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Truong TTT, Liu ZSJ, Panizzutti B, Kim JH, Dean OM, Berk M, Walder K. Network-based drug repurposing for schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:983-992. [PMID: 38321095 PMCID: PMC11039639 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent progress, the challenges in drug discovery for schizophrenia persist. However, computational drug repurposing has gained popularity as it leverages the wealth of expanding biomedical databases. Network analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of transcription factor (TF) regulatory effects through gene regulatory networks, which capture the interactions between TFs and target genes by integrating various lines of evidence. Using the PANDA algorithm, we examined the topological variances in TF-gene regulatory networks between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls. This algorithm incorporates binding motifs, protein interactions, and gene co-expression data. To identify these differences, we subtracted the edge weights of the healthy control network from those of the schizophrenia network. The resulting differential network was then analysed using the CLUEreg tool in the GRAND database. This tool employs differential network signatures to identify drugs that potentially target the gene signature associated with the disease. Our analysis utilised a large RNA-seq dataset comprising 532 post-mortem brain samples from the CommonMind project. We constructed co-expression gene regulatory networks for both schizophrenia cases and healthy control subjects, incorporating 15,831 genes and 413 overlapping TFs. Through drug repurposing, we identified 18 promising candidates for repurposing as potential treatments for schizophrenia. The analysis of TF-gene regulatory networks revealed that the TFs in schizophrenia predominantly regulate pathways associated with energy metabolism, immune response, cell adhesion, and thyroid hormone signalling. These pathways represent significant targets for therapeutic intervention. The identified drug repurposing candidates likely act through TF-targeted pathways. These promising candidates, particularly those with preclinical evidence such as rimonabant and kaempferol, warrant further investigation into their potential mechanisms of action and efficacy in alleviating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Truong
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Zoe S J Liu
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bruna Panizzutti
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia.
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Qiu R, Lin H, Jiang H, Shen J, He J, Fu J. Association of major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with thyroid cancer: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomized study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:261. [PMID: 38594691 PMCID: PMC11003083 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disease (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BD) are common psychiatric disorders, and their relationship with thyroid cancer has been of great interest. This study aimed to investigate the potential causal effects of MDD, SCZ, BD, and thyroid cancer. METHODS We used publicly available summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies to select genetic variant loci associated with MDD, SCZ, BD, and thyroid cancer as instrumental variables (IVs), which were quality controlled and clustered. Additionally, we used three Mendelian randomization (MR) methods, inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression and weighted median estimator (WME) methods, to estimate the bidirectional causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and thyroid cancer. In addition, we performed heterogeneity and multivariate tests to verify the validity of the IVs. RESULTS We used two-sample bidirectional MR analysis to determine whether there was a positive causal association between MDD and thyroid cancer risk. The results of the IVW analysis (OR = 3.956 95% CI = 1.177-13.299; P = 0.026) and the WME method (OR = 5.563 95% CI = 0.998-31.008; P = 0.050) confirmed that MDD may increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Additionally, our study revealed a correlation between genetic susceptibility to SCZ and thyroid cancer (OR = 1.532 95% CI = 1.123-2.088; P = 0.007). The results of the WME method analysis based on the median estimate (OR = 1.599 95% CI = 1.014-2.521; P = 0.043) also suggested that SCZ may increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, our study did not find a causal relationship between BD and thyroid cancer incidence. In addition, the results of reverse MR analysis showed no significant causal relationships between thyroid cancer and MDD, SCZ, or BD (P > 0.05), ruling out the possibility of reverse causality. CONCLUSIONS This MR method analysis provides new evidence that MDD and SCZ may be positively associated with thyroid cancer risk while also revealing a correlation between BD and thyroid cancer. These results may have important implications for public health policy and clinical practice. Future studies will help elucidate the biological mechanisms of these associations and potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongliang Qiu
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Huihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Hongzhan Jiang
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiali Shen
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiaxi He
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Jinbo Fu
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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Babajide O, Kjaergaard AD, Deng W, Kuś A, Sterenborg RBTM, Åsvold BO, Burgess S, Teumer A, Medici M, Ellervik C, Nick B, Deloukas P, Marouli E. The role of thyroid function in borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia: a Mendelian Randomisation study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38355654 PMCID: PMC10868101 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-024-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have reported a genetic overlap between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Epidemiologically, the direction and causality of the association between thyroid function and risk of BPD and SCZ are unclear. We aim to test whether genetically predicted variations in TSH and FT4 levels or hypothyroidism are associated with the risk of BPD and SCZ. METHODS We employed Mendelian Randomisation (MR) analyses using genetic instruments associated with TSH and FT4 levels as well as hypothyroidism to examine the effects of genetically predicted thyroid function on BPD and SCZ risk. Bidirectional MR analyses were employed to investigate a potential reverse causal association. RESULTS Genetically predicted higher FT4 was not associated with the risk of BPD (OR: 1.18; P = 0.60, IVW) or the risk of SCZ (OR: 0.93; P = 0.19, IVW). Genetically predicted higher TSH was not associated with the risk of BPD (OR: 1.11; P = 0.51, IVW) or SCZ (OR: 0.98, P = 0.55, IVW). Genetically predicted hypothyroidism was not associated with BPD or SCZ. We found no evidence for a reverse causal effect between BPD or SCZ on thyroid function. CONCLUSIONS We report evidence for a null association between genetically predicted FT4, TSH or hypothyroidism with BPD or SCZ risk. There was no evidence for reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Babajide
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Alisa D Kjaergaard
- Aarhus University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center, Hedeager Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weichen Deng
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
- Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology &, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen Burgess
- University of Cambridge, MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Medici
- Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bass Nick
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Hanif F, Amir Q, Washdev W. Effect of DIO2 Gene Polymorphism on Thyroid Hormone Levels and Its Correlation with the Severity of Schizophrenia in a Pakistani Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1915. [PMID: 38339190 PMCID: PMC10855673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) in the brain lead to increased dopamine receptor sensitivity, potentially resulting in schizophrenia. Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) is the only enzyme which converts tetraiodothyronine (T4) to T3 in the brain. DIO2 polymorphism of rs225014 results in the expression of non-functioning DIO2. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of rs255014 with schizophrenia and its impact on thyroid hormone levels. This study included 150 schizophrenia cases and 150 controls. DNA was extracted from blood and subjected to PCR and amplicon sequencing. Serum thyroid profiles were determined using chemiluminescent magnetic microparticle immunoassay. Statistical analyses involved independent sample t-tests, Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation tests. The results revealed a higher frequency of the reference genotype (TT) in controls compared to cases (p < 0.05). However, rs225014 did not influence serum thyroid levels or the severity of schizophrenia (p > 0.05). Interestingly, control subjects exhibited significantly higher T3 levels (p < 0.001) than cases. Regardless of the genotype (TT or CC), the control group had higher mean T3 levels than the corresponding case group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rs225014 is associated with schizophrenia and has no effect on serum thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Hanif
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Amir
- Dow Institute of Medical Technology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Washdev Washdev
- Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
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Toll A, Blanco-Hinojo L, Berge D, Manzano A, El Abidi K, Perez-Solà V, Mané A. Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone, BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1301714. [PMID: 38130289 PMCID: PMC10734033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1301714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid hormones play an essential role in hippocampal development, a key structure in psychosis. However, the role of these hormones in first-episode psychosis (FEP) has received limited attention. It has been hypothesized that thyroid hormones could cause morphological modifications in the hippocampal structure through the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we primarily aimed to determine the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, peripheral BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients. We also aimed to determine whether TSH levels were associated with clinical symptomatology. Materials and methods A total of 50 antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients were included in the study. At baseline, we collected fasting blood samples and registered sociodemographic and clinical variables (substance use, DUP, PANSS, GAF, and CDSS). Structural T1 MRI was performed at baseline to quantify brain volumes. No control group was used for this study. Results Of the 50 patients, more than one-third (36%) presented alterations in TSH levels, mainly elevated levels (32% of patients). The TSH levels were inversely correlated with both peripheral BDNF and hippocampal volume. On the multivariate analysis, the model that best predicted the relative hippocampal volume was a single variable model (TSH levels). No significant association was observed between TSH levels and clinical symptomatology. Discussion These results suggest that thyroid hormones could have a neuroprotective effect on the hippocampus in FEP patients, possibly through their effect by increasing BDNF concentrations, which could attenuate brain injury and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, thyroid hormones could also affect hippocampal volume through other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Toll
