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Abbas SH, Ceresa CDL, Hodson L, Nasralla D, Watson CJE, Mergental H, Coussios C, Kaloyirou F, Brusby K, Mora A, Thomas H, Kounali D, Keen K, Pollok JM, Gaurav R, Iype S, Jassem W, Perera MTP, Hakeem AR, Knight S, Friend PJ. Defatting of donor transplant livers during normothermic perfusion-a randomised clinical trial: study protocol for the DeFat study. Trials 2024; 25:386. [PMID: 38886851 PMCID: PMC11181618 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver disease is the third leading cause of premature death in the UK. Transplantation is the only successful treatment for end-stage liver disease but is limited by a shortage of suitable donor organs. As a result, up to 20% of patients on liver transplant waiting lists die before receiving a transplant. A third of donated livers are not suitable for transplant, often due to steatosis. Hepatic steatosis, which affects 33% of the UK population, is strongly associated with obesity, an increasing problem in the potential donor pool. We have recently tested defatting interventions during normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in discarded steatotic human livers that were not transplanted. A combination of therapies including forskolin (NKH477) and L-carnitine to defat liver cells and lipoprotein apheresis filtration were investigated. These interventions resulted in functional improvement during perfusion and reduced the intrahepatocellular triglyceride (IHTG) content. We hypothesise that defatting during NMP will allow more steatotic livers to be transplanted with improved outcomes. METHODS In the proposed multi-centre clinical trial, we will randomly assign 60 livers from donors with a high-risk of hepatic steatosis to either NMP alone or NMP with defatting interventions. We aim to test the safety and feasibility of the defatting intervention and will explore efficacy by comparing ex-situ and post-reperfusion liver function between the groups. The primary endpoint will be the proportion of livers that achieve predefined functional criteria during perfusion which indicate potential suitability for transplantation. These criteria reflect hepatic metabolism and injury and include lactate clearance, perfusate pH, glucose metabolism, bile composition, vascular flows and transaminase levels. Clinical secondary endpoints will include proportion of livers transplanted in the two arms, graft function; cell-free DNA (cfDNA) at follow-up visits; patient and graft survival; hospital and ITU stay; evidence of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); non-anastomotic biliary strictures and recurrence of steatosis (determined on MRI at 6 months). DISCUSSION This study explores ex-situ pharmacological optimisation of steatotic donor livers during NMP. If the intervention proves effective, it will allow the safe transplantation of livers that are currently very likely to be discarded, thereby reducing waiting list deaths. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN ISRCTN14957538. Registered in October 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hussain Abbas
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
| | - Carlo D L Ceresa
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - David Nasralla
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christopher J E Watson
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Hynek Mergental
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
- TransMedics Inc, 200 Minuteman Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Constantin Coussios
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Ana Mora
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Helen Thomas
- NHS Blood and Transplant Clinical Trials Unit, Fox Den Road, Stoke Gifford, Bristol, BS34 8RR, UK
| | - Daphne Kounali
- Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit (OCTRU), Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), Medical Sciences Division, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Katie Keen
- NHSBT CTU, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Joerg-Matthias Pollok
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Rohit Gaurav
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Satheesh Iype
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Kings College Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - M Thamara Pr Perera
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Abdul Rahman Hakeem
- Kings College Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
- St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Simon Knight
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Peter J Friend
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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Liu Y, Wei D, Deguchi Y, Xu W, Tian R, Liu F, Xu M, Mao F, Li D, Chen W, Valentin LA, Deguchi E, Yao JC, Shureiqi I, Zuo X. PPARδ dysregulation of CCL20/CCR6 axis promotes gastric adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis by remodeling gastric tumor microenvironment. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:904-917. [PMID: 37572185 PMCID: PMC10640489 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) promotes inflammation and carcinogenesis in many organs, but the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. In stomachs, PPARδ significantly increases chemokine Ccl20 expression in gastric epithelial cells while inducing gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). CCR6 is the sole receptor of CCL20. Here, we examine the role of PPARδ-mediated Ccl20/Ccr6 signaling in GAC carcinogenesis and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The effects of PPARδ inhibition by its specific antagonist GSK3787 on GAC were examined in the mice with villin-promoter-driven PPARδ overexpression (PpardTG). RNAscope Duplex Assays were used to measure Ccl20 and Ccr6 levels in stomachs and spleens. Subsets of stomach-infiltrating immune cells were measured via flow cytometry or immunostaining in PpardTG mice fed GSK3787 or control diet. A panel of 13 optimized proinflammatory chemokines in mouse sera were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS GSK3787 significantly suppressed GAC carcinogenesis in PpardTG mice. PPARδ increased Ccl20 level to chemoattract Ccr6+ immunosuppressive cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T regulatory