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Olarte-Castillo XA, Goodman LB, Whittaker GR. Molecular detection using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing reveals cross-species transmission of feline coronavirus type-1 between a domestic cat and a captive wild felid. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0006124. [PMID: 39158411 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00061-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection normally causes mild or subclinical signs and is common in domestic cats. However, in some cats, FCoV infection can also lead to the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)-a typically lethal disease. FCoV has two serotypes or genotypes, FCoV-1 and FCoV-2, both of which can cause FIP. The main difference between the genotypes is the viral spike (S) protein that determines tropism and pathogenicity, crucial mechanisms in the development of FIP. Subclinical infection and FIP have both been reported in wild felids, including in threatened species. Due to the high genetic variability of the S gene and the technical challenges to sequencing it, detection and characterization of FCoV in wild felids have mainly centered on other more conserved genes. Therefore, the genotype causing FIP in most wild felids remains unknown. Here, we report a retrospective molecular epidemiological investigation of FCoV in a zoological institution in the U.Ss. In 2008, a domestic cat (Felis catus) and a Pallas' cat (Otocolobus manul) sharing the same room succumbed to FIP. Using in situ hybridization, we detected FCoV RNA in different tissues of both felids. Using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing, we detected, sequenced, and characterized the whole genome of the FCoV infecting both felids. Our data show for the first time that FCoV-1 can be transmitted between domestic and wild felids and extends the known host range of FCoV-1. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying the genotype causing FIP, to develop effective control measures. IMPORTANCE Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is highly prevalent in domestic cats worldwide and has also been reported in wild felids, including endangered species, in which it has caused substantial population declines. Characterizing the genetic diversity of FCoV is crucial due to recent reports of novel pathogenic recombinant variants causing high mortality in feral cats in Cyprus. In this retrospective molecular epidemiology study, we used archived samples collected in a zoological institution in the U.S. in which a domestic and a wild felid succumbed to FCoV. Using hybridization capture (HC) and next-generation sequencing, we show for the first time that FCoV can be naturally transmitted between domestic and wild felids. We demonstrate the efficacy of HC for detecting and sequencing the whole genome of FCoV, which is essential to characterize its different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cornell Feline Health Center, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Diriba WW, Gebremedhin EZ. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices towards canine visceral leishmaniasis based on the one health concept in Weliso and Ejaji Towns, Oromia, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20765. [PMID: 38007526 PMCID: PMC10676349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a significant vector-borne Meta zoonotic disease caused by agents of the L. donovani complex. The disease is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine female sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia in the old and new worlds, respectively. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the residents about CVL based on the One Health concept in two towns of the Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2019 and September 2020, using an interview questionnaire as the study instrument. The study participants were selected through a simple random sampling method. Pearson's Chi-square and logistic regression tests were used to evaluate the association between the study participants' knowledge, attitude, and practices toward CVL and possible risk factors. The study included a total of 400 participants, and the results indicated that 77.25% had good knowledge, 60.5% had a favorable attitude, and 59.25% had good practices toward CVL. The town of Ejaji and dog ownership were significantly associated with good knowledge (p = 0.001), and attitude (p = 0.001) towards CVL, while having a dog (p = 0.001), having a diploma (p = 0.019) or degree and above (0.018), being divorced or widowed (0.012), and being Oromo (p = 0.013) were all significantly associated with good CVL practice. Most participants in both study areas had good knowledge but moderate attitudes and practices toward CVL. Therefore, it is crucial to undertake comprehensive community health education and awareness programs of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis and its vectors based on the One Health concept through various means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weraka Weya Diriba
- Department of Resource Development and Income Generation Directorate, Ambo University, Main Campus, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
| | - Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, Mamo Mezemir Campus, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Hu GM, Tai YC, Chen CM. Unraveling the evolutionary patterns and phylogenomics of coronaviruses: A consensus network approach. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29233. [PMID: 38009694 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the significance of studying coronaviruses (CoVs). This study investigates the evolutionary patterns of 350 CoVs using four structural proteins (S, E, M, and N) and introduces a consensus methodology to construct a comprehensive phylogenomic network. Our clustering of CoVs into 4 genera is consistent with the current CoV classification. Additionally, we calculate network centrality measures to identify CoV strains with significant average weighted degree and betweenness centrality values, with a specific focus on RaTG13 in the beta genus and NGA/A116E7/2006 in the gamma genus. We compare the phylogenetics of CoVs using our distance-based approach and the character-based model with IQ-TREE. Both methods yield largely consistent outcomes, indicating the reliability of our consensus approach. However, it is worth mentioning that our consensus method achieves an approximate 5000-fold increase in speed compared to IQ-TREE when analyzing the data set of 350 CoVs. This improved efficiency enhances the feasibility of conducting large-scale phylogenomic studies on CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Ming Hu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Tai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Li N, Bai Y, Liu R, Guo Z, Yan X, Xiang K, Liu F, Zhao L, Ge J. Prevalence and genetic diversity of canine coronavirus in northeastern China during 2019-2021. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101956. [PMID: 36804645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is associated with diarrhea in dogs, with a high incidence and sometimes even death. However, there is currently limited information about its prevalence and molecular characterization in northeastern China. Therefore, in this study, we examined 325 canine fecal specimens in four provinces in northeastern China from 2019 to 2021. PCR results revealed that 57 out of 325 (17.5%) samples were found to be positive for CCoV, and the positive rate varies obviously with city, season, age and so on. High incidence (65%) of viral co-infection was detected in the diarrhea samples and mixed infection of distinct CCoV genotypes occurs extensively. More importantly, sequence analysis showed that the S gene has a strong mutation. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CCoV-I and CCoV-II strains has different origins. In particular, we found the CCoV-IIa strains of S gene sequenced and the reference strain B906_ZJ_2019 were highly clustered, and the reference strain was a recombinant strain of CCoV-I and CCoV-II. Our findings provide useful orienting clues for evaluating the pathogenic potential of CCoV in canines, and point out more details on characterization in northeastern China. Further work is required to determine the significance and continuous genetic evolution of CCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuowa Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runhang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xin Yan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Kongrui Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China.
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Gao YY, Wang Q, Liang XY, Zhang S, Bao D, Zhao H, Li SB, Wang K, Hu GX, Gao FS. An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes. Virus Res 2023; 326:199059. [PMID: 36731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) includes two biotypes: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Although both biotypes can infect cats, their pathogenicities differ. The FIPV biotype is more virulent than the FECV biotype and can cause peritonitis or even death in cats, while most FECV biotypes do not cause lesions. Even pathogenic strains of the FECV biotype can cause only mild enteritis because of their very low virulence. This article reviews recent progress in FCoV research with regard to FCoV etiological characteristics; epidemiology; clinical symptoms and pathological changes; pathogenesis; and current diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for further research on FCoV and other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Di Bao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shao-Bai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Xuefu Street 10, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; The Dalian Gene and Protein Engineering for Drug Screening Key Laboratory, Dalian 116622, China.
