1
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Whitelaw A, Thoresen M. Therapeutic Hypothermia for Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Is More Effective in Newborn Infants than in Older Patients: Review and Hypotheses. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2023; 13:170-174. [PMID: 37638830 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2023.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Posthypoxic therapeutic hypothermia has been tested in newborn infants, with seven randomized trials showing consistent evidence of reduction in death, cerebral palsy, and cognitive impairment at school age. In contrast, randomized trials of hypothermia after cardiac arrest in adults have not shown consistent evidence of lasting neurological protection. The apparently greater effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in newborns may be due to important biological and clinical differences. One such difference is that adults are heavily colonized with microbes, and many have active inflammatory processes at the time of arrest, but few newborns are heavily colonized or infected at the time of birth. Inflammation can interfere with hypothermia's neuroprotection. A second difference is that apoptosis is more commonly the pathway of neuronal death in newborns than in adults. Hypothermia inhibits apoptosis but not necrosis. Newborns have a larger endogenous supply of stem cells (which reduce apoptosis) than adults and this may favor regeneration and protection from hypothermia and regeneration. A third difference is that immature oligodendroglia are more sensitive to free radical attack then mature oligodendroglia. Hypothermia reduces free radical release. In addition, immature brain has increased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits compared with adults and hypothermia reduces excitotoxic amino acids. Adults suffering cardiac arrest often have comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, which complicate recovery, but newborn infants rarely have comorbidities before asphyxia. Adult hypothermia treatment may have been too short as no trial has cooled for longer than 48 hours, some only 24 or 12 hours, but neonatal therapeutic hypothermia has routinely lasted 72 hours. We hypothesize that this combination of differences favors the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in newborn infants compared with adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Whitelaw
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Thoresen
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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He Y, Ying J, Tang J, Zhou R, Qu H, Qu Y, Mu D. Neonatal Arterial Ischaemic Stroke: Advances in Pathologic Neural Death, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2248-2266. [PMID: 35193484 PMCID: PMC9890291 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220222144744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke (NAIS) is caused by focal arterial occlusion and often leads to severe neurological sequelae. Neural deaths after NAIS mainly include necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. These neural deaths are mainly caused by upstream stimulations, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and death receptor pathways. The current clinical approaches to managing NAIS mainly focus on supportive treatments, including seizure control and anticoagulation. In recent years, research on the pathology, early diagnosis, and potential therapeutic targets of NAIS has progressed. In this review, we summarise the latest progress of research on the pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NAIS and highlight newly potential diagnostic and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Qu
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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3
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Chevin M, Chabrier S, Allard MJ, Sébire G. Necroptosis Blockade Potentiates the Neuroprotective Effect of Hypothermia in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112913. [PMID: 36428481 PMCID: PMC9687213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI) affects around 1 per 1000 term newborns and is the leading cause of acquired brain injury and neurodisability. Despite the use of hypothermia (HT) as a standard of care, the incidence of NE and its devastating outcomes remains a major issue. Ongoing research surrounding add-on neuroprotective strategies against NE is important as HT effects are limited, leaving 50% of treated patients with neurological sequelae. Little is known about the interaction between necroptotic blockade and HT in neonatal HI. Using a preclinical Lewis rat model of term human NE induced by HI, we showed a neuroprotective effect of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1: a compound blocking necroptosis) in combination with HT. The beneficial effect of Nec-1 added to HT against NE injuries was observed at the mechanistic level on both pMLKL and TNF-α, and at the anatomical level on brain volume loss visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). HT alone showed no effect on activated necroptotic effectors and did not preserve the brain MRI volume. This study opens new avenues of research to understand better the specific cell death mechanisms of brain injuries as well as the potential use of new therapeutics targeting the necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chevin
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(819)-640-3648
| | - Stéphane Chabrier
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- CHU Saint-Étienne, INSERM, Centre National de Référence de l’AVC de l’enfant, CIC1408, F-42055 Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM, Université Saint-Étienne, Université Lyon, UMR1059 Sainbiose, F-42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Marie-Julie Allard
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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4
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Levison SW, Rocha-Ferreira E, Kim BH, Hagberg H, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Dobrowolski R. Mechanisms of Tertiary Neurodegeneration after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. PEDIATRIC MEDICINE (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2022; 5:28. [PMID: 37601279 PMCID: PMC10438849 DOI: 10.21037/pm-20-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy linked to hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) which is regarded as the most important neurological problem of the newborn, can lead to a spectrum of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment and learning difficulties. There have been numerous reviews that have focused on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal H-I; however, a topic that is less often considered is the extent to which the injury might worsen over time, which is the focus of this review. Similarly, there have been numerous reviews that have focused on mechanisms that contribute to the acute or subacute injury; however, there is a tertiary phase of recovery that can be defined by cellular and molecular changes that occur many weeks and months after brain injury and this topic has not been the focus of any review for over a decade. Therefore, in this article we review both the clinical and pre-clinical data that show that tertiary neurodegeneration is a significant contributor to the final outcome, especially after mild to moderate injuries. We discuss the contributing roles of apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, protein homeostasis, inflammation, microgliosis and astrogliosis. We also review the limited number of studies that have shown that significant neuroprotection and preservation of neurological function can be achieved administering drugs during the period of tertiary neurodegeneration. As the tertiary phase of neurodegeneration is a stage when interventions are eminently feasible, it is our hope that this review will stimulate a new focus on this stage of recovery towards the goal of producing new treatment options for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian H. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
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5
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Yu L, Liu S, Zhou R, Sun H, Su X, Liu Q, Li S, Ying J, Zhao F, Mu D, Qu Y. Atorvastatin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via activating cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22263. [PMID: 35303316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the main pathological processes of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and is involved in the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Atorvastatin has been found to have neuroprotective effects in some nervous system diseases, but its role in regulating the pathogenesis of neonatal HIBD remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects and related mechanisms of atorvastatin on the regulation of neuronal apoptosis after HIBD in newborn rats. The rat HIBD model and the neuronal oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model were established routinely. Atorvastatin, cAMP inhibitor (SQ22536), and BDNF inhibitor (ANA-12) were used to treat HIBD rats and OGD neurons. Cerebral infarction, learning and memory ability, cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling molecules, and apoptosis-related indicators (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl2) were then examined. In vivo, atorvastatin reduced cerebral infarction, improved learning and memory ability, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons, inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2, and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in the cerebral cortex after HIBD. In vitro, atorvastatin also decreased the apoptosis-related indicators and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in neurons after OGD. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP or BDNF attenuated the effect of atorvastatin on the reduction of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that atorvastatin inhibits HIBD-induced neuronal apoptosis and alleviates brain injury in neonatal rats mainly by activating the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway. In conclusion, atorvastatin may be developed as a potential drug for the treatment of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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6
