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Ramasamy T, Doke M, McLaughlin JP, Samikkannu T. Circadian disruption and psychostimulants dysregulates plasma acute-phase proteins and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 31:100659. [PMID: 37455861 PMCID: PMC10344797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have indicated a close link between the inflammatory response, exacerbated by circadian disruption and psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine (METH). Indicators of this inflammation include cortisol and acute-phase proteins (APPs) like C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C3 (C3), and serum amyloid A (SAA). The connection between these inflammation markers and circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been gaining attention. However, the specific influence of cocaine and METH on APP, cortisol, and mtDNA levels in mice with disturbed circadian rhythm has yet to be explored, which is the main aim of this research. Methods In our study, we employed 10-12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice, which underwent an imposed 6-h phase advance every six days for a total of eight cycles. This process led to the formation of mice with disrupted circadian rhythm and sleep disorders (CRSD). We administered 11 dosages of cocaine and METH 15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively to these CRSD mice over the course of 22 days. Quantitative assessments of CRP, C3, SAA, cortisol, and cell-free circulating mtDNA were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western Blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. Results The experiment revealed that disruption in circadian rhythm alone or cocaine or METH on their own increased CRP, C3, SAA, and cortisol levels in comparison with the control group. CRSD mice, exposed to cocaine and METH, showed a significant rise in CRP, C3, and SAA, while those without exposure remained stable. We also found a reduction in circulating cell-free mtDNA in all CRSD mice, regardless of cocaine and METH exposure. Conclusions The findings of our study affirm that the levels of CRP, C3, SAA, and cortisol, which reflect inflammation, are enhanced by circadian disruption, cocaine, and METH, and these levels show a strong correlation with the content of circulating cell-free mtDNA. Furthermore, it also shows the potential link between the disruption of the circadian clock and the inflammatory response triggered by cocaine and METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamizhselvi Ramasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mayur Doke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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2
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Krysiak R, Kowalcze K, Okopień B. Differences in levothyroxine action on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity between metformin- and myo-inositol-treated women with autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1704-1710. [PMID: 35768336 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance impairs the impact of levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity. Both metformin and myo-inositol were found to improve insulin sensitivity and to reduce thyrotropin levels in individuals with hypothyroidism. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity between women receiving metformin and myo-inositol. METHODS The study included two groups of women with autoimmune hypothyroidism, treated for at least 6 months with either metformin (group A; n = 25) or myo-inositol (group B; n = 25). Both groups were matched for age, insulin sensitivity, hormone levels and antibody titers. For the following 6 months, all women received levothyroxine. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, thyrotropin, free thyroid hormones, prolactin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), as well as titers of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At baseline there were not differences between the study groups. Although levothyroxine reduced thyrotropin levels, increased free thyroid hormone levels and decreased antibody titers in both study groups, these effects were more pronounced in group A than group B. Only in group A, levothyroxine increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D, decreased hsCRP and improved insulin sensitivity. The impact of levothyroxine on thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones correlated with treatment-induced changes in insulin sensitivity, antibody titers, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hsCRP. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the impact of levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity is stronger in women receiving metformin than in women treated with myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krysiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalcze
- Department of Pediatrics in Bytom, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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3
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Beck D, de Lange AG, Pedersen ML, Alnæs D, Maximov II, Voldsbekk I, Richard G, Sanders A, Ulrichsen KM, Dørum ES, Kolskår KK, Høgestøl EA, Steen NE, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Nordvik JE, Kaufmann T, Westlye LT. Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with brain age and accelerate brain ageing. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:700-720. [PMID: 34626047 PMCID: PMC8720200 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and integrity of the ageing brain is interchangeably linked to physical health, and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRs) are associated with dementia and other brain disorders. In this mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study (interval mean = 19.7 months), including 790 healthy individuals (mean age = 46.7 years, 53% women), we investigated CMRs and health indicators including anthropometric measures, lifestyle factors, and blood biomarkers in relation to brain structure using MRI-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We performed tissue specific brain age prediction using machine learning and performed Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess changes in each CMR over time, their respective association with brain age gap (BAG), and their interaction effects with time and age on the tissue-specific BAGs. The results showed credible associations between DTI-based BAG and blood levels of phosphate and mean cell volume (MCV), and between T1-based BAG and systolic blood pressure, smoking, pulse, and C-reactive protein (CRP), indicating older-appearing brains in people with higher cardiometabolic risk (smoking, higher blood pressure and pulse, low-grade inflammation). Longitudinal evidence supported interactions between both BAGs and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and between DTI-based BAG and systolic blood pressure and smoking, indicating accelerated ageing in people with higher cardiometabolic risk (smoking, higher blood pressure, and WHR). The results demonstrate that cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with brain ageing. While randomized controlled trials are needed to establish causality, our results indicate that public health initiatives and treatment strategies targeting modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors may also improve risk trajectories and delay brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Beck
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesodden
| | - Ann‐Marie G. de Lange
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences‐Department of Clinical NeurosciencesCHUV and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mads L. Pedersen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Bjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Ivan I. Maximov
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesBergenNorway
| | - Irene Voldsbekk
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Geneviève Richard
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Anne‐Marthe Sanders
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesodden
| | - Kristine M. Ulrichsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesodden
| | - Erlend S. Dørum
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesodden
| | - Knut K. Kolskår
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesodden
| | - Einar A. Høgestøl
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of TübingenTubingenGermany
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOslo
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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4
