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Khamlich J, Douiyeh I, Saih A, Moussamih S, Regragui A, Kettani A, Safi A. Identification of small molecule glucokinase activators for the treatment of diabetes based on plants from the traditional Chinese medicine: In silico analysis. Microb Pathog 2024; 195:106851. [PMID: 39197693 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in glucokinase (GCK) can either enhance or inhibit insulin secretion, leading to different forms of diabetes, including gestational diabetes. While many glucokinase activators (GKAs) have been explored as treatments, their long-term effectiveness has often been unsatisfactory. However, recent interest has surged with the introduction of dorzagliatin and TTP399. This study investigates the efficacy of four previously studied compounds (Swertiamarin, Apigenin, Mangiferin, and Tatanan A) in activating GCK using computational methods. Initial molecular docking revealed binding affinities ranging from -6.7 to -8.6 kcal/mol. The compounds were then evaluated for drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. Re-docking studies were performed for validation. Based on their favorable binding affinities and compliance with Lipinski's rule and ADMET criteria, three compounds (Swertiamarin, Apigenin, and Tatanan A) were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations demonstrated that Swertiamarin showed excellent stability, as indicated by analyses of RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration (Rg), hydrogen bonding, and principal component analysis (PCA). These results suggest that Swertiamarin holds promise for further investigation in in vivo and clinical settings to evaluate its potential in enhancing GCK activity and treating diabetes. This study assessed the potential of four compounds as GCK activators using molecular docking, pharmacokinetic profiling, and MD simulations. Swertiamarin, in particular, showed significant stability and adherence to drug-likeness criteria, making it a promising candidate for further research in combating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Khamlich
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Imane Douiyeh
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Asmae Saih
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Samya Moussamih
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Anas Regragui
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Casablanca (FMPC), Hassan II University, Morocco.
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco; Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Rabat, Morocco & Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Amal Safi
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Morocco.
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Rangaswamy R, Sneha S, Hemavathy N, Umashankar V, Jeyakanthan J. Computational discovery of AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 inhibitors through shape screening for rheumatoid arthritis intervention. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10910-z. [PMID: 38970640 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by painful, swollen synovitis and joint erosions, which can cause damage to bone and cartilage and be associated with progressive disability. Despite expanded treatment options, some patients still experience inadequate response or intolerable adverse effects. Consequently, the treatment options for RA remain quite limited. The enzyme AKT1 is crucial in designing drugs for various human diseases, supporting cellular functions like proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis in both normal and malignant cells. Therefore, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 is considered crucial for targeting therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating RA mechanisms. In this context, directing efforts toward AKT1 represents an innovative approach to developing new anti-arthritis medications. The primary objective of this research is to prioritize AKT1 inhibitors using computational techniques such as molecular modeling and dynamics simulation (MDS) and shape-based virtual screening (SBVS). A combined SBVS approach was employed to predict potent inhibitors against AKT1 by screening a pool of compounds sourced from the ChemDiv and IMPPAT databases. From the SBVS results, only the top three compounds, ChemDiv_7266, ChemDiv_2796, and ChemDiv_9468, were subjected to stability analysis based on their high binding affinity and favorable ADME/Tox properties. The SBVS findings have revealed that critical residues, including Glu17, Gly37, Glu85, and Arg273, significantly contribute to the successful binding of the highest-ranked lead compounds at the active site of AKT1. This insight helps to understand the specific binding mechanism of these leads in inhibiting RA, facilitating the rational design of more effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Rangaswamy
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
| | - Subramaniyan Sneha
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
| | - Nagarajan Hemavathy
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
| | - Vetrivel Umashankar
- Virology & Biotechnology/Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 031, India
| | - Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Karaikudi, 630 003, India.