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Al‐Hashimi OTM, AL‐Ansari WIA, Abbas SA, Jumaa DS, Hammad SA, Hammoudi FA, Allawi AAD. The sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 rapid anti-gene test in comparison to RT-PCR test as a gold standard test. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24844. [PMID: 36725342 PMCID: PMC9978065 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a modern infectious disease, first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The etiology is via severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in a pandemic manner. The study aimed to compare between RT-PCR and rapid anti-gene tests for COVID-19 with regard to sensitivity and specificity. METHODS This is a cohort hospital-based study done during the period of July to September 2020. Both rapid anti-gene test kit (SARS-CoV-2) and RT-qPCR were used for the detection of COVID-19 in suspected cases. RESULTS A total of 148 cases were tested using both the RT-qPCR and rapid test. Twenty-nine (19.6%) of these cases had positive results for RT-qPCR and 119 (80.4%) were negative, whereas 52 (35.1%) patients were positive to rapid anti-gene test and 96 (64.9%) of them negative. The sensitivity of the rapid test was 37.9%, the specificity was 65.5% and the accuracy was 64.44%. Rapid IgG test was positive in 47 (31.8) of cases. Although, rapid IgM test was positive in 18 (12.2%). The rapid IgG test was more sensitive than rapid IgM (Sensitivity 34.48% vs. 3.45%), but it was less specific than rapid IgM test (Specificity 68.91% vs. 85.71%). CONCLUSION We cannot consider rapid anti-gene test alone as a diagnostic method for COVID-19. We should also conduct RT-PCR test and other investigations like imaging CT scan of chest to confirm the diagnosis. The rapid IgG test is more sensitive than rapid IgM, but it was less specific.
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7
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Development of Colorimetric Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detecting Feline Coronavirus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162075. [PMID: 36009664 PMCID: PMC9405184 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline coronavirus infecting domestic cats can cause feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal infectious disease. Several relevant clinical diagnoses and molecular methods are complicated and often ambiguous for veterinarians. In this work developed a rapid, sensitive, specific, and easy-to-visualize colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay with a novel LAMP primer set that has high specificity was developed using neutral red as an indicator dye. This proposed procedure could reliably detect FCoV RNA from effusion fluids comparable to the conventional PCR method. Considering these advantages, the RT-LAMP developed here has great potential on FIP-associated FCoV surveillance. Together with other sophisticated molecular diagnostic tools, this method can further be exploited in clinical laboratories to inspect suspected cats with effusive FIP. Abstract Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a worldwide fatal disease caused by a mutant feline coronavirus (FCoV). Simple and efficient molecular detection methods are needed. Here, sensitive, specific, rapid, and reliable colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed to detect the ORF1a/1b gene of FCoV from cats with suspected FIP using neutral red as an indicator. Novel LAMP primers were specifically designed based on the gene of interest. The isothermal assay could visually detect FCoV at 58 °C for 50 min. The RT-LAMP assay was highly specific and had no cross-reactivity with other related feline viruses. The detection limit of FCoV detection by RT-LAMP was 20 fg/µL. A blind clinical test (n = 81) of the developed RT-LAMP procedure was in good agreement with the conventional PCR method. In the light of its performance specificity, sensitivity, and easy visualization, this neutral-red-based RT-LAMP approach would be a fruitful alternative molecular diagnostic tool for veterinary inspection of FCoV when combined with nucleotide sequencing or specific PCR to affirm the highly virulent FIP-associated FCoV.
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Carossino M, Del Piero F, Lee J, Needle DB, Levine JM, Riis RR, Maes R, Wise AG, Mullaney K, Ferracone J, Langohr IM. Relationship between Uveal Inflammation and Viral Detection in 30 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080883. [PMID: 36015004 PMCID: PMC9415852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus is the most common infectious cause of uveitis in cats. Confirmatory diagnosis is usually only reached at postmortem examination. The relationship between the histologic inflammatory pattern, which depends on the stage of the disease, and the likelihood of detection of the viral antigen and/or RNA has not been investigated. We hypothesized that viral detection rate by either immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization or RT-qPCR is dependent upon the predominant type of uveal inflammatory response (i.e., pyogranulomatous vs. plasmacytic). Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate cases of FIP-induced uveitis, localize the viral antigen and RNA, and assess the relationship between the inflammatory pattern (macrophage- vs. plasma cell-rich) and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and/or RNA. We evaluated 30 cats with FIP-induced uveitis. The viral antigen and/or RNA were detected within uveal macrophages in 11/30 cases, of which 8 tested positive by RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis determined a weak to moderate but significant negative correlation between the degree of plasmacytic uveal inflammation and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and RNA. This study suggests that predominance of plasmacytic inflammation in cases of FIP uveitis reduces the odds of a confirmatory diagnosis through the viral detection methods available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeongha Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David B. Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ronald R. Riis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Annabel G. Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keenan Mullaney
- Washtenaw Technical Middle College, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ferracone
- PennVet New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150+10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT-PCR protocol. We detected CoV-related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT-PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoBrazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- Secretaria Estadual de AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
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10
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150 10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT-PCR protocol. We detected CoV-related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT-PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoBrazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil,Secretaria Estadual de AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
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11
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Yang H, Peng Q, Lang Y, Du S, Cao S, Wu R, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wen Y, Lin J, Zhao S, Yan Q. Phylogeny, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Canine and Feline Coronaviruses: A Retro-Prospective Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:850516. [PMID: 35558134 PMCID: PMC9087556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) and feline coronavirus (FCoV) are endemic in companion animals. Due to their high mutation rates and tendencies of genome recombination, they pose potential threats to public health. The molecular characteristics and genetic variation of both CCoV and FCoV have been thoroughly studied, but their origin and evolutionary dynamics still require further assessment. In the present study, we applied a comprehensive approach and analyzed the S, M, and N genes of different CCoV/FCoV isolates. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analysis showed that the FCoV sequences from Chinese isolates were closely related to the FCoV clusters in Netherlands, while recombination analysis indicated that of S N-terminal domain (NTD) was the most susceptible region of mutation, and recombination of this region is an important cause of the emergence of new lineages. Natural selection showed that CCoV and FCoV subgenotypes were in selection constraints, and CCoV-IIb was in strong positive selection. Phylodynamics showed that the mean evolution rate of S1 genes of CCoV and FCoV was 1.281 × 10–3 and 1.244 × 10–3 subs/site/year, respectively, and the tMRCA of CCoV and FCoV was about 1901 and 1822, respectively. Taken together, our study centered on tracing the origin of CCoV/FCoV and provided ample insights into the phylogeny and evolution of canine and feline coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianling Peng
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - SenYan Du
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - SanJie Cao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Petrillo M, Querci M, Brogna C, Ponti J, Cristoni S, Markov PV, Valsesia A, Leoni G, Benedetti A, Wiss T, Van den Eede G. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 bacteriophage potential in human gut microbiota. F1000Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.109236.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In previous studies we have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates in vitro in bacterial growth medium, that the viral replication follows bacterial growth, and it is influenced by the administration of specific antibiotics. These observations are compatible with a ‘bacteriophage-like’ behaviour of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We have further elaborated on these unusual findings and here we present the results of three different supplementary experiments: (1) an electron-microscope analysis of samples of bacteria obtained from a faecal sample of a subject positive to SARS-CoV-2; (2) mass spectrometric analysis of these cultures to assess the eventual de novo synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; (3) sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 collected from plaques obtained from two different gut microbial bacteria inoculated with supernatant from faecal microbiota of an individual positive to SARS-CoV-2. Results: Immuno-labelling with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antibody confirmed presence of SARS-CoV-2 both outside and inside bacteria. De novo synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was observed, as evidence that SARS-CoV-2 RNA is translated in the bacterial cultures. In addition, phage-like plaques were spotted on faecal bacteria cultures after inoculation with supernatant from faecal microbiota of an individual positive to SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatic analyses on the reads obtained by sequencing RNA extracted from the plaques revealed nucleic acid polymorphisms, suggesting different replication environment in the two bacterial cultures. Conclusions: Based on these results we conclude that, in addition to its well-documented interactions with eukaryotic cells, SARS-CoV-2 may act as a bacteriophage when interacting with at least two bacterial species known to be present in the human microbiota. If the hypothesis proposed, i.e., that under certain conditions SARS-CoV-2 may multiply at the expense of human gut bacteria, is further substantiated, it would drastically change the model of acting and infecting of SARS-CoV-2, and most likely that of other human pathogenic viruses.