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Chavez-Valdez R, Miller S, Spahic H, Vaidya D, Parkinson C, Dietrick B, Brooks S, Gerner GJ, Tekes A, Graham EM, Northington FJ, Everett AD. Therapeutic Hypothermia Modulates the Relationships Between Indicators of Severity of Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Serum Biomarkers. Front Neurol 2021; 12:748150. [PMID: 34795631 PMCID: PMC8593186 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.748150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the changes due to therapeutic hypothermia (TH) exposure in the strength of association between traditional clinical and biochemical indicators of severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and serum biomarkers. We hypothesized that culmination of TH changes the strength of the relationships between traditional indicators of severity of HIE and serum biomarkers. Methods: This was a single-center observational cohort study of 178 neonates with HIE treated with TH and followed with serum biomarkers: (i) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (neurotrophins); (ii) tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (neural cell injury); and (iii) interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10 (cytokines), during their first week of life. Adjusted mixed-effect models tested associations with HIE indicators in relation to TH exposure. Results: At admission, lower Apgar scores and base excess (BE) and higher lactate and nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) count correlated with higher Sarnat scores. These indicators of worse HIE severity, including higher Sarnat score, correlated with lower VEGF and higher tau, GFAP, and IL-10 levels at different time points. Within the first 24 h of life, patients with a Sarnat score >2 had lower VEGF levels, whereas only those with score of 3 also had higher GFAP and IL-10 levels. Tau levels increased during TH in patients with Sarnat score of 3, whereas tau and GFAP increased after TH in those with scores of 2. After adjustments, lower VEGF levels during TH and higher tau, GFAP, and IL-10 levels during and after TH were associated with worse Sarnat scores. Tau and GFAP relationship with Sarnat score became stronger after TH. Conclusion: Therapeutic hypothermia exerts an independent modulatory effect in the relationships between traditional indicators of severity of HIE and serum biomarkers after adjustments. Thus, the timing of biomarker testing in relation to TH exposure must be carefully considered if biomarkers are proposed for patient stratification in novel clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harisa Spahic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Charlamaine Parkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara Dietrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J Gerner
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aylin Tekes
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ernest M Graham
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allen D Everett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Nair S, Rocha‐Ferreira E, Fleiss B, Nijboer CH, Gressens P, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Neuroprotection offered by mesenchymal stem cells in perinatal brain injury: Role of mitochondria, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 2021; 158:59-73. [PMID: 33314066 PMCID: PMC8359360 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells have a positive effect in perinatal brain injury models. The mechanisms that cause these neurotherapeutic effects are not entirely intelligible. Mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species are considered to be critically involved in the development of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory action and exert mitoprotective effects which attenuate production of reactive oxygen species and promote restoration of tissue function and metabolism after perinatal insults. This review summarizes the present state, the underlying causes, challenges and possibilities for effective clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eridan Rocha‐Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderotParisFrance
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of DiseaseUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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8
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Cartocci G, Fineschi V, Padovano M, Scopetti M, Rossi-Espagnet MC, Giannì C. Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma. Brain Sci 2021; 11:179. [PMID: 33535601 PMCID: PMC7912837 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and prominent subarachnoid space, thus being susceptible of devastating damage as consequence of acceleration-deceleration and rotational forces developed by violent shaking mechanism. Diagnosis of AHT is not straightforward and represents a medical, forensic, and social challenge, based on a multidisciplinary approach. Beside a detailed anamnesis, neuroimaging is essential to identify signs suggestive of AHT, often in absence of external detectable lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the radiation-free modality of choice to investigate the most typical findings in AHT, such as subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and hypoxic-ischemic damage and it also allows to detect more subtle signs as parenchymal lacerations, cranio-cervical junction, and spinal injuries. This paper is intended to review the main MRI findings of AHT in the central nervous system of infants, with a specific focus on both hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic injuries caused by the pathological mechanisms of shaking. Furthermore, this review provides a brief overview about the most appropriate and feasible MRI protocol to help neuroradiologists identifying AHT in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cartocci
- Emergency Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Padovano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Matteo Scopetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Giannì
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy;
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9
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Eskandari A, Flamme M, Xiao Z, Suntharalingam K. The Bulk Osteosarcoma and Osteosarcoma Stem Cell Activity of a Necroptosis-Inducing Nickel(II)-Phenanthroline Complex. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2854-2860. [PMID: 32415808 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the anti-osteosarcoma and anti-osteosarcoma stem cell (OSC) properties of a nickel(II) complex, 1. Complex 1 displays similar potency towards bulk osteosarcoma cells and OSCs, in the micromolar range. Notably, 1 displays similar or better OSC potency than the clinically approved platinum(II) anticancer drugs cisplatin and carboplatin in two- and three-dimensional osteosarcoma cell cultures. Mechanistic studies revealed that 1 induces osteosarcoma cell death by necroptosis, an ordered form of necrosis. The nickel(II) complex, 1 triggers necrosome-dependent mitrochondrial membrane depolarisation and propidium iodide uptake. Interestingly, 1 does not evoke necroptosis by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) or hyperactivation of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP-1). ROS elevation and PARP-1 activity are traits that have been observed for established necroptosis inducers such as shikonin, TRAIL and glutamate. Thus the necroptosis pathway evoked by 1 is distinct. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report into the anti-osteosarcoma and anti-OSC properties of a nickel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Eskandari
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Marie Flamme
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Zhiyin Xiao
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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10