cells, but decreased CD8+ T cells in gastric tissues. GSK3787 suppressed PPARδ-induced gastric immunosuppression by inhibiting Ccl20/Ccr6 axis. Furthermore, Ccl20 protein levels increased in sera of PpardTG mice starting at the age preceding gastric tumor development and further increased with GAC progression as the mice aged. GSK3787 decreased the PPARδ-upregulated Ccl20 levels in sera of the mice. CONCLUSIONS PPARδ dysregulation of Ccl20/Ccr6 axis promotes GAC carcinogenesis by remodeling gastric tumor microenvironment. CCL20 might be a potential biomarker for the early detection and progression of GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yasunori Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lovie Ann Valentin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eriko Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James C Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Rogel Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Abrego J, Sanford-Crane H, Oon C, Xiao X, Betts CB, Sun D, Nagarajan S, Diaz L, Sandborg H, Bhattacharyya S, Xia Z, Coussens LM, Tontonoz P, Sherman MH. A Cancer Cell-Intrinsic GOT2-PPARδ Axis Suppresses Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2414-2433. [PMID: 35894778 PMCID: PMC9533011 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant recent advances in precision medicine, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains near uniformly lethal. Although immune-modulatory therapies hold promise to meaningfully improve outcomes for patients with PDAC, the development of such therapies requires an improved understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms that characterize the PDAC microenvironment. Here, we show that cancer cell-intrinsic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) shapes the immune microenvironment to suppress antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we find that GOT2 functions beyond its established role in the malate-aspartate shuttle and promotes the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), facilitated by direct fatty acid binding. Although GOT2 is dispensable for cancer cell proliferation in vivo, the GOT2-PPARδ axis promotes spatial restriction of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the tumor microenvironment. Our results demonstrate a noncanonical function for an established mitochondrial enzyme in transcriptional regulation of immune evasion, which may be exploitable to promote a productive antitumor immune response. SIGNIFICANCE Prior studies demonstrate the important moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes in cancer. We find that the mitochondrial transaminase GOT2 binds directly to fatty acid ligands that regulate the nuclear receptor PPARδ, and this functional interaction critically regulates the immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer to promote tumor progression. See related commentary by Nwosu and di Magliano, p. 2237.. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Abrego
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hannah Sanford-Crane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chet Oon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Courtney B. Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Duanchen Sun
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shanthi Nagarajan
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Luis Diaz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Holly Sandborg
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zheng Xia
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mara H. Sherman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Pudakalakatti S, Titus M, Enriquez JS, Ramachandran S, Zacharias NM, Shureiqi I, Liu Y, Yao JC, Zuo X, Bhattacharya PK. Identifying the Metabolic Signatures of PPARD-Overexpressing Gastric Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1645. [PMID: 35163565 PMCID: PMC8835946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) is a nuclear receptor known to play an essential role in regulation of cell metabolism, cell proliferation, inflammation, and tumorigenesis in normal and cancer cells. Recently, we found that a newly generated villin-PPARD mouse model, in which PPARD is overexpressed in villin-positive gastric progenitor cells, demonstrated spontaneous development of large, invasive gastric tumors as the mice aged. However, the role of PPARD in regulation of downstream metabolism in normal gastric and tumor cells is elusive. The aim of the present study was to find PPARD-regulated downstream metabolic changes and to determine the potential significance of those changes to gastric tumorigenesis in mice. Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed for metabolic profiling to determine the PPARD-regulated metabolite changes in PPARD mice at different ages during the development of gastric cancer, and the changes were compared to corresponding wild-type mice. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic screening results showed higher levels of inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), uracil (p = 0.0205), phenylalanine (p = 0.017), glycine (p = 0.014), and isocitrate (p = 0.029) and lower levels of inosine (p = 0.0188) in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 55-week-old wild-type mice. As the PPARD mice aged from 10 weeks to 35 weeks and 55 weeks, we observed significant changes in levels of the metabolites inosine monophosphate (p = 0.0054), adenosine monophosphate (p = 0.009), UDP-glucose (p = 0.0006), and oxypurinol (p = 0.039). Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy performed to measure lactate flux in live 10-week-old PPARD mice with no gastric tumors and 35-week-old PPARD mice with gastric tumors did not reveal a significant difference in the ratio of lactate to total pyruvate plus lactate, indicating that this PPARD-induced spontaneous gastric tumor development does not require glycolysis as the main source of fuel for tumorigenesis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based measurement of fatty acid levels showed lower linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and steric acid levels in 55-week-old PPARD mice than in 10-week-old PPARD mice, supporting fatty acid oxidation as a bioenergy source for PPARD-expressing gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.); (S.R.)