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13
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Known Cellular and Receptor Interactions of Animal and Human Coronaviruses: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020351. [PMID: 35215937 PMCID: PMC8878323 DOI: 10.3390/v14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review all currently known interactions between animal and human coronaviruses and their cellular receptors. Over the past 20 years, three novel coronaviruses have emerged that have caused severe disease in humans, including SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2); therefore, a deeper understanding of coronavirus host-cell interactions is essential. Receptor-binding is the first stage in coronavirus entry prior to replication and can be altered by minor changes within the spike protein-the coronavirus surface glycoprotein responsible for the recognition of cell-surface receptors. The recognition of receptors by coronaviruses is also a major determinant in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis and acts as a key target for host-immune surveillance and other potential intervention strategies. We aim to highlight the need for a continued in-depth understanding of this subject area following on from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with the possibility for more zoonotic transmission events. We also acknowledge the need for more targeted research towards glycan-coronavirus interactions as zoonotic spillover events from animals to humans, following an alteration in glycan-binding capability, have been well-documented for other viruses such as Influenza A.
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14
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Shehata AA, Attia YA, Rahman MT, Basiouni S, El-Seedi HR, Azhar EI, Khafaga AF, Hafez HM. Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030378. [PMID: 35158701 PMCID: PMC8833600 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coronaviruses are a broad group of viruses that may infect a wide range of animals, including humans. Despite the fact that each coronavirus has a limited host range, frequent interspecies transmission of coronaviruses across diverse hosts has resulted in a complex ecology. The recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus is the clearest evidence of the danger of a global pandemic spreading. Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in a variety of domestic and wild animals, which may complicate the virus’s epidemiology and influence its development. In this review, we discussed the potential determinants of SARS-CoV-2 interspecies transmission. Additionally, despite the efforts that have been made to control this pandemic and to implement the One Health policy, several problems, such as the role of animals in SARS-CoV-2 evolution and the dynamics of interspecies transmission, are still unanswered. Abstract In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit—BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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15
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Barroso R, Vieira-Pires A, Antunes A, Fidalgo-Carvalho I. Susceptibility of Pets to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons from a Seroepidemiologic Survey of Cats and Dogs in Portugal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:345. [PMID: 35208799 PMCID: PMC8879010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) are positive single-stranded RNA viruses known to infect mammals. In 2019, a novel zoonotic β-CoV emerged, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2. Although the most frequent SARS-CoV-2 transmission route is within humans, spillover from humans to domestic and wild animals has been reported, including cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and minks (Neovision vision). In order to understand the potential role of domestic animals in SARS-CoV-2 global transmission, as well their susceptibility to infection, a seroepidemiologic survey of cats and dogs in Portugal was conducted. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 15/69 (21.74%) cats and 7/148 (4.73%) dogs. Of the SARS-CoV-2 seropositive animals, 11/22 (50.00%) were possibly infected by human-to-animal transmission, and 5/15 (33.33%) cats were probably infected by cat-to-cat transmission. Moreover, one dog tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Data suggest that cats and dogs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in natural conditions. Hence, a one-health approach is crucial in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to understand the risk factors beyond infection in a human-animal environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barroso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Alexandre Vieira-Pires
- Equigerminal, S.A., Rua Eduardo Correia, n°13 lote 20.12, 3030-507 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.V.-P.); (I.F.-C.)
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB, PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB) and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (III UC), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fidalgo-Carvalho
- Equigerminal, S.A., Rua Eduardo Correia, n°13 lote 20.12, 3030-507 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.V.-P.); (I.F.-C.)
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universitário, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Tian Z, Pan Q, Zheng M, Deng Y, Guo P, Cong F, Hu X. Molecular characterization of the FCoV-like canine coronavirus HLJ-071 in China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:364. [PMID: 34838001 PMCID: PMC8626285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to the differences of antigen and genetic composition, canine coronavirus (CCoV) consists of two genotypes, CCoV-I and CCoV-II. Since 2004, CCoVs with point mutations or deletions of NSPs are contributing to the changes in tropism and virulence in dogs. Results In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-071, from a dead 5-week-old female Welsh Corgi with severe diarrhea and vomit. Sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-071 bearing a complete ORF3abc compared with classic CCoV isolates (1-71, K378 and S378). In addition, a variable region was located between S gene and ORF 3a gene, in which a deletion with 104 nts for HLJ-071 when compared with classic CCoV strains 1-71, S378 and K378. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene and complete sequences showed that HLJ-071 was closely related to FCoV II. Recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-071 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683, FCoV DF2 and CCoV A76. Finally, according to cell tropism experiments, it suggested that HLJ-071 could replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes cells. Conclusion The present study involved the isolation and genetic characterization of a variant CCoV strain and spike protein and ORF3abc of CCoV might play a key role in viral tropism, which could affect the replication in monocyte/macrophage cells. It will provide essential information for further understanding the evolution in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03073-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhige Tian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China. .,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China.