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Deng XX, Li SS, Sun FY. Necrostatin-1 Prevents Necroptosis in Brains after Ischemic Stroke via Inhibition of RIPK1-Mediated RIPK3/MLKL Signaling. Aging Dis 2019; 10:807-817. [PMID: 31440386 PMCID: PMC6675533 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological studies have indirectly shown that necroptosis participates in ischemic neuronal death. However, its mechanism has yet to be elucidated in the ischemic brain. TNFα-triggered RIPK1 kinase activation could initiate RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis under inhibition of caspase-8. In the present study, we performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce cerebral ischemia in rats and used immunoblotting and immunostaining combined with pharmacological analysis to study the mechanism of necroptosis in ischemic brains. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, we found that ischemia induced the increase of (i) RIPK1 phosphorylation at the Ser166 residue (p-RIPK1), representing active RIPK1 kinase and (ii) the number of cells that were double stained with P-RIPK1 (Ser166) (p-RIPK1+) and TUNEL, a label of DNA double-strand breaks, indicating cell death. Furthermore, ischemia induced activation of downstream signaling factors of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL, as well as the formation of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Treatment with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an inhibitor of necroptosis, significantly decreased ischemia-induced increase of p-RIPK1 expression and p-RIPK1+ neurons, which showed protection from brain damage. Meanwhile, Nec-1 reduced RIPK3, MLKL and p-MLKL expression levels and mature IL-1β formation in Nec-1 treated ischemic brains. Our results clearly demonstrated that phosphorylation of RIPK1 at the Ser166 residue was involved in the pathogenesis of necroptosis in the brains after ischemic injury. Nec-1 treatment protected brains against ischemic necroptosis by reducing the activation of RIPK1 and inhibiting its downstream signaling pathways. These results provide direct in vivo evidence that phosphorylated RIPK1 (Ser 166) plays an important role in the initiation of RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in the rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xu Deng
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,3Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Riegler AN, Brissac T, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Orihuela CJ. Necroptotic Cell Death Promotes Adaptive Immunity Against Colonizing Pneumococci. Front Immunol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31019504 PMCID: PMC6459137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxin (PFT) induced necroptosis exacerbates pulmonary injury during bacterial pneumonia. However, its role during asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization and toward the development of protective immunity was unknown. Using a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) asymptomatic colonization, we determined that nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (nEC) died of pneumolysin (Ply)-dependent necroptosis. Mice deficient in MLKL, the necroptosis effector, or challenged with Ply-deficient Spn showed less nEC sloughing, increased neutrophil infiltration, and altered IL-1α, IL-33, CXCL2, IL-17, and IL-6 levels in nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Activated MLKL correlated with increased presence of CD11c+ antigen presenting cells in Spn-associated submucosa. Colonized MLKL KO mice and wildtype mice colonized with Ply-deficient Spn produced less antibody against the bacterial surface protein PspA, were delayed in bacterial clearance, and were more susceptible to a lethal secondary Spn challenge. We conclude that PFT-induced necroptosis is instrumental in the natural development of protective immunity against opportunistic PFT-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Nichole Riegler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Terry Brissac
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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12
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Sharifi M, Hosseinali SH, Saboury AA, Szegezdi E, Falahati M. Involvement of planned cell death of necroptosis in cancer treatment by nanomaterials: Recent advances and future perspectives. J Control Release 2019; 299:121-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Chavez-Valdez R, Mottahedin A, Stridh L, Yellowhair TR, Jantzie LL, Northington FJ, Mallard C. Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism in the Response to TLR3 Activation in the Developing Neonatal Mouse Brain: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:306. [PMID: 30971945 PMCID: PMC6443881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 activation during the neonatal period produces responses linked to the origins of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although there is sexual dimorphism in neuropsychiatric disorders, it is unknown if brain responses to TLR3 activation are sex-specific. We hypothesized that poly I:C in a post-natal day (P)8 model induces a sexually dimorphic inflammatory responses. C57BL6 mice received intraperitoneal injection of poly I:C (10 mg/kg) or vehicle [normal saline (NS)] at P8. Pups were killed at 6 or 14 h for caspase 3 and 8 activity assays, NFkB ELISA, IRF3, AP1, and GFAP western blotting and cytokines/chemokines gene expression real time qRT-PCR (4–6/group). A second group of pups were killed at 24 h (P9) or 7 days (P15) after poly I:C to assess astrocytic (GFAP) and microglia (Iba1) activation in the hippocampus, thalamus and cortex using immunohistochemistry, and gene and protein expression of cytokines/chemokines using real time RT-PCR and MSD, respectively (4–6/group). Non-parametric analysis was applied. Six hours after poly I:C, caspase-3 and -8 activities in cytosolic fractions were 1.6 and 2.8-fold higher in poly I:C-treated than in NS-treated female mice, respectively, while gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in both sexes. After poly I:C, IRF3 nuclear translocation occurred earlier (6 h) in female mice and later (14 h) in male mice. At 14 h after poly I:C, only male mice also had increased nuclear NFκB levels (88%, p < 0.001) and GFAP expression coinciding with persistent IL-6 and FAS gene upregulation (110 and 77%, respectively; p < 0.001) and IL-10 gene downregulation (-42%, p < 0.05). At 24 h after poly I:C, IL-1β, CXCL-10, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were similarly increased in both sexes but at 7 days after exposure, CXCL-10 and INFγ were increased and IL-10 was decreased only in female mice. Accordingly, microglial activation persisted at 7 days after poly I:C in the hippocampus, thalamus and cortex of female mice. This preliminary study suggests that TLR3 activation may produce in the developing neonatal mouse brain a sexually dimorphic response with early activation of caspase-dependent pathways in female mice, activation of inflammatory cascades in both sexes, which then persists in female mice. Further well-powered studies are essential to confirm these sex-specific findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Stridh
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tracylyn R Yellowhair
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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McNally MA, Chavez-Valdez R, Felling RJ, Flock DL, Northington FJ, Stafstrom CE. Seizure Susceptibility Correlates with Brain Injury in Male Mice Treated with Hypothermia after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-10. [PMID: 30820019 PMCID: PMC9109068 DOI: 10.1159/000496468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a common neonatal brain injury associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite the administration of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Neonatal seizures and subsequent chronic epilepsy are frequent in this patient population and current treatments are partially effective. We used a neonatal murine hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model to test whether the severity of hippocampal and cortical injury predicts seizure susceptibility 8 days after HI and whether TH mitigates this susceptibility. HI at postnatal day 10 (P10) caused hippocampal injury not mitigated by TH in male or female pups. TH did not confer protection against flurothyl seizure susceptibility at P18 in this model. Hippocampal (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.001) and cortical (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.003) injury directly correlated with seizure susceptibility in male but not female pups. Thus, there are sex-specific consequences of neonatal HI on flurothyl seizure susceptibility in a murine neonatal HI model. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sex dimorphism in seizure susceptibility after neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A McNally
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra L Flock
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurologic disorder that can affect the fetus, the preterm, and the term-born infant. It carries significant long-term disabilities. Herein we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology and classification, different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of different brain imaging modalities in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. In recent years there has been progress in treatments, making early diagnosis and the understanding of likely morbidities imperative. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family in the light of present knowledge.
