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Emami Z, Shobeiri SS, Khorrami R, Haghnavaz N, Rezaee MA, Moghadam M, Pordel S, Sankian M. Evaluation of Kynu, Defb2, Camp, and Penk Expression Levels as Psoriasis Marker in the Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis Model. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:5821996. [PMID: 39045230 PMCID: PMC11265934 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5821996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a noncontagious auto-inflammatory chronic skin disease. So far, some of the inflammatory genes were upregulated in mouse model of psoriasis. This study examined changes in skin mRNA expression of L-kynureninase (Kynu), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Camp), beta-defensin 2 (Defb2), and proenkephalin (Penk) in a mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Materials and Methods Tree groups of C57BL/6 female mice were allocated. The imiquimod (IMQ) cream was administered to the mice dorsal skin of the two groups to induce psoriatic inflammation. In the treatment group, IMQ was administered 10 min after hydrogel-containing M7 anti-IL-17A aptamer treatment. Vaseline (Vas) was administered to the negative control group. The psoriatic skin lesions were evaluated based on the psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, histopathology, and mRNA expression levels of Kynu, Camp, Defb2, and Penk using real-time PCR. In order to assess the systemic response, the spleen and lymph node indexes were also evaluated. Results The PASI and epidermal thickness scores were 6.01 and 1.96, respectively, in the IMQ group, and they significantly decreased after aptamer administration to 1.15 and 0.90, respectively (P < 0.05). Spleen and lymph node indexes showed an increase in the IMQ group, followed by a slight decrease after aptamer treatment (P > 0.05). Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of Kynu, Defb2, Camp, and Penk genes in the IMQ-treated region showed a significant 2.70, 4.56, 3.29, and 2.61-fold increase relative to the Vas mice, respectively (P < 0.05). The aptamer-treated region exhibited a significant decrease in these gene expression levels (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between Kynu, Penk, and Camp expression levels and erythema, as well as Camp expression with PASI, scaling, and thickness (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to our results, it seems that Kynu, Camp, and Penk can be considered appropriate markers for the evaluation of psoriasis in IMQ-induced psoriasis. Also, the anti-IL-17 aptamer downregulated these important genes in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Emami
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeideh Sadat Shobeiri
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Razia Khorrami
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Navideh Haghnavaz
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Rezaee
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of ParamedicalKurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Malihe Moghadam
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safoora Pordel
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research CenterFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Zhang C, Han Y, Miao L, Yue Z, Xu M, Liu K, Hou J. Human β-defensins are correlated with the immune infiltration and regulated by vitamin D 3 in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:986-996. [PMID: 37439265 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exploring the correlation between human β-defensins (HBDs) and immune infiltration in periodontitis, and whether it is regulated by vitamin D3 . BACKGROUND The human body produces essential antimicrobial peptides called HBDs, which are associated with periodontitis. There is a strong link between periodontal tissue destruction and the immune cell infiltration. Moreover, vitamin D3 has been reported to regulate the expression of immune cell chemokines. However, the relationship between vitamin D3 , HBDs, and immune infiltration in periodontitis remains to be investigated. METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus database was accessed to obtain transcriptomic information of gingival samples taken from periodontitis patients. The expression value of HBD-2 and HBD-3 was calculated. Additionally, using the online program ImmuCellAl, 10 immune cells were scored for immune infiltration in the high-HBDs-expression group and the low-HBDs-expression group, separately. After that, transcriptome sequencing was done based on human gingival fibroblasts that had received vitamin D3 treatment. Furthermore, hGFs were treated by vitamin D3 , tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS). The expressions of HBD-2, HBD-3, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were detected. To seek the potential mechanism, CYP27A1 siRNA was employed to reduce the expression of CYP27A1, and nuclear factor-gene binding protein 65 (NF-κB p65) was examined. RESULTS In GSE10334, the expressions of HBD-2 and HBD-3 were down-regulated in periodontitis group. Meanwhile, monocyte, macrophage, and CD4_T cell were less infiltrated in low-HBD-2-expression group, while less Gamma-delta T-cell infiltration was found in low-HBD-3-expression group. Transcriptome sequencing found that 21 genes were significantly expressed, of which the function was enriched in response to bacterial origin and TNF signal pathway. Vitamin D3 could significantly up-regulate the expression of HBD-2 and HBD-3, which could be controlled by knocking down CYP27A1 mRNA expression. With prolonged vitamin D3 stimulation, the expression of HBD-2 and HBD-3 increased. TNF-α/Pg-LPS could significantly increase the expression of HBD-2, HBD-3, IL-8, MCP-1, and p65, all of which were reduced by vitamin D3 . CONCLUSION HBDs are correlated with immune infiltration in periodontitis. Vitamin D3 inhibits the expression of HBDs and chemokines induced by TNF-α/Pg-LPS, possibly through NF-κB pathway, in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churen Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ye Han
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Miao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Yue
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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3
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Deņisova A, Pilmane M, Kažoka D. Antimicrobial Peptides and Interleukins in Cleft Soft Palate. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1162. [PMID: 37508659 PMCID: PMC10378461 DOI: 10.3390/children10071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common and well-studied congenital anomalies; however, the role of protective tissue factors in its pathophysiology is still debated. The aim of our study was to evaluate interleukin and antimicrobial peptide appearance and distribution in cleft palate. Eight soft palate samples were obtained during veloplasty procedures. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect HBD-2-, HBD-3-, HBD-4-, LL-37-, IL-10-, and CD-163-positive cells via light microscopy. For statistical evaluation, the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. A significant difference between study groups was observed for HBD-2 and IL-10 in epithelial and connective tissue as well as HBD-4 in connective tissue. The number of HBD-3-positive cells was moderate in the patients, and few were observed in the controls. The number of LL-37-positive cells varied from a moderate amount to a numerous amount in both study groups, whilst CD-163 marked a moderate number of positive cells in patients, and a few-to-moderate amount was observed in the controls. Numerous correlations between studied factors were revealed in cleft tissues. The increase in antimicrobial peptides HBD-2 and HBD-4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 suggested a wide compensatory elevation of the local immune system against cleft-raised tissue changes. The correlations between the studied factors (HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, LL-37, and IL-10) proved the synergistic involvement of common local defense factors in postnatal cleft palate morphopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Deņisova