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Berge
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Manzano
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Perez-Solà
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Institut de Salud Mental, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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George AB, Beniwal RP, Singh S, Bhatia T, Khushu S, Deshpande SN. Association between thyroid functions, cognition, and functional connectivity of the brain in early-course schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Ind Psychiatry J 2023; 32:S76-S82. [PMID: 38370920 PMCID: PMC10871410 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_198_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The functional outcome of the debilitating mental illness schizophrenia (SZ) has an integral role in cognition. The thyroid hormone has a vital role in the developmental stages and functioning of the human brain. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between thyroid functions, cognition, and functional imaging of the brain in persons with SZ. Materials and Methods Sixty SZ (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)) persons, aged 18-50 years of both genders, were recruited in this cross-sectional observational study. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Trail Making Tests (TMTs) A and B were administered to all patients. To assess the level of thyroid hormone, a test was conducted. Functional connectivity of the brain was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Data analysis was performed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods. FSL version 5.9 (FMRIB's) software was used for analyses of fMRI neuroimages. Results There were no significant differences between the two populations on sociodemographic factors. The average value for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the hypothyroid group (n = 12) and the euthyroid group (n = 47) was 8.38 mIU/l and 2.44 mIU/l, respectively. The average time in seconds for TMT-A and TMT-B was 87.27 and 218.27 in the hypothyroid group and 97.07 and 293.27 in the euthyroid group, respectively. Similarly, in the sample matched on age, gender, and age at onset of illness, there were no significant differences in demographic and clinical factors and resting-state network (RSN) between the hypothyroid (N = 10) and euthyroid (N = 10) groups. Conclusion No differences were found in the functional brain network between the hypothyroid and euthyroid groups as the study sample did not include clinically hypothyroid persons with SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwariya B George
- Department of Psychiatry, Malabar Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Ram P Beniwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sadhana Singh
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Khushu
- Division of Radiological Imaging, and Bio-Medical Imaging, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Smita N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Alcaide Martin A, Mayerl S. Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12352. [PMID: 37569727 PMCID: PMC10418487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Типисова ЕВ, Зябишева ВН, Аликина ВА, Елфимова АЭ, Молодовская ИН. [Study of the photoperiodic dynamics of the peripheral dopamine content in comparison with the thyroid profile in various groups of men from the European North]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 70:11-22. [PMID: 38796757 PMCID: PMC11145575 DOI: 10.14341/probl13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of adaptation arising in response to changes in photoperiods is especially important for residents of the European North. In the literature, there is practically no information about photoperiodic dynamics of serum dopamine level, despite its significant role in the regulation of the body's activity. The mutual modulating effect of the dopaminergic and thyroid systems is known. AIM To show the ratio of dopamine levels and the content of hormones, protines and autoantibodies of the thyroid system, taking into account photoperiod of the year, in practically healthy populations of the European North. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy male population (20 men) of Arkhangelsk was examined in various photoperiods of the year (80 samples): an increase in the length of daylight hours (March), its maximum duration (June), a decrease (September), and a minimum duration (December). The inhabitants of the settlements and the nomadic aboriginal population (100 men) were examined during 2 photoperiods of the year - March and December. The serum levels of iodothyronines, TSH, TG, antibodies to TPO, antibodies to TG and plasma level of dopamine were determined using ELISA methods. RESULTS Residents of Arkhangelsk in June compared to December have higher levels of dopamine (0.502 and 0.365 nmol/l, p=0.01), T3 (1.09 and 0.94 nmol/l, p=0.003), T4 (113.45 and 99.03 nmol/l, p=0.0002). In September, compared with June, a decrease in dopamine (0.235 nmol/l, p=0.0003), T3 (0.92 nmol/l, p=0.004) was recorded with an increase in T4/T3 ratio from 106.54 to 117.89 units (p=0.006). The nomadic aboriginal population in March compared with December showed a tendency to a higher content of dopamine (0.00 and 0.394 nmol/l, p=0.07) with the decrease in fT4 (15.20 and 13.90, p=0.015), fT4/fT3 ratio from 3.13 to 2.28 units (p=0.006). In December, 67% of nomadic population had undetectable dopamine values (0 nmol/l) and 22% - excess dopamine values, in March 27% - excess values. CONCLUSION Unidirectional changes in dopamine and thyroid activity in men of the European North were shown with their decrease during periods of decrease and minimum daylight hours and an increase during periods of increase and maximum daylight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Е. В. Типисова
- Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук
| | - В. Н. Зябишева
- Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук
| | - В. А. Аликина
- Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук
| | - А. Э. Елфимова
- Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук
| | - И. Н. Молодовская
- Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук
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Gine-Serven E, Martinez-Ramirez M, Boix-Quintana E, Davi-Loscos E, Guanyabens N, Casado V, Muriana D, Torres-Rivas C, Cuesta M, Labad J. Association between free thyroxine levels and clinical phenotype in first-episode psychosis: a prospective observational study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15347. [PMID: 37283900 PMCID: PMC10241168 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine whether thyroid hormone levels are associated with a specific clinical phenotype in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods Ninety-eight inpatients experiencing FEP and with less than 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment were included in the study and were followed up for one year. Baseline psychiatric evaluation included assessment of prodromal symptoms, positive and negative symptoms, depressive symptoms, stressful life events and cycloid psychosis criteria. Thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4)) was determined at admission. Partial correlation analysis was conducted to analyse the correlation between levels of TSH/FT4 and symptoms. Logistic regression was performed to explore the association between psychopathological symptoms, 12-month diagnoses and thyroid hormones while adjusting for covariates. Results Patients with prodromal symptomatology showed lower baseline FT4 levels (OR = 0.06; p = 0.018). The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was inversely associated with FT4 concentrations (r = - 0.243; p = 0.039). FEP patients with sudden onset of psychotic symptoms (criteria B, cycloid psychosis) showed higher FT4 levels at admission (OR = 10.49; p = 0.040). Patients diagnosed with affective psychotic disorders (BD or MDD) at the 12-month follow-up showed higher FT4 levels at admission than patients diagnosed with nonaffective psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective) (OR = 8.57; p = 0.042). Conclusions Our study suggests that higher free-thyroxine levels are associated with a specific clinical phenotype of FEP patients (fewer prodromal symptoms, shorter DUP duration and sudden onset of psychosis) and with affective psychosis diagnoses at the 12-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gine-Serven
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Ester Boix-Quintana
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Eva Davi-Loscos
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Nicolau Guanyabens
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Virginia Casado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Desiree Muriana
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-Rivas
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - M.J. Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Institut de Innovació i Investigació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Association between thyroid hormones and comorbid psychotic symptoms in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2023; 320:115052. [PMID: 36645990 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients; however, its relationship with psychotic depression (PD) remains unclear. We aimed to assess thyroid hormones in 1718 first episode drug naïve (FEND) MDD patients and to determine their association with PD. The positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS-P), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) were used to detect clinical symptoms. The serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), and thyroid peroxidases antibody (TPOAb) were assessed. The logistic regression model was conducted to determine risk factors for PD, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was used to test the performance of this model. 171 (10%) patients were identified as having PD. Serum levels of TSH, TgAb, and TPOAb displayed small-to-moderate associations with PANSS-P. HAMA score, HAMD score, and TSH levels were independently associated with PD. The regression model had excellent power to distinguish PD patients from non-PD patients with an AUC value of 0.93. Our study suggests TSH levels and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms were independent risk factors for PD. Regular thyroid function tests may help early detect PD.
