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Zeng Z, Hu Y, Xiang J, Su J, Tan H, Lai T, Chen X, Fang G, Li L, Luo L. Cucurbitacin B targets STAT3 to induce ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176805. [PMID: 38950838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is a compound found in plants like Cucurbitaceae that has shown promise in fighting cancer, particularly in lung cancer. However, the specific impact of CuB on ferroptosis and how it works in lung cancer cells has not been fully understood. Our research has discovered that CuB can effectively slow down the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Even in small amounts, it was able to inhibit the growth of various NSCLC cell lines. This inhibitory effect was reversed when ferroptosis inhibitors DFO, Lip-1 and Fer-1 were introduced. CuB was found to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid ROS, MDA, and ferrous ions within H358 lung cancer cells, leading to a decrease in GSH, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and changes in ferroptosis-related proteins in a dose-dependent manner. These findings were also confirmed in A549 lung cancer cells. In A549 cells, different concentrations of CuB induced the accumulation of intracellular lipid ROS, ferrous ions and changes in ferroptosis-related indicators in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect induced by CuB in A549 cells was counteracted by ferroptosis inhibitors DFO and Fer-1. Through network pharmacology, we identified potential targets related to ferroptosis in NSCLC cells treated with CuB, with STAT3 targets showing high scores. Further experiments using molecular docking and cell thermal shift assay (CETSA) revealed that CuB interacts with the STAT3 protein. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that CuB inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 (P-STAT3) in H358 cells. Silencing STAT3 enhanced CuB-induced accumulation of lipid ROS and iron ions, as well as the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. On the other hand, overexpression of STAT3 reversed the effects of CuB-induced ferroptosis. The results indicate that CuB has the capability to suppress STAT3 activation, resulting in ferroptosis, and could be a promising treatment choice for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyao Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Jiating Su
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiting Tan
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianli Lai
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinming Chen
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Guixuan Fang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Li Li
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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Zhang S, Guo L, Tao R, Liu S. Ferroptosis-targeting drugs in breast cancer. J Drug Target 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39225187 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2399181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In 2020, breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most common cancer in the world for the first time. Due to the resistance of some breast cancer cell lines to apoptosis, the therapeutic effect of anti-breast cancer drugs is limited. According to recent report, the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to ferroptosis affects the progress, prognosis and drug resistance of breast cancer. For instance, roblitinib induces ferroptosis of trastuzumab-resistant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer cells by diminishing fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) expression, thereby augmenting the susceptibility of these cells to HER2-targeted therapies. In tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, Fascin exacerbates their resistance by repressing solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) expression, which in turn heightens their responsiveness to tamoxifen. In recent years, Chinese herbs extracts and therapeutic drugs have been demonstrated to elicit ferroptosis in breast cancer cells by modulating a spectrum of regulatory factors pertinent to ferroptosis, including SLC7A11, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4), and haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal extracts and therapeutic drugs in regulating ferroptosis in breast cancer, providing potential therapeutic options for anti-breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lijuan Guo
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
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Song X, Shen L, Contreras JM, Liu Z, Ma K, Ma B, Liu X, Wang DO. New potential selective estrogen receptor modulators in traditional Chinese medicine for treating menopausal syndrome. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39120263 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Women go through several predictable conditions and symptoms during menopause that are caused by age, changes in sex hormone levels, and other factors. Conventional menopause hormone therapy has raised serious concerns about the increased risks of cancers, blood clots, depression, etc. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that can be both agonists and antagonists of estrogen receptors in a tissue-specific manner are being developed to reduce the health concerns associated with menopause hormone therapy. Here, we have searched the Chinese national traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patent database to identify potential SERM-like compounds with reduced health risks. TCM has been widely used for treating complex symptoms associated with menopause syndrome and thus can be a particularly rich source for pharmaceutical alternatives with SERM properties. After extensive literature review and molecular simulation, we conclude that protopanaxatriol, paeoniflorin, astragalin, catalpol, and hyperoside among others may be particularly promising as SERM-like compounds in treating the menopausal syndrome. Compounds in TCM hold promise in yielding comparable outcomes to hormone therapy but with reduced associated risks, thus presenting promising avenues for their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Song