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintra Kažoka
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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4
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Moeinabadi-Bidgoli K, Rezaee M, Rismanchi H, Mohammadi MM, Babajani A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Neoplastic Agents: New Insight into Anticancer Mechanisms of Stem Cells and Exosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:900418. [PMID: 35874827 PMCID: PMC9298847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as adult multipotent cells, possess considerable regenerative and anti-neoplastic effects, from inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells to reducing multidrug resistance that bring them up as an appropriate alternative for cancer treatment. These cells can alter the behavior of cancer cells, the condition of the tumor microenvironment, and the activity of immune cells that result in tumor regression. It has been observed that during inflammatory conditions, a well-known feature of the tumor microenvironment, the MSCs produce and release some molecules called “antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)” with demonstrated anti-neoplastic effects. These peptides have remarkable targeted anticancer effects by attaching to the negatively charged membrane of neoplastic cells, disrupting the membrane, and interfering with intracellular pathways. Therefore, AMPs could be considered as a part of the wide-ranging anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs. This review focuses on the possible anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs-derived AMPs and their mechanisms. It also discusses preconditioning approaches and using exosomes to enhance AMP production and delivery from MSCs to cancer cells. Besides, the clinical administration of MSCs-derived AMPs, along with their challenges in clinical practice, were debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moeinabadi-Bidgoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Rismanchi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Kim JY, Kwack MH, Lee EH, Lee WJ. Effects of Black Ginseng Water Extract under the Inflammatory Conditions of Cultured Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:95-104. [PMID: 35450316 PMCID: PMC8989908 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2022.34.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used in Korea for a long time as a restorative herbal medicine. Black ginseng (BG) is made from red or white ginseng by multiple steamy and dry processes. Although BG has been reported to have anti-inflammatory potential, studies on its influence on inflammatory skin disorders are lacking. Objective To investigate the effects of BG under the inflammatory conditions of cultured sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells. Methods The cultured cells were treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 5 µg/ml LPS+50 µg/ml BG for 6 hours and 24 hours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Nile red staining were performed for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers and sebum-related biomarkers. Results BG brought out the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. In addition, BG induced increased expression of TLR4, p-c-jun, p-JNK and p-iκB in LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression of LL-37 and the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes. Conclusion It may be possible for BG to increase the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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7
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Lee CN, Chen TY, Wong TW. The Immunogenetics of Photodermatoses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:369-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Prodinger C, Bauer JW, Laimer M. Translational perspectives to treat Epidermolysis bullosa-Where do we stand? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1112-1122. [PMID: 33043517 PMCID: PMC7756480 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is the prototypical example of genetic skin fragility disorders. Genotypic heterogeneity, modifier genes, epigenetic, biochemical and environmental factors alter and determine pathogenic traits and, ultimately, the wide and striking phenotypic variability in EB. Besides the primary structural-functional defect, chronic tissue damage with induction and dysregulation of inflammatory pathways is a common pathogenic mechanism in EB. In localized variants, the inflammatory aberrations may mainly affect the micromilieu of lesional skin, while a systemic inflammatory response was shown to contribute to the systemic morbidity in severe EB subtypes with extensive cutaneous involvement. Our continued understanding of the pathophysiology of EB, as well as advances in molecular technologies, has paved the way for translational therapeutic approaches. The spectrum comprises of corrective and symptom-relieving therapies that include innovative therapeutic options garnered from the bench, repurposed drugs approved for other diseases, as well as strategies for gene-, protein- and cell-based therapies. Immunological traits further define new targets of therapy, aimed at improving skin barrier restoration, microbial surveillance and infection control, wound healing and anti-neoplastic effects. Clinical availability and feasibility of these approaches for all EB patients and subtypes are currently limited, reflecting issues of efficacy, specificity, tolerability and safety. A multistep targeting approach and highly individualized, risk-stratified combinatory treatment plans will thus be essential for sustained efficacy and improved overall quality of life in EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Prodinger
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyUniversity Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyUniversity Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Laimer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyUniversity Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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9
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Mitri C, Xu Z, Bardin P, Corvol H, Touqui L, Tabary O. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Approaches for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Identification of Molecular Targets and Design of Innovative Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1096. [PMID: 32848733 PMCID: PMC7396676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disorder among Caucasians, estimated to affect more than 70,000 people in the world. Severe and persistent bronchial inflammation and chronic bacterial infection, along with airway mucus obstruction, are hallmarks of CF lung disease and participate in its progression. Anti-inflammatory therapies are, therefore, of particular interest for CF lung disease. Furthermore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in airway infection and inflammation in CF has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are currently under evaluation by clinical trials. These new strategies dedicated to CF inflammation are designed to treat different dysregulated aspects such as oxidative stress, cytokine secretion, and the targeting of dysregulated pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to abnormal lung inflammation in CF, as well as the new anti-inflammatory strategies proposed to CF patients by exploring novel molecular targets and novel drug approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mitri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pauline Bardin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Département de Pédiatrie Respiratoire, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Equipe Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Département Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tabary