| | - José S. Enriquez
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sumankalai Ramachandran
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - James C. Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.S.); (Y.L.); (J.C.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Pratip K. Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.P.); (J.S.E.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body, by mass. It is also the regulator of glucose homeostasis, responsible for 80% of postprandial glucose uptake from the circulation. Skeletal muscle is essential for metabolism, both for its role in glucose uptake and its importance in exercise and metabolic disease. In this article, we give an overview of the importance of skeletal muscle in metabolism, describing its role in glucose uptake and the diseases that are associated with skeletal muscle metabolic dysregulation. We focus on the role of skeletal muscle in peripheral insulin resistance and the potential for skeletal muscle-targeted therapeutics to combat insulin resistance and diabetes, as well as other metabolic diseases like aging and obesity. In particular, we outline the possibilities and pitfalls of the quest for exercise mimetics, which are intended to target the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic disease. We also provide a description of the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake, including a focus on the SNARE proteins, which are essential regulators of glucose transport into the skeletal muscle. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:785-809, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla E. Merz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
- The Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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Dengu F, Abbas SH, Ebeling G, Nasralla D. Normothermic Machine Perfusion (NMP) of the Liver as a Platform for Therapeutic Interventions during Ex-Vivo Liver Preservation: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041046. [PMID: 32272760 PMCID: PMC7231144 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is increasingly dependent on the use of extended criteria donors (ECD) to increase the organ donor pool and address rising demand. This has necessitated the adoption of innovative technologies and strategies to protect these higher-risk grafts from the deleterious effects of traditional preservation and ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI). The advent of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) and rapid growth in the clinical adoption of this technology has accelerated efforts to utilise NMP as a platform for therapeutic intervention to optimise donor livers. In this review we will explore the emerging preclinical data related to ameliorating the effects of IRI, protecting the microcirculation and reducing the immunogenicity of donor organs during NMP. Exploiting the window of opportunity afforded by NMP, whereby the liver can be continuously supported and functionally assessed while therapies are directly delivered during the preservation period, has clear logistical and theoretical advantages over current preservation methods. The clinical translation of many of the therapeutic agents and strategies we will describe is becoming more feasible with widespread adaptation of NMP devices and rapid advances in molecular biology and gene therapy, which have substantially improved the performance of these agents. The delivery of novel therapeutics during NMP represents one of the new frontiers in transplantation research and offers real potential for successfully tackling fundamental challenges in transplantation such as IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fungai Dengu
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK; (S.H.A.); (G.E.); (D.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Syed Hussain Abbas
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK; (S.H.A.); (G.E.); (D.N.)
| | - Georg Ebeling
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK; (S.H.A.); (G.E.); (D.N.)
| | - David Nasralla
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK; (S.H.A.); (G.E.); (D.N.)
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
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7
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Zuo X, Deguchi Y, Xu W, Liu Y, Li HS, Wei D, Tian R, Chen W, Xu M, Yang Y, Gao S, Jaoude JC, Liu F, Chrieki SP, Moussalli MJ, Gagea M, Sebastian MM, Zheng X, Tan D, Broaddus R, Wang J, Ajami NJ, Swennes AG, Watowich SS, Shureiqi I. PPARD and Interferon Gamma Promote Transformation of Gastric Progenitor Cells and Tumorigenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:163-178. [PMID: 30885780 PMCID: PMC6581611 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, and inflammation and has been associated with gastric and other cancers. Villin-positive epithelial cells are a small population of quiescent gastric progenitor cells. We expressed PPARD from a villin promoter to investigate the role of these cells and PPARD in development of gastric cancer. METHODS We analyzed gastric tissues from mice that express the Ppard (PPARD1 and PPARD2 mice) from a villin promoter, and mice that did not carry this transgene (controls), by histology and immunohistochemistry. We performed cell lineage-tracing experiments and analyzed the microbiomes, chemokine and cytokine production, and immune cells and transcriptomes of stomachs of these mice. We also performed immunohistochemical analysis of PPARD levels in 2 sets of human gastric tissue microarrays. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of PPARD mice developed spontaneous, invasive gastric adenocarcinomas, with severe chronic inflammation. Levels of PPARD were increased in human gastric cancer tissues, compared with nontumor tissues, and associated with gastric cancer stage and grade. We found an inverse correlation between level of PPARD in tumor tissue and patient survival time. Gastric microbiomes from PPARD and control mice did not differ significantly. Lineage-tracing experiments identified villin-expressing gastric progenitor cells (VGPCs) as the origin of gastric tumors in PPARD mice. In these mice, PPARD up-regulated CCL20 and CXCL1, which increased infiltration of the gastric mucosa by immune cells. Immune cell production of inflammatory cytokines promoted chronic gastric inflammation and expansion and transformation of VGPCs, leading to tumorigenesis. We identified a positive-feedback loop between PPARD and interferon gamma signaling that sustained gastric inflammation to induce VGPC transformation and gastric carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We found PPARD overexpression in VPGCs to result in inflammation, dysplasia, and tumor formation. PPARD and VGPCs might be therapeutic targets for stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zuo
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Yasunori Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S. Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaying Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Jaoude
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah P. Chrieki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Micheline J. Moussalli
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manu M. Sebastian
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alton G. Swennes
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S. Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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8
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Raigani S, Markmann JF, Yeh H. Rehabilitation of Discarded Steatotic Livers Using Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion: A Future Source of Livers for Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2019; 25:991-992. [PMID: 31077626 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Raigani
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James F Markmann
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Webb M, Sideris DP, Biddle M. Modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction for treatment of disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1270-1277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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11
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Maccallini C, Mollica A, Amoroso R. The Positive Regulation of eNOS Signaling by PPAR Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2017; 17:273-281. [PMID: 28315197 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) plays an essential role in the regulation of vascular endothelial function through a range of mechanisms, including non-metabolic. Among these, the PPAR-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) appears to be of considerable importance. The regulated and sustained bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium is essential to avoid the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension or atherosclerosis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the different effects of specific PPAR ligands on NO bioavailability could be useful in the development of novel or multi-targeted PPAR agonists. In this review, we report the most meaningful and up-to-date in vitro and in vivo studies of the regulation of NO production performed by different PPAR agonists. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of PPAR-mediated eNOS activation are also provided. Although findings from animal studies in which the activation of PPARα, PPARβ/δ, or PPARγ have provided clear vasoprotective effects have been promising, several benefits from PPAR agonists are offset by unwanted outcomes. Therefore, new insights could be useful in the development of tissue-targeted PPAR agonists with more tolerable side effects to improve treatment options for cardiovascular diseases.