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Zhai D, Bing J, Shan X, Luo H, Wen W, Gao S, Niu K, Cui T, Li H, Retnakaran R, Hao W, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Wen SW. Higher central set point of thyroid homeostasis in drug-naïve patients affected by first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 250:62-66. [PMID: 36368279 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess central set point of thyroid homeostasis in drug-naïve patients affected by first episode schizophrenia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Xinxiang city, Henan, China. Patients were drug-naïve patients affected by first episode schizophrenia, aged 14-50 years old and admitted to the "Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University" from January 2018 to December 2018. Controls were healthy individuals who underwent annual health from Xinxiang city, a community population of the same age and time period. The parameters of "central set point of thyroid homeostasis" were measured by "thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) index" and "thyroid feedback quantile-based index". The parameters were compared between schizophrenia patients and controls. Linear regression models adjusted by age and sex were used to assess the association of schizophrenia with the parameters. RESULTS A total of 235 patients and 121 controls were included in this study. Patients affected by schizophrenia had significantly higher prevalence of hyperthyroxinemia and levels of free T4, "TSH index", and "thyroid feedback quantile-based index" than controls. After adjusting age and sex, schizophrenia was independently associated with the higher level of "TSH index" (adjusted β 0.33, 95 % confidence interval 0.17, 0.49) and "thyroid feedback quantile-based index" (adjusted β 0.21, 95 % confidence interval 0.12, 0.30). The results with age and sex matched patients and controls were similar to those observed in the overall study population. CONCLUSION Higher central set point may be the underlying mechanism of thyroid allostatic load in drug-naïve patients affected first episode schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Zhai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang 453002, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jialuo Bing
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xuchang Shan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hu Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Wendy Wen
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Songyin Gao
- Zhumadian Mental Health Center, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Taizhen Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of non-Invasive Neuro-modulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada
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12
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Uncontrolled Thyroid during Pregnancy Alters the Circulative and Exerted Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084248. [PMID: 35457066 PMCID: PMC9029102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for a normal pregnancy outcome, fetal growth and the normal function of the central nervous system. Hypothyroidism, a common endocrine disorder during pregnancy, is a significant metabolic factor leading to cognitive impairments. It is essential to investigate whether patients with thyroid dysfunction may present an altered circulative and excreted metabolic profile, even after receiving treatment with thyroxine supplements. NMR metabolomics was employed to analyze 90 serum and corresponding colostrum samples. Parallel analyses of the two biological specimens provided a snapshot of the maternal metabolism through the excretive and circulating characteristics of mothers. The metabolomics data were analyzed by performing multivariate statistical, biomarker and pathway analyses. Our results highlight the impact of hypothyroidism on metabolites’ composition during pregnancy and lactation. Thyroid disorder causing metabolite fluctuations may lead to impaired lipid and glucose metabolic pathways as well as aberrant prenatal neurodevelopment, thus posing a background for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or neurogenerative diseases later in life. This risk applies to not only untreated but also hypothyroid women under replacement therapy since our findings in both biofluids framed a different metabolic phenotype for the latter group, thus emphasizing the need to monitor women adequately after treatment initiation.
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Kim S, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Shinko Y, Horai T, Shimmyo N, Hirata T, Yamaki N, Tanifuji T, Boku S, Sora I, Hishimoto A. Searching for biomarkers in schizophrenia and psychosis: Case-control study using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and systematic review for biofluid metabolites. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:42-51. [PMID: 34889082 PMCID: PMC8919119 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has been attracting attention in recent years as an objective method for diagnosing schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed 378 metabolites in the serum of schizophrenia patients using capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Using multivariate analysis with the orthogonal partial least squares method, we observed significantly higher levels of alanine, glutamate, lactic acid, ornithine, and serine and significantly lower levels of urea, in patients with chronic schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Additionally, levels of fatty acids (15:0), (17:0), and (19:1), cis-11-eicosenoic acid, and thyroxine were significantly higher in patients with acute psychosis than in those in remission. Moreover, we conducted a systematic review of comprehensive metabolomics studies on schizophrenia over the last 20 years and observed consistent trends of increase in some metabolites such as glutamate and glucose, and decrease in citrate in schizophrenia patients across several studies. Hence, we provide substantial evidence for metabolic biomarkers in schizophrenia patients through our metabolomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehyeon Kim
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Yutaka Shinko
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naofumi Shimmyo
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naruhisa Yamaki
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takaki Tanifuji
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of PsychiatryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
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Taheri M, Afarinesh MR, Meftahi GH, Karimi A, Haghpanah T. Levothyroxine therapy attenuates anxiety-like states induced by mild chronically of neonatal hypothyroidism in both male and female rats. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1741642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Karimi
- Department of biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Haghpanah
- Department of anatomy, School of medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Intharit J, Kittiwattanagul K, Chaveepojnkamjorn W, Tudpor K. Risk and protective factors of relapse in patients with first-episode schizophrenia from perspectives of health professionals: a qualitative study in northeastern Thailand. F1000Res 2021; 10:499. [PMID: 36033234 PMCID: PMC9379331 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53317.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that can relapse after treatments.