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Anita NZ, Zebarth J, Chan B, Wu CY, Syed T, Shahrul D, Nguyen MM, Pakosh M, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Swardfager W. Inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes with vs. without cognitive impairment; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:55-69. [PMID: 34808290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Systemic inflammation has been proposed as a common risk factor. This study aimed to summarize the clinical data pertaining to peripheral blood inflammatory markers. We identified original peer-reviewed articles reporting blood inflammatory marker concentrations in groups of people with a T2DM diagnosis who have cognitive impairment (CI; including mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment) vs. normal cognition (NC). Between-group standardized mean differences (SMD) were summarized in random effects meta-analyses. From 2108 records, data were combined quantitatively from 40 studies. Concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6; NCI/NNC = 934/3154, SMD 0.74 95% confidence interval [0.07, 1.42], Z5 = 2.15, p = 0.03; I2 = 98.08%), C-reactive protein (CRP; NCI/NNC = 1610/4363, SMD 0.80 [0.50, 1.11], Z14 = 5.25, p < 0.01; I2 = 94.59%), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1; NCI/NNC = 104/1063, SMD 1.64 95% confidence interval [0.21, 3.07], Z2 = 2.25, p = 0.02; I2 = 95.19%), and advanced glycation end products (AGEs; NCI/NNC = 227/317, SMD 0.84 95% confidence interval [0.41, 1.27], Z2 = 3.82, p < 0.01; I2 = 81.07%) were higher among CI groups compared to NC. Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) concentrations were significantly lower in CI compared to NC (NCI/NNC = 848/2063, SMD -0.67 95% confidence interval [-0.99, -0.35], Z3 = -4.09, p < 0.01; I2 = 89.20%). Cognitive impairment among people with T2DM was associated with systemic inflammation and lower BDNF concentrations. These inflammatory characteristics support an increased inflammatory-vascular interaction associated with cognitive impairment in T2DM. PROSPERO (CRD42020188625).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Z Anita
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Rumsey Centre Cardiac Rehabilitation, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, Ontario M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Julia Zebarth
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Rumsey Centre Cardiac Rehabilitation, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, Ontario M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Brian Chan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Che-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Taha Syed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dinie Shahrul
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michelle M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Rumsey Centre Cardiac Rehabilitation, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, Ontario M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, University Health Network- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Rumsey Centre Cardiac Rehabilitation, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, Ontario M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle Room 4207, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Rumsey Centre Cardiac Rehabilitation, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, Ontario M4G 2V6, Canada.
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5
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Wu CY, Lin YH, Hsieh HH, Lin JJ, Peng SL. Sex Differences in the Effect of Diabetes on Cerebral Glucose Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1661. [PMID: 34829890 PMCID: PMC8615590 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroimaging literature indicates that brain structure and function both deteriorate with diabetes, but information on sexual dimorphism in diabetes-related brain alterations is limited. This study aimed to ascertain whether brain metabolism is influenced by sex in an animal model of diabetes. Eleven rats (male, n = 5; female, n = 6) received a single intraperitoneal injection of 70 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to develop diabetes. Another 11 rats (male, n = 5; female, n = 6) received the same amount of solvent through a single intraperitoneal injection. Longitudinal positron emission tomography scans were used to assess cerebral glucose metabolism before and 4 weeks after STZ or solvent administration. Before STZ or solvent injections, there was no evidence of sexual dimorphism in cerebral metabolism (p > 0.05). Compared with healthy control animals, rats with diabetes had significantly decreased brain metabolism in all brain regions (all p < 0.05). In addition, female diabetic rats exhibited further reduction in cerebral metabolism, relative to male diabetic rats (p < 0.05). The results of this study may provide some biological evidence, supporting the existence of a sexual dimorphism in diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Branch, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (C.-Y.W.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Branch, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Branch, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (C.-Y.W.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Jia-Jia Lin
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Shin-Lei Peng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
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6
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Rhally A, Griffa A, Kremer S, Uginet M, Breville G, Stancu P, Assal F, Lalive PH, Lövblad KO, Allali G. C-reactive protein and white matter microstructural changes in COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1899-1906. [PMID: 34709472 PMCID: PMC8552620 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy is a neurological complication of COVID-19. The objective of this exploratory study is to investigate the link between systemic inflammation and brain microstructural changes (measured by diffusion-weighted imaging) in patients with COVID-19 encephalopathy. 20 patients with COVID-19 encephalopathy (age: 67.3 [Formula: see text] 10.0 years; 90% men) hospitalized in the Geneva University Hospitals for a SARS-CoV-2 infection between March and May 2020 were included in this retrospective cohort study. COVID-19 encephalopathy was diagnosed following a comprehensive neurobiological evaluation, excluding common causes of delirium, such as hypoxemic or metabolic encephalopathy. We investigated the correlation between systemic inflammation (measured by systemic C-reactive protein (CRP)) and brain microstructural changes in radiologically normal white matter (measured by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)) in nine spatially widespread regions of the white matter previously associated with delirium. Systemic inflammation (CRP = 60.8 ± 50.0 mg/L) was positively correlated with ADC values in the anterior corona radiata (p = 0.0089), genu of the corpus callosum (p = 0.0064) and external capsule (p = 0.0086) after adjusting for patients' age. No statistically significant association between CRP and ADC was found in the other six white matter regions. Our findings indicate high risk of white matter abnormalities in COVID-19 encephalopathy patients with high peripheral inflammatory markers, suggesting aggressive imaging monitoring may be warranted in these patients. Future studies should clarify a possible specificity of the spatial patterns of CRP-white matter microstructure association in COVID-19 encephalopathy patients and disentangle the role of individual cytokines on brain inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Griffa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Bioengineering, Center of Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech-H4 3 232.080 (H4 building), Chemin des Mines 9, Case postale 60, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane Kremer
- Service d'imagerie 2, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marjolaine Uginet
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gautier Breville
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Stancu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Assal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diagnostic Department, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Olof Lövblad
- Division of Neuroradiology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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7