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12
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Gou Q, Gong X, Jin J, Shi J, Hou Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are potential drug targets for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60704-60709. [PMID: 28948004 PMCID: PMC5601172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which play an important role in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. In this review, we summarized the regulative mechanism of PPARs on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Xin Gong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 212017, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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13
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Proschak E, Heitel P, Kalinowsky L, Merk D. Opportunities and Challenges for Fatty Acid Mimetics in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5235-5266. [PMID: 28252961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids beyond their role as an endogenous energy source and storage are increasingly considered as signaling molecules regulating various physiological effects in metabolism and inflammation. Accordingly, the molecular targets involved in formation and physiological activities of fatty acids hold significant therapeutic potential. A number of these fatty acid targets are addressed by some of the oldest and most widely used drugs such as cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs, whereas others remain unexploited. Compounds orthosterically binding to proteins that endogenously bind fatty acids are considered as fatty acid mimetics. On the basis of their structural resemblance, fatty acid mimetics constitute a family of bioactive compounds showing specific binding thermodynamics and following similar pharmacokinetic mechanisms. This perspective systematically evaluates targets for fatty acid mimetics, investigates their common structural characteristics, and highlights demands in their discovery and design. In summary, fatty acid mimetics share particularly favorable characteristics justifying the conclusion that their therapeutic potential vastly outweighs the challenges in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena Kalinowsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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PPAR δ as a Metabolic Initiator of Mammary Neoplasia and Immune Tolerance. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:3082340. [PMID: 28077942 PMCID: PMC5203902 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARδ is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of genes associated with proliferation, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity. Within this transcription factor family, PPARδ is unique in that it initiates oncogenesis in a metabolic and tissue-specific context, especially in mammary epithelium, and can regulate autoimmunity in some tissues. This review discusses its role in these processes and how it ultimately impacts breast cancer.
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15
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Toral M, Romero M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J, Jiménez R. Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H189-H200. [PMID: 27881385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, which is composed of three members encoded by distinct genes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. The biological actions of PPARα and PPARγ and their potential as a cardiovascular therapeutic target have been extensively reviewed, whereas the biological actions of PPARβ/δ and its effectiveness as a therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension remain less investigated. Preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces antihypertensive effects in direct [spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ANG II, and DOCA-salt] and indirect (dyslipemic and gestational) models of hypertension, associated with end-organ damage protection. This review summarizes mechanistic insights into the antihypertensive effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including molecular and functional mechanisms. Pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces genomic actions including the increase of regulators of G protein-coupled signaling (RGS), acute nongenomic vasodilator effects, as well as the ability to improve the endothelial dysfunction, reduce vascular inflammation, vasoconstrictor responses, and sympathetic outflow from central nervous system. Evidence from clinical trials is also examined. These preclinical and clinical outcomes of PPARβ/δ ligands may provide a basis for the development of therapies in combating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid. Spain; and.,Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes). Madrid. Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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16