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17
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Zandi M, Hosseini P, Soltani S, Rasooli A, Moghadami M, Nasimzadeh S, Behnezhad F. The role of lipids in the pathophysiology of coronavirus infections. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021; 12:278-285. [PMID: 34719219 PMCID: PMC8561023 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses, which have been known to cause diseases in animals since the 1930s, utilize cellular components during their replication cycle. Lipids play important roles in viral infection, as coronaviruses target cellular lipids and lipid metabolism to modify their host cells to become an optimal environment for viral replication. Therefore, lipids can be considered as potential targets for the development of antiviral agents. This review provides an overview of the roles of cellular lipids in different stages of the life cycle of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Rasooli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Moghadami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nasimzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Suharsono H, Mukti AG, Suryana K, Tenaya IWM, Pradana DK, Daly G, Pujasakti MP. Preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 on pets in pandemic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:2979-2983. [PMID: 35017847 PMCID: PMC8743777 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2979-2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread rapidly globally, resulting in a pandemic. In humans, the main routes of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or through contact with an object infected with the virus, followed by touching mouth, nose, or eyes. It is assumed that SARS-CoV-2 was originated in wild animals and was then transmitted to humans. Although some wildlife and domestic animals can be naturally or experimentally infected with the virus, the intermediate hosts that transmitted it to humans are still unknown. Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 associated with possible zoonotic transmission of intermediate hosts is considered critical. Reportedly, cats or dogs living with COVID-19-positive humans tested positive for the disease, suggesting that the virus was transmitted to the animals from humans. Information regarding the epidemiological investigation and comprehensive studies is limited. Therefore, it is still unclear how high is the correlation of infection in humans and pet animals, especially those living together. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pets of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at the Wangaya hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of seven clinically asymptomatic pets (six dogs of different races and sexes and a cat [age, 360-2920 days]) were included in this study. These animals belonged to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from August to November 2020. Nasal swab and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from the pets individually under anesthetic condition and were collected 6-12 days after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in owners and hospitalization at the Wangaya Hospital. The swab samples were then processed for RNA isolation and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, in accordance with the World Health Organization manual 2020. RESULTS RT-PCR results for all seven RNA samples, prepared from the swab samples, were negative. For the samples, all PCR products were below the threshold limit, suggesting no genetic material belonging to the samples tested. CONCLUSION This was the first preliminary study of COVID-19 on pets in pandemic using RT-PCR. The study tested a very limited quantity of samples, and all of them were negative. However, the way in which the samples were prepared was considered appropriate. Therefore, in further studies, testing of more samples of pets of more individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamong Suharsono
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Udayana University of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ali Ghufron Mukti
- Research and Innovation Consortium for COVID-19, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency of Research and Innovation, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Suryana
- Department of Internal Medicine at Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Guy Daly
- Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Mochamad Panji Pujasakti
- International Coordinating Research, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency of Research and Innovation, Jakarta, Indonesia
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19
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Pomorska-Mól M, Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Gogulski M, Ruszkowski JJ, Kubiak M, Kuriga A, Barket P, Postrzech M. A cross-sectional retrospective study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in domestic cats, dogs and rabbits in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:322. [PMID: 34620166 PMCID: PMC8495444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) have long been known to cause infection in domestic and free-living birds and mammals including humans. The zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 and the biological properties of CoVs, including ability to cross interspecies barriers, enable its emergence in populations of various animals, including companion animals (cats, dogs, rabbits) an area requiring further study. To date, several cases of cats and dogs positive for SARS-CoV-2 and/or specific antibodies have been described. The aim of our cross-sectional retrospective study is to determine seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic dog, cat and rabbit population during recent COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Results In total, serum samples from 279 cats and 343 dogs and 29 rabbits were used in the study. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs reached 1.79% (95% CI: 0.77 – 4.13) and 1.17% (95% CI 0.45 – 2.96), respectively (p ≥ 0.05). Anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 5 cats (mean S/P% 106 ± 48.23) and 4 dogs (mean S/P% 78.5 ± 16.58). All 29 samples from rabbits were negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. No significant gender or age differences in seroprevalence in dogs and cats (p ≥ 0.05) were found. None of the animals with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies displayed respiratory or gastrointestinal signs at the time of sampling. Conclusions Our results confirmed previous findings that SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals occurs but are not frequent. Future serological testing of large pet population may provide a comprehensive picture of disease dynamics in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub J Ruszkowski
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kubiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Kuriga
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Barket
- Veterinary Clinic Centrum Małych Zwierząt S.C. M. i P. Barket, Przemysl, Poland
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20
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Tuanthap S, Chiteafea N, Rattanasrisomporn J, Choowongkomon K. Comparative sequence analysis of the accessory and nucleocapsid genes of feline coronavirus strains isolated from cats diagnosed with effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2779-2787. [PMID: 34363535 PMCID: PMC8346774 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal infectious disease of domestic cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a mutant type of FCoV that is characterized by causing fibrinous serositis with effusions in the pleural and abdominal cavities (wet form) and/or granulomatous-necrotizing inflammatory lesions in several organs (dry form). There have been numerous studies on FIP worldwide, whereas information about this disease in Thailand is still limited. Most studies involving molecular surveillance and evaluation of FCoV field strains have examined the genetic diversity of the spike and accessory ORF3c coding regions. Of these, the S gene is more divergent and is responsible for the two FCoV serotypes, while ORF3c harbors mutations that result either in early termination or destruction of the protein. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among the current Thai and global FCoV strains in the accessory and nucleocapsid genes using a virus-specific PCR method. Comparative sequence analysis suggested that the Thai FCoV isolates were most closely related to strains reported in the Netherlands, the USA, and China. In the ORF3ab sequences, some Thai strains were more than 99% identical to the DF-2 prototype strain. Truncation of the 3a gene product was found in Thai FCoV strains of group 2. Amino acid deletions were observed in the N, ORF3c, and ORF7b proteins of Thai FCoV sequences. The accessory gene sequence divergence may be responsible for driving the periodic emergence and continued persistence of FCoVs in Thai domestic cat populations. Our findings provide updated information about the molecular characteristics of the accessory and nucleocapsid genes of FCoV strains in circulation that were not previously documented in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Tuanthap
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Natdaroon Chiteafea
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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21
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Basavaraju S, Aswathanarayan JB, Basavegowda M, Somanathan B. Coronavirus: occurrence, surveillance, and persistence in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:508. [PMID: 34302225 PMCID: PMC8300075 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak reported in China in December 2019 has spread throughout the world. The WHO declared it as a pandemic in March 2020. The pandemic severely affected public health and the global economy. Many studies conducted on the coronavirus have helped us to elucidate its pathogenicity and pathophysiology. However, it is important to study the behavior of the pathogen in the environment to develop effective control measures. While studying the persistence and transmission of viruses in drinking water and wastewater systems, a low concentration of coronavirus and its nucleic acids have been detected in municipal wastewaters. This could be due to their high susceptibilities to degradation in aqueous environments. Epidemiological study on coronaviruses in wastewater will serve two purposes, i.e., in early detection of outbreak and in identifying asymptomatic carriers. In such cases, the epidemiological study will help in early detection of the presence of the virus in the community. Secondly, it will help in knowing if there are asymptomatic carriers, as such people do not show any signs of symptoms but shed the viruses in feces. The present review focuses on the epidemiological surveillance of wastewater for coronaviruses, as in recent years these are increasingly causing global pandemics. In this review we have discussed, the four pertinent areas of coronavirus study: (1) occurrence of coronavirus in wastewater, (2) wastewater based epidemiological surveillance of coronaviruses, (3) epidemiological surveillance tools used for detection of coronaviruses in sewage, and (4) persistence and sustainability of coronaviruses in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education, Mysore, 570015, India.
| | - Madhu Basavegowda
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS AHER, Mysore, 570015, India
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22
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2384-2389. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS‐CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS‐CoV‐2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT‐PCR protocol. We detected CoV‐related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT‐PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata da Fontoura Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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23
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Olarte-Castillo XA, Dos Remédios JF, Heeger F, Hofer H, Karl S, Greenwood AD, East ML. The virus-host interface: Molecular interactions of Alphacoronavirus-1 variants from wild and domestic hosts with mammalian aminopeptidase N. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2607-2625. [PMID: 33786949 PMCID: PMC8251223 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Alphacoronavirus‐1 species include viruses that infect numerous mammalian species. To better understand the wide host range of these viruses, better knowledge on the molecular determinants of virus–host cell entry mechanisms in wildlife hosts is essential. We investigated Alphacoronavirus‐1 infection in carnivores using long‐term data on Serengeti spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and molecular analyses guided by the tertiary structure of the viral spike (S) attachment protein's interface with the host receptor aminopeptidase N (APN). We sequenced the complete 3′‐end region of the genome of nine variants from wild African carnivores, plus the APN gene of 15 wild carnivore species. Our results revealed two outbreaks of Alphacoronavirus‐1 infection in spotted hyenas associated with genetically distinct canine coronavirus type II (CCoVII) variants. Within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S gene the residues that directly bind to the APN receptor were conserved in all variants studied, even those infecting phylogenetically diverse host taxa. We identified a variable region within RBD located next to a region that directly interacts with the APN receptor. Two residues within this variable region were under positive selection in hyena variants, indicating that both sites were associated with adaptation of CCoVII to spotted hyena APN. Analysis of APN sequences revealed that most residues that interact with the S protein are conserved in wild carnivores, whereas some adjacent residues are highly variable. Of the variable residues, four that are critical for virus–host binding were under positive selection and may modulate the efficiency of virus attachment to carnivore APN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,ZIBI Interdisciplinary Center for Infection Biology and Immunity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix Heeger
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Karl
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,ZIBI Interdisciplinary Center for Infection Biology and Immunity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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In Vitro Effects of Doxycycline on Replication of Feline Coronavirus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030312. [PMID: 33799985 PMCID: PMC8001410 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a sporadic fatal disease of cats caused by a virulent variant of feline coronavirus (FCoV), referred to as FIP virus (FIPV). Treatment options are limited, and most of the affected cats die or are euthanized. Anecdotally, doxycycline has been used to treat FIP-affected cats, but there are currently no data to support or discourage such treatment. The aim of this study was to establish whether doxycycline inhibits replication of FIPV in vitro. The virus was cultured in Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells with various concentrations of doxycycline (0 to 50 µg/mL). The level of FIPV in cultures was determined by virus titration and FCoV-specific reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Cell viability was also monitored. There was no difference in the level of infectious virus or viral RNA between doxycycline-treated and untreated cultures at 3, 12- and 18-hours post-infection. However, at 24 h, the growth of FIPV was inhibited by approximately two logs in cultures with >10 µg/mL doxycycline. This inhibition was dose-dependent, with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 4.1 µg/mL and IC90 5.4 µg/mL. Our data suggest that doxycycline has some inhibitory effect on FIPV replication in vitro, which supports future clinical trials of its use for the treatment of FIP-affected cats.
