in patients with atherosclerosis or predisposing factor for heart disease. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions are attributed to zinc. We systematically reviewed cell culture, human or animal studies for determining the relationship between zinc status and ICAMs or VCAM-1 levels. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from database inception till 30th August 2020 were systematically searched to obtain any possible article for inclusion. RESULTS After screening and removing unrelated or duplicate articles by the title and abstract by two independent reviewers, 15 articles were included. Results indicating an inverse relationship between zinc status with ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 levels and the development of endothelial inflammation, plaque formation, or atherosclerosis. A direct relationship between zinc status and PPAR-α or γ levels was also observed. Zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc nanoparticles, or ions can cause endothelial activation and increased levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. CONCLUSION Normal function of the endothelium is linked with zinc level. Zinc deficiency causes atherosclerosis, most probably via increased production of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1; and decreased expression of PPAR-ɑ and PPAR-γ receptors. Contrarily, endothelial activation and increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels can be caused by ZnO, zinc nanoparticles, or zinc ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Gholizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Poorya Basafay Roodi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Saedisomeolia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Von Ah Morano AE, Dorneles GP, Peres A, Lira FS. The role of glucose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3169-3188. [PMID: 31565806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are bioenergetically expensive during activation, which requires tightly regulated control of metabolic pathways. Both low and high glycemic conditions can modulate immune function. States of undernourishment depress the immune system, and in the same way, excessive intake of nutrients, such as an obesity state, compromise its functioning. Multicellular organisms depend on two mechanisms to survive: the regulation and ability to store energy to prevent starvation and the ability to fight against infection. Synergic interactions between metabolism and immunity affect many systems underpinning human health. In a chronic way, the breakdown of glycemic homeostasis in the body can influence cells of the immune system and consequently contribute to the onset of diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's, and fat and lean mass loss. On the contrary, exercise, recognized as a primary strategy to control hyperglycemic disorders, also induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise is widely dependent on the intensity and volume that may affect an immunodepressive state. These altered immune responses induced by exercise are modulated through the "stress hormones" adrenaline and cortisol, which are a threat to leukocyte metabolism. In this context, carbohydrates appear to have a positive acute response as a strategy to prevent depression of the immune system by maintaining plasma glucose concentrations to meet the energy demand from all systems involved during strenuous exercises. Therefore, herein, we discuss the mechanisms through which exercise may promotes changes on glycemic homeostasis in the metabolism and how it affects immune cell functions under higher or lower glucose conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Von Ah Morano
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Gilson P Dorneles
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qian X, Guo D, Zhou H, Qiu J, Wang J, Shen C, Guo Z, Xu Y, Dong C. Interactions Between PPARG and AGTR1 Gene Polymorphisms on the Risk of Hypertension in Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 22:90-97. [PMID: 29266977 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the interactions between PPARG and AGTR1 polymorphisms and their associations with hypertension in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PPARG gene and five SNPs of the AGTR1 gene were selected and genotyped in 1591 unrelated Chinese Han adults. The SNPAssoc package of R was used to analyze the associations between the selected SNPs and hypertension. The potential gene-gene interactions between PPARG and AGTR1 genes were tested by model-based multifactor dimensionality reduction (MB-MDR). RESULTS The frequencies of the C allele of rs3856806 and the G allele of rs13433696 in the PPARG gene were significantly lower in hypertensive subjects, whereas the A allele of rs9817428 in the PPARG gene was much higher in hypertensives. In addition, individuals with T allele of rs2933249 in the AGTR1 gene displayed a significantly decreased risk of hypertension. MB-MDR analyses suggested that the two-locus model (rs9817428 and rs2933249) and the three-locus model (rs9817428, rs3856806, and rs2933249) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of hypertension. Moreover, among the eight SNPs not individually associated with hypertension (rs12631819, rs2920502, rs1175543, and rs2972164 in the PPARG gene, and rs2638360, rs1492100, rs5182, and rs275646 in the AGTR1 gene), the two-locus model involving rs12631819 and rs5182 demonstrated increased susceptibility to hypertension, and the five-locus model involving rs12631819, rs2920502, rs2972164, rs5182, and rs2638360 demonstrated a significantly decreased risk of hypertension. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in both the PPARG and AGTR1 genes were found to be significantly associated with hypertension. Moreover, there were significant gene-gene interactions identified between the PPARG and AGTR1 genes in relation to hypertension susceptibility in the Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qian
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- 2 Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Chong Shen
- 3 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Zhirong Guo