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Lind A, Boraxbekk CJ, Petersen ET, Paulson OB, Andersen O, Siebner HR, Marsman A. Do glia provide the link between low-grade systemic inflammation and normal cognitive ageing? A 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 tesla. J Neurochem 2021; 159:185-196. [PMID: 34142382 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to ageing-related cognitive decline, possibly by triggering a neuroinflammatory response through glial activation. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) at 7T in normal human individuals from 18 to 79 years in a cross-sectional study, we previously observed higher regional levels of myo-inositol (mIns), total creatine (tCr) and total choline (tCho) in older than younger age groups. Moreover, visuo-spatial working memory (vsWM) correlated negatively with tCr and tCho in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and mIns in hippocampus and thalamus. As mIns, tCr and tCho are higher in glia than neurons, this suggest a potential in vivo connection between cognitive ageing and higher regional levels of glia-related metabolites. In the present study, we tested whether these metabolic differences may be related to low-grade systemic inflammation. In the same individuals, plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured on the same day as 1 H-MRS assessments. We tested whether CRP, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations correlated with the levels of glia-related metabolites. CRP and IL-8, but not TNF-α, were higher in older (69-79 years) than younger (18-26 years) individuals. CRP correlated positively with thalamic mIns and negatively with vsWM. IL-8 correlated positively with ACC tCho and hippocampal mIns, but not with vsWM. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of IL-8 on vsWM via ACC tCho. Together, these findings corroborate the role of glial cells, perhaps via their role in neuroinflammation, as part of the neurobiological link between systemic inflammation and cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lind
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olaf Bjarne Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anouk Marsman
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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8
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Kung WM, Yuan SP, Lin MS, Wu CC, Islam MM, Atique S, Touray M, Huang CY, Wang YC. Anemia and the Risk of Cognitive Impairment: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060777. [PMID: 34208355 PMCID: PMC8231247 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is one of the most common, burdensome, and costly disorders in the elderly worldwide. The magnitude of the association between anemia and overall cognitive impairment (OCI) has not been established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to update and expand previous evidence of the association between anemia and the risk of OCI. METHODS We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched electronic databases, including EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science for published observational studies and clinical trials between 1 January 1990 and 1 June 2020. We excluded articles that were in the form of a review, letter to editors, short reports, and studies with less than 50 participants. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. We estimated summary risk ratios (RRs) with random effects. RESULTS A total of 20 studies, involving 6558 OCI patients were included. Anemia was significantly associated with an increased risk of OCI (adjusted RR (aRR) 1.39 (95% CI, 1.25-1.55; p < 0.001)). In subgroup analysis, anemia was also associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia (adjusted RR (aRR), 1.39 (95% CI, 1.23-1.56; p < 0.001)), Alzheimer's disease [aRR, 1.59 (95% CI, 1.18-2.13; p = 0.002)], and mild cognitive impairment (aRR, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.04-1.78; p = 0.02)). CONCLUSION This updated meta-analysis shows that patients with anemia appear to have a nearly 1.39-fold risk of developing OCI than those without anemia. The magnitude of this risk underscores the importance of improving anemia patients' health outcomes, particularly in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan; (W.-M.K.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Sheng-Po Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-P.Y.); (M.M.I.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11600, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan;
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Wu
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan; (W.-M.K.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Md. Mohaimenul Islam
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-P.Y.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Suleman Atique
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Musa Touray
- Department of Public Health, University of The Gambia, Serrekunda 3530, The Gambia;
| | - Chu-Ya Huang
- Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives, Taipei 106607, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chin Wang
- Department of Emergency, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan 33044, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-317-9599 (ext. 8134)
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9
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Raised high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive impairment among African stroke survivors within the first three months following stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 88:191-196. [PMID: 33992183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a major factor causing death and disabilities such as cognitive impairment. There is conflicting evidence on the role and dynamics of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an acute phase pro-inflammatory protein, in post-stroke cognitive impairment. This study evaluated cognitive impairment and examined its relationship with serum hsCRP in the first three months following stroke. Cognition was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment test, while serum hsCRP concentrations were assessed using enzyme link immunosorbent assay kit. Data were processed using SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Sixty subjects, comprising of 30 stroke patients and 30 healthy subjects, matched for age, sex and level of education were studied. Cognitive impairment was observed among the stroke patients, while the healthy subjects showed normal cognitive function; and the difference in the cognitive scores of the two groups was highly significant (P = 0.001). There was higher prevalence of cognitive impairment among the stroke survivors compared to the non-stroke subjects. Serum hsCRP was significantly higher among the stroke survivors compared to the healthy subjects (P = 0.001). The high hsCRP level correlates well with duration of stroke and working memory domain of cognition. The data revealed a high prevalence of cognitive impairment and concurrent high serum hsCRP levels among stroke survivors in the first three months following stroke, in contrast with normal subjects. The high hsCRP level correlates with duration of stroke and working memory domain of cognition. The data suggest a role for serum hsCRP and inflammation in the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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10
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Yanckello LM, Hoffman JD, Chang YH, Lin P, Nehra G, Chlipala G, McCulloch SD, Hammond TC, Yackzan AT, Lane AN, Green SJ, Hartz AMS, Lin AL. Apolipoprotein E genotype-dependent nutrigenetic effects to prebiotic inulin for modulating systemic metabolism and neuroprotection in mice via gut-brain axis. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1669-1679. [PMID: 33666538 PMCID: PMC8799401 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1889452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to identify the potential nutrigenetic effects to inulin, a prebiotic fiber, in mice with different human apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants. Specifically, we compared responses to inulin for the potential modulation of the systemic metabolism and neuroprotection via gut-brain axis in mice with human APOE ϵ3 and ϵ4 alleles. METHOD We performed experiments with young mice expressing the human APOE3 (E3FAD mice and APOE4 gene (E4FAD mice). We fed mice with either inulin or control diet for 16 weeks starting from 3 months of age. We determined gut microbiome diversity and composition using16s rRNA sequencing, systemic metabolism using in vivo MRI and metabolomics, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction expression using Western blot. RESULTS In both E3FAD and E4FAD mice, inulin altered the alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiome, increased beneficial taxa of bacteria and elevated cecal short chain fatty acid and hippocampal scyllo-inositol. E3FAD mice had altered metabolism related to tryptophan and tyrosine, while E4FAD mice had changes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and bile acids. Differences were found in levels of brain metabolites related to oxidative stress, and levels of Claudin-1 and Claudin-5 BBB tight junction expression. DISCUSSION We found that inulin had many similar beneficial effects in the gut and brain for both E3FAD and E4FAD mice, which may be protective for brain functions and reduce risk for neurodegeneration. . E3FAD and E4FAD mice also had distinct responses in several metabolic pathways, suggesting an APOE-dependent nutrigenetic effects in modulating systemic metabolism and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille M Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jared D Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Tyler C Hammond