Risk and protective factors for relapse are dependent on multicultural contexts. Objective: To identify risk and protective factors related to relapse in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) in northeastern Thailand from perspectives of health professionals. Methods: This qualitative research collected data from 21 health professional staff members (psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and nutritionist) of a tertiary psychiatric hospital of northeastern Thailand who had been involved in mental health care for schizophrenia for at least 5 years by in-depth interviews and group interview using semi-structured interview schedule. Content analyses was used to identify staff perception of factors that put patients at risk of relapse. Results: Data analyses demonstrated that factors related to relapse in FES patients were drug adherence (drug discontinuation, limited access to new generation drugs, self-dose reduction and skipping medication, and poor insight), family factors (stressful circumstances and family supports), substance abuses (narcotics, addictive substances, caffeinated drinks), concurrent medical illness (insomnia, thyroid diseases, and pregnancy-related hormonal changes), and natural course of disease. Conclusion: Factors affecting relapse in FES was not only drug adherence. Family factors, drug abuses, and concurrent health status should be also taken into account. A comprehensive mental health care program should be developed for FES patients in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Intharit
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | | | - Wisit Chaveepojnkamjorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kukiat Tudpor
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
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16
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Rasool M, Malik A, Saleem S, Ashraf MAB, Khan AQ, Waquar S, Zahid A, Shaheen S, Abu-Elmagd M, Gauthaman K, Pushparaj PN. Role of Oxidative Stress and the Identification of Biomarkers Associated With Thyroid Dysfunction in Schizophrenics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646287. [PMID: 33995058 PMCID: PMC8118265 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a deficiency of dietary antioxidants like vitamin B6, B9, and B12 resulting in defective methylation leading to hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes mitochondrial DNA damage, oxidative stress, vascular damage, and lipid peroxidation. Oxidative stress and increase in reactive oxygen species result in 8-oxodG production which induces apoptosis of both astrocytes and thyrocytes thus predisposing them to thyroid dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the presence of excessive free radicals increases thyroid thermogenesis causing hyperthyroidism or its excess may cause hypothyroidism by inhibiting iodide uptake. In the present study, we evaluated the various biomarkers associated with thyroid dysfunction in schizophrenics. Materials and Methods: 288 patients suffering from schizophrenia and 100 control subjects were screened for liver function tests (LFTs) such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB). Also, the stress markers, namely malondialdehyde (MDA), homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, the thyroid profile including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine peroxide antibody (TPO-Ab); TSH receptor-Ab (TSHr-Ab), dietary antioxidants, lipids, cytokines, aminoacids and hormones, vitamins and trace elements, and other biochemical parameters. Results: The LFTs showed elevated levels of ALT (45.57 ± 4.87 Vs. 26.41 ± 3.76 U/L), AST (40.55 ± 1.34 Vs. 21.92 ± 3.65 U/L), ALP (121.54 ± 4.87 Vs. 83.76 ± 5.87 U/L), and total bilirubin (2.63 ± 0.987 Vs. 1.10 ± 0.056 mg/dl), in schizophrenics than controls. Increased levels of MDA (3.71 ± 0.967 Vs. 1.68 ± 0.099) and homocysteine (17.56 ± 2.612 Vs. 6.96 ± 1.987 μmol/L were observed in schizophrenics compared to the controls, indicating increased stress. Levels of cysteine and methionine were decreased in schizophrenics than the controls (1.08 ± 0.089 Vs. 4.87 ± .924 μmol/L and 17.87 ± 1.23 Vs. 99.20 ± 5.36 μmol/L). The levels of TPO-Ab (IU/ml), Tg-Ab (pmol/L), and TSHr-Ab (IU/L) were observed to be higher in the patients' group as compared to control subjects (9.84 ± 2.56 Vs. 5.81 ± 1.98, 55.50 ± 2.98 Vs. 32.95 ± 2.87 and 2.95 ± 0.0045 Vs. 1.44 ± 0.0023 respectively). Levels of Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 were also significantly decreased in the patients compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: The schizophrenics, demonstrated altered liver function, increased stress markers, and decreased dietary antioxidants. Reduced primary and secondary antioxidant levels, may result in hyperhomocysteinemia and cause further DNA and mitochondrial damage. Therefore, homocysteine and/or prolactin levels may serve as candidate prognostic markers for schizophrenia. Also, both neurological symptoms and the susceptibility to thyroid disorders may be prevented in the initial stages of this debilitating disorder by appropriate dietary supplementation of antioxidants which can rectify a reduction in primary and secondary antioxidants, and disturbed prolactin-serotonin-dopamine interactions in schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Saleem
- University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Altaf Qadir Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sulayman Waquar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shaheen
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Cheng P, Wang L, Xu L, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li W. Factors Related to the Length of Stay for Patients With Schizophrenia: A Retrospective Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:818254. [PMID: 35140640 PMCID: PMC8818940 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.818254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length of stay (LOS) of patients with schizophrenia has been a wide concern of researchers. Reasonable management of the LOS to achieve a balance between quality of treatment and efficient medical source allocation has become a significant issue in clinical work in psychiatry. Figuring out the factors related to the LOS of schizophrenia patients can help optimize its management by the hospital. METHOD The essential information of patients was obtained from the electronic medical record system. The variables were divided into the following kinds: demographic, clinical, and biochemical. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted to find the potential factors related to the LOS of schizophrenia patients. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of judging the LOS of the regression model. RESULT A total of 1,160 patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in our research. Our results demonstrated that the status of unmarried (single, separated, divorced, or widowed) and the abnormality of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were risk factors for the longer LOS of schizophrenia patients. The area under the curve was 0.576, which meant that the regression model had a certain predictive value. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this research is the first study to analyze the effect of various factors, including the biochemical index, on the LOS of a single type of mental disorder. Marital status and TSH were proven to be related to the LOS of schizophrenia patients. The results of this study provided reference factors of LOS for clinical psychiatry, which will be helpful to the management of hospitalization and in optimizing the allocation of medical sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihui Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Steiner J. The implications of hypothalamic abnormalities for schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:107-120. [PMID: 34266587 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the hypothalamus was believed to play only a marginal role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. However, recent findings show that this rather small brain region involved in many pathways found disrupted-in schizophrenia. Gross anatomic abnormalities (volume changes of the third ventricle, the hypothalamus, and its individual nuclei) as well as alterations at the cellular level (circumscribed loss of neurons) can be observed. Further, increased or decreased expression of hypothalamic peptides such as oxytocin, vasopressin, several factors involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, endogenous opiates, products of schizophrenia susceptibility genes as well as of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide metabolism have been reported in schizophrenia and/or animal models of the disease. Remarkably, although profound disturbances of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis are typical signs of schizophrenia, there is currently no evidence for alterations in the expression of hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting factors that control these hormonal axes. Finally, the implications of hypothalamus for disease-related disturbances of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and neuroimmune dysfunctions in schizophrenia are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Li C, Shi Z, Ji J, Niu G, Liu Z. Associations of C-Reactive Protein, Free Triiodothyronine, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Creatinine Levels with Agitation in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2575-2585. [PMID: 34408419 PMCID: PMC8364367 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s322005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Agitation is prevalent among inpatients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether biochemical parameters are associated with agitation in schizophrenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Agitation was evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component questionnaire (PANSS-EC). Fasting serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), uric acid (UA), creatinine, glucose and lipids were measured. RESULTS The analysis included 154 inpatients with schizophrenia (71 with agitation, 83 without agitation) and 75 healthy control subjects. Patients with schizophrenia and agitation had higher serum levels of CRP, FT3, FT4 and UA as well as lower levels of serum TSH and creatinine than patients without agitation (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that serum CRP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.470, P = 0.001), FT3 (OR = 13.026, P < 0.001), TSH (OR = 0.758, P = 0.033) and creatinine (OR = 0.965, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with agitation in schizophrenia. CRP, FT3, TSH and creatinine achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.626, 0.728, 0.620 and 0.663 respectively in discriminating schizophrenia with or without agitation. CONCLUSION Increased serum CRP and FT3 levels and decreased serum TSH and creatinine levels are independent risk factors for agitation in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Inflammation, thyroid hormones and renal function may be involved in the pathogenesis of agitation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacui Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengyun Niu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengxun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
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20
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Thyroid function assessment before and after diagnosis of schizophrenia: A community-based study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113356. [PMID: 32890863 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in thyroid hormone levels may affect brain and mental disorders. Conversely, schizophrenia and its antipsychotic treatments can affect thyroid hormone levels. However, data on thyroid hormone levels during the course of schizophrenia disorder are scant. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of thyroid hormone disorders in outpatients before and after diagnosis of schizophrenia. A retrospective matched-control design was used. The cohort included 1252 patients suffering from ICD-10 schizophrenia, and 3756 control subjects matched for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and origin. All were identified from the database of a large health management organization. The pertinent clinical data were collected from the electronic medical records. There was no significant between-group difference in the distribution of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Before diagnosis, both groups had a similar rate of hypothyroidism. After diagnosis of schizophrenia and initiation of antipsychotic treatment, the rate of hypothyroidism was significantly higher in the patient group. It remained significantly higher after exclusion of patients receiving lithium. The increased rate of hypothyroidism in patients with schizophrenia after, but not before, the diagnosis of schizophrenia suggests that antipsychotic medications may affect thyroid hormone levels. Screening for thyroid disorders is warranted in patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic treatment.