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Al Mamun A, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Pyroptosis in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and its Therapeutic Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3839-3864. [PMID: 38895141 PMCID: PMC11185259 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s465203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of cell death resulting from the activation of gasdermins (GSDMs) pore-forming proteins and the release of several pro-inflammatory factors. However, inflammasomes are the intracellular protein complexes that cleave gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to the formation of robust cell membrane pores and the initiation of pyroptosis. Inflammasome activation and gasdermin-mediated membrane pore formation are the important intrinsic processes in the classical pyroptotic signaling pathway. Overactivation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis and amplifies inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the overactivation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis may further induce the progression of cancers, nerve injury, inflammatory disorders and metabolic dysfunctions. Current evidence also indicates that pyroptosis-dependent cell death accelerates the progression of diabetes and its frequent consequences including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory reaction further exacerbates DPN-mediated CNS injury. Accumulating evidence shows that several molecular signaling mechanisms trigger pyroptosis in insulin-producing cells, further leading to the development of DPN. Numerous studies have suggested that certain natural compounds or drugs may possess promising pharmacological properties by modulating inflammasomes and pyroptosis, thereby offering potential preventive and practical therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of DPN. This review elaborates on the underlying molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and explores possible therapeutic strategies for regulating pyroptosis-regulated cell death in the pharmacological treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou TY, Tian N, Li L, Yu R. Iridoids modulate inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: A review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:210-222. [PMID: 38631983 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, preclinical research on diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has surged to the forefront of scientific and clinical attention. DKD has become a pervasive complication of type 2 diabetes. Given the complexity of its etiology and pathological mechanisms, current interventions, including drugs, dietary modifications, exercise, hypoglycemic treatments and lipid-lowering methods, often fall short in achieving desired therapeutic outcomes. Iridoids, primarily derived from the potent components of traditional herbs, have been the subject of long-standing research. Preclinical data suggest that iridoids possess notable renal protective properties; however, there has been no summary of the research on their efficacy in the management and treatment of DKD. This article consolidates findings from in vivo and in vitro research on iridoids in the context of DKD and highlights their shared anti-inflammatory activities in treating this condition. Additionally, it explores how certain iridoid components modify their chemical structures through the regulation of intestinal flora, potentially bolstering their therapeutic effects. This review provides a focused examination of the mechanisms through which iridoids may prevent or treat DKD, offering valuable insights for future research endeavors. Please cite this article as: Zhou TY, Tian N, Li L, Yu R. Iridoids modulate inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: A review. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(3): 210-222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yi Zhou
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Tian
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liu Li
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong Yu
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions and Zheng, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China.
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Kumar S, Niguram P, Jairaj V, Chauhan N, Jinagal S, Sagar S, Sindhu RK, Chandra A. Exploring the potential of semi-synthetic Swertiamarin analogues for GLUT facilitation and insulin secretion in NIT-1 cell lines: a molecular docking and in-vitro study. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38619018 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2342005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterisation, and anti-diabetic potential of swertiamarin analogues against DPP-4 enzymatic inhibition was done prior to this study. However, swertiamarin and its analogues inhibited DPP-4 enzyme significantly. Semisynthetic swertiamarin analogues have been studied for antidiabetic potential and mechanism of action utilising molecular docking and in-vitro techniques. The mechanism of action for swertiamarin analogues was determined by in-silico molecular docking studies using glucose-transporters, GLUT-1 (PDB ID: 4PYP), GLUT-3 (PDB ID: 7SPS), and GLUT-4 (PDB ID: 7WSM) along with in-vitro glucose uptake and glucose-induced insulin secretion assays. These studies found that synthesised swertiamarin analogues SNIPERSV3, SNIPERSV4, and SNIPERSV7 shown better docking score against different GLUTs and better anti-diabetic effects on glucose uptake and insulin secretion in NIT-1 cell line than standard glibenclamide and swertiamarin. Thus, swertiamarin analogues might be studied for diabetes therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyender Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Prakash Niguram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vinod Jairaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Neelam Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Karanwati School of Dentistry, Karanvati University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Seema Jinagal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sneha Sagar
- National Forensic Sciences University, Curti, Goa, India
| | | | - Amrish Chandra