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew T Yackzan
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stefan J Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Tanaka H, Gourley DD, Dekhtyar M, Haley AP. Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function in Individuals with Obesity and Related Disorders. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:544-549. [PMID: 33064270 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is one of the most serious public health concerns. Excess adipose tissue, particularly with a centralized distribution, is associated with cognitive decline. Indeed, obesity has been associated with a number of adverse changes in brain function and structure that can be detected by neuroimaging techniques. These obesity-associated changes in the brain are associated with cognitive dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS While the pathways by which excess adipose tissue affects brain function are not fully understood, available evidence points towards insulin resistance, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, as possible mechanisms responsible for the observed relations between obesity and cognitive impairment. It appears that weight loss is related to better brain and cognitive outcomes and that cognitive impairment due to obesity may be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Drew D Gourley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Maria Dekhtyar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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12
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Tyner E, Oropeza M, Figueroa J, Peña ICD. Childhood Hypertension and Effects on Cognitive Functions: Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:677-686. [PMID: 31749437 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191017155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric hypertension is currently one of the most common health concerns in children, given its effects not only on cardiovascular but also cognitive functions. There is accumulating evidence suggesting neurocognitive dysfunction in hypertensive children that could persist even into adulthood. Identifying the precise mechanism(s) underlying the association between childhood hypertension and cognitive dysfunction is crucial as it could potentially lead to the discovery of "druggable" biological targets facilitating the development of treatments. Here, we discuss some of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying childhood hypertension and cognitive deficits and suggest strategies to address some of the current challenges in the field. The various research studies involving hypertensive adults indicate that long-term hypertension may produce abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity, chronic inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, or hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia, which could lead to alterations in the brain's structure and functions, resulting in cognitive dysfunction. In light of the current literature, we propose that dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal axis, modifications in endothelial brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the gut microbiome may also modulate cognitive functions in hypertensive individuals. Moreover, the above-mentioned pathological states may further intensify the detrimental effects of hypertension on cognitive functions. Thus, treatments that target not only hypertension but also its downstream effects may prove useful in ameliorating hypertension-induced cognitive deficits. Much remains to be clarified about the mechanisms and treatments of hypertension-induced cognitive outcomes in pediatric populations. Addressing the knowledge gaps in this field entails conducting not only clinical research but also rigorous basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States
| | - Marie Oropeza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States
| | - Johnny Figueroa
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, and Physiology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, United States
| | - Ike C Dela Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States
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13
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Hoffman JD, Yanckello LM, Chlipala G, Hammond TC, McCulloch SD, Parikh I, Sun S, Morganti JM, Green SJ, Lin AL. Dietary inulin alters the gut microbiome, enhances systemic metabolism and reduces neuroinflammation in an APOE4 mouse model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221828. [PMID: 31461505 PMCID: PMC6713395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 carriers develop systemic metabolic dysfunction decades before showing AD symptoms. Accumulating evidence shows that the metabolic dysfunction accelerates AD development, including exacerbated amyloid-beta (Aβ) retention, neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Therefore, preserving metabolic function early on may be critical to reducing the risk for AD. Here, we show that inulin increases beneficial microbiota and decreases harmful microbiota in the feces of young, asymptomatic APOE4 transgenic (E4FAD) mice and enhances metabolism in the cecum, periphery and brain, as demonstrated by increases in the levels of SCFAs, tryptophan-derived metabolites, bile acids, glycolytic metabolites and scyllo-inositol. We show that inulin also reduces inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. This knowledge can be utilized to design early precision nutrition intervention strategies that use a prebiotic diet to enhance systemic metabolism and may be useful for reducing AD risk in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D. Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lucille M. Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - George Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tyler C. Hammond
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sydney Sun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Brunst KJ, Ryan PH, Altaye M, Yolton K, Maloney T, Beckwith T, LeMasters G, Cecil KM. Myo-inositol mediates the effects of traffic-related air pollution on generalized anxiety symptoms at age 12 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:71-78. [PMID: 31103795 PMCID: PMC6571158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked to childhood anxiety symptoms. Neuroimaging in patients with anxiety disorders indicate altered neurochemistry. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the impact of TRAP on brain metabolism and its relation to childhood anxiety symptoms in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS). METHODS Adolescents (n = 145) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain metabolites, including myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, and glutathione were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. TRAP exposure in early-life, averaged over childhood, and during the 12 months prior to imaging was estimated using a validated land use regression model. Associations between TRAP exposure, brain metabolism, and anxiety symptoms were estimated using linear regression and a bootstrapping approach for testing mediation by brain metabolite levels. RESULTS Recent exposure to high levels of TRAP was associated with significant increases in myo-inositol (β = 0.26; 95%CI 0.01, 0.51) compared to low TRAP exposure. Recent elevated TRAP exposure (β = 4.71; 95% CI 0.95, 8.45) and increased myo-inositol levels (β = 2.98; 95% CI 0.43, 5.52) were also significantly associated with increased generalized anxiety symptoms with 12% of the total effect between TRAP and generalized anxiety symptoms being mediated by myo-inositol levels. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of children to utilize neuroimaging to link TRAP exposure, metabolite dysregulation in the brain, and generalized anxiety symptoms among otherwise healthy children. TRAP may elicit atypical excitatory neurotransmission and glial inflammatory responses leading to increased metabolite levels and subsequent anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Brunst