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Shen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Ma
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Pasala PK, Raghupathi NK, Yaraguppi DA, Challa RR, Vallamkonda B, Ahmad SF, Chennamsetty Y, Kumari PK, DSNBK P. Potential preventative impact of aloe-emodin nanoparticles on cerebral stroke-associated myocardial injury by targeting myeloperoxidase: In supporting with In silico and In vivo studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33154. [PMID: 39022073 PMCID: PMC11253067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the potential neuroprotective effects of aloe-emodin (AE) nanoparticles on the cerebral stroke-associated target protein myeloperoxidase (MPO). We investigated the binding interactions between AE and MPO through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking results indicated that AE exhibited a binding energy of -6.9 kcal/mol, whereas it was -7.7 kcal/mol for 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amino}-n-hydroxy-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (CCl). Furthermore, molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that AE possesses a stronger binding affinity (-57.137 ± 13.198 kJ/mol) than does CCl (-22.793 ± 30.727 kJ/mol), suggesting that AE has a more substantial inhibitory effect on MPO than does CCl. Despite the therapeutic potential of AE for neurodegenerative disorders, its bioavailability is limited within the body. A proposed hypothesis to enhance the bioavailability of AE is its conversion into aloe-emodin nanoparticles (AENP). The AENPs synthesized through a fabrication method were spherical with a consistent diameter of 104.4 ± 7.9 nm and a polydispersity index ranging from 0.525 to 0.586. In rats experiencing cerebral stroke, there was a notable increase in cerebral infarction size; abnormalities in electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns; a decrease in brain and cardiac antioxidant activities; and an increase in myeloperoxidase levels compared to those in normal rats. Compared with AE treatment, AENP treatment significantly ameliorated cerebral infarction, normalized ECG and EEG patterns, enhanced brain and cardiac antioxidant activities, and reduced MPO levels in stroke rats. Histopathological evaluations revealed pronounced alterations in the rat hippocampus, with pyknotic nuclei, disarray and loosely packed cells, deterioration of cardiac muscle fibers, and extensive damage to cardiac myocytes, in contrast to those in normal rats. AENP treatment mitigated these pathological changes more effectively than AE treatment in both brain and cardiac cells. These findings support that AENP provides considerable protection against stroke-associated myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Pasala
- Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, 515721, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar Raghupathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, JNTUA, Nandyal, 518112, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak A. Yaraguppi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubli, Karnataka, 580031, India
| | - Ranadheer Reddy Challa
- Department of Formulation and Development, Quotient Sciences, 3080 McCann Farm Dr, Garnet Valley, PA, 19060, USA
| | - Bhaskar Vallamkonda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Odin Pharmaceutical LLC, Somerset, NJ, 08873, USA
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yeswanth Chennamsetty
- Department of Pharmacology, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, JNTUA, Nandyal, 518112, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P.V. Kamala Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Prasanth DSNBK
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Polepally SEZ, TSIIC, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar, Hyderabad, 509301, India
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He MT, Nguyen QN, Cho EJ, Kim SH, Park S, Park JY, Lee S, Kang KS. Aloe-Emodin Isolated from Rheum Undulatum L. Regulates Cell Cycle Distribution and Cellular Senescence in Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:389-407. [PMID: 38062982 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence can promote hyperplastic pathologies, such as cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men. The p21-mediate cellular senescence, facilitated through the tumor suppressor p53-dependent pathway, is considered the primary mechanism for cancer treatment. Aloe-emodin, has been reported to exert anticancer effects in various types of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells via the activation of p21-mediated cellular senescence. Aloe-emodin treatment increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase while decreasing the percentage in the S phase. This effect was reflected in the expression levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, such as p21CIP, retinoblastoma protein, and cyclin-dependent kinase2/4 in LNCaP cells. However, aloe-emodin-treated LNCaP cells did not induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint. Moreover, increased senescence-associated-galactosidase activity was observed in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin also induced DNA damage by modulating the expression of histone H2AX and lamin B1. Furthermore, aloe-emodin inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells, contrasting with the exponential growth observed in the nontreated cells. Importantly, this inhibition did not impact the immune system, as evidenced by the increased proliferation of splenocytes isolated from mice. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells, necessitating further investigations into the underlying mechanisms in vivo and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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6