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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Abdelhamid MS, Sherif MH, Abaza HR, El-Maghraby LMM, Watad SH, Awad AE. Zingiber officinale extract maximizes the efficacy of simvastatin as a hypolipidemic drug in obese male rats. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1940-1954. [PMID: 38455204 PMCID: PMC10916669 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity became a serious public health problem with enormous socioeconomic implications among the Egyptian population. The present investigation aimed to explore the efficacy of Zingiber officinale extract as a hypolipidemic agent combined with the commercially well-known anti-obesity drug simvastatin in obese rats. Thirty-five male Wister rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: group I received a standard balanced diet for ten weeks; high-fat diet was orally administered to rats in groups II-V for ten weeks. From the fifth week to the tenth week, group III orally received simvastatin (40 mg/kg B.W.), group IV orally received Z. officinale root extract (400 mg/kg B.W.), and group V orally received simvastatin (20 mg/kg B.W.) plus Z. officinale extract (200 mg/kg B.W.) separately. Liver and kidney function tests, lipid profiles, serum glucose, insulin, and leptin were determined. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of PPAR-γ, iNOS, HMG-CoA reductase, and GLUT-4 genes was carried out. Caspase 3 was estimated in liver and kidney tissues immunohistochemically. Liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. The administration of Z. officinale extract plus simvastatin to high-fat diet-fed rats caused a significant reduction in the expression of HMG-coA reductase and iNOS by 41.81% and 88.05%, respectively, compared to highfat diet (HFD)-fed rats that received simvastatin only. Otherwise, a significant increase was noticed in the expression of PPAR-γ and GLUT-4 by 33.3% and 138.81%, respectively, compared to those that received simvastatin only. Immunohistochemistry emphasized that a combination of Z. officinale extract plus simvastatin significantly suppressed caspase 3 in the hepatic tissue of high-fat diet-fed rats. Moreover, the best results of lipid profile indices and hormonal indicators were obtained when rats received Z. officinale extract plus simvastatin. Z. officinale extract enhanced the efficiency of simvastatin as a hypolipidemic drug in obese rats due to the high contents of flavonoid and phenolic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hazem R Abaza
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M M El-Maghraby
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
| | - Shimaa H Watad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Awad
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
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Zein N, Yassin F, Ayoub HG, Elewa YHA, Mohamed SKA, Mahmoud MH, Elfeky M, Batiha GES, Zahran MH. In vivo investigation of the anti-liver fibrosis impact of Balanites aegyptiaca/ chitosan nanoparticles. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116193. [PMID: 38301419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is an African herb with traditional medical applications. Various pathogenic factors cause hepatic fibrosis and require novel treatment alternatives. Nanoformulation-based natural products can overcome the available drug problems by increasing the efficacy of natural products targeting disease markers. The current study investigated B. aegyptiaca methanolic extract using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles were prepared. In vivo, evaluation tests were performed to assess the curative effect of the successfully prepared B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles. For 30 days, the rats were divided into six groups, typical and fibrosis groups, where the liver fibrosis groups received B. aegyptiaca extract, silymarin, chitosan nanoparticles, and B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles daily. In the current investigation, phenolic molecules are the major compounds detected in B. aegyptiaca extract. UV showed that the prepared B. aegyptiaca /chitosan nanoparticles had a single peak at 280 nm, a particle size of 35.0 ± 6.0 nm, and a negative charge at - 8.3 mV. The animal studies showed that the synthetic B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles showed substantial anti-fibrotic protective effects against CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats when compared with other groups through optimization of biochemical and oxidative markers, improved histological changes, and modulated the expression of Col1a1, Acta2 and Cxcl9 genes, which manage liver fibrosis. In conclusion, the current research indicated that the prepared B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles improved histological structure and significantly enhanced the biochemical and genetic markers of liver fibrosis in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Zein
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Fathy Yassin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba G Ayoub
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Sherif Kh A Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elfeky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hosny Zahran
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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El-Emam MMA, El-Demerdash AS, Abdo SA, Abd-Elfatah EB, El-Sayed MM, Qelliny MR, Eldin ZE, Shehata AA. The ameliorative role of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus induced acute lung injury: Targeting TLR/NF-κB signaling pathways. Open Vet J 2024; 14:416-427. [PMID: 38633182 PMCID: PMC11018431 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe condition distinguished by inflammation and impaired gas exchange in the lungs. Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium, can cause ALI through its virulence factors. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of illnesses due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Chitosan nanoparticles are biocompatible and totally biodegradable materials that have shown potential in drug delivery systems. Aim To explore the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AV-CS-NPs) against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo with advanced techniques. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of AV-CS-NPs was evaluated through a broth microdilution assay. In addition, the impact of AV-CS-NPs on S. aureus-induced ALI in rats was examined by analyzing the expression of genes linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, rat lung tissue was scanned histologically. The rats were divided into three groups: control, ALI, and treatment with AV-CS-NPs. Results The AV-CS-NPs that were prepared exhibited clustered semispherical and spherical forms, having an average particle size of approximately 60 nm. These nanoparticles displayed a diverse structure with an uneven distribution of particle sizes. The maximum entrapment efficiency of 95.5% ± 1.25% was achieved. The obtained findings revealed that The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined to be 5 and 10 ug/ml, respectively, indicating the potent bactericidal effect of the NPs. Also, S. aureus infected rats explored upregulation in the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to healthy control groups. AV-CS-NP treatment reverses the case where there was repression in mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to S. aureus-treated rats. Conclusion These NPs can serve as potential candidates for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahran M. Abd El-Emam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Azza S. El-Demerdash
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar A. Abdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman B. Abd-Elfatah
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Milad R. Qelliny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Zienab E. Eldin
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Shehata