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, ML 0056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Patrick H Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, ML 0056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, ML 0056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC, 5041, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Maloney
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 5033, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Travis Beckwith
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 5033, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Grace LeMasters
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, ML 0056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, ML 0056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 5033, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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15
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Wagoner AL, Olson JD, Westwood BM, Fortunato JE, Diz DI, Shaltout HA. Children with orthostatic intolerance exhibit elevated markers of inflammation in the dorsal medulla. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H323-H329. [PMID: 31225987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00680.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Children with orthostatic intolerance (OI) have exaggerated decreases in heart rate variability (HRV) and suppression of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) with standing. Accompanying brain transmitter and metabolite profiles are unknown. In this study, we used proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to quantify markers of neuronal and glial integrity in a pilot study of children with OI compared with asymptomatic controls. Eighteen participants ages 10-18 yr were evaluated for blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and calculated indexes of autonomic function in supine and upright positions and, within an average of 2 wk, underwent 1H-MRS scans of dorsal medulla on a clinical 3T magnet while supine. As a result, of the 18 participants, 11 tested positive for OI and 7 did not. OI subjects exhibited higher HR and lower HRV and high-frequency α-index (HFα), an index of parasympathetic vagal tone, during standing compared with non-OI. HRV, sequence all (Seq All), high- and low-frequency (HFα and LFα) estimates of the spontaneous BRS decreased significantly, while BP variabilty increased significantly during standing only in subjects with OI. OI subjects had higher myoinositol (mIns) and total choline (tCho), markers of glial inflammation. Upright HFα and Seq All inversely correlated to supine tCho and mIns, respectively, independent of age and sex. In conclusions, in this pilot study, children with OI exhibit higher mIns and tCho in the dorsal medulla while supine that may reflect the well-established impairment in regulation of the autonomic nervous system upon standing. Neuroinflammation as an underlying cause or consequence of autonomic dysfunction is an intriguing possibility requiring further study.NEW & NOTEWORTHY (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy detected elevated markers of neuroinflammation in the dorsal medulla in children with impaired autonomic responses to head upright tilt. This first report of altered brain metabolites in this population provides a basis for future clinical studies using this methodology to aide in understanding complex autonomic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Wagoner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John D Olson
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Brian M Westwood
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John E Fortunato
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debra I Diz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hossam A Shaltout
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Jha AB, Panchal SS, Shah A. Ellagic acid: Insights into its neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Mullins R, Reiter D, Kapogiannis D. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals abnormalities of glucose metabolism in the Alzheimer's brain. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:262-272. [PMID: 29560372 PMCID: PMC5846391 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain glucose hypometabolism is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and in this case-control study we used Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to assess AD-related differences in the posterior cingulate/precuneal ratio of glucose, lactate, and other metabolites. Methods J-modulated Point-Resolved Spectroscopy (J-PRESS) and Prior-Knowledge Fitting (ProFit) software was used to measure glucose and other metabolites in the posterior cingulate/precuneus of 25 AD, 27 older controls, and 27 younger control participants. Clinical assessments for AD participants included cognitive performance measures, insulin resistance metrics and CSF biomarkers. Results AD participants showed substantially elevated glucose, lactate, and ascorbate levels compared to older (and younger) controls. In addition, the precuneal glucose elevation discriminated well between AD participants and older controls. Myo-inositol correlated with CSF p-Tau181P, total Tau, and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) sum-of-boxes score within the AD group. Interpretation Higher glucose to creatine ratios in the AD brain likely reflect lower glucose utilization. Our findings reveal pronounced metabolic abnormalities in the AD brain and strongly suggest that brain glucose merits further investigation as a candidate AD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Mullins
- Laboratory of NeurosciencesIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMaryland
| | - David Reiter
- Laboratory of Clinical InvestigationNational Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA‐IRP)BaltimoreMaryland
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of NeurosciencesIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMaryland
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18
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Jha AB, Panchal SS. Neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement by treatment with γ-oryzanol in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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19
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Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 Is Associated with Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12311. [PMID: 28951620 PMCID: PMC5615059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a low-grade chronic inflammatory diseases, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline. We aim to evaluate associations between inflammatory markers and the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM. This study of 140 diabetic patients involved 71 with MCI and 69 controls. Clinical parameters, neuropsychological tests, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass and activity were measured. The results showed significantly higher plasma hsCRP, IL-6, Lp-PLA2 mass and activity in MCI group compared to controls. In T2DM with MCI, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score was positively correlated with education level and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), but inversely correlated with age, glycosylated hemoglobin, intima-media thickness (IMT), hsCRP, IL-6, and Lp-PLA2 mass and activity. Correlation analysis showed that both plasma Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were positively correlated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and IMT but negatively associated with MoCA score. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated higher hsCRP, Lp-PLA2 mass, Lp-PLA2 activity, and lower HDL-c to be independent risk factors increasing the possibility of MCI in T2DM. In conclusion, plasma Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP were found to be associated with the risk of MCI among T2DM patients.