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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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Okon E, Gaweł-Bęben K, Jarzab A, Koch W, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A. Therapeutic Potential of 1,8-Dihydroanthraquinone Derivatives for Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15789. [PMID: 37958772 PMCID: PMC10648492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anticancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthraquinone derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in in vitro and in vivo BC models. The application of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo evidence in the context of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 2 Sucharskiego, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Agata Jarzab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
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Sakalli-Tecim E, Gur-Dedeoglu B, Guray NT. Systems biology based miRNA-mRNA expression pattern analysis of Emodin in breast cancer cell lines. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154780. [PMID: 37633004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has been among the most prominent cancers with high mortality. Currently most of the offered therapeutics are toxic; hence, less toxic therapeutic intervention is required. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms of the effect of a phytoestrogen Emodin on estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 and negative MDA-MB-231 cells by carrying out a comprehensive network assessment. Differentially expressed microRNAs along with their previously identified differentially expressed mRNAs were analyzed through microarrays by using integrative systems biology approach. For each cell line miRNA-target gene networks were built, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, enrichment maps were constructed and the potential key genes, miRNAs and miRNA-gene interactions were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sakalli-Tecim
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | | | - N Tulin Guray
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye; Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye.
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Li F, Song X, Zhou X, Chen L, Zheng J. Emodin attenuates high lipid-induced liver metastasis through the AKT and ERK pathways in vitro in breast cancer cells and in a mouse xenograft model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17052. [PMID: 37484373 PMCID: PMC10361095 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative, can inhibit lipid synthesis and breast cancer cell proliferation. We previously found that emodin decreased breast cancer liver metastasis via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibition. However, the mechanism through which emodin affects breast cancer liver metastasis in high-fat diet-induced obese and hyperlipidemic mice has not been elucidated. Bioinformatics analysis was used to reveal the potential targets and pathways of emodin. The mouse model of liver metastasis was established by injecting breast cancer cells into the left ventricle in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The effect of emodin on inhibiting liver metastasis of breast cancer was evaluated by animal experiments. The mechanisms through which emodin inhibits liver metastasis of breast cancer were studied by cell and molecular biological methods. Emodin reduced lipid synthesis by inhibiting the expression of triglyceride (TG) synthesis-related genes, such as fatty acid synthase (Fasn), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (Gpat1), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1), and ultimately reduced liver metastasis in breast cancer. In addition, emodin inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion through the serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling and extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways by interacting with CSNK2A1, ESR1, ESR2, PIM1 and PTP4A3. Our results indicate that emodin may have therapeutic potential in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer liver metastasis.
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Hu Y, Yang L, Lai Y. Recent findings regarding the synergistic effects of emodin and its analogs with other bioactive compounds: Insights into new mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114585. [PMID: 36989724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Emodin is a natural bioactive ingredient mainly extracted from traditional Chinese herbs. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that emodin and its analogs exert notable synergistic pharmacological effects with other bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the pharmacological activity of emodin and its analogs in combination with other physiologically active substances, describes the related molecular mechanisms, and discusses future prospects in this field. METHODS Information from multiple scientific databases, such as PubMed, the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar, was collected between January 2006 and August 2022. The subject terms used in the literature search were emodin, pharmaceutical activities, analogs, aloe emodin, rhein, and synergistic effects. RESULTS The comprehensive literature analysis suggested that combinations of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds exert notable synergistic anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects and that such combinations improve glucose and lipid metabolism and central nervous system diseases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Further assessments of the dose-effect relationship and the differences in the efficacy of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds among various modes of administration are needed, and a drug safety evaluation of these combinations needs to be carefully performed. Future studies should also focus on determining the optimal drug combinations for specific diseases.