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Abstract
A first step towards personalized medicine is to consider whether, for some disorders, the safest and most effective treatment of women needs to differ from standard guideline recommendations developed on the basis of clinical trials conducted, for the most part, in men. A second step is to consider how women’s reproductive stages—pre-pubertal years, menstrual phases, pregnancy trimesters, lactation and postpartum periods, menopausal and postmenopausal/aging status—affect the optimal choice of treatment. This review focuses on these two steps in the treatment of psychosis, specifically schizophrenia. It discusses genetics, precursors and symptoms of schizophrenia, reproductive and associated ethical issues, antipsychotic drug response and adverse effects, substance abuse, victimization and perpetration of violence, and issues of immigration and of co-morbidity. The conclusions, while often based on clinical experience and theoretical considerations rather than strictly on the evidence of randomized controlled trials, are that clinical recommendations need to consider clinical and role differences that exist between men and women and make appropriate correction for age and reproductive status.
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Severe Hypothyroidism Manifested as Acute Mania With Psychotic Features: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Psychiatr Pract 2020; 26:417-422. [PMID: 32936589 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is associated with a wide array of medical, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms. Severe hypothyroidism may present as myxedema coma, a medical emergency. In addition, patients may present with myxedema psychosis, a psychiatric emergency manifested as hyperactive encephalopathy, hallucinations, delusions, and suicidal ideation. In rare instances, patients may present with symptoms of mania with psychosis. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman with no known psychiatric history who presented with gradual onset of altered mental status, distractibility, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, and religious and paranoid delusions. Her medical history was significant for a surgically absent thyroid gland and nonadherence to thyroid hormone. The patient was found to have a severely elevated level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, low level of triiodothyronine, and undetectable thyroxine. Thyroid ultrasound demonstrated a surgically absent thyroid gland. The patient's metabolic panel and random serum cortisol level were normal. Rapid plasma reagin was nonreactive, and toxin screening was negative. It was concluded that severe hypothyroidism was the cause of the patient's mania with psychotic features, given her thyroid hormone levels and lack of history of a psychiatric or substance use disorder. Thyroid hormone monitoring and treatment of hypothyroidism is necessary in all patients who have undergone surgical excision of the thyroid gland. All patients presenting with a first episode mania should be screened for thyroid dysfunction. The preferred treatment includes an atypical antipsychotic and thyroid replacement therapy. Rapid resolution of symptoms can occur with combined levothyroxine and liothyronine. Correction of hypothyroidism improves response to antipsychotics.
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Petruzzelli MG, Marzulli L, Giannico OV, Furente F, Margari M, Matera E, Margari F. Glucose Metabolism, Thyroid Function, and Prolactin Level in Adolescent Patients With First Episode of Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:775. [PMID: 32848941 PMCID: PMC7422423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and affective spectrum disorders (ASD) typically begin in adolescence or early adulthood. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders are still not fully understood, and recent studies have suggested an involvement of dysfunctions in cardiometabolic and neuroendocrine systems at the onset of both disorders. In this context, we aimed to assess thyroid function, prolactin level, glucose metabolism, and lipid profile in drug naive adolescents, comparing patients with first episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and patients with ASD. We performed a retrospective chart review from inpatients aged from ten to eighteen years, referred to Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit of University of Bari "Aldo Moro" over a period of 4 years, with diagnosis of SSD (n=30) or ASD (n=22), according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria. Data on serum prolactin, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronin, and free thyroxin were collected, and the insulin resistance (IR) indexes "HOMA1-IR" and "HOMA2-IR" were calculated. The multivariable linear regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors (age, sex, and BMI), showed HOMA1-IR (p=0.001), HOMA2-IR (p=0.002), glucose (p=0.004), insulin (p=0.004) and free thyroxin (p<0.001) values higher in the SSD group than in ASD. No others significant differences were found. Our findings suggest the need for a metabolic and endocrine screening at the onset of SSD and ASD, particularly for indexes of IR, that is a testable and treatable risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Further studies are required to better understand the role of endocrinological and metabolic dysfunctions at the onset of severe mental illness also considering influencing factors as age, gender, and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giuseppina Petruzzelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Marzulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Valerio Giannico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Flora Furente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Margari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilia Matera
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Margari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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24
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Barbero JD, Palacín A, Serra P, Solé M, Ortega L, Cabezas Á, Montalvo I, Algora MJ, Martorell L, Vilella E, Sánchez-Gistau V, Labad J. Association between anti-thyroid antibodies and negative symptoms in early psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:470-475. [PMID: 31529601 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the current cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore whether thyroid function or thyroid autoimmunity are associated with psychopathological symptoms and social functioning in patients with early psychosis. We hypothesized that psychopathological severity is greater in those patients with positive thyroid autoimmunity. METHODS We studied 70 outpatients with early psychosis (<3 years of illness) and 37 healthy subjects. Psychopathological symptoms (positive, negative, disorganized, excited and depressive) and social functioning were assessed. Thyroid autoimmunity (antibodies against thyroid peroxidase [TPO-Abs] and thyroglobulin [TG-Abs]) and thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and free thyroxin [FT4]) were determined. Associations of thyroid variables and psychometric measures were assessed with Spearman's correlations. Logistic regression was performed to explore the association between psychopathological symptoms and positive anti-thyroidal antibodies while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS When compared to patients without thyroid antibodies, those with positive thyroid antibodies had more negative symptoms and poorer function (P < .05). Titres of TPO-Abs were significantly correlated with negative and depressive PANSS domains and poorer functioning. TG-Abs were also associated with poorer functioning but not with psychopathological symptoms. TSH and FT4 concentrations were not associated with clinical symptoms. In the logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, antipsychotic treatment, lithium, TSH and FT4 concentrations, negative symptoms were associated with thyroid autoimmunity (OR = 1.2, P = .019). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that anti-thyroid antibodies are associated with a more severe phenotype with increased negative symptoms and poorer functioning in early psychotic patients. Since causality cannot be inferred with cross-sectional data, future longitudinal studies are needed to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Barbero
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Translational Neuroscience Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Palacín
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Translational Neuroscience Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Serra
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Translational Neuroscience Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Nursing Department, Universitat Rovira i Vigili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ángel Cabezas
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Translational Neuroscience Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Algora
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sánchez-Gistau