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Ji X, Ma Q, Wang X, Ming H, Bao G, Fu M, Wei C. Digeda-4 decoction and its disassembled prescriptions improve dyslipidemia and apoptosis by regulating AMPK/SIRT1 pathway on tyloxapol-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116827. [PMID: 37348794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver and the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Digeda-4 decoction (DGD-4) is a commonly prescribed Mongolian herbal drug for treating acute and chronic liver injury and fatty liver. However, the mechanisms underlying the improvement of dislipidemia and liver injury via treatment with DGD-4 remain unclear. Disassembling a prescription is an effective approach to studying the effects and mechanisms underlying Mongolian medicine prescriptions. By disassembling a prescription, it is feasible to discover effective combinations of individual herbs to optimize a given prescription. Accordingly, we disassembled DGD-4 into two groups: the single Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ex Nym (LR) (DGD-1) and non-LR (DGD-3). AIM OF THIS STUDY To study whether DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions have protective effects against tyloxapol (TY)-induced NAFLD and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action and compatibility of prescriptions. MATERIAL AND METHODS NAFLD mice were developed by TY induction. Biochemical horizontal analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and liver histological staining were performed to explore the protective effects of DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions DGD-3 and DGD-1. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemical analyses and Western blotting to further explore the expression of target proteins. RESULTS DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions could inhibit TY-induced dislipidemia and liver injury. In addition, DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions increased the levels of p-AMPKα and p-ACC, but decreased the levels of SREBP1c, SCD-1, SREBP-2, and HMGCS1 proteins. The activation of lipid metabolic pathways SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PPARα improved lipid accumulation in the liver. Moreover, DGD-4 could inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and treat TY-induced liver injury by upregulating the Bcl-2 expression, downregulating the expression of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and positively regulating the imbalance of oxidative stress (OxS) markers (such as superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], malondialdehyde [MDA], and myeloperoxidase [MPO]). DGD-1 was superior to DGD-3 in regulating lipid synthesis-related proteins such as SREBP1c, SCD-1, SREBP-2, and HMGCS1. DGD-3 significantly affected the expression of lipid metabolic proteins SIRT1, PGC-1α, PPARα, apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and the regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. However, DGD-1 showed no regulatory effects on Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the protective effects of DGD-4 in the TY-induced NAFLD mice through a mechanism involving improvement of dyslipidemia and apoptosis by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Although the Monarch drug DGD-1 reduces lipid accumulation and DGD-3 inhibits apoptosis and protects the liver from injury, DGD-4 can be more effective overall as a therapy when compared to DGD-1 and DGD-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ji
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Hui Ming
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Guihua Bao
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Minghai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Chengxi Wei
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
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Abd El-Emam MM, Mostafa M, Farag AA, Youssef HS, El-Demerdash AS, Bayoumi H, Gebba MA, El-Halawani SM, Saleh AM, Badr AM, El Sayed S. The Potential Effects of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoliposomes on Amoxicillin/Clavulanate-Induced Hepatic Damage: Targeting the SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Microbiota Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1487. [PMID: 37627483 PMCID: PMC10451903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Co-Amox), a commonly used antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections, has been associated with drug-induced liver damage. Quercetin (QR), a naturally occurring flavonoid with pleiotropic biological activities, has poor water solubility and low bioavailability. The objective of this work was to produce a more bioavailable formulation of QR (liposomes) and to determine the effect of its intraperitoneal pretreatment on the amelioration of Co-Amox-induced liver damage in male rats. Four groups of rats were defined: control, QR liposomes (QR-lipo), Co-Amox, and Co-Amox and QR-lipo. Liver injury severity in rats was evaluated for all groups through measurement of serum liver enzymes, liver antioxidant status, proinflammatory mediators, and microbiota modulation. The results revealed that QR-lipo reduced the severity of Co-Amox-induced hepatic damage in rats, as indicated by a reduction in serum liver enzymes and total liver antioxidant capacity. In addition, QR-lipo upregulated antioxidant transcription factors SIRT1 and Nrf2 and downregulated liver proinflammatory signatures, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, and iNOS, with upregulation in the anti-inflammatory one, IL10. QR-lipo also prevented Co-Amox-induced gut dysbiosis by favoring the colonization of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides over Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae. These results suggested that QR-lipo ameliorates Co-Amox-induced liver damage by targeting SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB and modulating the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahran Mohamed Abd El-Emam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Amina A. Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Heba S. Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Azza S. El-Demerdash
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Heba Bayoumi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed A. Gebba
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sawsan M. El-Halawani
- Department of Biotechnology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Abdulrahman M. Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Amira M. Badr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shorouk El Sayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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Zou H, Gong Y, Ye H, Yuan C, Li T, Zhang J, Ren L. Dietary regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in metabolic syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154904. [PMID: 37267691 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, members of the type nuclear receptor superfamily, with three subtypes, namely PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which play a key role in the metabolic syndrome. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that natural products can act by regulating metabolic pathways mediated by PPARs. PURPOSE This work summarizes the physiological importance and clinical significance of PPARs and reviews the experimental evidence that natural products mediate metabolic syndrome via PPARs. METHODS This study reviews relevant literature on clinical trials, epidemiology, animals, and cell cultures published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other databases from 2001 to October 2022. Search keywords were "natural product" OR "botanical" OR "phytochemical" AND "PPAR" as well as free text words. RESULTS The modulatory involvement of PPARs in the metabolic syndrome has been supported by prior research. It has been observed that many natural products can treat metabolic syndrome by altering PPARs. The majority of currently described natural compounds are mild PPAR-selective agonists with therapeutic effects that are equivalent to synthetic medicines but less harmful adverse effects. CONCLUSION PPAR agonists can be combined with natural products to treat and prevent metabolic syndrome. Further human investigations are required because it is unknown how natural products cause harm and how they might have negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Cuiping Yuan