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
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Postolache TT, Akram F, Lee EE, Lowry CA, Stiller JW, Brenner LA, Streeten EA, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y. Increased brain vitamin D receptor expression and decreased expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in individuals who died by suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 125:75-84. [PMID: 32213352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with immune dysregulation, increased vulnerability to infections, depression, and suicidal behavior. One mediator of vitamin D-dependent immune regulation and antimicrobial defense is the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37), encoded by the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) gene. We compared the mRNA expression of the CRAMP gene, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, as well as the CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes (involved in vitamin D metabolism) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between depressed individuals who died by suicide (n = 15) and matched (age, gender, and post-mortem interval) non-psychiatric controls (n = 15). Gene expression was measured through qRT-PCR with TaqMan® primers and probes, with GAPDH and β-actin genes as endogenous controls. Statistical analyses included t-tests and Pearson correlations. CRAMP mRNA expression was downregulated and VDR mRNA expression was upregulated in both dlPFC and ACC in suicides relative to controls, with no significant differences in expression of CYP24A1 and CYP27B1. To our knowledge, this is the first study on brain cathelicidin expression in the human brain in relationship to suicide. Increased VDR and decreased CRAMP expression are consistent with previously reported associations between vitamin D deficiency, immune dysregulation, and suicidal behavior, and should lead to future studies uncovering novel interactive targets for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Capitol MIRECC, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore MD, USA.
| | - Faisal Akram
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, And Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA; Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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11
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Pathological Role and Diagnostic Value of Endogenous Host Defense Peptides in Adult and Neonatal Sepsis: A Systematic Review. Shock 2018; 47:673-679. [PMID: 27941592 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a systemic host response to an infection leading to organ failure. This is associated with dynamic expression of endogenous host defense peptides. Dysregulation of these peptides is associated with septic morbidity and mortality. METHODS We performed a systematic search of articles indexed in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, EmBase, and Scopus database from inception to October 2016. Both preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of host defense peptides in pathogenesis and as biomarkers for sepsis were included. RESULTS Of the available literature, cathelicidin, defensin, and hepcidin are among the best-characterized peptides. These regulate immune response, and crosstalk with pyroptosis and coagulation cascades. The applicability of these peptides as septic biomarkers has been investigated in vitro and in vivo studies. However, numerous studies were based on endotoxemia without an infection, jeopardizing interpretation of the outcomes. Cathelicidin and defensin were frequently reported in adult sepsis while hepcidin in neonatal sepsis. The expression level of these peptides is significantly associated with septic condition. Most of the studies employed a cross-sectional design, precluding the establishment of a temporal relationship between candidate peptide biomarkers and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Innate defense peptides have been insufficiently evaluated as either diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In the future, evaluation of host defense peptides as septic biomarkers may employ a longitudinal design and consider a panel of multiple peptides.
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12
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Patra V, Wolf P. Microbial elements as the initial triggers in the pathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption? Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:999-1001. [PMID: 27514020 PMCID: PMC5396279 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary trigger of polymorphic light eruption (PLE) remains to be uncovered. We hypothesize that PLE may be initiated by elements resulting from UV‐induced damage to microbial communities of the skin, leading to a cascade of events eventually resulting in the skin rash of the disease. One mechanism by which epidermal injury by UV radiation could trigger PLE are danger signals such as damage or pathogen associated molecular patterns DAMP/PAMPs or commensal‐associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Such triggers could be produced due to UV‐induced stress on microbial communities of the skin and exacerbate inflammatory responses by inducing the innate immune system through antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as psoriasin, RNase7, HBD‐2 and LL‐37. These AMPs also actively take part in initiating adaptive immunity. That signals derived from microbial rather than human elements may initiate PLE is supported by series of observations, including the PLE‐protective effect of topically applied microbial‐derived DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Dilek F, Emin Ö, Gültepe B, Yazıcı M, Çakır E, Gedik AH. Evaluation of nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Turk Arch Pediatr 2017; 52:79-84. [PMID: 28747838 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2017.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Knowledge about the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases has been expanding in recent years. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that are components of the innate immune system. Defensins have strong efficacy against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Moreover, they have regulatory functions in many physiologic processes such as antitumoral immunity, chemotaxis, inflammation, and wound healing. In this study, we aimed to investigate β-defensin 2 levels in the nasal fluids of children with allergic rhinitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study and control groups consisted of 28 patients with newly diagnosed allergic rhinitis who were not taking any medication, and 23 healthy children. Skin prick tests were performed on patients with allergic rhinitis and disease severity was assessed using the total symptom score. Nasal fluid samples were obtained using a modified polyurethane sponge absorption method from patients and control subjects. Nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The median value of nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels were 173.8 pg/mL (interquartile range; 54.8-205.9 pg/mL) in allergic rhinitis group and 241.6 pg/mL (163.5-315.2 pg/mL) in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.01). Moreover, nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels showed a significant negative correlation with total symptom scores (rho= -0.78, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children with allergic rhinitis have reduced nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels compared with controls, and β-defensin 2 levels were negatively correlated with disease severity. A more definite understanding of the roles of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in allergic inflammation can open up new horizons in the management and treatment of these common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Dilek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özkaya Emin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Gültepe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mebrure Yazıcı
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Çakır
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Chest Diseases, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hakan Gedik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Chest Diseases, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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14
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Kim Y, Lee J, Kim J, Choi CW, Hwang YI, Kang JS, Lee WJ. The pathogenic role of interleukin-22 and its receptor during UVB-induced skin inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178567. [PMID: 28558005 PMCID: PMC5448782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that IL-22, a cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells and NK cells, plays a pathogenic role in acute and chronic skin diseases. While IL-22 is produced by immune cells, the expression of IL-22Rα, the functional subunit of IL-22R, is mostly restricted to non-hematopoietic cells in organs such as the skin and pancreas. Although it is well known that ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces skin inflammation, there have been no reports regarding the effect of UVB on the expression of IL-22Rα. This study investigated IL-22Rα expression and IL-22-mediated proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. IL-22Rα was increased in HaCaT and primary human keratinocytes after UVB irradiation through the translocation of IL-22Rα from the cytosol to the membrane. This increase in the expression of IL-22Rα was mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, the suppression of keratinocyte proliferation by UVB irradiation was inhibited by treatment with IL-22. At the same time, IL-22 increased the production of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-18 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and primary human keratinocytes. Finally, IL-22Rα expression was increased in UVB-irradiated human and mouse skin by immunohistochemistry. The increased expression of IL-22Rα therefore promotes keratinocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during UVB-induced skin inflammation, suggesting that UVB facilitates skin inflammation by increasing the responsiveness of keratinocytes to IL-22. This study provides a new insight into UVB-induced skin inflammation and the regulation of related inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junmyung Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Alcayaga-Miranda F, Cuenca J, Khoury M. Antimicrobial Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Current Status and New Perspectives of Antimicrobial Peptide-Based Therapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:339. [PMID: 28424688 PMCID: PMC5371613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy appears to be promising, there are concerns regarding possible side effects related to the unwanted suppression of antimicrobial immunity leading to an increased risk of infection. Conversely, recent data show that MSCs exert strong antimicrobial effects through indirect and direct mechanisms, partially mediated by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). In fact, MSCs have been reported to increase bacterial clearance in preclinical models of sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cystic fibrosis-related infections. This article reviews the current evidence regarding the direct antimicrobial effector function of MSCs, focusing mainly on the role of MSCs-derived AMPs. The strategies that might modulate the expression and secretion of these AMPs, leading to enhanced antimicrobial effect, are highlighted. Furthermore, studies evaluating the presence of AMPs in the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are underlined as perspective opportunities to develop new drug delivery tools. The antimicrobial potential of MSCs-derived EVs can also be heightened through cell conditioning and/or drug loading. Finally, improving the pharmacokinetics and delivery, in addition to deciphering the multi-target drug status of AMPs, should synergistically lead to key advances against infections caused by drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Cuenca
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Zhao Z, Mu ZL, Liu XW, Liu XJ, Jia J, Cai L, Zhang JZ. Expressions of Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37, Human Beta Defensin-2 and -3 in the Lesions of Cutaneous Tuberculosis and Tuberculids. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:696-701. [PMID: 26960373 PMCID: PMC4804416 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.178011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin LL-37, human beta defensin (HBD)-2, and HBD-3, are important elements of the innate immune response and involved in modulation of the adaptive immunity, and they also play an important role in cutaneous defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: The fresh skin tissues and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from three cutaneous tuberculosis, two tuberculids, and ten healthy individuals were collected. The expressions of LL-37, HBD-2, and HBD-3 mRNA in the lesions of three cutaneous tuberculosis and two tuberculids were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; the protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting methods. Results: The expressions of LL-37 mRNA and protein in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids were similar to that of normal skin. The expression of HBD-2 mRNA had an increasing trend in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids compared with that of normal skin; however, the expression of HBD-2 protein in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis had a decreasing trend compared with that of normal skin, and the expression of HBD-2 protein in the lesions of tuberculids was similar to that of normal skin. The expressions of HBD-3 mRNA and protein in lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids were similar to that of normal skin. Conclusions: Our study indicated that the expression of HBD-2 and HBD-3 mRNA and protein in lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis may be not consistent with that of tuberculids. However, an inherent limitation of the present study was that the sample size was small, and the roles and regulation mechanisms of LL-37, HBD-2, and HBD-3 in cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Alcayaga-Miranda F, Cuenca J, Khoury M. Antimicrobial Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Current Status and New Perspectives of Antimicrobial Peptide-Based Therapies. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28424688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy appears to be promising, there are concerns regarding possible side effects related to the unwanted suppression of antimicrobial immunity leading to an increased risk of infection. Conversely, recent data show that MSCs exert strong antimicrobial effects through indirect and direct mechanisms, partially mediated by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). In fact, MSCs have been reported to increase bacterial clearance in preclinical models of sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cystic fibrosis-related infections. This article reviews the current evidence regarding the direct antimicrobial effector function of MSCs, focusing mainly on the role of MSCs-derived AMPs. The strategies that might modulate the expression and secretion of these AMPs, leading to enhanced antimicrobial effect, are highlighted. Furthermore, studies evaluating the presence of AMPs in the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are underlined as perspective opportunities to develop new drug delivery tools. The antimicrobial potential of MSCs-derived EVs can also be heightened through cell conditioning and/or drug loading. Finally, improving the pharmacokinetics and delivery, in addition to deciphering the multi-target drug status of AMPs, should synergistically lead to key advances against infections caused by drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Cuenca
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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Human Cathelicidin Compensates for the Role of Apolipoproteins in Hepatitis C Virus Infectious Particle Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:8464-77. [PMID: 27440892 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00471-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exchangeable apolipoproteins (ApoA, -C, and -E) have been shown to redundantly participate in the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles during the assembly process, although their precise role in the viral life cycle is not well understood. Recently, it was shown that the exogenous expression of only short sequences containing amphipathic α-helices from various apolipoproteins is sufficient to restore the formation of infectious HCV particles in ApoB and ApoE double-gene-knockout Huh7 (BE-KO) cells. In this study, through the expression of a small library of human secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helix structures, we identified the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the only known member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in humans and expressed mainly in bone marrow and leukocytes. We showed that CAMP is able to rescue HCV infectious particle formation in BE-KO cells. In addition, we revealed that the LL-37 domain in CAMP containing amphipathic α-helices is crucial for the compensation of infectivity in BE-KO cells, and the expression of CAMP in nonhepatic 293T cells expressing claudin 1 and microRNA miR-122 confers complete propagation of HCV. These results suggest the possibility of extrahepatic propagation of HCV in cells with low-level or no expression of apolipoproteins but expressing secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helices such as CAMP. IMPORTANCE Various exchangeable apolipoproteins play a pivotal role in the formation of infectious HCV during the assembly of viral particles, and amphipathic α-helix motifs in the apolipoproteins have been shown to be a key factor. To the best of our knowledge, we have identified for the first time the human cathelicidin CAMP as a cellular protein that can compensate for the role of apolipoproteins in the life cycle of HCV. We have also identified the domain in CAMP that contains amphipathic α-helices crucial for compensation and show that the expression of CAMP in nonhepatic cells expressing claudin 1 and miR-122 confers complete propagation of HCV. We speculate that low levels of HCV propagation might be possible in extrahepatic tissues expressing secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helices without the expression of apolipoproteins.
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Abstract
Human cathelicidin LL-37, the only member of the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides expressed in humans, plays a crucial role in host defense against pathogen invasion, as well as in regulating the functions of anti-inflammation, antitumorigenesis, and tissue repair. It is primarily produced by phagocytic leukocytes and epithelial cells, and mediates a wide range of biological responses. Emerging evidence from several studies indicates that LL-37 plays a prominent and complex role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although overexpression of LL-37 has been implicated in the inflamed and noninflamed colon mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis, LL-37 expression was not changed in the inflamed or noninflamed colon or ileal mucosa in patients with Crohn's disease. Furthermore, studies in animal models and human patients further characterized the protective effect of cathelicidins both in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These data suggest the intricate functions of LL-37 in IBD. They will also create many strategies and opportunities for therapeutic intervention in IBD in the future. This review aims to elucidate the structure and bioactivity of LL-37 and also discuss the recent progress in understanding the relationship between LL-37 and IBD.
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20
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Beyond anti-microbial properties: The role of cathelicidin in allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:297-302. [PMID: 26777417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathelicidin, an anti-microbial peptide, is a component of the innate immune system. Cathelicidin has anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. Knowledge about the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases has expanded in recent years. We measured levels of the LL-37 peptide in the nasal fluids of children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and investigated the possible role of this peptide in the pathogenesis of AR. METHODS The study population included 46 children who were newly diagnosed with AR and not taking any medication. Thirty-three healthy control subjects were also enrolled. Nasal secretions were collected from the study and control groups using a polyurethane sponge nasal secretion collector, and nasal fluid LL-37 levels were determined using the ELISA method. RESULTS The levels of LL-37 in the nasal fluid of the AR patients were lower than those of the control group (median of 2.3ng/ml [minimum-maximum, 2.1-3.2] vs. 2.6ng/ml [2.1-5.4], respectively; p<0.001), and they were significantly reduced in patients with moderate/severe AR compared with those of patients with mild AR (2.2ng/ml [2.1-2.4] vs. 2.5ng/ml [2.1-3.1], respectively; p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our results show that children with AR have reduced nasal fluid LL-37 levels compared with healthy controls. Additionally, children with moderate/severe AR have decreased nasal fluid LL-37 levels compared with children with mild AR. These findings highlight the role of cathelicidin in the pathogenesis of AR.