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Dong
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PPARγ regulates inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:49-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Yan L, Luo XM, Peng L, Guo H, Jing Z, Yang LC, Hu R, Wang X, Huang XF, Wang YQ, Jin X. A novel PPARα agonist propane-2-sulfonic acid octadec-9-enyl-amide inhibits inflammation in THP-1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae polysaccharides protect HUVECs from H2O2-induced injury by regulating PPARγ factor and the NADPH oxidase/ROS–NF-κB signal pathway. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
9
|
Yang H, Wang C, Guo M, Zhou Y, Feng Z, Yin Z. Correlations between peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ, Cystatin C, or advanced oxidation protein product, and atherosclerosis in diabetes patients. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:235-9. [PMID: 25543292 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the relationship between peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPAR γ), Cystatin C or advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and atherosclerosis (AS), and identify their diagnostic values for AS. Eighty AS patients above the age of 75 with type 2 diabetes were screened by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle brachial index (ABI). The baseline level of patients was firstly analyzed, and then the expression of PPAR γ was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Meanwhile, a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze the concentration of AOPP, and immunonephelometry was carried out to detect the concentration of Cystatin C. The baseline level of patients was basically consistent. The expression of PPAR γ was significantly higher in severe AS than mild AS patients (P < 0.05), while no differences were found in serum Cystatin C and AOPP between severe AS and mild AS patients (P > 0.05). Thus, PPAR γ exhibited a high diagnostic value for severe AS (AUC = 0.850), but not Cystatin C and AOPP (AUC = 0.553, AUC = 0.4780). Moreover, the combination of PPAR γ, Cystatin C and AOPP exhibited a quite high diagnostic value in AS (AUC = 0.961, Sen = 0.9, Spe = 0.975), which was also higher than PPAR γ alone. In conclusion, the contents of PPAR γ, Cystatin C and AOPP were closely related to AS in diabetes, indicating a potential clinical diagnostic value of PPAR γ, Cystatin C and AOPP in diabetes with AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- The Cadre Health Care Ward, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun Wang
- The Cadre Health Care Ward, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Meizi Guo
- The Cadre Health Care Ward, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- The Cadre Health Care Ward, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Auclair M, Vigouroux C, Boccara F, Capel E, Vigeral C, Guerci B, Lascols O, Capeau J, Caron-Debarle M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mutations responsible for lipodystrophy with severe hypertension activate the cellular renin-angiotensin system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:829-38. [PMID: 23393388 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mutations lead to a syndrome of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD3) associated with early-onset severe hypertension. PPARγ can repress the vascular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II receptor 1 expression. We evaluated the relationships between PPARγ inactivation and cellular RAS using FPLD3 patients' cells and human vascular smooth muscle cells expressing mutant or wild-type PPARγ. Approach and Results- We identified 2 novel PPARG mutations, R165T and L339X, located in the DNA and ligand-binding domains of PPARγ, respectively in 4 patients from 2 FPLD3 families. In cultured skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the 4 patients and healthy controls, we compared markers of RAS activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and tested the effect of modulators of PPARγ and angiotensin II receptor 1. We studied the impact of the 2 mutations on the transcriptional activity of PPARγ and on the vascular RAS in transfected human vascular smooth muscle cells. Systemic RAS was not altered in patients. However, RAS markers were overexpressed in patients' fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as in vascular cells expressing mutant PPARγ. Angiotensin II-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity increased in patients' fibroblasts, consistent with RAS constitutive activation. Patients' cells also displayed oxidative stress and inflammation. PPARγ activation and angiotensin II receptor 1 mRNA silencing reversed RAS overactivation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, arguing for a role of angiotensin II receptor 1 in these processes. CONCLUSIONS Two novel FPLD3-linked PPARG mutations are associated with a defective transrepression of cellular RAS leading to cellular dysfunction, which might contribute to the specific FPLD3-linked severe hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Auclair
- INSERM UMRS938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Onoprienko LV. [Molecular mechanisms regulating the activity of macrophages]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:437-51. [PMID: 22096986 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews modern concepts of the most common types of macrophage activation: classical, alternative, and type II. Molecular mechanisms of induction and regulation of these three types of activation are discussed. Any population of macrophages was shown to change its properties depending on its microenvironment and concrete biological situation (the "functional plasticity of macrophages"). Many intermediate states of macrophages were described along with the most pronounced and well-known activation types (classical activation, alternative activation, and type II activation). These intermediate states are characterized by a variety of combinations of their biological properties, including elements of the three afore mentioned types of activation. Macrophage activity is regulated by a complex network of interrelated cascade mechanisms.