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25
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26
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Donnik IM, Popov IV, Sereda SV, Popov IV, Chikindas ML, Ermakov AM. Coronavirus Infections of Animals: Future Risks to Humans. BIOL BULL+ 2021; 48:26-37. [PMID: 33679117 PMCID: PMC7917535 DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have tremendous evolutionary potential, and three major outbreaks of new human coronavirus infections have occurred in the recent history of humankind. In this paper, the patterns of occurrence of new zoonotic coronavirus infections and the role of bioveterinary control in preventing their potential outbreaks in the future are determined. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals is considered. Diverse human activities may trigger various interactions between animal species and their viruses, sometimes causing the emergence of new viral pathogens. In addition, the possibility of using probiotics for the control of viral infections in animals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. M. Donnik
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ig. V. Popov
- Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia ,Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - S. V. Sereda
- Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Il. V. Popov
- Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - M. L. Chikindas
- Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia ,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 08901 New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - A. M. Ermakov
- Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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27
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Fritz M, Rosolen B, Krafft E, Becquart P, Elguero E, Vratskikh O, Denolly S, Boson B, Vanhomwegen J, Gouilh MA, Kodjo A, Chirouze C, Rosolen SG, Legros V, Leroy EM. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets from COVID-19+ households. One Health 2020; 11:100192. [PMID: 33169106 PMCID: PMC7641531 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a survey of household cats and dogs of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, we found a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, ranging from 21% to 53%, depending on the positivity criteria chosen. Seropositivity was significantly greater among pets from COVID-19+ households compared to those with owners of unknown status. Our results highlight the potential role of pets in the spread of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Fritz
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Rosolen
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU hôpital Jean-Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Emilie Krafft
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Pierre Becquart
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Elguero
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Oxana Vratskikh
- Environment and Infectious Risk Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Solène Denolly
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Boson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Environment and Infectious Risk Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie Université, 14000 Caen, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Caen, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Catherine Chirouze
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU hôpital Jean-Minjoz, Besançon, France.,UMR Chrono-Environnement - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Serge G Rosolen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Clinique Vétérinaire Voltaire, Asnières, France
| | - Vincent Legros
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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28
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Shen M, Liu C, Xu R, Ruan Z, Zhao S, Zhang H, Wang W, Huang X, Yang L, Tang Y, Yang T, Jia X. Predicting the Animal Susceptibility and Therapeutic Drugs to SARS-CoV-2 Based on Spike Glycoprotein Combined With ACE2. Front Genet 2020; 11:575012. [PMID: 33193684 PMCID: PMC7645152 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.575012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a few animals have been frequently reported to have been diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Whether they are SARS-CoV-2 intermediate hosts is worthy of great attention. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its acceptor protein ACE2 is an important issue in determining viral host range and cross-species infection, while the binding capacity of Spike protein to ACE2 of different species is unknown. Here, we used the atomic structure model of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 to assess the receptor utilization capacity of ACE2s from 10 kinds of animals. Results show that chimpanzees, domestic cats and cattles are more susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Cats in particular, such as pet cats and stray cats, interact very closely with humans, implying the necessity to carefully evaluate the risk of cats during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, based on ACE2(cats)-SARS-CoV-2-RBD model, through high-throughput screening methods using a pool of 30,000 small molecules, eight compounds were selected for binding free energy calculations. All the eight compounds can effectively interfere with the binding of ACE2 and Spike protein, especially Nelfinavir, providing drug candidates for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting further assessment of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of these compounds in cell culture. Although we only reported the results of the simulation, and more laboratory and epidemiological investigation are required. Like cats are a risk factor, we can further detect SARS-CoV-2 according to the susceptibility of different animals, find the potential host of infection, and completely cut off the living space of the virus. Especially, cats could be a choice of animal model for screening antiviral drugs or vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Run Xu
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijing Ruan
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiying Zhao
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Wang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tai Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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29
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:381-402. [PMID: 32814065 PMCID: PMC7420067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. These include how host genetic factors affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. We reviewed the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, systematically focusing on human studies. We identified 1,832 articles of potential relevance. Seventy-five involved human host genetic factors, 36 of which involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small numbers of research subjects and loci. Three additional case reports were described. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility (seven of which identified protective alleles) and 16 related to outcomes (three of which identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Among other studies, 30 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 178 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, and 984 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis. Previous human studies have been limited by issues that may be less impactful now, including low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods; however, these may raise additional considerations. We outline key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the study of COVID-19. We also discuss how previous studies may direct current lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa LoPresti
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Woźniakowski G, Konopka B, Niemczuk K, Welz M, Rola J, Socha W, Orłowska A, Antas M, Śmietanka K, Cuvelier-Mizak B. Animal Coronaviruses in the Light of COVID-19. J Vet Res 2020; 64:333-345. [PMID: 32984621 PMCID: PMC7497757 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are extremely susceptible to genetic changes due to the characteristic features of the genome structure, life cycle and environmental pressure. Their remarkable variability means that they can infect many different species of animals and cause different disease symptoms. Moreover, in some situations, coronaviruses might be transmitted across species. Although they are commonly found in farm, companion and wild animals, causing clinical and sometimes serious signs resulting in significant economic losses, not all of them have been classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as hazardous and included on the list of notifiable diseases. Currently, only three diseases caused by coronaviruses are on the OIE list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. However, none of these three entails any administrative measures. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infections that have caused the COVID-19 pandemic in humans has proved that the occurrence and variability of coronaviruses is highly underestimated in the animal reservoir and reminded us of the critical importance of the One Health approach. Therefore, domestic and wild animals should be intensively monitored, both to broaden our knowledge of the viruses circulating among them and to understand the mechanisms of the emergence of viruses of relevance to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Director General, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, 00-930Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Marta Antas
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Beata Cuvelier-Mizak
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Abstract
Wild mammalian species, including bats, constitute the natural reservoir of betacoronavirus (including SARS, MERS, and the deadly SARS-CoV-2). Different hosts or host tissues provide different cellular environments, especially different antiviral and RNA modification activities that can alter RNA modification signatures observed in the viral RNA genome. The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) binds specifically to CpG dinucleotides and recruits other proteins to degrade a variety of viral RNA genomes. Many mammalian RNA viruses have evolved CpG deficiency. Increasing CpG dinucleotides in these low-CpG viral genomes in the presence of ZAP consistently leads to decreased viral replication and virulence. Because ZAP exhibits tissue-specific expression, viruses infecting different tissues are expected to have different CpG signatures, suggesting a means to identify viral tissue-switching events. The author shows that SARS-CoV-2 has the most extreme CpG deficiency in all known betacoronavirus genomes. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have evolved in a new host (or new host tissue) with high ZAP expression. A survey of CpG deficiency in viral genomes identified a virulent canine coronavirus (alphacoronavirus) as possessing the most extreme CpG deficiency, comparable with that observed in SARS-CoV-2. This suggests that the canine tissue infected by the canine coronavirus may provide a cellular environment strongly selecting against CpG. Thus, viral surveys focused on decreasing CpG in viral RNA genomes may provide important clues about the selective environments and viral defenses in the original hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.30.20117788. [PMID: 32511629 PMCID: PMC7276057 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. One set of questions involves host genetic factors that may affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, with a systematic focus on human studies. METHODS We conducted a PubMed-based search and analysis for articles relevant to host genetic factors in coronavirus. We categorized articles, summarized themes related to animal studies, and extracted data from human studies for analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,187 articles of potential relevance. Forty-five studies were related to human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, of which 35 involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis on respiratory infections, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small number of research subjects and loci. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility to coronavirus (of which 7 identified protective alleles), and 16 related to outcomes or clinical variables (of which 3 identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Of the other studies, 28 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 174 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 584 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis, 16 involved study of other pathogens (not coronavirus), 321 involved other studies of coronavirus, and 18 studies were assigned to the other categories and removed. KEY FINDINGS We have outlined key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the nascent host genetic factor studies of COVID-19. Previous human studies to date have been limited by issues that may be less impactful on current endeavors, including relatively low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods.