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16
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Favié LMA, Cox AR, van den Hoogen A, Nijboer CHA, Peeters-Scholte CMPCD, van Bel F, Egberts TCG, Rademaker CMA, Groenendaal F. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition as a Neuroprotective Strategy Following Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Evidence From Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2018; 9:258. [PMID: 29725319 PMCID: PMC5916957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death and disability worldwide. Treatment with therapeutic hypothermia reduced adverse outcomes from 60 to 45%. Additional strategies are urgently needed to further improve the outcome for these neonates. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a potential neuroprotective target. This article reviews the evidence of neuroprotection by nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition in animal models. METHODS Literature search using the EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane, and PubMed databases. Studies comparing NOS inhibition to placebo, with neuroprotective outcome measures, in relevant animal models were included. Methodologic quality of the included studies was assessed. RESULTS 26 studies were included using non-selective or selective NOS inhibition in rat, piglet, sheep, or rabbit animal models. A large variety in outcome measures was reported. Outcome measures were grouped as histological, biological, or neurobehavioral. Both non-selective and selective inhibitors show neuroprotective properties in one or more outcome measures. Methodologic quality was either low or moderate for all studies. CONCLUSION Inhibition of NO synthesis is a promising strategy for additional neuroprotection. In humans, intervention can only take place after the onset of the hypoxic-ischemic event. Therefore, combined inhibition of neuronal and inducible NOS seems the most likely candidate for human clinical trials. Future studies should determine its safety and effectiveness in neonates, as well as a potential sex-specific neuroprotective effect. Researchers should strive to improve methodologic quality of animal intervention studies by using a systematic approach in conducting and reporting of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. A. Favié
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arlette R. Cox
- Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Agnes van den Hoogen
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cora H. A. Nijboer
- Laboratory of NeuroImmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Frank van Bel
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Toine C. G. Egberts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carin M. A. Rademaker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Orozco S, Oberst A. RIPK3 in cell death and inflammation: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Immunol Rev 2018; 277:102-112. [PMID: 28462521 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of cell death that can be observed downstream of death receptor or pattern recognition receptor signaling under certain cellular contexts, or in response to some viral and bacterial infections. The receptor interacting protein kinases-1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 are at the core of necroptotic signaling, among other proteins. Because this pathway is normally halted by the pro-apoptotic protease caspase-8 and the IAP ubiquitin ligases, how and when necroptosis is triggered in physiological settings are ongoing questions. Interestingly, accumulating evidence suggests that RIPK3 has functions beyond the induction of necroptotic cell death, especially in the areas of tissue injury and sterile inflammation. Here, we will discuss the role of RIPK3 in a variety of physiological conditions, including necroptotic and non-necroptotic cell death, in the context of viral and bacterial infections, tissue damage, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Orozco
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Ji R, Zhu J, Sui QQ, Knight GE, Burnstock G, He C, Yuan H, Xiang Z. Inhibition of P2X7 receptors improves outcomes after traumatic brain injury in rats. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:529-544. [PMID: 28823092 PMCID: PMC5714842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for people under the age of 45 years worldwide. Neuropathology after TBI is the result of both the immediate impact injury and secondary injury mechanisms. Secondary injury is the result of cascade events, including glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overloading, free radical generation, and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to brain cell death. In this study, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) was detected predominately in microglia of the cerebral cortex and was up-regulated on microglial cells after TBI. The microglia transformed into amoeba-like and discharged many microvesicle (MV)-like particles in the injured and adjacent regions. A P2X7R antagonist (A804598) and an immune inhibitor (FTY720) reduced significantly the number of MV-like particles in the injured/adjacent regions and in cerebrospinal fluid, reduced the number of neurons undergoing apoptotic cell death, and increased the survival of neurons in the cerebral cortex injured and adjacent regions. Blockade of the P2X7R and FTY720 reduced interleukin-1βexpression, P38 phosphorylation, and glial activation in the cerebral cortex and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI. These data indicate that MV-like particles discharged by microglia after TBI may be involved in the development of local inflammation and secondary nerve cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Yangpu Qu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Sui
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Giraud A, Guiraut C, Chevin M, Chabrier S, Sébire G. Role of Perinatal Inflammation in Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 29201015 PMCID: PMC5696351 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the review of the literature, perinatal inflammation often induced by infection is the only consistent independent risk factor of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS). Preclinical studies show that acute inflammatory processes take place in placenta, cerebral arterial wall of NAIS-susceptible arteries and neonatal brain. A top research priority in NAIS is to further characterize the nature and spatiotemporal features of the inflammatory processes involved in multiple levels of the pathophysiology of NAIS, to adequately design randomized control trials using targeted anti-inflammatory vasculo- and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Giraud
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.,Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Guiraut
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Chevin
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabrier
- French Center for Pediatric Stroke and Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Saeed WK, Jun DW, Jang K, Chae YJ, Lee JS, Kang HT. Does necroptosis have a crucial role in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184752. [PMID: 28957350 PMCID: PMC5619711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated protective effects of anti-receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), a key necroptosis molecule. However, it is uncertain whether necroptosis has a crucial role in hepatic IR injury. Therefore, we evaluated the role of necroptosis in hepatic IR injury. Method The IR mice underwent 70% segmental IR injury induced by the clamping of the hepatic artery and portal vein for 1 hr followed by reperfusion for 4 hr. The key necroptosis molecules (RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL) and other key molecules of regulated necrosis (PGAM5 and caspase-1) were evaluated in the warm IR injury model. A RIP1 inhibitor (necrostain-1s) and/or an anti-mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-mediated necrosis mediator (cyclosporine A, CyA) were administered before clamping. Necrotic injury was quantified using Suzuki’s scoring system. qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and PGAM5 expressions. Results RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and PGAM5 expression did not change in the hepatic IR injury model. Moreover, Nec1s pretreatment did not improve histology or biochemical markers. The overall Suzuki score (cytoplasmic vacuolization, sinusoidal congestion and hepatocytes necrosis) was increased in the RIP3(-/-) mice compared to the IR group (3.5 vs. 5, p = 0.026). CyA pretreatment and/or RIP3(-/-) mice decreased Bax/Bcl2 expression; however, it did lead to an overall change in the levels of AST, ALT and LDH or necrotic injury. The Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the expression of caspase-1 and caspase-3 did not increase in our hepatic IR injury model. Conclusion Key necroptosis molecules did not increase in the necrosis-dominant hepatic IR injury model. Anti-necroptosis and/or cyclosporine-A treatment did not have an overall protective effect on necrosis-dominant hepatic IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar K. Saeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate school of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Chae
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate school of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jai Sun Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate school of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Tae Kang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate school of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1067-1076. [PMID: 28939695 PMCID: PMC5652227 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia in term neonates affects 1–2/1000 live births and results in the development of hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy with devastating life-long consequences. The majority of neuronal cell death occurs with a delay, providing the potential of a treatment window within which to act. Currently, treatment options are limited to therapeutic hypothermia which is not universally successful. To identify new interventions, we need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the injury. Here, we provide an overview of the contribution of both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of neonatal brain injury and identify current preclinical therapeutic strategies.