Collapse
|
12
|
Microparticles: targets and tools in cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:659-65. [PMID: 21794929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells communicate with other cells not only via direct cell-cell contact and the production of signaling molecules but also through release of microparticles (MPs). MPs are small vesicles released from stimulated and/or apoptotic cells. They harbor membrane proteins that are characteristic of the original parent cell and intracellular components involved in cell signaling. MPs are considered to be both biomarkers and effectors of cell signaling that maintain and/or initiate cell dysfunction. Thus, MPs can evoke endothelial dysfunction by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) production and promoting vascular inflammation which favor the prothrombotic state in atherosclerosis. Novel pharmacological approaches targeting MP production or properties could be used to treat cardiovascular pathologies. Paradoxically, another useful approach might be to employ engineered MPs with modified compositions as therapeutic agents to correct cardiovascular pathologies. This review is focused on the mechanisms of MP formation and their effects on target cells under physiological or pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
|
13
|
PPARγ in coronary atherosclerosis: in vivo expression pattern and correlations with hyperlipidemic status and statin treatment. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:479-85. [PMID: 21726861 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is involved in regulation of macrophage inflammation and in atherosclerosis. Herein we investigate the influence of statin treatment on PPARγ expression in coronary artery disease. METHOD PPARγ expression was investigated in coronary atherosclerotic atherectomies (N=48) and arteries (N=12) from patients with stable or unstable coronary syndromes or undergoing cardiac transplantation for end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy, respectively, by immunohistochemistry. Plaque components and tissue factor immunoreactivity were also investigated. Atherectomies were obtained from de novo culprit lesions of hypercholesterolemic (16 statin-treated and 16 untreated) and normolipidemic (N=16) patients. Furthermore, PPARγ expression was evaluated in patients peripheral blood monocytes and in monocytic U937 cells after atorvastatin incubation, by Western blot analysis. RESULT PPARγ expression was higher in coronary plaques and peripheral blood monocytes of statin-treated patients, and it significantly increased in monocytes after 24h atorvastatin incubation (p<0.05). Intra-plaque macrophage content, atheroma, neoangiogenesis and hemorrhage, and circulating CRP levels were lower in statin-treated than untreated hypercholesterolemic patients and comparable with normolipidemic subjects. PPARγ immunoreactivity was localized to neointima and media, its distribution pattern being different from that of tissue factor. CONCLUSION PPARγ expression was enhanced in statin-treated patients with different distribution and behavior as compared to atheroma, macrophage content, tissue factor immunoreactivity and serum CRP. In vitro studies showed increased PPARγ expression in monocytes after atorvastatin incubation. These findings provide further evidence as to the protective role of statins in coronary artery disease and their influence on PPARγ expression in coronary plaques and on the inflammatory status of patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
MicroRNA-21 targets peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-alpha in an autoregulatory loop to modulate flow-induced endothelial inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10355-60. [PMID: 21636785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107052108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of circulating monocytes to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is a critical event leading to vascular inflammation and, hence, development of atherosclerosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of endogenous, highly conserved, noncoding small RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression and cellular function, as well as pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we showed that oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces the expression of miR-21 at the transcriptional level in cultured human umbilical vein ECs via an increased binding of c-Jun, which is a component of transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), to the promoter region of miR-21. OSS induction of miR-21 inhibited the translation, but not transcription, of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α (PPARα) by 3'-UTR targeting. Overexpression of miR-21 up-regulated AP-1 activation, which was attenuated by exogenous expression of PPARα. OSS and overexpression of miR-21 enhanced the expression of adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and the consequential adhesion of monocytes to