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In Vitro Evaluation of Curcumin-Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus and Pharmacokinetics Study in Cats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3012198. [PMID: 32596292 PMCID: PMC7262662 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3012198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an important feline viral disease, causing an overridden inflammatory response that results in a high mortality rate, primarily in young cats. Curcumin is notable for its biological activities against various viral diseases; however, its poor bioavailability has hindered its potential in therapeutic application. In this study, curcumin was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to improve its bioavailability. Curcumin-encapsulated chitosan (Cur-CS) nanoparticles were synthesised based on the ionic gelation technique and were spherical and cuboidal in shape, with an average particle size of 330 nm and +42 mV in zeta potential. The nanoparticles exerted lower toxicity in Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CrFK) cells and enhanced antiviral activities with a selective index (SI) value three times higher than that of curcumin. Feline-specific bead-based multiplex immunoassay and qPCR were used to examine their modulatory effects on proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin- (IL-) 6, and IL-1β. There were significant decrements in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα expression in both curcumin and Cur-CS nanoparticles. Based on the multiplex immunoassay, curcumin and the Cur-CS nanoparticles could lower the immune-related proteins in FIP virus (FIPV) infection. The single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics profiles of curcumin and the Cur-CS nanoparticles were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Oral delivery of the Cur-CS nanoparticles to cats showed enhanced bioavailability with a maximum plasma concentration (C max) value of 621.5 ng/mL. Incorporating chitosan nanoparticles to deliver curcumin improved the oral bioavailability and antiviral effects of curcumin against FIPV infection. This study provides evidence for the potential of Cur-CS nanoparticles as a supplementary treatment of FIP.
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Goralskii L, Radzіkhovsky N, Dyshkant О, Dunaievska O, Sokulskiy I. Experimental study of tropism in cultivated canine coronavirus in the small intestine of puppies. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The varying extents of natural disease induced by coronavirus in dogs are not completely clear because the pathogenesis of coronavirus enteritis is not studied sufficiently. In this study, based on the results of clinical, virological, morphological and histochemical studies, we determined the pathogenic role of coronavirus in infected dogs using experimental infection, per os, of isolated canine coronavirus (Nick) with titer of infectious activity equaling 4.8 ± 0.04 lg TCID50/cm, cultivated on heterologous cell cultures. This allowed us to determine, supplement, and generalize the data on pathogenesis of the disease and determine the histological changes in the small intestine, where the initial replication of the pathogen takes place. It was found that lesions and the pattern of the pathomorphological changes (destruction, necrosis and edema of the stroma of the villi, lysis of the cytoplasm, deformation of the enterocyte nuclei) in the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs depend on the development of the pathological process related not only to the changes in histoarchitectonics of the wall of the intestine, but also to tension of the histochemical statics, and obviously the dynamic of the cells (accumulation of the main and acidic proteins in enterocytes’ cytoplasm, hypersecretion of the mucus by goblet cells, decrease of Schiff iodine acid-positive substances in the enterocytes’ cytoplasm, formation of basophilous inclusion bodies), which leads to disorders in metabolic processes in the organism of infected dogs as a response to the virus infection. The examined dogs were found to have morphological changes in the small intestine similar to those in spontaneously infected animals. During the action of coronavirus, the contacts between the enterocytes become damaged, which leads to inhibition of the protective functions of the intestine. At the same time, the pathological process in the experimentally infected animals developed rapidly and had an acute course. Thus, coronavirus enteritis as a separate disease is practically unobserved in field conditions, which makes microscopic survey of the pathogenic impact of the latter on the organism of dogs impossible. Therefore, experimental mono-infection allows a detailed study to be conducted of pathomorphological changes of the initial place of the reproduction of the virus – the small intestine affected by coronavirus enteritis.
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Dunbar D, Kwok W, Graham E, Armitage A, Irvine R, Johnston P, McDonald M, Montgomery D, Nicolson L, Robertson E, Weir W, Addie DD. Diagnosis of non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR from mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:910-921. [PMID: 30407137 PMCID: PMC11132236 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18809165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate a feline coronavirus (FCoV) reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) collected in sterile saline for the purpose of diagnosing non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. METHODS First, the ability of the assay to detect viral RNA in MLN FNA preparations compared with MLN biopsy preparations was assessed in matched samples from eight cats. Second, a panel of MLN FNA samples was collected from a series of cats representing non-effusive FIP cases (n = 20), FCoV-seropositive individuals (n = 8) and FCoV-seronegative individuals (n = 18). Disease status of the animals was determined using a combination of gross pathology, histopathology and/or 'FIP profile', consisting of serology, clinical pathology and clinical signs. RESULTS Viral RNA was detected in 18/20 non-effusive FIP cases; it was not detected in two cases that presented with neurological FIP. Samples from 18 seronegative non-FIP control cats and 7/8 samples from seropositive non-FIP control cats contained no detectable viral RNA. Thus, as a method for diagnosing non-effusive FIP, MLN FNA RT-qPCR had an overall sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 96.1%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, RT-qPCR targeting FCoV in MLN FNA can provide important information to support the ante-mortem diagnosis of non-effusive FIP. Importantly, viral RNA can be reliably detected in MLN FNA samples in saline submitted via the national mail service. When applied in combination with biochemistry, haematology and serological tests in cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, the results of this assay may be used to support a diagnosis of non-effusive FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Dunbar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy Kwok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elizabeth Graham
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andy Armitage
- Greenside Veterinary Practice Ltd, Greenside Farm, St Boswells, UK
| | - Richard Irvine
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pamela Johnston
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Lesley Nicolson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - William Weir
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane D Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080743. [PMID: 31412572 PMCID: PMC6723642 DOI: 10.3390/v11080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross-species transmission. In cats, infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are common. Several non-feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect feline cells as well as cats after experimental infection, supported by their ability to engage the feline receptor ortholog for cell entry. However, whether cats might become naturally infected with CoVs of other species is unknown. We analyzed coronavirus infections in cats by serological monitoring. In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Seventy-eight sera were positive for antibodies that recognized one or more coronavirus S1s whereas 1 serum exclusively reacted with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and two sera exclusively reacted with porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). We observed antigenic cross-reactivity between S1s of type 1 and type 2 FCoVs, and between FCoV type 1 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Domain mapping of antibody epitopes indicated the presence of conserved epitope(s) particularly in the CD domains of S1. The cross-reactivity of FCoV type 1 and PEDV was also observed at the level of virus neutralization. To conclude, we provide the first evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity among S1 proteins of coronaviruses, which should be considered in the development of serological diagnoses. In addition, the potential role of cats in cross-species transmission of coronaviruses cannot be excluded.