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Fougère B, Boulanger E, Nourhashémi F, Guyonnet S, Cesari M. Chronic Inflammation: Accelerator of Biological Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1218-1225. [PMID: 28003373 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation level. This chronic phenomenon has been named "inflamm-aging" and is a highly significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the older persons. The most common theories of inflamm-aging include redox stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glycation, deregulation of the immune system, hormonal changes, epigenetic modifications, and dysfunction telomere attrition. Inflamm-aging plays a role in the initiation and progression of age-related diseases such as type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and cancer. This review will cover the identification of pathways that control age-related inflammation across multiple systems and its potential causal role in contributing to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Fougère
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fati Nourhashémi
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Kaur S, Birdsill AC, Steward K, Pasha E, Kruzliak P, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Higher visceral fat is associated with lower cerebral N-acetyl-aspartate ratios in middle-aged adults. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:727-733. [PMID: 28144886 PMCID: PMC6802935 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive adipose tissue, particularly with a central distribution, consists of visceral fat, which is metabolically active and could impinge upon central nervous system functioning. The aim of the current study was to examine levels of visceral adiposity in relation to key cerebral metabolite ratios localized in the occipitoparietal grey matter. Seventy-three adults, aged between 40 and 60 years, underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and single voxel 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS). Visceral fat was assessed using Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Individuals with higher visceral fat mass and volume had significantly lower ratios of N-acetyl-aspartate to total creatine (phosphocreatine + creatine, PCr + Cr) (NAA/PCr + Cr) (β = -0.29, p = 0.03, β = -0.28, p = 0.04). They also had significantly higher ratios of myo-inositol to total creatine (mI/PCr + Cr ) (β = 0.36, p = 0.01, β = 0.36, p = 0.01). Visceral fat mass and volume were not significantly related to ratios of glutamate to total creatine (Glu/PCr + Cr). While future studies are necessary, these results indicate central adiposity is associated with metabolic changes that could impinge upon the central nervous system in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Kaur
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alex C Birdsill
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kayla Steward
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Evan Pasha
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Ahmed AS, Elgharabawy RM, Al-Najjar AH. Ameliorating effect of anti-Alzheimer's drugs on the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1335-1344. [PMID: 28534431 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217711440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild to severe forms of nervous system damage were exhibited by approximately 60-70% of diabetics. It is important to understand the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present work is to understand the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, that was monitored by glycaemic status, lipid profile, amyloid beta 40 and 42 (Aβ40 and Aβ42), C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, total lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer and magnesium measurements, to assess the association between theses biochemical markers and each other, to estimate the possibility of utilizing the amyloid beta as biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients, and to evaluate the effect of piracetam and memantine drugs on diabetes mellitus. This study involved 120 subjects divided into 20 healthy control (group I), 20 diabetic patients (group II), 20 Alzheimer's patients (group III), 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients with symptomatic treatment (group IV), 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients treated with memantine (group V), and 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients treated with piracetam (group VI). The demographic characteristics, diabetic index, and lipid profile were monitored. Plasma amyloid beta 40 and amyloid beta 42, C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, total lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, and magnesium were assayed. The levels of amyloid beta 40 and amyloid beta 42 were significantly elevated in diabetic Alzheimer's patients with symptomatic treatment (group IV) compared to group II (by 50.5 and 7.5 fold, respectively) and group III (by 25.4 and 2.8 fold, respectively). In groups II, III, IV, V and VI, significant and positive associations were monitored between insulin and amyloid beta 40, amyloid beta 42, C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, and D-dimer. Diabetic markers were significantly decreased in diabetic Alzheimer's patients treated with anti-Alzheimer's drugs (especially piracetam) compared to group IV. This study reveals the role of amyloid beta 40, amyloid beta 42, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile disturbance, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and magnesium in the bidirectional correlation between T2D and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, that is powered by their correlations, and therefore the possibility of utilizing Aβ as a biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients is recommended. Impact statement Several aspects associated with T2D that contribute to AD and vice versa were investigated in this study. Additionally, this work reveals the role of Aβ40, Aβ42, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile disturbance, CRP, D-dimer, and magnesium in the bidirectional association between T2D and the pathogenesis of AD, that is powered by their correlations, and therefore the possibility of utilizing Aβ as a biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients is recommended. Furthermore, the ameloriating effect of anti-Alzheimer's drugs on diabetes mellitus confirms this association. Hereafter, a new approach for treating insulin resistance and diabetes may be developed by new therapeutic potentials such as neutralization of Aβ by anti-Aβ antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Ahmed
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Qassim University, KSA 51431, Saudi Arabia.,2 Hormone Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12311, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Elgharabawy
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Qassim University, KSA 51431, Saudi Arabia.,3 Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Amal H Al-Najjar
- 4 Drug and Poison Information Specialist, Pharmacy Services, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, KSA 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Febo M, Foster TC. Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of Memory, Aging, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:158. [PMID: 27468264 PMCID: PMC4942756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides for non-invasive evaluation of brain structure and activity and has been employed to suggest possible mechanisms for cognitive aging in humans. However, these imaging procedures have limits in terms of defining cellular and molecular mechanisms. In contrast, investigations of cognitive aging in animal models have mostly utilized techniques that have offered insight on synaptic, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms affecting memory. Studies employing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS, respectively) in animal models have emerged as an integrative set of techniques bridging localized cellular/molecular phenomenon and broader in vivo neural network alterations. MRI methods are remarkably suited to longitudinal tracking of cognitive function over extended periods permitting examination of the trajectory of structural or activity related changes. Combined with molecular and electrophysiological tools to selectively drive activity within specific brain regions, recent studies have begun to unlock the meaning of fMRI signals in terms of the role of neural plasticity and types of neural activity that generate the signals. The techniques provide a unique opportunity to causally determine how memory-relevant synaptic activity is processed and how memories may be distributed or reconsolidated over time. The present review summarizes research employing animal MRI and MRS in the study of brain function, structure, and biochemistry, with a particular focus on age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kaur SS, Gonzales MM, Eagan DE, Goudarzi K, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Inflammation as a mediator of the relationship between cortical thickness and metabolic syndrome. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 9:737-43. [PMID: 25376331 PMCID: PMC4424190 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), the clustering of obesity, high blood pressure, and disordered glucose and lipid/lipoprotein metabolism within a single individual, is associated with poorer cognitive function. It has been hypothesized that cognitive impairment in MetS occurs primarily within the context of inflammation. MetS risk factors are also associated with thinning of the cerebral cortex. However, the mechanisms by which MetS and inflammation affect the brain are poorly understood. The present study used statistical mediation to examine the relationship between MetS risk factors, cortical thickness in a priori regions of interest (ROIs) and inflammation. ROIs were chosen from the previous literature. Forty-three adults between the ages of 40 and 60 years underwent a health screen, neuropsychological testing and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6 and C-Reactive Protein) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A higher number of MetS risk factors were associated with thinning in the inferior frontal ROI (β = -0.35, p = 0.019) as well as higher levels of serum interleukin 2 (β = 0.31, p = 0.04). A higher level of serum interleukin 2 was also associated with reduced thickness in the inferior frontal gyrus (β = -0.41, p = 0.013). After accounting for the effects of interleukin 2, the number of MetS risk factors was no longer associated with cortical thickness in the inferior frontal gyrus indicating successful statistical mediation. The results indicate a potentially important role for inflammation in linking MetS to cortical thinning and cognitive vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya S Kaur
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi M Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Danielle E Eagan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Katyoon Goudarzi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Gorska-Ciebiada M, Saryusz-Wolska M, Borkowska A, Ciebiada M, Loba J. C-Reactive Protein, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Their Receptor in Type 2 Diabetic, Elderly Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:209. [PMID: 26578953 PMCID: PMC4625092 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to determine the predictors (including AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels) of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Two hundred seventy-six diabetics elders were screened for MCI (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: MoCA score). Data of biochemical parameters and biomarkers were collected. RESULTS Serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels were significantly increased in MCI patients compared to controls. In group of patients with MCI, serum RAGE level was positively correlated with AGEs level and with CRP level. RAGE, AGEs, and CRP concentrations were positively correlated with HbA1c levels and negatively correlated with MoCA score. The univariate logistic regression models revealed that variables, which increased the likelihood of diagnosis of MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were higher levels of HbA1c, RAGE, AGEs, CRP, TG, lower level of HDL cholesterol, previous CVD, HA, or use of HA drugs, hyperlipidemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, increased number of co-morbidities, older age, and less years of formal education. HA or use of HA drugs, previous CVD, higher level of RAGE and CRP, older age and less years of formal education are the factors increasing the likelihood of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in multivariable model. CONCLUSION In summary, serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP are increased in the circulation of MCI elderly diabetic patients compared to controls. A larger population-based prospective study needs to be performed to further confirm the relationship between AGEs, RAGE, and the cognitive decline or progress to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Borkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Maciej Ciebiada
- Department of General and Oncological Pneumology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Jerzy Loba
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive visceral fat is associated with greater metabolic fluctuation and increased risk for dementia in older adults. The aim of the current study is to directly determine the impact of central adiposity on brain structure at midlife by examining the thickness of the cerebral cortex. METHODS High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo images were obtained from 103 participants aged 40 to 60 years (mean [standard deviation] = 49.63 [6.47] years) on a 3-T Siemens Skyra scanner. Visceral fat was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Individuals with higher visceral fat mass and volume had significantly thicker cortex in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (β = 0.29 [p = .019] and β = 0.31 [p = .011], respectively), controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, and blood glucose level. CONCLUSIONS Visceral fat was significantly associated with thicker cortex in the posterior cingulate gyrus. Although future studies are necessary, these results indicate that central adiposity is associated with significant metabolic changes that impinge upon the central nervous system in middle age.
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Chei CL, Yamagishi K, Ikeda A, Noda H, Maruyama M, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Asada T, Iso H. C-reactive protein levels and risk of disabling dementia with and without stroke in Japanese: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:438-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Metti AL, Yaffe K, Boudreau RM, Simonsick EM, Carnahan RM, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Ayonayon HN, Rosano C, Cauley JA. Trajectories of inflammatory markers and cognitive decline over 10 years. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2785-2790. [PMID: 24997674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine trajectories of inflammatory markers and cognitive decline over 10 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) trajectory components (slope, variability, and baseline level) and cognitive decline among 1323 adults, aged 70-79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. We tested for interactions by sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. In models adjusted for multiple covariates and comorbidities, extreme CRP variability was significantly associated with cognitive decline (hazard ratio [HR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.3). This association was modified by sex and APOE e4 (p < 0.001 for both), such that the association remained among women (HR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.0) and among those with no APOE e4 allele (HR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5). There were no significant associations between slope or baseline level of CRP and cognitive decline nor between interleukin-6 and cognitive decline. We believe CRP variability likely reflects poor control of or greater changes in vascular or metabolic disease over time, which in turn is associated with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Metti
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Carnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hilsa N Ayonayon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Haagensen AMJ, Klein AB, Ettrup A, Matthews LR, Sørensen DB. Cognitive performance of Göttingen minipigs is affected by diet in a spatial hole-board discrimination test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79429. [PMID: 24223947 PMCID: PMC3818226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high energy diet, containing high amounts of saturated fat and refined sugar has been associated with impairment of cognitive function in rodents and humans. We sought to contrast the effect of a high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate diet and a low fat, high carbohydrate/sucrose diet, relative to a standard low fat, high carbohydrate minipig diet on spatial cognition with regards to working memory and reference memory in 24 male Göttingen minipigs performing in a spatial hole-board discrimination test. We found that both working memory and reference memory were impaired by both diets relative to a standard minipig diet high in carbohydrate, low in fat and sugar. The different diets did not impact levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain tissue and neither did they affect circulatory inflammation measured by concentrations of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin in serum. However, higher levels of triglycerides were observed for minipigs fed the diets with high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate and low fat, high carbohydrate/sucrose compared to minipigs fed a standard minipig diet. This might explain the observed impairments in spatial cognition. These findings suggest that high dietary intake of both fat and sugar may impair spatial cognition which could be relevant for mental functioning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Maria Juul Haagensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Bue Klein
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Ettrup