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Translational Neuroscience Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Salas-Lucia F, Pacheco-Torres J, González-Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Berbel P. Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Alters the Development of the Corpus Callosum in Rats. An in vivo Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscopy Study. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32676012 PMCID: PMC7333461 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of children with late diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism and cognitive alterations such as abnormal verbal memory processing suggest altered telencephalic commissural connections. The corpus callosum (CC) is the major inter-hemispheric commissure that contra-laterally connects neocortical areas. However, in late diagnosed neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, the possible effect of early transient and chronic postnatal hypothyroidism still remains unknown. We have studied the development of the anterior, middle and posterior CC, using in vivo MRI and electron microscopy in hypothyroid and control male rats. Four groups of methimazole (MMI) treated rats were studied. One group, as a model for early transient hypothyroidism, was MMI-treated from postnatal day (P) 0 to P21; some of these rats were also treated with L-thyroxine (T4) from P15 to 21. Another group modeling chronic hypothyroid, were treated with MMI from P0 to 150 and from embryonic day 10 to P170. The results obtained from these groups were compared with same age control rats. The normalized T2 signal obtained using MRI was higher in MMI-treated rats and correlated with a low number and percentage of myelinated axons. The number and density of myelinated axons decreased in transient and chronic hypothyroid rats at P150. The g-ratio (inner to outer diameter ratio) and the estimated conduction velocity of myelinated axons were similar between MMI-treated and controls, but the conduction delay decreased in the posterior CC of MMI-treated rats compared to controls. These data show that early postnatal transient and chronic hypothyroidism alters CC maturation in a way that may affect the callosal transfer of information. These alterations cannot be reversed after delayed T4-treatment. Our data support the findings of neurocognitive delay in late T4-treated children with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salas-Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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Yoo SW, Park SJ, Kim JS. Sheehan syndrome mimicking dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurol Sci 2018; 40:875-877. [PMID: 30426290 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Yoo
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in severe mental disorders: A naturalistic study with focus on antipsychotic medication. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 106:74-81. [PMID: 30292780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in thyroid function have been associated with use of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics. Still, the thyroid function in relation to commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs and polypharmacy is not fully known. We investigated thyroid function associated with use of antipsychotics in patients with psychotic disorders compared with healthy controls. METHODS We included 1345 patients and 989 healthy controls from the Thematically Organized Psychosis (TOP) study, recruiting participants between 18 and 65 years of age in the Oslo-area. All patients underwent a thorough clinical investigation and assessment of medication data. Thyroid function was determined from plasma levels of free thyroxin (fT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between thyroid parameters and use of antipsychotics, and monotherapy users of olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole or risperidone (N = 473) were investigated separately. RESULTS We found lower levels of fT4 (median 13.70 vs 14.00, p < 0.001) in patients compared to healthy controls, and a prevalence of 12.9% of previously undiagnosed deviant thyroid states in the patient group. Lower fT4 levels was associated with use of antipsychotics in general (p = 0.001), and quetiapine (p = 0.003) and olanzapine (p = 0.018) in particular, while the associations with TSH were non-significant. Using antipsychotics in combination with other psychotropic drugs, and with antidepressants in particular, was associated with lower fT4 level (p < 0.001) than use of antipsychotics alone. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate an association between use of antipsychotics and lower fT4. Clinicians should be aware that patients using quetiapine, olanzapine or antipsychotics in psychotropic polypharmacy are especially at risk.
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29
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Amlie-Wolf A, Tang M, Mlynarski EE, Kuksa PP, Valladares O, Katanic Z, Tsuang D, Brown CD, Schellenberg GD, Wang LS. INFERNO: inferring the molecular mechanisms of noncoding genetic variants. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8740-8753. [PMID: 30113658 PMCID: PMC6158604 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of variants identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reside in the noncoding genome, affecting regulatory elements including transcriptional enhancers. However, characterizing their effects requires the integration of GWAS results with context-specific regulatory activity and linkage disequilibrium annotations to identify causal variants underlying noncoding association signals and the regulatory elements, tissue contexts, and target genes they affect. We propose INFERNO, a novel method which integrates hundreds of functional genomics datasets spanning enhancer activity, transcription factor binding sites, and expression quantitative trait loci with GWAS summary statistics. INFERNO includes novel statistical methods to quantify empirical enrichments of tissue-specific enhancer overlap and to identify co-regulatory networks of dysregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). We applied INFERNO to two large GWAS studies. For schizophrenia (36,989 cases, 113,075 controls), INFERNO identified putatively causal variants affecting brain enhancers for known schizophrenia-related genes. For inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (12,882 cases, 21,770 controls), INFERNO found enrichments of immune and digestive enhancers and lncRNAs involved in regulation of the adaptive immune response. In summary, INFERNO comprehensively infers the molecular mechanisms of causal noncoding variants, providing a sensitive hypothesis generation method for post-GWAS analysis. The software is available as an open source pipeline and a web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Amlie-Wolf
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell Tang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elisabeth E Mlynarski
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pavel P Kuksa
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Otto Valladares
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zivadin Katanic
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debby Tsuang
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li-San Wang
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lucia FS, Pacheco-Torres J, González-Granero S, Canals S, Obregón MJ, García-Verdugo JM, Berbel P. Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Arrests Myelination in the Anterior Commissure of Rats. A Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscope Study. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:31. [PMID: 29755326 PMCID: PMC5935182 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone deficiency at early postnatal ages affects the cytoarchitecture and function of neocortical and telencephalic limbic areas, leading to impaired associative memory and in a wide spectrum of neurological and mental diseases. Neocortical areas project interhemispheric axons mostly through the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent through the anterior commissure (AC), while limbic areas mostly project through the AC and hippocampal commissures. Functional magnetic resonance data from children with late diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism and abnormal verbal memory processing, suggest altered ipsilateral and contralateral telencephalic connections. Gestational hypothyroidism affects AC development but the possible effect of transient and chronic postnatal hypothyroidism, as occurs in late diagnosed neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and in children growing up in iodine deficient areas, still remains unknown. We studied AC development using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy in hypothyroid and control male rats. Four groups of methimazole (MMI) treated rats were studied. One group was MMI-treated from postnatal day (P) 0 to P21; some of these rats were also treated with L-thyroxine (T4) from P15 to P21, as a model for early transient hypothyroidism. Other rats were MMI-treated from P0 to P150 and from embryonic day (E) 10 to P170, as a chronic hypothyroidism group. The results were compared with age paired control rats. The normalized T2 signal using magnetic resonance image was higher in MMI-treated rats and correlated with the number and percentage of myelinated axons. Using electron microscopy, we observed decreased myelinated axon number and density in transient and chronic hypothyroid rats at P150, unmyelinated axon number increased slightly in chronic hypothyroid rats. In MMI-treated rats, the myelinated axon g-ratio and conduction velocity was similar to control rats, but with a decrease in conduction delays. These data show that early postnatal transient and chronic hypothyroidism alters AC maturation that may affect the transfer of information through the AC. The alterations cannot be recovered after delayed T4-treatment. Our data support the neurocognitive delay found in late T4-treated children with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico S. Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Obregón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in a Patient with Panhypopituitarism. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:5082687. [PMID: 28567321 PMCID: PMC5439068 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5082687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of an incidental diagnosis of panhypopituitarism in a 68-year-old African American man admitted to our psychiatric inpatient unit with symptoms suggestive of schizophrenia. The case was unusual as a first-episode psychosis given the patient's age. In the course of his admission, the patient's clinical condition deteriorated culminating in a sudden altered mental status which prompted a transfer to the medical floors and further investigations. A head CT scan and a pituitary MRI revealed a near total resection of the pituitary while laboratory investigations revealed hyponatremia and a grossly low hormone profile. The progression of these events casts doubts on our admitting diagnosis as the primary cause of the patient's symptoms. The patient's clinical condition improved only when his endocrinopathy was treated with hormone replacement, fluids, and electrolyte correction in addition to antipsychotics. An inability to verify the patient's psychiatric history and a remote history of pituitary resection several decades earlier, unknown to the treating team, added to the diagnostic conundrum. We revised the diagnosis to neuropsychiatric manifestations secondary to an organic brain syndrome due to a partial pituitary resection. The patient was discharged with no symptoms of psychosis, good insight, judgment, and good reality testing.