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Molecular characterization of HLJ-073, a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2159-2164. [PMID: 31152250 PMCID: PMC7086736 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine enteric coronaviruses (CCoVs) are important enteric pathogens of dogs. CCoVs with different variations are typically pantropic and pathogenic in dogs. In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-073, from a dead 6-week-old male Pekingese with gross lesions and diarrhea. Interestingly, sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-073 contained a 350-nt deletion in ORF3abc compared with reference CCoV isolates, resulting in the loss of portions of ORF3a and ORF3c and the complete loss of ORF3b. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene showed that HLJ-073 was more closely related to members of the FCoV II cluster than to members of the CCoV I or CCoV II cluster. Furthermore, recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-073 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683 and CCoV A76, which were both isolated in the United States. Cell tropism experiments suggested that HLJ-073 could effectively replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes and human THP-1 cells. This is the first report of the isolation of strain HLJ-073 in China, and this virus has biological characteristics that are different from those of other reported CCoVs.
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Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus and canine enteric coronavirus in diarrheic dogs on the island of St. Kitts: First report from the Caribbean region. Virus Res 2017; 240:154-160. [PMID: 28847699 PMCID: PMC7114545 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) are important enteric pathogens of dogs and have been studied extensively in different parts of the world, there are no reports on these viruses from the Caribbean region. During 2015–2016, a total of 104 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from puppies and adult dogs, with or without hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts (KNA). By PCR, 25 (24%, n = 104) samples tested positive for CPV. Based on analysis of the complete deduced VP2 amino acid sequences, 20 of the KNA CPV strains were assigned to new CPV-2a (also designated as CPV-2a-297A). On the other hand, the VP2 genes of the remaining 5 strains were partially characterized, or could not be sequenced. New CPV-2a was the predominant CPV variant in St. Kitts, contrasting the molecular epidemiology of CPV variants reported in most studies from nearby North and South American countries. By RT-PCR, CCoVs were detected in 5 samples (4.8%, n = 104). Based on analysis of partial M-protein gene, the KNA CCoV strains were assigned to CCoV-I genotype, and were closely related to CCoV-I strains from Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and genetic diversity of CPV and CCoV in dogs from the Caribbean region, and underscores the importance of similar studies in the other Caribbean islands.
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van Nguyen D, Terada Y, Minami S, Yonemitsu K, Nagata N, LE TDH, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Maeda K. Characterization of canine coronavirus spread among domestic dogs in Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:343-349. [PMID: 27840394 PMCID: PMC5326940 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an important pathogen that causes enteritis in dogs, but
there is no information on CCoV infection in Vietnam. To examine the prevalence of CCoV
infection among Vietnamese dogs, 201 serum samples were analyzed by virus-neutralization
(VN) test. The results showed that antibody against CCoV-II was present in 87 dogs
(43.3%). To detect genes of CCoV, fecal samples collected from 30 diarrheic and 50 healthy
dogs were examinated by RT-PCR, confirming that 2 diarrheic dogs and 5 healthy dogs were
positive for CCoV. Nucleotide sequences of N-terminal region of spike (S)
gene indicated that CCoV strains were divided into two subgenotypes, CCoV-IIa and -IIb,
respectively. Furthemore, we succeeded in isolating CCoV/dog/HCM47/2015, the isolate was
plaque-purified three times, and 3’-terminal one-third of the genome was analyzed.
Interestingly, the plaque-purified virus had a large deletion in ORF3abc and E genes
(1,165 nt), and a short deletion in ORF7b gene (60 nt), suggesting that these regions are
not necessary for in vitro replication of CCoV. Next, the antigenicity
between the isolated CCoV-IIb and the other CCoV-IIa was compared by VN test, revealing
that antigenicty of the isolated CCoV is equal or higher than that of the other CCoV. In
summary, two subgenotypes of CCoV-II are spreading among Vietnamese dogs. The isolated
virus with a large deletion after in vitro passage may be useful for the
development of vaccine, owing to its antigenicity and efficient viral growth in
vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung van Nguyen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Wang X, Li C, Guo D, Wang X, Wei S, Geng Y, Wang E, Wang Z, Zhao X, Su M, Liu Q, Zhang S, Feng L, Sun D. Co-Circulation of Canine Coronavirus I and IIa/b with High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146975. [PMID: 26771312 PMCID: PMC4714894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To trace the evolution of canine coronavirus (CCoV), 201 stool samples from diarrheic dogs in northeast China were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) targeting the partial M and S genes of CCoV, followed by an epidemiological analysis. M gene RT-PCRs showed that 28.36% (57/201) of the samples were positive for CCoV; of the 57 positive samples, CCoV-I and CCoV-II accounted for 15.79% (9/57) and 84.21% (48/57), respectively. A sequence comparison of the partial M gene revealed nucleotide homologies of 88.4%-100% among the 57 CCoV strains, and 88.7%-96.2% identity between the 57 CCoV strains and the Chinese reference strain HF3. The CCoV-I and CCoV-II strains exhibited genetic diversity when compared with reference strains from China and other countries. The 57 CCoV strains exhibited high co-infection rates with canine kobuvirus (CaKV) (33.33%) and canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) (31.58%). The CCoV prevalence in diarrheic dogs differed significantly with immunization status, regions, seasons, and ages. Moreover, 28 S genes were amplified from the 57 CCoV-positive samples, including 26 CCoV-IIa strains, one CCoV-IIb strain, and one CCoV-I strain. A sequence comparison of the partial S gene revealed 86.3%-100% nucleotide identity among the 26 CCoV-IIa strains, and 89.6%-92.2% identity between the 26 CCoV-IIa strains and the Chinese reference strain V1. The 26 CCoV-IIa strains showed genetic diversity when compared with reference strains from China and other countries. Our data provide evidence that CCoV-I, CCoV-IIa, and CCoV-IIb strains co-circulate in the diarrhoetic dogs in northeast China, high co-infection rates with CaKV and CPV-2 were observed, and the CCoV-II strains exhibited high prevalence and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Enyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Qiujin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Li Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Bank-Wolf BR, Stallkamp I, Wiese S, Moritz A, Tekes G, Thiel HJ. Mutations of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:177-88. [PMID: 25150756 PMCID: PMC7117521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding accessory proteins 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b, the S2 domain of the spike (S) protein gene and the membrane (M) protein gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) samples were amplified, cloned and sequenced. For this faeces and/or ascites samples from 19 cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) as well as from 20 FECV-infected healthy cats were used. Sequence comparisons revealed that 3c genes of animals with FIP were heavily affected by nucleotide deletions and point mutations compared to animals infected with FECV; these alterations resulted either in early termination or destruction of the translation initiation codon. Two ascites-derived samples of cats with FIP which displayed no alterations of ORF3c harboured mutations in the S2 domain of the S protein gene which resulted in amino acid exchanges or deletions. Moreover, changes in 3c were often accompanied by mutations in S2. In contrast, in samples obtained from faeces of healthy cats, the ORF3c was never affected by such mutations. Similarly ORF3c from faecal samples of the cats with FIP was mostly intact and showed only in a few cases the same mutations found in the respective ascites samples. The genes encoding 3a, 3b, 7a and 7b displayed no mutations linked to the feline coronavirus (FCoV) biotype. The M protein gene was found to be conserved between FECV and FIPV samples. Our findings suggest that mutations of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Regina Bank-Wolf