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21
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Radiotherapy for oral cancer decreases the cutaneous expression of host defence peptides. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:882-9. [PMID: 27193476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial resistance against antibiotics has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of cutaneous infections. Consequences can be severe, especially in infected wounds following previous local radiotherapy. Certain endogenous peptide antibiotics, the host defence peptides (HDPs), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and promote wound healing. Their use as supplements to conventional antibiotics is a current topic of discussion; however, knowledge of their quantities in healthy and compromised tissue is a prerequisite for such discussion. To date, no data concerning HDP quantities in irradiated skin are available. METHODS Expression profiles of the genes encoding HDPs, namely human beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1, hBD-1), beta-defensin-2 (DEFB4A, hBD-2), beta-defensin-3 (DEFB103, hBD-3) and S100A7, were assessed in samples of non-irradiated and irradiated neck. RESULTS A reduction in the expression of all of the examined genes was observed in irradiated skin when compared with non-irradiated skin (statistically significant in the case of S100A7, P = 0.013). Immunohistochemistry revealed differences in HDP distribution with respect to the epithelial layers. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates a significant reduction in HDP gene expression in neck skin as a result of radiotherapy. These findings might represent a starting point for novel treatments of cutaneous infections in irradiated patients, such as topical supplementation of synthetic HDP.
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LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:802-8. [PMID: 27117377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is a large family of compounds serving as natural antibiotics, widely distributed across the organism, mainly in mucus layers. They are designed to prevent pathogens from colonization. Among them, defensins and cathelicidins could be found. LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin draws particular attention because of its outstanding abilities. In addition to being a broad spectrum antibiotic, LL-37 has potent chemotactic and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we discussed the potency of LL-37 as a therapeutic agent in four systems: immunological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and in the skin. We analyzed the main molecular pathways dependent on human cathelicidin and related them to specific diseases. We conclude that LL-37 shows a great potential to be further investigated and developed as a drug with clinical use.
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Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Andrault PM. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in human lung diseases: A friend and foe partnership with host proteases. Biochimie 2015; 122:151-68. [PMID: 26341472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are major sentinels of innate immunity by preventing microbial colonization and infection. Nevertheless bactericidal activity of AMPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is compromised in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. Evidence is accumulating that expression of harmful human serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases and cysteine cathepsins is markedely increased in these chronic lung diseases. The local imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors compromises lung tissue integrity and function, by not only degrading extracellular matrix components, but also non-matrix proteins. Despite the fact that AMPs are somewhat resistant to proteolytic degradation, some human proteases cleave them efficiently and impair their antimicrobial potency. By contrast, certain AMPs may be effective as antiproteases. Host proteases participate in concert with bacterial proteases in the degradation of key innate immunity peptides/proteins and thus may play immunomodulatory activities during chronic lung diseases. In this context, the present review highlights the current knowledge and recent discoveries on the ability of host enzymes to interact with AMPs, providing a better understanding of the role of human proteases in innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France.
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Andrault
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
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Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Krupa P. Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors 2015; 41:289-300. [PMID: 26434733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by humans and animals in response to various pathogenic microbes. This review intends to provide a brief overview of the expression, structure, properties and function of human cathelicidin LL-37 which may be a therapeutic agent against a variety of bacterial and viral diseases, cancers, and hard-to-heal wounds. Cathelicidins act as a primary defense against bacteria and other pathogens in the case of inflammation. They are able to kill bacteria and fungi, inhibit and destroy bacterial biofilms, and possess antiviral and antiparasitics properties. They can also play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and the regulation of apoptosis. The host defense peptide LL-37 has emerged as a novel modulator of tumor growth and metastasis in carcinogenesis of various types of cancers. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide able of inducing various effects. It acts as an anti- and pro- inflammatory factor. Cathelicidins are able to directly and selectively destroy membranes of various microbes and cancer cells, but they do not attack normal cells. The role of cathelicidins in cancer is double-sided. They play an important role in killing cancer cells and may provide a new possibility for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, they also can participate in carcinogenesis. Due to its activity spectrum LL-37 could be applied in pharmacotherapy. Cathelicidin peptides could serve as a template for the development of modern anti-microbial and anti-viral drugs. LL-37 is an excellent candidate to develop into therapeutics for infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bandurska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Berdowska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Krupa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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Kuroda K, Okumura K, Isogai H, Isogai E. The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 and Mimics are Potential Anticancer Drugs. Front Oncol 2015; 5:144. [PMID: 26175965 PMCID: PMC4485164 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a critical role in innate host defense against microbial pathogens in many organisms. The human cathelicidin, LL-37, has a net positive charge and is amphiphilic, and can eliminate pathogenic microbes directly via electrostatic attraction toward negatively charged bacterial membranes. A number of studies have shown that LL-37 participates in various host immune systems, such as inflammatory responses and tissue repair, in addition to its antibacterial properties. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that it is also involved in the regulation of cancer. Indeed, previous studies have suggested that human LL-37 is involved in carcinogenesis via multiple reporters, such as FPR2 (FPRL1), epidermal growth factor receptor, and ERBb2, although LL-37 and its fragments and analogs also show anticancer effects in various cancer cell lines. This discrepancy can be attributed to peptide-based factors, host membrane-based factors, and signal regulation. Here, we describe the association between AMPs and cancer with a focus on anticancer peptide functions and selectivity in an effort to understand potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kuroda
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Okumura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Isogai
- Animal Research Center, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Emiko Isogai
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces LL-37 and HBD-2 production in keratinocytes from diabetic foot ulcers promoting wound healing: an in vitro model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111355. [PMID: 25337708 PMCID: PMC4206472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most common diabetes-related cause of hospitalization and often lead to severe infections and poor healing. It has been recently reported that patients with DFU have lower levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) at the lesion area, which contributes with the impairment of wound healing. The aim of this study was to determine whether 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2 D3) and L-isoleucine induced HBD-2 and LL-37 in primary cultures from DFU. We developed primary cell cultures from skin biopsies from 15 patients with DFU and 15 from healthy donors. Cultures were treated with 1,25 (OH)2D3 or L-isoleucine for 18 h. Keratinocytes phenotype was identified by western blot and flow cytometry. Real time qPCR for DEFB4, CAMP and VDR gene expression was performed as well as an ELISA to measure HBD-2 and LL-37 in supernatant. Antimicrobial activity, in vitro, wound healing and proliferation assays were performed with conditioned supernatant. The results show that primary culture from DFU treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, increased DEFB4 and CAMP gene expression and increased the production of HBD-2 and LL-37 in the culture supernatant. These supernatants had antimicrobial activity over E. coli and induced remarkable keratinocyte migration. In conclusion the 1,25(OH)2D3 restored the production of AMPs in primary cell from DFU which were capable to improve the in vitro wound healing assays, suggesting their potential therapeutic use on the treatment of DFU.