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22
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Baburamani AA, Sobotka KS, Vontell R, Mallard C, Supramaniam VG, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Effect of Trp53 gene deficiency on brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12081-12092. [PMID: 28076846 PMCID: PMC5355327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can result in permanent life-long injuries such as motor and cognitive deficits. In response to cellular stressors such as hypoxia, tumor suppressor protein p53 is activated, potently initiating apoptosis and promoting Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Trp53 genetic inhibition on injury development in the immature brain following HI. HI (50 min or 60 min) was induced at postnatal day 9 (PND9) in Trp53 heterozygote (het) and wild type (WT) mice. Utilizing Cre-LoxP technology, CaMK2α-Cre mice were bred with Trp53-Lox mice, resulting in knockdown of Trp53 in CaMK2α neurons. HI was induced at PND12 (50 min) and PND28 (40 min). Extent of brain injury was assessed 7 days following HI. Following 50 min HI at PND9, Trp53 het mice showed protection in the posterior hippocampus and thalamus. No difference was seen between WT or Trp53 het mice following a severe, 60 min HI. Cre-Lox mice that were subjected to HI at PND12 showed no difference in injury, however we determined that neuronal specific CaMK2α-Cre recombinase activity was strongly expressed by PND28. Concomitantly, Trp53 was reduced at 6 weeks of age in KO-Lox Trp53 mice. Cre-Lox mice subjected to HI at PND28 showed no significant difference in brain injury. These data suggest that p53 has a limited contribution to the development of injury in the immature/juvenile brain following HI. Further studies are required to determine the effect of p53 on downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina S Sobotka
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Vontell
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veena G Supramaniam
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nemeth CL, Drummond GT, Mishra MK, Zhang F, Carr P, Garcia MS, Doman S, Fatemi A, Johnston MV, Kannan RM, Kannan S, Wilson MA. Uptake of dendrimer-drug by different cell types in the hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic insult in neonatal mice: Effects of injury, microglial activation and hypothermia. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2359-2369. [PMID: 28669854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can result in neurodevelopmental disability, including cerebral palsy. The only treatment, hypothermia, provides incomplete neuroprotection. Hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are being explored for targeted delivery of therapy for HIE. Understanding the biodistribution of dendrimer-conjugated drugs into microglia, neurons and astrocytes after brain injury is essential for optimizing drug delivery. We conjugated N-acetyl-L-cysteine to Cy5-labeled PAMAM dendrimer (Cy5-D-NAC) and used a mouse model of perinatal HIE to study effects of timing of administration, hypothermia, brain injury, and microglial activation on uptake. Dendrimer conjugation delivered therapy most effectively to activated microglia but also targeted some astrocytes and injured neurons. Cy5-D-NAC uptake was correlated with brain injury in all cell types and with activated morphology in microglia. Uptake was not inhibited by hypothermia, except in CD68+ microglia. Thus, dendrimer-conjugated drug delivery can target microglia, astrocytes and neurons and can be used in combination with hypothermia for treatment of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Nemeth
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gabrielle T Drummond
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrice Carr
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maxine S Garcia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sydney Doman
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6318D, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Wilson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Flamme M, Cressey PB, Lu C, Bruno PM, Eskandari A, Hemann MT, Hogarth G, Suntharalingam K. Induction of Necroptosis in Cancer Stem Cells using a Nickel(II)-Dithiocarbamate Phenanthroline Complex. Chemistry 2017; 23:9674-9682. [PMID: 28556445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic properties of a series of nickel(II)-dithiocarbamate phenanthroline complexes is reported. The complexes 1-6 kill bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) with micromolar potency. Two of the complexes, 2 and 6, kill twice as many breast cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched HMLER-shEcad cells as compared to breast CSC-depleted HMLER cells. Complex 2 inhibits mammosphere formation to a similar extent as salinomycin (a CSC-specific toxin). Detailed mechanistic studies suggest that 2 induces CSC death by necroptosis, a programmed form of necrosis. Specifically, 2 triggers MLKL phosphorylation, oligomerization, and translocation to the cell membrane. Additionally, 2 induces necrosome-mediated propidium iodide (PI) uptake and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, as well as morphological changes consistent with necroptotosis. Strikingly, 2 does not evoke necroptosis by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP-1) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Flamme
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Paul B Cressey
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Chunxin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Peter M Bruno
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Arvin Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Michael T Hemann
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Graeme Hogarth
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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26
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Ikebara JM, Takada SH, Cardoso DS, Dias NMM, de Campos BCV, Bretherick TAS, Higa GSV, Ferraz MSA, Kihara AH. Functional Role of Intracellular Calcium Receptor Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Type 1 in Rat Hippocampus after Neonatal Anoxia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169861. [PMID: 28072885 PMCID: PMC5225024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoxia is one of the most prevalent causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in preterm neonates, constituting an important public health problem due to permanent neurological sequelae observed in patients. Oxygen deprivation triggers a series of simultaneous cascades, culminating in cell death mainly located in more vulnerable metabolic brain regions, such as the hippocampus. In the process of cell death by oxygen deprivation, cytosolic calcium plays crucial roles. Intracellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are important regulators of cytosolic calcium levels, although the role of these receptors in neonatal anoxia is completely unknown. This study focused on the functional role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) in rat hippocampus after neonatal anoxia. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a decrease of IP3R1 gene expression 24 hours after neonatal anoxia. We detected that IP3R1 accumulates specially in CA1, and this spatial pattern did not change after neonatal anoxia. Interestingly, we observed that anoxia triggers translocation of IP3R1 to nucleus in hippocampal cells. We were able to observe that anoxia changes distribution of IP3R1 immunofluorescence signals, as revealed by cluster size analysis. We next examined the role of IP3R1 in the neuronal cell loss triggered by neonatal anoxia. Intrahippocampal injection of non-specific IP3R1 blocker 2-APB clearly reduced the number of Fluoro-Jade C and Tunel positive cells, revealing that activation of IP3R1 increases cell death after neonatal anoxia. Finally, we aimed to disclose mechanistics of IP3R1 in cell death. We were able to determine that blockade of IP3R1 did not reduced the distribution and pixel density of activated caspase 3-positive cells, indicating that the participation of IP3R1 in neuronal cell loss is not related to classical caspase-mediated apoptosis. In summary, this study may contribute to new perspectives in the investigation of neurodegenerative mechanisms triggered by oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Sterzeck Cardoso
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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27
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Kwak M, Lim S, Kang E, Furmanski O, Song H, Ryu YK, Mintz CD. Effects of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury and Hypothermic Neuroprotection on Neural Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Hippocampus. Dev Neurosci 2016; 37:428-39. [PMID: 26087836 DOI: 10.1159/000430862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) results in widespread cerebral encephalopathy and affects structures that are essential for neurocognitive function, such as the hippocampus. The dentate gyrus contains a reservoir of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that are critical for postnatal development and normal adult function of the hippocampus, and may also facilitate the recovery of function after injury. Using a neonatal mouse model of mild-to-moderate HI and immunohistochemical analysis of NSPC development markers, we asked whether these cells are vulnerable to HI and how they respond to both injury and hypothermic therapy. We found that cleaved caspase-3 labeling in the subgranular zone, where NSPCs are located, is increased by more than 30-fold after HI. The population of cells positive for both proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nestin (PCNA+Nes+), which represent primarily actively proliferating NSPCs, are acutely decreased by 68% after HI. The NSPC population expressing NeuroD1, a marker for NSPCs transitioning to become fate-committed neural progenitors, was decreased by 47%. One week after HI, there was a decrease in neuroblasts and immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, as measured by doublecortin (DCX) immunolabeling, and at the same time PCNA+Nes+ cell density was increased by 71%. NSPCs expressing Tbr2, which identifies a highly proliferative intermediate neural progenitor population, increased by 107%. Hypothermia treatment after HI partially rescues both the acute decrease in PCNA+Nes+ cell density at 1 day after injury and the chronic loss of DCX immunoreactivity and reduction in NeuroD1 cell density measured at 1 week after injury. Thus, we conclude that HI causes an acute loss of dentate gyrus NSPCs, and that hypothermia partially protects NSPCs from HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhye Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicinee, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Md., USA