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Iris Stallkamp
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Svenja Wiese
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gergely Tekes
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Jürgen Thiel
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4230-8. [PMID: 25253797 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02158-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging canine coronavirus (CCoV) variants that are associated with systemic infections have been reported in the European Union; however, CCoV-associated disease in the United States is incompletely characterized. The purpose of this study was to correlate the clinicopathological findings and viral antigen distribution with the genotypic characteristics of CCoV in 11 puppies from nine premises in five states that were submitted for diagnostic investigation at Cornell University between 2008 and 2013. CCoV antigen was found in epithelial cells of small intestinal villi in all puppies and the colon in 2 of the 10 puppies where colon specimens were available. No evidence of systemic CCoV infection was found. Comparative sequence analyses of viral RNA extracted from intestinal tissues revealed CCoV-II genotype in 9 out of 11 puppies. Of the nine CCoV-IIs, five were subtyped as group IIa and one as IIb, while three CCoVs could not be subtyped. One of the CCoV-IIa variants was isolated in cell culture. Infection with CCoV alone was found in five puppies, of which two also had small intestinal intussusception. Concurrent infections with either parvovirus (n = 1), attaching-effacing Escherichia coli (n = 4), or protozoan parasites (n = 3) were found in the other six puppies. CCoV is an important differential diagnosis in outbreaks of severe enterocolitis among puppies between 4 days and 21 weeks of age that are housed at high population density. These findings will assist with the rapid laboratory diagnosis of enteritis in puppies and highlight the need for continued surveillance for CCoV variants and intestinal viral diseases of global significance.
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Canine enteric coronaviruses: emerging viral pathogens with distinct recombinant spike proteins. Viruses 2014; 6:3363-76. [PMID: 25153347 PMCID: PMC4147700 DOI: 10.3390/v6083363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) is an alphacoronavirus infecting dogs that is closely related to enteric coronaviruses of cats and pigs. While CCoV has traditionally caused mild gastro-intestinal clinical signs, there are increasing reports of lethal CCoV infections in dogs, with evidence of both gastrointestinal and systemic viral dissemination. Consequently, CCoV is now considered to be an emerging infectious disease of dogs. In addition to the two known serotypes of CCoV, novel recombinant variants of CCoV have been found containing spike protein N-terminal domains (NTDs) that are closely related to those of feline and porcine strains. The increase in disease severity in dogs and the emergence of novel CCoVs can be attributed to the high level of recombination within the spike gene that can occur during infection by more than one CCoV type in the same host.
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Molnar B, Duchamp C, Möstl K, Diehl PA, Betschart B. Comparative survey of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus infection in free-ranging wolves of central Italy and south-eastern France. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014; 60:613-624. [PMID: 32214941 PMCID: PMC7088244 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Diseases likely affect large carnivore demography and can hinder conservation efforts. We considered three highly contagious viruses that infect a wide range of domestic and wild mammals: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine enteric coronaviruses (CECoV). Infection by either one of these viruses can affect populations through increased mortality and/or decreased general health. We investigated infection in the wolf populations of Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park (PNALM), Italy, and of Mercantour National Park (PNM), France. Faecal samples were collected during one winter, from October to March, from four packs in PNALM (n = 79) and from four packs in PNM (n = 66). We screened samples for specific sequences of viral nucleic acids. To our knowledge, our study is the first documented report of CECoV infection in wolves outside Alaska, and of the large-scale occurrence of CPV-2 in European wolf populations. The results suggest that CPV-2 is enzootic in the population of PNALM, but not in PNM and that CECoV is episodic in both areas. We did not detect CDV. Our findings suggest that density and spatial distribution of susceptible hosts, in particular free-ranging dogs, can be important factors influencing infections in wolves. This comparative study is an important step in evaluating the nature of possible disease threats in the studied wolf populations. Recent emergence of new viral strains in Europe additionally strengthens the need for proactive monitoring of wolves and other susceptible sympatric species for viral threats and other impairing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molnar
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- CP 16, 1921 Martigny-Croix, Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Möstl
- 3Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter-Allan Diehl
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Betschart
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Liu Q, Cao L, Zhu XQ. Major emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China: a matter of global health and socioeconomic development for 1.3 billion. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:65-72. [PMID: 24858904 PMCID: PMC7110807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are a significant public health concern and cause considerable socioeconomic problems globally. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, avian influenza H7N9, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), and the re-emergence of rabies, brucellosis, and other zoonoses have had a significant effect on the national economy and public health in China, and have affected other countries. Contributing factors that continue to affect emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China include social and environmental factors and microbial evolution, such as population growth, urbanization, deforestation, livestock production, food safety, climate change, and pathogen mutation. The Chinese government has devised new strategies and has taken measures to deal with the challenges of these diseases, including the issuing of laws and regulations, establishment of disease reporting systems, implementation of special projects for major infectious diseases, interdisciplinary and international cooperation, exotic disease surveillance, and health education. These strategies and measures can serve as models for the surveillance and response to continuing threats from emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China; Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Costa EM, de Castro TX, Bottino FDO, Garcia RDCNC. Molecular characterization of canine coronavirus strains circulating in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:8-15. [PMID: 24216489 PMCID: PMC7117457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To characterize canine coronavirus (CCoV) circulating in diarrheic puppies in Brazil, 250 fecal samples collected between 2006 and 2012 were tested. By using RT-PCR to partially amplify the M gene, CCoV RNA was detected in 30 samples. Sequence analysis of the M protein grouped eight strains with CCoV-I and another 19 with CCoV-II prototypes. To genotype/subtype the CCoV strains and assess the occurrence of single or multiple CCoV infections, RT-PCR of the S gene was performed, and 25/30 CCoV-positive strains amplified with one or two primer pairs. For 17/25 samples, single infections were detected as follows: six CCoV-I, nine CCoV-IIa and two CCoV-IIb. Eight samples were positive for more than one genotype/subtype as follows: seven CCoV-I/IIa and one CCoV-I/IIb. Sequence analysis revealed that the CCoV-I and IIa strains shared high genetic similarity to each other and to the prototypes. The Brazilian strains of CCoV-IIb displayed an aminoacid insertion that was also described in CCoV-IIb-UCD-1 and TGEV strains. Among the 25 CCoV-positive puppies, five had a fatal outcome, all but one of which were cases of mixed infection. The current study is the first reported molecular characterization of CCoV-I, IIa and IIb strains in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moutinho Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier de Castro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Bottino
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Nasser Cubel Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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