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Gambichler T, Terras S, Skrygan M. Expression of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in epidermis equivalents exposed to salt water and narrowband ultraviolet B radiation. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:666-8. [PMID: 25324674 PMCID: PMC4198609 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.5.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Terras
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Skrygan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Park K, Lee S, Lee YM. Sphingolipids and antimicrobial peptides: function and roles in atopic dermatitis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:251-7. [PMID: 24244808 PMCID: PMC3819896 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea were complicated by barrier abrogation and deficiency in innate immunity. The first defender of epidermal innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The deficiency of these AMPs in the skin of AD fails to protect our body against virulent pathogen infections. In contrast to AD where there is a suppression of AMPs, rosacea is characterized by overexpression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the products of which result in chronic epidermal inflammation. In this regard, AMP generation that is controlled by a key ceramide metabolite S1P-dependent mechanism could be considered as alternate therapeutic approaches to treat these skin disorders, i.e., Increased S1P levels strongly stimulated the CAMP expression which elevated the antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens resulting the improved AD patient skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California CA94115, USA
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Jeong MS, Kim JY, Lee HI, Seo SJ. Calcitriol May Down-Regulate mRNA Over-Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-2 and -4, LL-37 and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cultured Human Keratinocytes. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:296-302. [PMID: 24966627 PMCID: PMC4069638 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although vitamin D analogs have been used in the topical treatment of psoriasis, their mechanisms of action are not well understand. Calcitriol, the hormonally active vitamin D3 metabolite, has been demonstrated to exert immunomodulatory effects in the skin by down-regulating the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Objective We investigated the effects of calcitriol on the expression of TLR2, TLR4, antimicrobial peptide LL-37, and proinflammatory cytokines in cultured human keratinocytes. Methods The mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and LL-37 in cultured human keratinocytes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription (RT). Furthermore, we measured supernatant TNF-α levels by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to confirm the effects of calcitriol on TLR2 and TLR4. Results As measured by RT-PCR and real-time PCR, calcitriol was found to suppress the lipopolysaccharide- and ultraviolet B radiation-mediated induction of expression of TLRs, LL-37 and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in normal human keratinocytes. The supernatant TNF-α levels measured by ELISA were also suppressed after treatment with calcitriol. Conclusion Calcitriol may down-regulate inflammatory stated over-expression of LL-37 and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sook Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - He In Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Valente Duarte de Sousa IC. Novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1389-410. [PMID: 24890096 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.923401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease worldwide; yet, current treatment options, although effective, are associated with unwanted side effects, chronicity, relapses and recurrences. The adequate control of the four pathogenic mechanisms, involved in the appearance of acne lesions, is paramount to treatment success. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss and evaluate the pathogenic pathways related to the mechanisms of action of novel molecules, which are currently under investigation for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The manuscript is based on comprehensive searches made through PubMed, GoogleScholar and ClinicalTrial.gov, using different combination of key words, which include acne vulgaris, pathogenesis, treatment, sebogenesis and Propionibacterium acnes. EXPERT OPINION In the near future, more effective treatments with fewer side effects are expected. The use of topical antiandrogens, acetylcholine inhibitors and PPAR modulators seem to be promising options for controlling sebum production. Retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agents and IL-1α inhibitors have the potential to become legitimate alternative options to retinoid therapy in the management of infundibular dyskeratosis. Indeed, the authors believe that there will likely be a decline in the use of antibiotics for controlling P. acnes colonization and targeting the inflammation cascade.