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Strobl MTJ, Freeman D, Patel J, Poulsen R, Wendler CC, Rivkees SA, Coleman JE. Opposing Effects of Maternal Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism on the Stability of Thalamocortical Synapses in the Visual Cortex of Adult Offspring. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3015-3027. [PMID: 27235101 PMCID: PMC6059113 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient or excessive thyroid hormone (TH) levels during fetal development can cause long-term neurological and cognitive problems. Studies in animal models of perinatal hypo- and hyperthyroidism suggest that these problems may be a consequence of the formation of maladaptive circuitry in the cerebral cortex, which can persist into adulthood. Here we used mouse models of maternal hypo- and hyperthyroidism to investigate the long-term effects of altering thyroxine (T4) levels during pregnancy (corresponding to embryonic days 6.5-18.5) on thalamocortical (TC) axon dynamics in adult offspring. Because perinatal hypothyroidism has been linked to visual processing deficits in humans, we performed chronic two-photon imaging of TC axons and boutons in primary visual cortex (V1). We found that a decrease or increase in maternal serum T4 levels was associated with atypical steady-state dynamics of TC axons and boutons in V1 of adult offspring. Hypothyroid offspring exhibited axonal branch and bouton dynamics indicative of an abnormal increase in TC connectivity, whereas changes in hyperthyroid offspring were indicative of an abnormal decrease in TC connectivity. Collectively, our data suggest that alterations to prenatal T4 levels can cause long-term synaptic instability in TC circuits, which could impair early stages of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese J. Strobl
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, University RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jenica Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ryan Poulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christopher C. Wendler
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Scott A. Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jason E. Coleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute,University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Chatzitomaris A, Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Hering S, Urban A, Dietrich B, Abood A, Klein HH, Dietrich JW. Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:163. [PMID: 28775711 PMCID: PMC5517413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback control is a dynamic, adaptive system. In situations of illness and deprivation of energy representing type 1 allostasis, the stress response operates to alter both its set point and peripheral transfer parameters. In contrast, type 2 allostatic load, typically effective in psychosocial stress, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and adaptation to cold, produces a nearly opposite phenotype of predictive plasticity. The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumors, uremia, and starvation (TACITUS), commonly observed in hospitalized patients, displays a historically well-studied pattern of allostatic thyroid response. This is characterized by decreased total and free thyroid hormone concentrations and varying levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ranging from decreased (in severe cases) to normal or even elevated (mainly in the recovery phase) TSH concentrations. An acute versus chronic stage (wasting syndrome) of TACITUS can be discerned. The two types differ in molecular mechanisms and prognosis. The acute adaptation of thyroid hormone metabolism to critical illness may prove beneficial to the organism, whereas the far more complex molecular alterations associated with chronic illness frequently lead to allostatic overload. The latter is associated with poor outcome, independently of the underlying disease. Adaptive responses of thyroid homeostasis extend to alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations during fetal life, periods of weight gain or loss, thermoregulation, physical exercise, and psychiatric diseases. The various forms of thyroid allostasis pose serious problems in differential diagnosis of thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of physiological mechanisms as well as major diagnostic and therapeutic implications of thyroid allostasis under a variety of developmental and straining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Chatzitomaris
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Apostolos Chatzitomaris,
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Private Consultancy, Research and Development, Yandina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Steffen Hering
- Department for Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Krankenhaus Bietigheim-Vaihingen, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Aline Urban
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Palliative Medicine, Eastern Allgäu-Kaufbeuren Hospitals, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | | | - Assjana Abood
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald H. Klein
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
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Saleem S, Shaukat F, Gul A, Arooj M, Malik A. Potential role of amino acids in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017; 11:63-68. [PMID: 28936154 PMCID: PMC5604273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a syndrome of inconclusive etiopathogenesis with a prevalence of about 1% in general population. Underlying factors include genetic predisposition and defected neurodevelopment in early stages of life. The role of amino acids has been indicated in some reports. However, very few workers have detailed the effect of each amino acid in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus, in the present review, we aimed to provide an insight into the potential role of amino acids levels during schizophrenia. Any single amino acid defect cannot lead to the development of the disease. Higher concentration of glycine, serine, glutamate, homocysteine, and arginine are reported by many scientists in blood samples of patients of schizophrenia. Levels of rest of the amino acids show inconsistent results. Involvement of glutamate in pathophysiology of schizophrenia was hypothesized as early as the 1980s. It was demonstrated that dissociative anesthetics which are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can produce all negative, psychotic, cognitive, and physiological features of schizophrenia in healthy controls. This led to the development of hypothesis of NMDA receptor hypofunctioning in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Later on, it was also found that agents enhancing functioning of NMDA receptor at glycine modulatory site, improved symptoms in patients of schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic medications. Thus, the relationship of perturb amino acid levels with the biological basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia is an important area to be further explored for effective management of schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Saleem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shamaila Saleem, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Phone: 0552669180. E-mail:
| | - Faiza Shaukat
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anjuman Gul
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahwish Arooj
- University College of Medicine and Dentistry (UCMD), University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) (CRiMM), The University of Lahore, Pakistan
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Mahintamani T, Ram D, Mitra S. Inside the mind of poor Tom--A multidimensional approach to determine causes for redundant clothing in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 227:219-23. [PMID: 25863820 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redundant clothing (RC) is a readily observable feature of schizophrenia. While abnormal thermoregulation, thyroid dysfunction and autonomic dysregulation have been postulated to account for RC, no identified factor yet conclusively explains this enigmatic behaviour. This study attempted to determine the cause(s) of RC in schizophrenia. Two groups of 20 age- and sex-matched patients with and without RC were studied. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, and patients were assessed for psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)), cognitive function (Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS)), and autonomic and thyroid function. Those with RC differed significantly from those without RC in education, occupation, marital status and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). They were more disorganised, more withdrawn, and had significant affective impairment. The RC group also had significantly higher negative, general and total psychopathology scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, significantly poorer cognitive function, greater autonomic dysfunction, and lower free T3 and free T4 concentrations. We propose that the dimension of RC could define a subgroup with poorer premorbid functioning and a longer DUP, in whom cognitive dysfunction and prominent negative symptoms coloured the manifestations of deranged thermoregulation secondary to lower thyroid hormone levels and autonomic dysfunction, ultimately resulting in redundant clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathagata Mahintamani
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834006, India.
| | - Daya Ram
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834006, India
| | - Sayantanava Mitra
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834006, India
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Levothyroxine Augmentation in Clozapine Resistant Schizophrenia: A Case Report and Review. Case Rep Psychiatry 2015; 2015:678040. [PMID: 26078905 PMCID: PMC4442283 DOI: 10.1155/2015/678040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reports that show different thyroid abnormalities in schizophrenia without clear establishment of their role in etiology and treatment outcome of schizophrenia. Among these reports, there are only a few that consider a role for thyroid hormones as augmenting agents in the treatment with antipsychotic drugs. This case report outlines symptom subsidence of a patient with clozapine refractory paranoid schizophrenia and normal thyroid function who added levothyroxine to clozapine and found that symptoms of psychosis returned once levothyroxine was discontinued. Although this observation needs to be confirmed in controlled clinical trials, we aimed to discuss possible hypothesized mechanisms underlying this observation.