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28
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Sun X, Shi X, Lu L, Jiang Y, Liu B. Stimulus-dependent neuronal cell responses in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2215-20. [PMID: 26781445 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms that cause neuronal cell death following exposure to excitatory neurotransmitter‑induced neurotoxicity, neurotoxins and oxidative stress. Human SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to various stimuli, including glutamate, 6‑hydroxydopamine (6‑OHDA), and glucose oxidase, and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Early apoptosis and necrosis were examined by Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometric analysis. Intracellular calcium ion concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed by Fluo‑3a and JC‑1 staining, respectively. In addition, protein expression of receptor‑interacting protein (RIP) kinase 1 and RIP kinase 3 were evaluated by western blotting. Glutamate, 6‑OHDA and glucose oxidase treatment decreased cell viability. Glutamate induced apoptosis and necrosis, whereas, 6‑OHDA induced cell necrosis and glucose oxidase induced apoptosis. Furthermore, glutamate, 6‑OHDA or glucose oxidase treatment significantly increased intracellular calcium concentrations (P<0.05). The effect of glutamate on mitochondrial membrane potential varied with high and low concentrations, whereas 6‑OHDA and glucose oxidase significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in the SH‑SY5Y cells (P<0.05). Glutamate significantly upregulated expression levels of RIP kinase 1 (P<0.05), but not RIP kinase 3. These findings demonstrate that the response of SH‑SY5Y cells varies with the stimuli. Furthermore, RIP kinase 1 may specifically regulate programmed necrosis in glutamate‑mediated excitatory toxicity, but not in cell damage induced by either 6-OHDA or glucose oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguang Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Laijing Lu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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30
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Chavez-Valdez R, Flock DL, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. Endoplasmic reticulum pathology and stress response in neurons precede programmed necrosis after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 48:58-70. [PMID: 26643212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is tasked, among many other functions, with preventing excitotoxicity from killing neurons following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). With the search for delayed therapies to treat neonatal HI, the study of delayed ER responses becomes relevant. We hypothesized that ER stress is a prominent feature of delayed neuronal death via programmed necrosis after neonatal HI. Since necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an inhibitor of programmed necrosis, provides delayed neuroprotection against neonatal HI in male mice, Nec-1 is an ideal tool to study delayed ER responses. C57B6 male mice were exposed to right carotid ligation followed by exposure to FiO2=0.08 for 45 min at p7. Mice were treated with vehicle or Nec-1 (0.1 μl of 8 μmol) intracerebroventricularly with age-matched littermates as controls. Biochemistry assays at 3 and 24h and electron microscopy (EM) and immunohistochemistry at 96 h after HI were performed. EM showed ER dilation and mitochondrial swelling as apparent early changes in neurons. With advanced neurodegeneration, large cytoplasmic fragments containing dilated ER "shed" into the surrounding neuropil and calreticulin immunoreactivity was lost concurrent with nuclear features suggestive of programmed necrosis. Nec-1 attenuated biochemical markers of ER stress after neonatal HI, including PERK and eIF2α phosphorylation, and unconventional XBP-1 splicing, consistent with the mitigation of later ER pathology. ER pathology may be an indicator of severity of neuronal injury and potential for recovery characterized by cytoplasmic shedding, distinct from apoptotic blebbing, that we term neuronal macrozeiosis. Therapies to attenuate ER stress applied at delayed stages may rescue stressed neurons after neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Debbie L Flock
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Lee J Martin
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave. Ross Research Building, Room 558, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Zhao H, Jaffer T, Eguchi S, Wang Z, Linkermann A, Ma D. Role of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of solid organ injury. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1975. [PMID: 26583318 PMCID: PMC4670925 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of regulated cell death dependent on the activity of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein (RIP) kinases. However, unlike apoptosis, it is caspase independent. Increasing evidence has implicated necroptosis in the pathogenesis of disease, including ischemic injury, neurodegeneration, viral infection and many others. Key players of the necroptosis signalling pathway are now widely recognized as therapeutic targets. Necrostatins may be developed as potent inhibitors of necroptosis, targeting the activity of RIPK1. Necrostatin-1, the first generation of necrostatins, has been shown to confer potent protective effects in different animal models. This review will summarize novel insights into the involvement of necroptosis in specific injury of different organs, and the therapeutic platform that it provides for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - T Jaffer
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Eguchi
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Z Wang
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - D Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Petrenko V, Mihhailova J, Salmon P, Kiss JZ. Apoptotic neurons induce proliferative responses of progenitor cells in the postnatal neocortex. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:126-37. [PMID: 26291762 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is the leading cause of neuronal loss after neonatal brain injury. Little is known about the intrinsic capacity of the immature cerebral cortex for replacing dead cells. Here we test the hypothesis that neuronal apoptosis is able to trigger compensatory proliferation in surrounding cells. In order to establish a "pure" apoptotic cell death model and to avoid the confounding effects of broken blood-brain barrier and inflammatory reactions, we used a diphtheria toxin (DT) and diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) system to induce ablation of layer IV neurons in the rodent somatosensory cortex during the early postnatal period. We found that DT-triggered apoptosis is a slowly progressing event lasting about for 7 days. While dying cells expressed the morphological features of apoptosis, we could not detect immunoreactivity for activated caspase-3 in these cells. Microglia activation and proliferation represented the earliest cellular responses to apoptotic cell death. In addition, we found that induced apoptosis triggered a massive proliferation of undifferentiated progenitor cell pool including Sox2 as well as NG2 cells. The default differentiation pattern of proliferating progenitors appears to be the glial phenotype; we could not find evidence for newly generated neurons in response to apoptotic neuronal death. These results suggest that mitotically active progenitor populations are intrinsically capable to contribute to the repair process of injured cortical tissue and may represent a potential target for neuronal replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Petrenko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jevgenia Mihhailova
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jozsef Z Kiss
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Mechanisms of neurodegeneration after severe hypoxic-ischemic injury in the neonatal rat brain. Brain Res 2015; 1629:94-103. [PMID: 26485031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis is implicated in mild-moderate ischemic injury. Cell death pathways in the severely ischemic brain are not characterized. We sought to determine the role of apoptosis in the severely ischemic immature brain. METHODS Seven-day old rats were randomly assigned to mild-moderate or severe cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) group. After ligating the right common carotid artery, animals were subjected to hypoxia for 90min in the mild-moderate HI or 180min in the severe HI. The core and peri-infarct area were measured in H&E stained brain sections using NIS Elements software. Brain sections were processed for caspase-3, AIF and RIP3 immuno-staining. Number of positive cells were counted and compared between the two groups. RESULTS The core constituted a significantly higher proportion of the ischemic lesion in the severely compared to the moderately injured brain (P<0.04) up to 7 days post-injury. Apoptotic cell death was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the core than the peri-infarct of the severe HI brain. In the peri-infarct area of severe HI, AIF-induced cell death increased over time and caspase-3 and AIF equally mediated neuronal death. Necroptosis was significantly higher (P=0.02) in the peri-infarct of the severe HI lesion compared to the moderate HI lesion. In males, but not in females, apoptosis was higher in moderate compared to severe HI. CONCLUSIONS Caspase-independent cell death plays an important role in severe ischemic injury. Injury severity, timing of intervention post-injury and sex of the animal are important determinants in designing neuroprotective intervention for the severely ischemic immature brain.