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Belani MA, Shah P, Banker M, Gupta SS. Investigating the potential role of swertiamarin on insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant granulosa cells of poly cystic ovarian syndrome patients. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:55. [PMID: 36932437 PMCID: PMC10024427 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Conventional drugs have limitations due to prevalence of contraindications in PCOS patients. To explore the potential effects of swertiamarin, on abrupted insulin and steroidogenic signaling in human luteinized granulosa cells from PCOS patients with or without insulin resistance. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE hLGCs from 8 controls and 16 PCOS patients were classified for insulin resistance based on down regulation of protein expression of insulin receptor-β (INSR- β) as shown in our previous paper. Cells were grouped as control, PCOS-IR and PCOS-NIR, treated with swertiamarin (66 µM) and metformin (1 mM). Expression of key molecules involved in insulin signaling, fat metabolism, IGF system and steroidogenesis were compared between groups. RESULTS Swertiamarin significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the expression of INSR-β, PI(3)K, p-Akt, PKC-ζ, PPARγ, (P < 0.01) IRS (Ser 307) and IGF system in PCOS-IR group and was equally potent to metformin. In the same group, candidate genes viz SREBP1c, FAS, ACC-1 and CPT-1 were down regulated by swertiamarin (P < 0.001) and metformin (P < 0.001). Significant upregulation was demonstrated in expression of StAR, CYP19A1, 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD when treated with swertiamarin (P < 0.01) and metformin (P < 0.01) in PCOS-IR followed by increase in 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD enzyme activity along with estradiol and progesterone secretions. However, swertiamarin did not reveal any effect on PCOS-NIR group as compared to metformin that significantly (P < 0.01) reversed all the parameters related to steroidogenesis and down regulated basal expression of insulin signaling genes. CONCLUSION Swertiamarin, presents itself as a potential fertility drug in hLGCs from PCOS-IR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskaan A. Belani
- Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390 002 India
| | - Preeti Shah
- Nova IVI Fertility, Behind Xavier’s Ladies Hostel, 108, Swastik Society Rd, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 390009 Gujarat India
| | - Manish Banker
- Nova IVI Fertility, Behind Xavier’s Ladies Hostel, 108, Swastik Society Rd, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 390009 Gujarat India
| | - Sarita S. Gupta
- Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390 002 India
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Patel N, Zinzuvadia A, Prajapati M, Tyagi RK, Dalai S. Swertiamarin-mediated immune modulation/adaptation confers protection against Plasmodium berghei. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:931-941. [PMID: 35704297 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Development of resistance by the malaria parasite, a systemic inflammatory and infectious pathogen, has raised the need for novel efficacious antimalarials. Plant-derived natural compounds are known to modulate the immune response and eradicate the infectious pathogens. Therefore we carried out experiments with swertiamarin to dissect its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential. Materials & methods: We carried out studies in Swiss albino mice that received infectious challenge with Plasmodium berghei and swertiamarin treatment in a prophylactic manner. Results & conclusion: Oral administration of swertiamarin prior to infectious challenge with P. berghei in experimental mice showed delayed parasite development as compared with untreated control. IFN-γ and IL-10 appeared to be adapted/modulated by regular swertiamarin treatment. Further, withdrawal of swertiamarin pressure did not affect parasite replication. However, the short half-life of swertiamarin limited its long-lasting therapeutic effect, requiring higher and frequent dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisargee Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Mitali Prajapati
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology LabCSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)Sec-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Investigation of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale as potential glucokinase activators through molecular docking for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 34926125 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme involved in synthesising glucose into glucose-6 phosphate and serves a crucial function in glucose sensing. Therefore, agents that induce GK activation could be used to treat T2DM. The present work has been carried out to investigate the GK activation potential of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale through molecular docking. All the phytoconstituents have been screened through the Lipinski rule of 5, Veber's rule, and ADMET properties. From these initial screening, only Apigenin, Ferulic acid, Genkwanin, p-coumaric acid, Protocatechuic acid, Syringic acid, and Vanillic acid have been selected to perform molecular docking studies. The binding free energy and binding mode of the native ligand in the allosteric site of the enzyme have been considered the reference for the other molecules' validation. The native ligand has exhibited - 7.2 kcal/mol binding free energy, whereas; it has formed four hydrogen bonds with THR-228, LYS-169, ASP-78, and GLY-81. Based on these findings, the interactions of phytoconstituents have been justified. Apigenin, genkwanin, and swertiamarin exhibited - 8.7, - 7.5, and - 8.3 kcal/mol binding free energy, respectively, which indicates better enzyme activation than the native ligand. Swertiamarin has formed 08 hydrogen bonds with allosteric amino acid residues, which confirms the excellent enzyme activation by these phytoconstituents. We concluded that if we can isolate and consume the exact active phytoconstituents (GK activators) from this plant, we can use them effectively to treat T2DM. More GK activators can be developed by considering them as a natural lead moiety.