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Navarro D, Alvarado M, Navarrete F, Giner M, Obregon MJ, Manzanares J, Berbel P. Gestational and early postnatal hypothyroidism alters VGluT1 and VGAT bouton distribution in the neocortex and hippocampus, and behavior in rats. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:9. [PMID: 25741243 PMCID: PMC4330898 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are fundamental for the expression of genes involved in the development of the CNS and their deficiency is associated with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases including mental retardation, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders. We examined in rat whether developmental and early postnatal hypothyroidism affects the distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGluT1; glutamatergic) and vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VGAT; GABAergic) immunoreactive (ir) boutons in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex, and the behavior of the pups. Hypothyroidism was induced by adding 0.02% methimazole (MMI) and 1% KClO4 to the drinking water starting at embryonic day 10 (E10; developmental hypothyroidism) and E21 (early postnatal hypothyroidism) until day of sacrifice at postnatal day 50. Behavior was studied using the acoustic prepulse inhibition (somatosensory attention) and the elevated plus-maze (anxiety-like assessment) tests. The distribution, density and size of VGluT1-ir and VGAT-ir boutons in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex was abnormal in MMI pups and these changes correlate with behavioral changes, as prepulse inhibition of the startle response amplitude was reduced, and the percentage of time spent in open arms increased. In conclusion, both developmental and early postnatal hypothyroidism significantly decreases the ratio of GABAergic to glutamatergic boutons in dentate gyrus leading to an abnormal flow of information to the hippocampus and infragranular layers of the somatosensory cortex, and alter behavior in rats. Our data show cytoarchitectonic alterations in the basic excitatory hippocampal loop, and in local inhibitory circuits of the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus that might contribute to the delayed neurocognitive outcome observed in thyroid hormone deficient children born in iodine deficient areas, or suffering from congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
| | - Mayvi Alvarado
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad VeracruzanaXalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Giner
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlicante, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
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Jose J, Nandeesha H, Kattimani S, Meiyappan K, Sarkar S, Sivasankar D. Association between prolactin and thyroid hormones with severity of psychopathology and suicide risk in drug free male schizophrenia. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:78-80. [PMID: 25677864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal deregulation is associated with suicidal risk in various psychiatric disorders. Thyroid hormones and prolactin play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to analyze thyroid hormones and prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia, and to explore its association with disease severity and suicide risk. METHODS Thirty-eight cases and 38 controls were included in the study. Serum thyroid hormones and prolactin were estimated in all the subjects. Disease severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and suicidal ideations were assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. RESULTS Serum prolactin (p=0.004) and free T4 (p=0.029) were significantly elevated in the schizophrenia group as compared to controls. Serum prolactin was significantly associated with higher negative symptom scores (r=0.418, p=0.008), but not positive symptoms or general psychopathology of schizophrenia. Thyroid hormones were not associated with disease severity scores. Suicidal ideas were more common in schizophrenia patients with higher free T4 (p=0.011). CONCLUSION Prolactin and free T4 were increased in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. Suicidal ideation was associated with increased free T4, but not prolactin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jancy Jose
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - H Nandeesha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Shivanand Kattimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Kavitha Meiyappan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Siddharth Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Devanarayanan Sivasankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Bunevicius R, Steibliene V, Prange AJ. Thyroid axis function after in-patient treatment of acute psychosis with antipsychotics: a naturalistic study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:279. [PMID: 25292398 PMCID: PMC4190459 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine function in psychiatric patients may be affected by mental disorder itself as well as by antipsychotic medications.The aim of this naturalistic observational study was to determine if treatment of acute psychotic episode with antipsychotic medication affects thyroid axis hormone concentrations and if such changes are associated with symptomatic improvement. METHODS Eighty six adult acute psychotic patients, consecutively admitted to a mental hospital, were recruited for the study. All patients were physically healthy and without thyroid disease. During the hospitalization period all study patients received treatment with antipsychotic medication according to clinical need. Severity of the psychotic episode was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and venous blood samples were drawn for analysis of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations on the day of admission and on the day of discharge from the hospital. RESULTS Antipsychotic drug treatment was associated with decrease of mean FT3 (p < 0.001) and FT4 (p = 0.002) concentrations; and with increase of mean TSH (p = 0.016) concentrations. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations were mostly predicted by baseline hormone concentrations. Individual changes were not limited to decrease in high hormone concentrations; in patients who had low FT3 or FT4 concentrations, treatment resulted in increase in concentrations. Such an increase was established in one-quarter of patients for FT3 concentrations and in one-third of patients for FT4 concentrations. Fall in FT4 concentrations negatively correlated with the improvement in the BPRS score (r = -0.235, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that antipsychotic treatment resulted in a decrease in mean FT3 concentrations and in an increase in mean TSH concentrations after recovery from acute psychosis. Symptomatic improvement was less evident in patients who experienced a decrease in FT4 concentrations. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT No.2007-001541-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Bunevicius
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str, 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania.
| | - Arthur J Prange
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Cunningham C, Peters K. Aetiology of schizophrenia and implications for nursing practice: a literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2014; 35:732-8. [PMID: 25259635 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2014.908441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is recognised as a major mental illness and is prevalent in approximately 1% of the global population. This paper reviewed literature published between 2001 and 2013 to explore the aetiology of schizophrenia and discuss implications for mental health nursing practice. Although the causes of schizophrenia are largely unknown, there is a strong correlation between identified physiological and environmental markers and the development of the disease. With this knowledge, mental health nurses can potentially contribute to the development of strategies and approaches to complement current treatments, and therefore ensure improved outcomes for mental health clients.
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Berbel P, Navarro D, Román GC. An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25250016 PMCID: PMC4158880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological alterations of cortical lamination observed in mouse models of developmental hypothyroidism prompted the recognition that these experimental changes resembled the brain lesions of children with autism; this led to recent studies showing that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency increases fourfold the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), offering for the first time the possibility of prevention of some forms of ASD. For ethical reasons, the role of thyroid hormones on brain development is currently studied using animal models, usually mice and rats. Although mammals have in common many basic developmental principles regulating brain development, as well as fundamental basic mechanisms that are controlled by similar metabolic pathway activated genes, there are also important differences. For instance, the rodent cerebral cortex is basically a primary cortex, whereas the primary sensory areas in humans account for a very small surface in the cerebral cortex when compared to the associative and frontal areas that are more extensive. Associative and frontal areas in humans are involved in many neurological disorders, including ASD, attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and dyslexia, among others. Therefore, an evo-devo approach to neocortical evolution among species is fundamental to understand not only the role of thyroid hormones and environmental thyroid disruptors on evolution, development, and organization of the cerebral cortex in mammals but also their role in neurological diseases associated to thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gustavo C. Román
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Thyroid dysfunction in major psychiatric disorders in a hospital based sample. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:888-93. [PMID: 24521631 PMCID: PMC3978977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Abnormalities in thyroid hormonal status is common in major psychiatric disorders. Although the relevance of thyroid dysfunction to bipolar disorder is well-recognized, yet the association between thyroid dysfunction and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is under-emphasized. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the rates of abnormal thyroid hormonal status in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and mood disorders in an inpatient tertiary care general hospital psychiatry unit. METHODS This was a retrospective hospital-based study on 468 inpatient samples. Data on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T3 (triiodothyroxine), T4 (L-thyroxine), free unbound fractions of T3 and T4 (FT3 and FT4) were obtained from records of 343 patients, 18 patients were anti-TPO (anti thyroid peroxidase antibody) positive. The rates of abnormal thyroid hormonal status were compared using the chi square test. RESULTS Abnormal thyroid hormonal status in general, and presence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, in particular were seen in 29.3, 25.17 and 4.08 per cent patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, respectively. These were comparable to the rates in patients with mood disorders (23.24, 21.62 and 1.62%, respectively). Eleven of the 18 patients with antiTPO positivity had a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. There were no gender differences. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Thyroid dysfunction was present in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder as well as mood disorders. Autoimmune thyroid disease was more commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders compared to mood disorders. The findings reiterate the relevance of screening patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders for abnormal thyroid hormonal status.
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