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Sun H, Juul HM, Jensen FE. Models of hypoxia and ischemia-induced seizures. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:252-60. [PMID: 26434705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite greater understanding and improved management, seizures continue to be a major problem in childhood. Neonatal seizures are often refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs, and can result in later life epilepsy and cognitive deficits, conditions for which there are no specific treatments. Hypoxic and/or ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most common cause for neonatal seizures, and accounts for more than two-thirds of neonatal seizure cases. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms is essential for identifying new therapeutic strategies that control the neonatal seizures and its cognitive consequences. This heavily relies on animal models that play a critical role in discovering novel mechanisms underlying both epileptogenesis and associated cognitive impairments. To date, a number of animal models have provided a tremendous amount of information regarding the pathophysiology of HIE-induced neonatal seizures. This review provides an overview on the most important features of the main animal models of HIE-induced seizures. In particular, we focus on the methodology of seizure induction and the characterizations of post-HIE injury consequences. These aspects of HIE-induced seizure models are discussed in the light of the suitability of these models in studying human HIE-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Halvor M Juul
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Abstract
Certain groups of neonates are at high risk of developing long-term neurodevelopmental impairment and might be considered candidates for neuroprotective interventions. This article explores some of these high-risk groups, relevant mechanisms of brain injury, and specific mechanisms of cellular injury and death. The potential of erythropoietin (Epo) to act as a neuroprotective agent for neonatal brain injury is discussed. Clinical trials of Epo neuroprotection in preterm and term infants are updated.
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Yang Y, Jiang G, Zhang P, Fan J. Programmed cell death and its role in inflammation. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 26045969 PMCID: PMC4455968 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and may be the result of inflammation. The maintenance of tissue homeostasis necessitates both the recognition and removal of invading microbial pathogens as well as the clearance of dying cells. In the past few decades, emerging knowledge on cell death and inflammation has enriched our molecular understanding of the signaling pathways that mediate various programs of cell death and multiple types of inflammatory responses. This review provides an overview of the major types of cell death related to inflammation. Modification of cell death pathways is likely to be a logical therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
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Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. Programmed necrosis and necroptosis signalling. FEBS J 2014; 282:19-31. [PMID: 25327580 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the paradigm of cell death regulation has changed. Nowadays, not only apoptosis but also several forms of necrosis (e.g. necroptosis) are considered to be regulated. The central roles of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein, and the molecular signalling platforms in which these molecules participate, are being intensively studied. In particular, the role of RIPK1, being both a kinase and a scaffold molecule, in different cell death regulatory complexes is of great relevance for the field. This minireview aims to introduce the emerging and dynamic field of necroptosis to the reader, with a specific focus on intracellular signalling pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Necroptosis, in vivo detection in experimental disease models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:2-13. [PMID: 25160988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our picture of cell death signals involved in experimental disease models totally shifted. Indeed, in addition to apoptosis, multiple forms of regulated necrosis have been associated with an increasing number of pathologies such as ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain, heart and kidney, inflammatory diseases, sepsis, retinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and infectious disorders. Especially necroptosis is currently attracting the attention of the scientific community. However, the in vivo identification of ongoing necroptosis in experimental disease conditions remains troublesome, mainly due to the lack of specific biomarkers. Initially, Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 kinase activity were uniquely associated with induction of necroptosis, however recent evidence suggests pleiotropic functions in cell death, inflammation and survival, obscuring a clear picture. In this review, we will present the last methodological advances for in vivo necroptosis identification and discuss past and recent data to provide an update of the so-called "necroptosis-associated pathologies".