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay R. Matthews
- Lindsay R Matthews & Associates Research International, Scerne Di Pineto, Italy
- Psychology Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Haley AP, Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, Tanaka H. Dyslipidemia links obesity to early cerebral neurochemical alterations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2007-13. [PMID: 23512296 PMCID: PMC3695042 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in potentially accounting for obesity-related brain vulnerability in the form of altered cerebral neurochemistry. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixty-four adults, ages 40-60 years, underwent a health screen and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS) of occipitoparietal gray matter to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate (Glu) relative to creatine (Cr). The causal steps approach and nonparametric bootstrapping were utilized to assess if fasting glucose, mean arterial pressure or peripheral lipid/lipoprotein levels mediate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cerebral neurochemistry. RESULTS Higher BMI was significantly related to higher mI/Cr, independent of age and sex. BMI was also significantly related to two of the proposed mediators, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol, which were also independently related to increased mI/Cr. Finally, the relationship between BMI and mI/Cr was significantly attenuated after inclusion of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol into the model, one at a time, indicating statistical mediation. CONCLUSIONS Higher triglyceride and lower HDL levels statistically account for the association between BMI and myo-inositol, pointing toward a potentially critical role for dyslipidemia in the development of cerebral neurochemical alterations in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana P. Haley
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712-1043, USA
- University of Texas Imaging Research Center, 3925B West Braker Lane, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712-1043, USA
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, 1 University Station, D3700, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, 1 University Station, D3700, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Ge X, Xu XY, Feng CH, Wang Y, Li YL, Feng B. Relationships among serum C-reactive protein, receptor for advanced glycation products, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:110. [PMID: 23978069 PMCID: PMC3765839 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the clinical value of two serum markers of low-grade inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP) and receptor of advanced glycation products (RAGE), as prognostic indices for cognitive decline. Methods Patients with cognitive impairment (n = 377) and controls (n = 66) were examined by blood biochemistry tests, including ELISAs of serum CRP and RAGE, the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and STEAM 1H-MRS of the left hippocampus and thalamus. Results Compared to the control group, the cognitive impairment group was older (63.10 ± 9.70 years vs. 55.09 ± 10.77 years, P = 0.000) and had fewer years of formal education (9.01 ± 4.01 vs. 12.94 ± 3.0, P = 0.000). There were no significant differences in the frequencies of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia between groups. Serum CRP and RAGE were higher in the cognitive impairment group (CRP: 2.08 mg/L, range 1.07 − 3.36 mg/L vs. 0.21 mg/L, range 0.18 − 0.42 mg/L; RAGE: 4.01, range 2.49 − 5.71, vs. 2.28, range 1.84 − 3.03; P < 0.05 for both). In patients with cognitive impairment, there were negative correlations between cognitive function (as measured by MMSE and MoCA) and both CRP and RAGE levels (P < 0.05). Patients over 55 years exhibited a positive correlation between CRP and myo-inositol peak area in the left hippocampus (P < 0.05), while there was no relationship between RAGE and any metabolite (P > 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed that CRP was influenced by hypertension (P = 0.026) and cognitive impairment (P = 0.042). Conclusions Chronic low-grade inflammation is present in patients with cognitive impairment. Serum CRP, RAGE, and left hippocampal myo-inositol may provide prognostic information on cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ge
- Department of Neurology, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Kumar S, Shah S, Budhiraja S, Desai K, Shah C, Mehta D. The effect of periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: A clinical study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:379-82. [PMID: 24082736 PMCID: PMC3783784 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.116991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis in amultifactorial inflammatory disease which is caused by various microorganisms. Many studies have found close association between chronic periodontitis and C-reactive protein (CRP). CRPis an inflammatory marker which increases in all inflammatory condition. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The present clinical study was designed to show the effect of periodontal treatment on the CRP levels of gingival crevicular fluid and to determine the effect of nonsurgical therapy in minimizing the CRP levels in chronic generalized periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD Gingival crevicular fluid was collected using a micro capillary pipette that was hand calibrated at every 1 mm till 10 mm, from selected sites in the subjects on the 1st, 14th and 45th days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Decreased CRP levels of gingival crevicular fluid were observed at the end of the study. There was a 37% reduction in probing pocket depth and 45% gain in clinical attachment level and a reduction of about 57% after 14 days and 90% reduction of CRP levels in gingival crevicular fluid after 45 days. Thus, the results show that the presence of CRP level is more significant in gingival crevicular fluid and confirms the underlying inflammatory component of the disease activity in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Samir Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shilpa Budhiraja
- Department of Periodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushboo Desai
- Department of Periodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Chirag Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval Mehta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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C-Reactive Protein Level and its Relationship with Suicide Risk and Alexithymia among Newly Diagnosed, Drug-Naïve Patients with Non-Affective Psychosis. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in newly diagnosed drug-naïve patients with non-affective psychosis, testing the hypotheses that in such patients serum CRP levels would be higher than in healthy controls and related to more severe psychopathology, suicide risk and alexithymia. CRP levels of 30 adult patients and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were evaluated. Patients were tested with the Scale of Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS and SANS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Higher suicide risk patients showed higher CRP levels than lower suicide risk patients and healthy controls. Moreover, such patients showed higher SAPS, SANS and CDSS scores than lower suicide risk patients. In linear regression model, CRP was significantly associated with higher SSI and TAS-20 scores. The results of the present study support the notion that CRP, suicide risk and alexithymia are strictly linked in newly diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with non-affective psychosis, independently of depressive symptoms or general psychopathology. Limitations are discussed.
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Metti AL, Cauley JA. How predictive of dementia are peripheral inflammatory markers in the elderly? Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012; 2:609-622. [PMID: 23441140 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a huge public health concern today owing to the exponentially increasing number of older adults it affects each year, and there has been a large number of investigators looking at potential biomarkers of dementia. Peripheral inflammatory markers have emerged as one potential class of markers that may be useful in predicting those individuals at a greater risk of developing dementia, or in expounding the underlying mechanisms or pathways of this complex disease. Although some evidence has been promising, indicating that peripheral inflammatory markers are indeed crucial in brain changes that occur in both normal aging and in dementia, results have been mixed on their usefulness for predicting dementia or cognitive decline in older adults. Here, the authors present a review of existing studies investigating inflammatory markers as potential biomarkers of dementia, highlighting some strengths and limitations of the current research and discuss the future directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Metti
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging & Population Health, 130 N Bellefield, Room 456, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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