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Rodriguez O, Schaefer ML, Wester B, Lee YC, Boggs N, Conner HA, Merkle AC, Fricke ST, Albanese C, Koliatsos VE. Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Diagnostic and Dispositional Tool after Mild-Moderate Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:662-71. [PMID: 26414591 PMCID: PMC4827293 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by explosive munitions, known as blast TBI, is the signature injury in recent military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Diagnostic evaluation of TBI, including blast TBI, is based on clinical history, symptoms, and neuropsychological testing, all of which can result in misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of this condition, particularly in the case of TBI of mild-to-moderate severity. Prognosis is currently determined by TBI severity, recurrence, and type of pathology, and also may be influenced by promptness of clinical intervention when more effective treatments become available. An important task is prevention of repetitive TBI, particularly when the patient is still symptomatic. For these reasons, the establishment of quantitative biological markers can serve to improve diagnosis and preventative or therapeutic management. In this study, we used a shock-tube model of blast TBI to determine whether manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) can serve as a tool to accurately and quantitatively diagnose mild-to-moderate blast TBI. Mice were subjected to a 30 psig blast and administered a single dose of MnCl2 intraperitoneally. Longitudinal T1-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h and at 14 and 28 days revealed a marked signal enhancement in the brain of mice exposed to blast, compared with sham controls, at nearly all time-points. Interestingly, when mice were protected with a polycarbonate body shield during blast exposure, the marked increase in contrast was prevented. We conclude that manganese uptake can serve as a quantitative biomarker for TBI and that MEMRI is a minimally-invasive quantitative approach that can aid in the accurate diagnosis and management of blast TBI. In addition, the prevention of the increased uptake of manganese by body protection strongly suggests that the exposure of an individual to blast risk could benefit from the design of improved body armor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Michele L. Schaefer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brock Wester
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - Nathan Boggs
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Howard A. Conner
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Andrew C. Merkle
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Stanley T. Fricke
- Pediatric and Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyl-2-sulfonylpyridine PPARβ/δ antagonists: Effects on the affinity and selectivity towards PPARβ/δ. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:247-60. [PMID: 26707845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The covalent modification of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is part of the mode of action of 5-trifluoromethyl-2-sulfonylpyridine PPARβ/δ antagonists such as GSK3787 and CC618. Herein, the synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of a range of structural analogues of the two antagonists are reported. The new ligands demonstrate that an improvement in the selectivity of 5-trifluoromethyl-2-sulfonylpyridine antagonists towards PPARβ/δ is achievable at the expense of their immediate affinity for PPARβ/δ. However, their putatively covalent and irreversible mode of action may ensure their efficacy over time, as observed in time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based ligand displacement assays.
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18
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Yao PL, Chen LP, Dobrzański TP, Phillips DA, Zhu B, Kang BH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Inhibition of testicular embryonal carcinoma cell tumorigenicity by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ- and retinoic acid receptor-dependent mechanisms. Oncotarget 2015; 6:36319-37. [PMID: 26431381 PMCID: PMC4742180 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) has important physiological functions in control of cell growth, lipid and glucose homeostasis, differentiation and inflammation. To investigate the role of PPARβ/δ in cancer, stable human testicular embryonal carcinoma cell lines were developed that constitutively express PPARβ/δ. Expression of PPARβ/δ caused enhanced activation of the receptor, and this significantly decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, and also reduced tumor mass and volume of ectopic xenografts derived from NT2/D1 cells compared to controls. The changes observed in xenografts were associated with decreased PPARβ/δ-dependent expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and octamer-binding transcription factor-3/4, suggesting suppressed tumor proliferation and induction of differentiation. Inhibition of migration and invasion was mediated by PPARβ/δ competing with formation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) complex, resulting in attenuation of RARα-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity. These results demonstrate that PPARβ/δ mediates attenuation of human testicular embryonal carcinoma cell progression through a novel RAR-dependent mechanism and suggest that activation of PPARβ/δ inhibits RAR/RXR dimerization and represents a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Ping Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tomasz P. Dobrzański
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dylan A. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Chemon Nonclinical Research Institute, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Modern imaging techniques for preoperative detection of distant metastases in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10502-10509. [PMID: 26457011 PMCID: PMC4588073 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial portion of patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer has distant metastases (M1 disease). These patients have a very poor prognosis and it is generally accepted that they should be treated with noncurative intent. Because it dramatically changes prognosis and treatment plans, it is very important to diagnose distant metastases. In this article, the definition, pathways, incidence and sites of distant metastases in gastric cancer are described. Subsequently, the current performance of imaging in detecting distant metastases in newly diagnosed gastric cancer is outlined and future prospects are discussed.