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Abstract
This article explains the mechanisms underlying choices of pharmacotherapy for hypoxic-ischemic insults of both preterm and term babies. Some preclinical data are strong enough that clinical trials are now underway. Challenges remain in deciding the best combination therapies for each age and insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E. Juul
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, Telephone: (206) 221-6814; Fax: (206) 543-8926
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Neonatal Brain Disorders Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 494, Box 0663, San Francisco, California 94143, Phone: (415) 502-7319, Fax: (415) 486-2297
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40
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Chavez-Valdez R, Martin LJ, Razdan S, Gauda EB, Northington FJ. Sexual dimorphism in BDNF signaling after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and treatment with necrostatin-1. Neuroscience 2013; 260:106-19. [PMID: 24361177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury due to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is more homogenously severe in male than in female mice. Because, necrostatin-1 (nec-1) prevents injury progression only in male mice, we hypothesized that changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling after HI and nec-1 are also sex-specific providing differential conditions to promote recovery of those more severely injured. The increased aromatization of testosterone in male mice during early development and the link between 17-β-estradiol (E2) levels and BDNF transcription substantiate this hypothesis. Hence, we aimed to investigate if sexual differences in BDNF signaling existed in forebrain and diencephalon after HI and HI/nec-1 and their correlation with estrogen receptors (ER). C57B6 mice (p7) received nec-1 (0.1μl [8μM]) or vehicle (veh) intracerebroventricularly after HI. At 24h after HI, BDNF levels increased in both sexes in forebrain without evidence of tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) activation. At 96h after HI, BDNF levels in forebrain decreased below those seen in control mice of both sexes. Additionally, only in female mice, truncated TrkB (Tc.TrkB) and p75 neurotrophic receptor (p75ntr) levels increased in forebrain and diencephalon. In both, forebrain and diencephalon, nec-1 treatment increased BDNF levels and TrkB activation in male mice while, nec-1 prevented Tc.TrkB and p75ntr increases in female mice. While E2 levels were unchanged by HI or HI/nec-1 in either sex or treatment, ERα:ERβ ratios were increased in diencephalon of nec-1-treated male mice and directly correlated with BDNF levels. Neonatal HI produces sex-specific signaling changes in the BDNF system, that are differentially modulated by nec-1. The regional differences in BDNF levels may be a consequence of injury severity after HI, but sexual differences in response to nec-1 after HI may represent a differential thalamo-cortical preservation or alternatively off-target regional effect of nec-1. The biological significance of ERα predominance and its correlation with BDNF levels is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - L J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 558, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 558, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S Razdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - E B Gauda
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - F J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Sosna J, Voigt S, Mathieu S, Kabelitz D, Trad A, Janssen O, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Schütze S, Adam D. The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 regulate TNF-induced necroptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 24090154 PMCID: PMC3850939 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In apoptosis, proteolysis by caspases is the primary mechanism for both initiation and execution of programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, the impact of proteolysis on the regulation and execution of caspase-independent forms of PCD (programmed necrosis, necroptosis) is only marginally understood. Likewise, the identity of the involved proteases has remained largely obscure. Here, we have investigated the impact of proteases in TNF-induced necroptosis. Results The serine protease inhibitor TPKC protected from TNF-induced necroptosis in multiple murine and human cells systems whereas inhibitors of metalloproteinases or calpain/cysteine and cathepsin proteases had no effect. A screen for proteins labeled by a fluorescent TPCK derivative in necroptotic cells identified HtrA2/Omi (a serine protease previously implicated in PCD) as a promising candidate. Demonstrating its functional impact, pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of HtrA2/Omi protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. Unlike in apoptosis, HtrA2/Omi did not cleave another protease, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1) during TNF-induced necroptosis, but rather induced monoubiquitination indicative for UCH-L1 activation. Correspondingly, pharmacologic or RNA interference-mediated inhibition of UCH-L1 protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. We found that UCH-L1 is a mediator of caspase-independent, non-apoptotic cell death also in diseased kidney podocytes by measuring cleavage of the protein PARP-1, caspase activity, cell death and cell morphology. Indicating a role of TNF in this process, podocytes with stably downregulated UCH-L1 proved resistant to TNF-induced necroptosis. Conclusions The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 represent two key components of TNF-induced necroptosis, validating the relevance of proteolysis not only for apoptosis, but also for caspase-independent PCD. Since UCH-L1 clearly contributes to the non-apoptotic death of podocytes, interference with the necroptotic properties of HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 may prove beneficial for the treatment of patients, e.g. in kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sosna
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr, 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Wang G, Wang JJ, Chen XL, Du SM, Li DS, Pei ZJ, Lan H, Wu LB. The JAK2/STAT3 and mitochondrial pathways are essential for quercetin nanoliposome-induced C6 glioma cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e746. [PMID: 23907460 PMCID: PMC3763427 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The formulation of quercetin nanoliposomes (QUE-NLs) has been shown to enhance QUE antitumor activity in C6 glioma cells. At high concentrations, QUE-NLs induce necrotic cell death. In this study, we probed the molecular mechanisms of QUE-NL-induced C6 glioma cell death and examined whether QUE-NL-induced programmed cell death involved Bcl-2 family and mitochondrial pathway through STAT3 signal transduction pathway. Downregulation of Bcl-2 and the overexpression of Bax by QUE-NL supported the involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins upstream of C6 glioma cell death. In addition, the activation of JAK2 and STAT3 were altered following exposure to QUE-NLs in C6 glioma cells, suggesting that QUE-NLs downregulated Bcl-2 mRNAs expression and enhanced the expression of mitochondrial mRNAs through STAT3-mediated signaling pathways either via direct or indirect mechanisms. There are several components such as ROS, mitochondrial, and Bcl-2 family shared by the necrotic and apoptotic pathways. Our studies indicate that the signaling cross point of the mitochondrial pathway and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in C6 glioma cell death is modulated by QUE-NLs. In conclusion, regulation of JAK2/STAT3 and ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway agonists alone or in combination with treatment by QUE-NLs could be a more effective method of treating chemical-resistant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - J J Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - X L Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Embryo Stem Cells, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - S M Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - D S Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Embryo Stem Cells, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z J Pei
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Embryo Stem Cells, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - H Lan
- Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L B Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Embryo Stem Cells, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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43
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Kaczmarek A, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV. Necroptosis: the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and its physiological relevance. Immunity 2013; 38:209-23. [PMID: 23438821 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1088] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulated necrosis, termed necroptosis, is negatively regulated by caspase-8 and is dependent on the kinase activity of RIPK1 and RIPK3. Necroptosis leads to rapid plasma membrane permeabilization and to the release of cell contents and exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We are only beginning to identify the necroptotic DAMPs, their modifications, and their potential role in the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the physiological relevance of necroptosis and its role in the modulation of inflammation. For example, during viral infection, RIPK3-mediated necroptosis acts as a backup mechanism to clear pathogens. Necroptosis is also involved in apparently immunologically silent maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In contrast, the induction of necroptosis in skin, intestine, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and ischemia reperfusion injury provoke a strong inflammatory response, which might be triggered by emission of DAMPs from necroptotic cells, showing the detrimental side of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczmarek
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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44
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Post-insult ibuprofen treatment attenuates damage to the serotonergic system after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 71:1137-48. [PMID: 23147509 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318277d4c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no therapeutic intervention to stem neonatal brain injury after exposure to hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Potential neuroprotective treatments that can be delivered postinsult that target neuroinflammation and are safe to use in neonates are attractive. One candidate is ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and is used in neonates to treat patent ductus arteriosus. We investigated whether ibuprofen can inhibit neuroinflammation and attenuate neuronal damage manifested in a rodent model of preterm HI. Postnatal day 3 (P3) rat pups were subjected to HI (right carotid artery ligation, 30 minutes 6% O₂). Ibuprofen was then administered daily for 1 week (100 mg/kg P3 2 hours after HI, 50 mg/kg P4-P9; subcutaneously). Ibuprofen treatment prevented the P3 HI-induced reductions in brain serotonin levels, serotonin transporter expression, and numbers of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphé nuclei on P10. Ibuprofen also significantly attenuated P3 HI-induced increases in brain cyclooxygenase 2 protein expression, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor levels, as well as the increase in numbers of activated microglia. Thus, ibuprofen administered after an HI insult may be an effective pharmacologic intervention to reduce HI-induced neuronal brain injury in the preterm neonate by limiting the effects of neuroinflammatory mediators.
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