ECs. Overexpression of PPARα significantly attenuated the AP-1-mediated miR-21 expression. These results demonstrate a unique mechanism by which OSS induces AP-1-dependent miR-21 expression, which directly targets PPARα to inhibit its expression, thereby allowing activation of AP-1 and the promotion of monocyte adhesion. Our findings suggest the presence of a positive feedback loop that enables the sustained induction of miR-21, thus contributing to the proinflammatory responses of vascular endothelium under OSS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Castillero E, Nieto-Bona MP, Fernández-Galaz C, Martín AI, López-Menduiña M, Granado M, Villanúa MA, López-Calderón A. Fenofibrate, a PPAR{alpha} agonist, decreases atrogenes and myostatin expression and improves arthritis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E790-9. [PMID: 21304067 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory illness that induces cachexia, which has a direct impact on morbidity and mortality. Fenofibrate, a selective PPARα activator prescribed to treat human dyslipidemia, has been reported to decrease inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether fenofibrate is able to ameliorate skeletal muscle wasting in adjuvant-induced arthritis, an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. On day 4 after adjuvant injection, control and arthritic rats were treated with 300 mg/kg fenofibrate until day 15, when all rats were euthanized. Fenofibrate decreased external signs of arthritis and liver TNFα and blocked arthritis-induced decreased in PPARα expression in the gastrocnemius muscle. Arthritis decreased gastrocnemius weight, which results from a decrease in cross-section area and myofiber size, whereas fenofibrate administration to arthritic rats attenuated the decrease in both gastrocnemius weight and fast myofiber size. Fenofibrate treatment prevented arthritis-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression in the gastrocnemius. Neither arthritis nor fenofibrate administration modify Akt-FoxO3 signaling. Myostatin expression was not modified by arthritis, but fenofibrate decreased myostatin expression in the gastrocnemius of arthritic rats. Arthritis increased muscle expression of MyoD, PCNA, and myogenin in the rats treated with vehicle but not in those treated with fenofibrate. The results indicate that, in experimental arthritis, fenofibrate decreases skeletal muscle atrophy through inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and myostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Castillero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 28040.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shalhoub J, Falck-Hansen MA, Davies AH, Monaco C. Innate immunity and monocyte-macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2011; 8:9. [PMID: 21526997 PMCID: PMC3094203 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Innate inflammation is a hallmark of both experimental and human atherosclerosis. The predominant innate immune cell in the atherosclerotic plaque is the monocyte-macrophage. The behaviour of this cell type within the plaque is heterogeneous and depends on the recruitment of diverse monocyte subsets. Furthermore, the plaque microenvironment offers polarisation and activation signals which impact on phenotype. Microenvironmental signals are sensed through pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like and NOD-like receptors - the latter of which are components of the inflammasome - thus dictating macrophage behaviour and outcome in atherosclerosis. Recently cholesterol crystals and modified lipoproteins have been recognised as able to directly engage these pattern recognition receptors. The convergent role of such pathways in terms of macrophage activation is discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Shalhoub
- Cytokine Biology of Atherosclerosis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Azhar S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:657-91. [PMID: 20932114 PMCID: PMC3246744 DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension that markedly increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes, PPARα, PPARδ/ß and PPARγ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, which modulate the expression of an array of genes that play a central role in regulating glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, where imbalance can lead to obesity, T2DM and CVD. They are also drug targets, and currently, PPARα (fibrates) and PPARγ (thiazolodinediones) agonists are in clinical use for treating dyslipidemia and T2DM, respectively. These metabolic characteristics of the PPARs, coupled with their involvement in metabolic diseases, mean extensive efforts are underway worldwide to develop new and efficacious PPAR-based therapies for the treatment of additional maladies associated with the MetS. This article presents an overview of the functional characteristics of three PPAR isotypes, discusses recent advances in our understanding of the diverse biological actions of PPARs, particularly in the vascular system, and summarizes the developmental status of new single, dual, pan (multiple) and partial PPAR agonists for the clinical management of key components of MetS, T2DM and CVD. It also summarizes the clinical outcomes from various clinical trials aimed at evaluating the atheroprotective actions of currently used fibrates and thiazolodinediones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yakeu G, Butcher L, Isa S, Webb R, Roberts AW, Thomas AW, Backx K, James PE, Morris K. Low-intensity exercise enhances expression of markers of alternative activation in circulating leukocytes: roles of PPARγ and Th2 cytokines. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:668-73. [PMID: 20723894 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacological activation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ is linked to numerous beneficial effects in the contexts of inflammation, lipid homeostasis, Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerosis. These beneficial effects include priming of circulating monocytes for differentiation towards an 'alternative' anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype. As we have recently shown that participation in low-intensity exercise increases PPARγ expression and activity in leukocytes from previously sedentary individuals, we aimed to elucidate whether low-intensity exercise elicited a pattern of gene expression similar to that reported for M2 monocyte-macrophage differentiation. METHODS 17 sedentary individuals undertook an 8-week low-intensity exercise programme (walking 10,000steps/day, three times/week). Changes in expression of PPARs and the PPARγ co-activators PGC-1α and PGC-1β; Th2 (IL-4; IL-10) and Th1 (IL-6) cytokines; and markers for the M2 (AMAC1, CD14, MR, IL-4) and the 'classical' pro-inflammatory M1 (MCP-1, TNFα, IL-6) phenotypes, were determined using RT-PCR (to assess leukocyte mRNA expression) and ELISA (to assess plasma cytokine levels). RESULTS Exercise was associated with upregulation of M2 markers, PGC-1α and PGC-1β, and with downregulation of M1 markers. Moreover, plasma levels of Th2 cytokines increased after exercise, while those of Th1 cytokines decreased. However, other PPARs (PPARα; PPARβ/δ) did not undergo marked exercise-induced activation or upregulation. Thus, participation in low-intensity exercise may prime monocytes for differentiation towards an M2 macrophage phenotype via PPARγ/PGC-1α/β. CONCLUSION Given the similarities between these effects and pharmacologically induced M2 polarisation, we propose that exercise-induced PPARγ/PGC-1α/β-mediated M2 polarisation may constitute a novel anti-inflammatory benefit of low-intensity exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Yakeu
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff School of Health Sciences, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of visceral fat accumulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-009-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to environmental cues. These changes can give rise to different populations of cells with distinct functions. In this Review we suggest a new grouping of macrophage populations based on three different homeostatic activities - host defence, wound healing and immune regulation. We propose that similarly to primary colours, these three basic macrophage populations can blend into various other 'shades' of activation. We characterize each population and provide examples of macrophages from specific disease states that have the characteristics of one or more of these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang N, Symons JD, Zhang H, Jia Z, Gonzalez FJ, Yang T. Distinct functions of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle PPARgamma in regulation of blood pressure and vascular tone. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 37:21-7. [PMID: 19075043 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308328545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activators that exhibit antihypertensive and vasculo-protective effects. Here we describe the use of Tie2Cre/flox and SM22Cre/flox mice, which respectively lacked PPARgamma in the endothelium and the smooth muscle, to study vascular function of PPARgamma. Rosiglitazone (RGZ) induced a similar blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-treated PPARgamma(f/f) and SM22Cre/flox mice, whereas Tie2Cre/flox mice were completely resistant to this effect. The femoral arteries lacking endothelial PPARgamma exhibited increased reactivity to various vasoconstrictors without a significant alteration in acetylcholine-induced relaxation. In sharp contrast, the vasculature lacking smooth muscle PPARgamma had blunted sensitivity to alpha1-adrenergic agents but enhanced sensitivity to acetylcholine. Our results demonstrated endothelium but not smooth muscle as the site for TZD-induced BP-lowering effect and also uncovered distinct functions of endothelial and smooth muscle PPARgamma in regulation of vascular tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|