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20
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Cheang WS, Tian XY, Wong WT, Huang Y. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cardiovascular diseases: experimental benefits and clinical challenges. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5512-22. [PMID: 25438608 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ, are ligand-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the nuclear receptors superfamily and they are known to play important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Experimental studies in animal models of metabolic diseases have also revealed that activation of PPARs protects against the vascular complications of diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke, through exerting their anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and antioxidant effects. In clinical trials and post-market surveillance, agonists of PPARs have been shown to effectively prevent cardiovascular events. However, adverse effects, particularly for PPARγ agonists, are also observed with the use of investigational PPAR agonists and even some approved drugs. Further exploration of underlying mechanisms is needed to develop novel ways of PPAR activation without causing serious side effects. This article reviews the cardiovascular effects of PPARs, with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists in combating metabolic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai San Cheang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Ham SA, Yoo T, Hwang JS, Kang ES, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Park C, Kim JH, Do JT, Lim DS, Seo HG. Ligand-activated PPARδ modulates the migration and invasion of melanoma cells by regulating Snail expression. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:674-682. [PMID: 25520859 PMCID: PMC4266703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ is implicated in the carcinogenesis of several types of cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of PPARδ ligands against cancer progression is unclear. Here, we showed that PPARδ modulates the migration and invasion of melanoma cells by up-regulating Snail expression. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand for PPARδ, significantly increased the migration and invasion of highly metastatic A375SM cells, but not that of low metastatic A375P cells. The migration- and invasion-promoting effects of PPARδ on A375SM cells was associated with increased Snail expression, which was accompanied by a decrease in E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, a significant concentration- and time-dependent increase in the levels of Snail mRNA and protein was observed in A375SM cells (but not A375P cells) treated with GW501516. The effects of GW501516 were almost completely abrogated by a small interfering RNA against PPARδ, suggesting that PPARδ mediates the effects of GW501516. Activation of PPARδ in SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-5 (but not SK-MEL-3) melanoma cell lines also led to significant increases in the expression of Snail mRNA and protein, which mirrored the invasive and migratory potential of these cell lines. These results suggest that PPARδ promotes the aggressive phenotype observed in highly metastatic melanoma cells by up-regulating Snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Ham
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yoo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Shin Paek
- Department of Nursing, Semyung University65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University30 Beolmal-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Cheang WS, Fang X, Tian XY. Pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and δ in vascular diseases. Circ J 2013; 77:2664-71. [PMID: 24107399 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and delta (PPARδ) are nuclear receptors that have significant physiological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Experimental studies in animal models of metabolic disease have demonstrated their effects on improving lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and reducing inflammatory responses. PPARγ and -δ are also expressed in the vasculature and their beneficial effects have been examined in various cardiovascular disease models such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic vascular complications, etc. using pharmacological ligands or genetic tools including viral vectors and transgenic mice. These studies suggest that PPARγ and δ are antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and antifibrotic against vascular diseases. Several signaling pathways, effector molecules, as well as coactivators/repressors have been identified as responsible for the protective effects of PPARγ and -δ in the vasculature. We discuss the pleiotropic effect of PPARγ and δ in vascular dysfunction, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular remodeling, vascular injury, and diabetic vasculopathy, in various animal models, and the major underlying mechanisms. We also compare the phenotypes of several endothelial cell/vascular smooth muscle-specific PPARγ and -δ knockout and overexpressing transgenic mice in various disease models, and the implications underlying the functional importance of vascular PPARγ and δ in regulating whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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23
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Yuan H, Lu J, Xiao J, Upadhyay G, Umans R, Kallakury B, Yin Y, Fant ME, Kopelovich L, Glazer RI. PPARδ induces estrogen receptor-positive mammary neoplasia through an inflammatory and metabolic phenotype linked to mTOR activation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4349-61. [PMID: 23811944 PMCID: PMC3723355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) regulates a multitude of physiological processes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. One or more of these processes are potential risk factors for the ability of PPARδ agonists to promote tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. In this study, we describe a new transgenic mouse model in which activation of PPARδ in the mammary epithelium by endogenous or synthetic ligands resulted in progressive histopathologic changes that culminated in the appearance of estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-positive and ErbB2-negative infiltrating ductal carcinomas. Multiparous mice presented with mammary carcinomas after a latency of 12 months, and administration of the PPARδ ligand GW501516 reduced tumor latency to 5 months. Histopathologic changes occurred concurrently with an increase in an inflammatory, invasive, metabolic, and proliferative gene signature, including expression of the trophoblast gene, Plac1, beginning 1 week after GW501516 treatment, and remained elevated throughout tumorigenesis. The appearance of malignant changes correlated with a pronounced increase in phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid metabolites, which coincided with activation of Akt and mTOR signaling that were attenuated by treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Our findings are the first to show a direct role of PPARδ in the pathogenesis of mammary tumorigenesis, and suggest a rationale for therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, erbB-2