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Xu L, Li D, Zhu Y, Cai S, Liang X, Tang Y, Jin S, Ding C. Swertiamarin supplementation prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Adipocyte 2021; 10:160-173. [PMID: 33794740 PMCID: PMC8023247 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1906510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, which underlies insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside that has been reported to ameliorate diabetes and NAFLD in animal models. However, the effects of swertiamarin on obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance have not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the effects of swertiamarin on inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD or HFD containing swertiamarin for 8 weeks. Obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation were assessed in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and livers of the mice. Swertiamarin attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, and enhanced insulin signalling in mice. Compared to HFD-fed mice, the swertiamarin-treated mice exhibited increased lipolysis and reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration in eWAT. Moreover, swertiamarin alleviated HFD-mediated hepatic steatosis and inflammation by suppressing activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways within the eWAT and liver of obese mice. In conclusion, supplementation with swertiamarin attenuated weight gain and hepatic steatosis, and alleviated obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Suili Cai
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
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Chi X, Zhang F, Gao Q, Xing R, Chen S. A Review on the Ethnomedicinal Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae) in Tibetan Medicine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2383. [PMID: 34834747 PMCID: PMC8620629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gentianaceae is a large plant family and is distributed worldwide. As the largest tribe in Gentianaceae, Gentianeae contains 939-968 species, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas are the main centers of diversity for Gentianeae. Species from the Gentianeae are widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the information on botany, ethnomedicinal usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Gentianeae in Tibetan medicine is provided. The results of this study are based on a literature search, including electronic databases, books, websites, papers, and conference proceedings. Botanical studies showed that Gentianeae includes the subtribe Gentianeae and Swertiinae, and several new genera and taxa have been identified. Approximately 83 species from Gentianeae were used in Tibetan medicine, among which Gentiana and Swertia constituted the largest number of species with 42 and 24 species, respectively. The species from Gentianeae are mainly used as Bangjian (སྤང་རྒྱན།), Jieji (ཀྱི་ལྕེ།), Dida (ཏིག་ཏ།), and Ganggaqiong (གང་གྰཆུང་།) in Tibetan medicine with different clinical applications. More than 240 formulas were found containing Gentianeae species with different attending functions. Phytochemical studies showed that the main active components of Gentianeae species are iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The bioactivities of plants from Gentianeae include hepatic protection, upper respiratory tract protection, joint and bone protection, glucose regulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral effects. This review will provide a reference for future research on natural resource protection, plant-based drug development, and further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chi
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
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Muhamad Fadzil NS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde SB. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Swertiamarin - A Promising Natural Lead for New Drug Discovery and Development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2721-2746. [PMID: 34188450 PMCID: PMC8233004 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a seco-iridoid glycoside, is mainly found in Enicostemma littorale Blume (E. littorale) and exhibits therapeutic activities for various diseases. The present study aimed to provide a review of swertiamarin in terms of its phytochemistry, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, between 1990 and the present. This review included the distribution of swertiamarin in medicinal plants and its isolation, characterization, physicochemical properties and possible biosynthetic pathways. A comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin was also included after careful screening and tabulation. Based on the reported evidence, swertiamarin meets all five of Lipinski’s rules for drug-like properties. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties of swertiamarin were detailed and analyzed. A simple and rapid method for isolating swertiamarin from E. littorale has been described. The present review proposed that swertiamarin may be biosynthesized by the mevalonate or nonmevalonate pathways, followed by the seco-iridoid pathway. It has also been found that swertiamarin is a potent compound with diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities. The anticancer activity of swertiamarin against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. The underlying mechanisms of all these pharmacological effects are diverse and seem to involve the regulation of different molecular targets, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, apoptosis-related proteins, receptors and enzymes. Swertiamarin also modulates the activity of several transcription factors, and their signaling pathways in various pathological conditions are also discussed. Moreover, we have highlighted the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications of swertiamarin. The pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin have been extensively investigated. However, more advanced studies are required including clinical trials and studies on the bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses to offer swertiamarin as a novel candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sakinah Muhamad Fadzil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