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Wang G. Human antimicrobial peptides and proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:545-94. [PMID: 24828484 PMCID: PMC4035769 DOI: 10.3390/ph7050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key components of innate immunity, human host defense antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading microbial pathogens. In addition, AMPs can possess other biological functions such as apoptosis, wound healing, and immune modulation. This article provides an overview on the identification, activity, 3D structure, and mechanism of action of human AMPs selected from the antimicrobial peptide database. Over 100 such peptides have been identified from a variety of tissues and epithelial surfaces, including skin, eyes, ears, mouths, gut, immune, nervous and urinary systems. These peptides vary from 10 to 150 amino acids with a net charge between -3 and +20 and a hydrophobic content below 60%. The sequence diversity enables human AMPs to adopt various 3D structures and to attack pathogens by different mechanisms. While α-defensin HD-6 can self-assemble on the bacterial surface into nanonets to entangle bacteria, both HNP-1 and β-defensin hBD-3 are able to block cell wall biosynthesis by binding to lipid II. Lysozyme is well-characterized to cleave bacterial cell wall polysaccharides but can also kill bacteria by a non-catalytic mechanism. The two hydrophobic domains in the long amphipathic α-helix of human cathelicidin LL-37 lays the basis for binding and disrupting the curved anionic bacterial membrane surfaces by forming pores or via the carpet model. Furthermore, dermcidin may serve as ion channel by forming a long helix-bundle structure. In addition, the C-type lectin RegIIIα can initially recognize bacterial peptidoglycans followed by pore formation in the membrane. Finally, histatin 5 and GAPDH(2-32) can enter microbial cells to exert their effects. It appears that granulysin enters cells and kills intracellular pathogens with the aid of pore-forming perforin. This arsenal of human defense proteins not only keeps us healthy but also inspires the development of a new generation of personalized medicine to combat drug-resistant superbugs, fungi, viruses, parasites, or cancer. Alternatively, multiple factors (e.g., albumin, arginine, butyrate, calcium, cyclic AMP, isoleucine, short-chain fatty acids, UV B light, vitamin D, and zinc) are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides, opening new avenues to the development of anti-infectious drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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Gambichler T, Skrygan M. Expression of human β-defensin-2 in psoriatic epidermis models treated with balneophototherapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 29:169-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - M. Skrygan
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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Li X, Wang J, Li G, Lin C, Zhang X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Gu J. Evaluation of calcipotriol transdermal permeation through pig, rat and mouse skin using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1714-9. [PMID: 23847087 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University; China-Frontage USA; Yunhe Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
- Neptunus Interlong Bio-Tech Co., Ltd; Shenzhen 518054 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Lin
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueju Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yantong Sun
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin Province P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin Province P.R. China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University; Dongminzhu Street Changchun 130061 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
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Hata TR, Afshar M, Miller J, Two AM, Kotol P, Jackson M, Alexandrescu DT, Kabigting F, Gerber M, Lai Y, Gallo RL. Etanercept decreases the innate immune wounding response in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:599-601. [PMID: 23802569 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin is increased when normal skin is injured and in psoriasis lesions where it has been suggested to play a pivotal role in inflammation through interactions with self-DNA and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in keratinocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Because of etanercept's success in treating psoriasis, we hypothesized that etanercept may suppress TLR-9 and cathelicidin induction. Examination of experimentally induced wounds of psoriatic lesional and non-lesional skin, and comparison with wounded normal skin, shows that the induction of cathelicidin and TLR-9 is greatly enhanced in lesional psoriatic skin. Six weeks of etanercept appears not to affect the baseline expression of cathelicidin or TLR-9, but does blunt the induction of cathelicidin in psoriasis with wounding. These findings support the role of cathelicidin in the enhancement of local inflammation in psoriasis and may partially explain one of the mechanisms enabling TNF-α inhibitors to successfully treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tissa R Hata
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Resveratrol stimulates sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling of cathelicidin production. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1942-9. [PMID: 23856934 PMCID: PMC3753186 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered a regulatory mechanism that stimulates production of the multifunctional antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). In response to subtoxic levels of ER stress, increased sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production activates an NFκB→C/EBPα dependent pathway that enhances CAMP production in cultured human keratinocytes. Since the multifunctional stilbenoid compound, resveratrol (RESV), increases ceramide (Cer) levels, a precursor of S1P, we hypothesized and assessed whether RESV could exploit the same pathway to regulate CAMP production. Accordingly, RESV significantly increased Cer and S1P levels in cultured keratinocytes, paralleled by increased CAMP mRNA/protein expression. Furthermore, topical RESV also increased murine CAMP mRNA/protein expression in mouse skin. Conversely, blockade of Cer→sphingosine→S1P metabolic conversion, with specific inhibitors of ceramidase or sphingosine kinase, attenuated the expected RESV-mediated increase in CAMP expression. The RESV-induced increase in CAMP expression required both NF-κB and C/EBPα transactivation. Moreover, conditioned media from keratinocyte treated with RESV significantly suppressed Staphylococcus aureus growth. Finally, topical RESV, if not coapplied with a specific inhibitor of sphingosine kinase, blocked Staphylococcus aureus invasion into murine skin. These results demonstrate that the dietary stilbenoid, RESV, stimulates S1P signaling of CAMP production through an NF-κB→C/EBPα-dependent mechanism, leading to enhanced antimicrobial defense against exogenous microbial pathogens.
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A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:22-35. [PMID: 23246832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic effects. Not only do they possess an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral function, they also show a chemotactic and immunostimulatory/-modulatory effect. Moreover, they are capable of inducing wound healing, angiogenesis and modulating apoptosis. Recent insights even indicate for a role of these peptides in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent and relevant insights concerning the human cathelicidin LL-37.
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