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- PPAR delta/genetics
- PPAR delta/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Geeta Upadhyay
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | | | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Yuhzi Yin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Michael E. Fant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development and Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
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24
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Albanese C, Rodriguez OC, VanMeter J, Fricke ST, Rood BR, Lee Y, Wang SS, Madhavan S, Gusev Y, Petricoin EF, Wang Y. Preclinical magnetic resonance imaging and systems biology in cancer research: current applications and challenges. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:312-8. [PMID: 23219428 PMCID: PMC3969503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biologically accurate mouse models of human cancer have become important tools for the study of human disease. The anatomical location of various target organs, such as brain, pancreas, and prostate, makes determination of disease status difficult. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, can greatly enhance diagnosis, and longitudinal imaging of tumor progression is an important source of experimental data. Even in models where the tumors arise in areas that permit visual determination of tumorigenesis, longitudinal anatomical and functional imaging can enhance the scope of studies by facilitating the assessment of biological alterations, (such as changes in angiogenesis, metabolism, cellular invasion) as well as tissue perfusion and diffusion. One of the challenges in preclinical imaging is the development of infrastructural platforms required for integrating in vivo imaging and therapeutic response data with ex vivo pathological and molecular data using a more systems-based multiscale modeling approach. Further challenges exist in integrating these data for computational modeling to better understand the pathobiology of cancer and to better affect its cure. We review the current applications of preclinical imaging and discuss the implications of applying functional imaging to visualize cancer progression and treatment. Finally, we provide new data from an ongoing preclinical drug study demonstrating how multiscale modeling can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of cancer biology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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25
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Sirajuddin P, Das S, Ringer L, Rodriguez OC, Sivakumar A, Lee YC, Üren A, Fricke ST, Rood B, Ozcan A, Wang SS, Karam S, Yenugonda V, Salinas P, Petricoin E, Pishvaian M, Lisanti MP, Wang Y, Schlegel R, Moasser B, Albanese C. Quantifying the CDK inhibitor VMY-1-103's activity and tissue levels in an in vivo tumor model by LC-MS/MS and by MRI. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3801-9. [PMID: 22983062 PMCID: PMC3495823 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new small molecule-based therapeutic drugs requires accurate quantification of drug bioavailability, biological activity and treatment efficacy. Rapidly measuring these endpoints is often hampered by the lack of efficient assay platforms with high sensitivity and specificity. Using an in vivo model system, we report a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify the bioavailability of a recently developed novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor VMY-1-103, a purvalanol B-based analog whose biological activity is enhanced via dansylation. We developed a rapid organic phase extraction technique and validated wide and functional VMY-1-103 distribution in various mouse tissues, consistent with its enhanced potency previously observed in a variety of human cancer cell lines. More importantly, in vivo MRI and single voxel proton MR-Spectroscopy further established that VMY-1-103 inhibited disease progression and affected key metabolites in a mouse model of hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sirajuddin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Kundu J, Wahab SMR, Kundu JK, Choi YL, Erkin OC, Lee HS, Park SG, Shin YK. Tob1 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by activating Smad4 and inhibiting β‑catenin signaling. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:839-48. [PMID: 22710759 PMCID: PMC3582759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transducer of ErbB-2.1 (Tob1), a tumor suppressor protein, is inactivated in a variety of cancers including stomach cancer. However, the role of Tob1 in gastric carcinogenesis remains elusive. The present study aimed to investigate whether Tob1 could inhibit gastric cancer progression in vitro, and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. We found differential expression of Tob1 in human gastric cancer (MKN28, AGS and MKN1) cells. The overexpression of Tob1 induced apoptosis in MKN28 and AGS cells, which was associated with sub-G1 arrest, activation of caspase-3, induction of Bax, inhibition of Bcl-2 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, Tob1 inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion, which were reversed in MKN1 and AGS cells transfected with Tob1 siRNA. Overexpression of Tob1 in MKN28 and AGS cells induced the expression of Smad4, leading to the increased expression and the promoter activity of p15, which was diminished by silencing of Tob1 using specific siRNA. Tob1 decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in MKN28 and AGS cells, resulting in the reduced protein expression and the transcriptional activity of β‑catenin, which in turn decreased the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and peroxisome proliferator and activator receptor-δ (PPARδ). Conversely, silencing of Tob1 induced the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, and increased the expression of β‑catenin and its target genes. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the overexpression of Tob1 inhibits gastric cancer progression by activating Smad4- and inhibiting β‑catenin-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthika Kundu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Hack K, Reilly L, Palmer C, Read KD, Norval S, Kime R, Booth K, Foerster J. Skin-targeted inhibition of PPAR β/δ by selective antagonists to treat PPAR β/δ-mediated psoriasis-like skin disease in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37097. [PMID: 22606335 PMCID: PMC3351437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that peroxisome proliferator activating receptor ß/δ (PPAR β/δ is overexpressed in psoriasis. PPAR β/δ is not present in adult epidermis of mice. Targeted expression of PPAR β/δ and activation by a selective synthetic agonist is sufficient to induce an inflammatory skin disease resembling psoriasis. Several signalling pathways dysregulated in psoriasis are replicated in this model, suggesting that PPAR β/δ activation contributes to psoriasis pathogenesis. Thus, inhibition of PPAR β/δ might harbour therapeutical potential. Since PPAR β/δ has pleiotropic functions in metabolism, skin-targeted inhibition offer the potential of reducing systemic adverse effects. Here, we report that three selective PPAR β/δ antagonists, GSK0660, compound 3 h, and GSK3787 can be formulated for topical application to the skin and that their skin concentration can be accurately quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/mass spectrometry. These antagonists show efficacy in our transgenic mouse model in reducing psoriasis-like changes triggered by activation of PPAR β/δ. PPAR β/δ antagonists GSK0660 and compound 3 do not exhibit systemic drug accumulation after prolonged application to the skin, nor do they induce inflammatory or irritant changes. Significantly, the irreversible PPAR β/δ antagonist (GSK3787) retains efficacy when applied topically only three times per week which could be of practical clinical usefulness. Our data suggest that topical inhibition of PPAR β/δ to treat psoriasis may warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hack
- Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Louise Reilly
- Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Colin Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Robert Kime
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Kally Booth
- Medical School Biological Resource Unit, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing
| | - John Foerster
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
- Education Division, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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28
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Yuan H, Upadhyay G, Yin Y, Kopelovich L, Glazer RI. Stem cell antigen-1 deficiency enhances the chemopreventive effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ activation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:51-60. [PMID: 21955520 PMCID: PMC3252486 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, Ly6A) is a glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that was identified as a murine marker of bone marrow stem cells. Although Sca-1 is widely used to enrich for stem and progenitor cells in various tissues, little is known about its function and associated signaling pathways in normal and malignant cells. Here, we report that the absence of Sca-1 in the mammary gland resulted in higher levels of PPARγ and PTEN, and a reduction of pSer84PPARγ, pERK1/2, and PPARδ. This phenotype correlated with markedly increased sensitivity of Sca-1 null mice to PPARγ agonist GW7845 and insensitivity to PPARδ agonist GW501516. Reduction of Sca-1 expression in mammary tumor cells by RNA interference resulted in a phenotype similar to the Sca-1 deficient mammary gland, as evidenced by increased PPARγ expression and transcriptional activity, resulting in part from a lesser susceptibility to proteasomal degradation. These data implicate Sca-1 as a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor effects of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Geeta Upadhyay
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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29
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Wang L, Mezencev R, Bowen NJ, Matyunina LV, McDonald JF. Isolation and characterization of stem-like cells from a human ovarian cancer cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:257-68. [PMID: 22160925 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the existence of a subpopulation of cancer cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into diverse cell lineages. These cancer stem-like or cancer-initiating cells (CICs) also demonstrate resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and may function as a primary source of cancer recurrence. We report here on the isolation and in vitro propagation of multicellular ovarian cancer spheroids from a well-established ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR-3). The spheroid-derived cells (SDCs) display self-renewal potential, the ability to produce differentiated progeny, and increased expression of genes previously associated with CICs. SDCs also demonstrate higher invasiveness, migration potential, and enhanced resistance to standard anticancer agents relative to parental OVCAR-3 cells. Furthermore, SDCs display up-regulation of genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), anticancer drug resistance and/or decreased susceptibility to apoptosis, as well as, down-regulation of genes typically associated with the epithelial cell phenotype and pro-apoptotic genes. Pathway and biological process enrichment analyses indicate significant differences between the SDCs and precursor OVCAR-3 cells in TGF-beta-dependent induction of EMT, regulation of lipid metabolism, NOTCH and Hedgehog signaling. Collectively, our results indicate that these SDCs will be a useful model for the study of ovarian CICs and for the development of novel CIC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Ovarian Cancer Institute and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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30
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Pollock CB, Yin Y, Yuan H, Zeng X, King S, Li X, Kopelovich L, Albanese C, Glazer RI. PPARδ activation acts cooperatively with 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 to enhance mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16215. [PMID: 21297860 PMCID: PMC3020974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ) is a transcription factor that is associated with metabolic gene regulation and inflammation. It has been implicated in tumor promotion and in the regulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1). PDK1 is a key regulator of the AGC protein kinase family, which includes the proto-oncogene AKT/PKB implicated in several malignancies, including breast cancer. To assess the role of PDK1 in mammary tumorigenesis and its interaction with PPARδ, transgenic mice were generated in which PDK1 was expressed in mammary epithelium under the control of the MMTV enhancer/promoter region. Transgene expression increased pT308AKT and pS9GSK3β, but did not alter phosphorylation of mTOR, 4EBP1, ribosomal protein S6 and PKCα. The transgenic mammary gland also expressed higher levels of PPARδ and a gene expression profile resembling wild-type mice maintained on a diet containing the PPARδ agonist, GW501516. Both wild-type and transgenic mice treated with GW501516 exhibited accelerated rates of tumor formation that were more pronounced in transgenic animals. GW501516 treatment was accompanied by a distinct metabolic gene expression and metabolomic signature that was not present in untreated animals. GW501516-treated transgenic mice expressed higher levels of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolites than treated wild-type mice, suggesting the involvement of PDK1 in enhancing PPARδ-driven energy metabolism. These results reveal that PPARδ activation elicits a distinct metabolic and metabolomic profile in tumors that is in part related to PDK1 and AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire B. Pollock
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Sruthi King
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development and Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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