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Huang XJ, Chen GX, Cheng H, Ge YB, Li J, Zhang Y. The distribution, uses, and characteristic components of gentianaceae plants in China. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Evaluation of Anti-hypertrophic Potential of Enicostemma littorale Blume on Isoproterenol Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 36:33-42. [PMID: 33505125 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-019-0814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-hypertrophic potential of the aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale (E. littorale) against isoproterenol induced cardiac hypertrophic rat models (male albino Wistar rats) through biochemical investigations. Aqueous extract of E. littorale known for various beneficial properties was administered (100 mg/kg, 12 days, oral) to isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiac hypertrophic rats (low ISO-60 mg/kg, 12 days and high ISO-100 mg/kg, 12 days, subcutaneous) and were compared with group that was treated with the reference drug, Losartan (10 mg kg, administered for 12 days, oral). The anti-hypertrophic effect of E. littorale was evaluated by analysing the morphometric indices of the heart, ECG tracings, changes in blood biochemical parameters viz., serum glucose, serum total protein, serum albumin, lipid profile, cardiac specific enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and LDH) and histopathological examination of the heart tissue. The results fundamentally revealed that the plant extract efficiently ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy induced by ISO injected in experimental rats. The outcomes of biochemical investigations of this study highlighted the association between the hypertrophic β-adrenergic receptor signalling (β-AR) and the 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) axis in the metabolism of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. This β-AR/AMPK-PGC1α signalling stem can serve as a key target in ameliorating cardiac hypertrophy through focus on its principal regulators. To add, we also propose that the glycoside, swertiamarin present in this plant with the reported anti-fibrotic potential in liver can be further isolated and evaluated for its anti-hypertrophic potential to treat cardiac hypertrophy.
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Pinto DCGA, Rahmouni N, Beghidja N, Silva AMS. Scabiosa Genus: A Rich Source of Bioactive Metabolites. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E110. [PMID: 30304864 PMCID: PMC6313729 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Scabiosa (family Caprifoliaceae) is considered large (618 scientific plant names of species) although only 62 have accepted Latin binominal names. The majority of the Scabiosa species are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and some Scabiosa species are used in traditional medicine systems. For instance, Scabiosa columbaria L. is used traditionally against diphtheria while S. comosa Fisch. Ex Roem. and Schult. is used in Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medical settings to treat liver diseases. The richness of Scabiosa species in secondary metabolites such as iridoids, flavonoids and pentacyclic triterpenoids may contribute to its use in folk medicine. Details on the most recent and relevant pharmacological in vivo studies on the bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from Scabiosa species will be summarized and thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C G A Pinto
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Naima Rahmouni
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Unité de Recherche et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyse Physico-Chimiques et Biologiques, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Noureddine Beghidja
- Unité de Recherche et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyse Physico-Chimiques et Biologiques, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Liu L, Xu GL, Ma XX, Khan A, Tan WH, Yang ZY, Zhou ZH. Sweritranslactones A–C: Unusual Skeleton Secoiridoid Dimers via [4 + 2] Cycloaddition from Swertiamarin. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13263-13267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan-Ling Xu
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ma
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Hong Tan
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Ya Yang
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhou
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
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Mokashi P, Khanna A, Pandita N. Flavonoids from Enicostema littorale blume enhances glucose uptake of cells in insulin resistant human liver cancer (HepG2) cell line via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:268-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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A systematic review of the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1051-1060. [PMID: 27780133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swertiamarin, is a secoiridoid glycoside found in genera of Enicostemma Species (Enicostemma littorale and Enicostemma axillare) belonging to the family of gentianaceae, which has been reported to cure many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria and abdominal ulcers. However, to the best of our knowledge, till date systematic studies to understand the molecular basis of cardiac and metabolic disease preventing properties of swertiamarin has not been reported. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present review aims to compile an up-to-date information on the progress made in the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases with the objective of providing a guide for future research on this bioactive molecule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on the swertiamarin was collected from major scientific databases (Pubmed, Springer, google scholar, and Web of Science) for publication between1974-2016. In this review, the protective role of swertiamarin on cardiac and metabolic diseases was discussed. RESULTS Swertiamarin reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These activities were mainly due to its effect on various signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling events such as inhibition of NF-kB expression, LDL oxidation, apoptosis, inflammatory and lipid peroxidation markers and stimulation of antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION Sweriamarin exhibit a wide range of biological activities. This review presents evidence supporting the point of view that swertiamarin should be considered a potential therapeutic agent against cardiac and metabolic diseases, giving rise to novel applications in their prevention and treatment.
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Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090532. [PMID: 27589792 PMCID: PMC5037519 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Platycodon grandiflorus root, a Korean medicinal food, is well known to have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated the metabolic effects of P. grandiflorus root ethanol extract (PGE), which is rich in platycodins, on diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice (four-week-old males) were fed a normal diet (16.58% of kilocalories from fat), high-fat diet (HFD, 60% of kilocalories from fat), and HFD supplemented with 5% (w/w) PGE. In the HFD-fed mice, PGE markedly suppressed the body weight gain and white fat mass to normal control level, with simultaneous increase in the expression of thermogenic genes (such as SIRT1, PPARα, PGC1α, and UCP1), that accompanied changes in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and energy expenditure. In addition, PGE improved insulin sensitivity through activation of the PPARγ expression, which upregulates adiponectin while decreasing leptin gene expression in adipocytes. Furthermore, PGE improved hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic lipogenesis while increasing expression of FAO-associated genes such as PGC1α. PGE normalized body fat and body weight, which is likely associated with the increased energy expenditure and thermogenic gene expression. PGE can protect from HFD-induced insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis by controlling lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Swertiamarin ameliorates oleic acid induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress by attenuating gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in hepatic steatosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:785-791. [PMID: 27490779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a bitter secoiridoid glycoside, is an antidiabetic drug with lipid lowering activity meliorates insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes condition. Therefore, the study was designed to explore the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of swertiamarin in ameliorating NAFLD caused due to hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and insulin resistance. Steatosis was induced in HepG2 cells by supplementing 1mM oleic acid (OA) for 24h which was marked by significant accumulation of lipid droplets. This was determined by Oil Red O (ORO) staining and triglyceride accumulation. Swertiamarin (25μg/ml) decreased triglyceride content by 2 folds and effectively reduced LDH release (50%) activity by protecting membrane integrity thus, preventing apoptosis evidenced by reduced cleavage of Caspase 3 and PARP1. We observed that swertiamarin significantly increased the expressions of major insulin signaling proteins like Insulin receptor (IR), PI(3)K, pAkt with concomitant reduction in p307 IRS-1. AMPK was activated by swertiamarin action, thus restoring insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. In addition, qPCR results confirmed OA up-regulated Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in increased fatty acid synthesis. Swertiamarin effectively modulated PPAR-α, a major potential regulator of carbohydrate metabolism which, in turn, decreased the levels of the gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK, further restricting hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis. Cumulatively, swertiamarin targets potential metabolic regulators AMPK and PPAR-α, through which it regulates hepatic glycemic burden, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and ROS in hepatic steatosis which emphasizes clinical significance of swertiamarin in regulating metabolism and as a suitable candidate for treating NAFLD.
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Dhanavathy G. Immunohistochemistry, histopathology, and biomarker studies of swertiamarin, a secoiridoid glycoside, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage in Wistar rat pancreas. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:669-84. [PMID: 25770453 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is globally the major cause for metabolic syndrome in STZ-induced diabetic rats, leading to mortality. Treatment of diabetes by oral hypoglycemic agents causes adverse side effects and thus treatment with natural herbal drugs like swertiamarin is promising. Swertiamarin, an active compound isolated from Enicostemma littorale possesses antidiabetic activity and enhances β cell regeneration which causes reversal of diabetes. OBJECTIVES The present study aims at the following: (1) to evaluate antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, activity of swertiamarin in Streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats using biomarkers. (2) To assess histopathological alterations in Pancreas, Liver, Kidney, and Heart of swertiamarin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats and confirm cytoprotective activity of swertiamarin by Immunohistochemistry and morphometric investigations. METHODS Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally in male Wistar rats by Streptozotocin (STZ 50 mg/kg). After STZ-induction, hyperglycemic rats were treated with doses of swertiamarin orally (15, 25, 50 mg/kg) each for 28 days. Glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg), a sulphonyl urea, was used as a standard drug. The glycemic control was measured by the biochemical parameter assays. Histopathology analysis of organs and immunohistochemistry of islets were carried out. RESULTS Our study results showed that oral administration of swertiamarin at a dosage of 15, 25, 50 mg/kg bw for 28 days resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, and increased the levels of hemoglobin, plasma insulin, TP, body weight, and HDL levels significantly (p < 0.01) when compared to STZ-induced diabetic rats, as confirmed by immunohistochemical studies. The effect of swertiamarin on Carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes was investigated and found to have normal therapeutic activity. Histopathological studies of Pancreas of swertiamarin-treated diabetic rats showed regeneration of islets when compared to STZ-induced diabetic rats, as confirmed by immunohistochemical studies. CONCLUSION Our research results clearly substantiate that swertiamarin possesses antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, cytoprotective, and immune reactivity and also a broad spectrum potential of treating diabetes and other complications related to diabetes and hence can be developed into a potent oral antidiabetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhanavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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