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Hou S, Liu Q, Deng H, He J, Zhao W, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Shang L. Identification and low-frequency vibrational analysis of three free anthraquinones via terahertz spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 293:122439. [PMID: 36773425 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to obtain the terahertz absorption spectra of three free anthraquinones (Chrysophanol, Emodin, Physcion) in the frequency range of 0.2-4.3 THz. The results show that terahertz spectroscopy is an effective detecting such compounds. Meanwhile, the theoretical spectrum using density functional theory calculations agrees well with the experimental spectrum. A modal decoupling method was used to identify each low-frequency vibrational mode and determine the average contribution of different atoms and groups. Modal decoupling provides a better understanding of molecules' mixed vibrational modes and enables quantifying the atoms' vibrational contributions. Results show that the substituent group facilitates the transition between the fundamental vibrational modes; subsequently, the substituent group shifts the vibrational centre of gravity of the three molecules and affects the vibrational contribution of hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, insignificant Emodin absorption is related to the nearly symmetrical structure formed by the substituents. The feasibility of terahertz analysis of differential molecular structures has also been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Hou
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Quancheng Liu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Hu Deng
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, ChengDu 610299, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Liping Shang
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, ChengDu 610299, China.
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12
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Cherian S, Hacisayidli KM, Kurian R, Mathews A. Therapeutically important bioactive compounds of the genus Polygonum L. and their possible interventions in clinical medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:301-327. [PMID: 36757388 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing literature data have suggested that the genus Polygonum L. possesses pharmacologically important plant secondary metabolites. These bioactive compounds are implicated as effective agents in preclinical and clinical practice due to their pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiaging, neuroprotective or immunomodulatory properties among many others. However, elaborate pharmacological and clinical data concerning the bioavailability, tissue distribution pattern, dosage and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds are still scanty. KEY FINDINGS The major bioactive compounds implicated in the therapeutic effects of Polygonum genus include phenolic and flavonoid compounds, anthraquinones and stilbenes, such as quercetin, resveratrol, polydatin and others, and could serve as potential drug leads or as adjuvant agents. Data from in-silico network pharmacology and computational molecular docking studies are also highly helpful in identifying the possible drug target of pathogens or host cell machinery. SUMMARY We provide an up-to-date overview of the data from pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic profiles and preclinical (in-vitro and in-vivo) investigations and the available clinical data on some of the therapeutically important compounds of genus Polygonum L. and their medical interventions, including combating the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Indian Society for Plant Physiology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kushvar Mammadova Hacisayidli
- Department of Hygiene and Food Safety, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, Ganja City, Azerbaijan
| | - Renju Kurian
- Department of Pathology, Manipal University College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Allan Mathews
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
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13
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Chen S, Guan X, Xie L, Liu C, Li C, He M, Hu J, Fan H, Li Q, Xie L, Yang M, Zhang X, Xiao S, Tang J. Aloe-emodin targets multiple signaling pathways by blocking ubiquitin-mediated degradation of DUSP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36866539 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE) has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of several cancer cell lines, including human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. In this study, we confirmed that AE inhibited malignant biological behaviors, including cell viability, abnormal proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of NPC cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that AE upregulated the expression of DUSP1, an endogenous inhibitor of multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways, resulting in blockage of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, protein kinase B (AKT), and p38-mitogen activated protein kinase(p38-MAPK) signaling pathways in NPC cell lines. Moreover, the selective inhibitor of DUSP1, BCI-hydrochloride, partially reversed the AE-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the aforementioned signaling pathways in NPC cells. In addition, the binding between AE and DUSP1 was predicted via molecular docking analysis using AutoDock-Vina software and further verified via a microscale thermophoresis assay. The binding amino acid residues were adjacent to the predicted ubiquitination site (Lys192) of DUSP1. Immunoprecipitation with the ubiquitin antibody, ubiquitinated DUSP1 was shown to be upregulated by AE. Our findings revealed that AE can stabilize DUSP1 by blocking its ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation and proposed an underlying mechanism by which AE-upregulated DUSP1 may potentially target multiple pathways in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiahua Hu
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Quanwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Liuping Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Mingqing Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shengjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, No. 924 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Guilin, China
| | - Jianhong Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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14
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Lima Matos F, Duarte EL, S V Muniz G, Alexander Milán-Garcés E, Coutinho K, Teresa Lamy M, da Cunha AR. Spectroscopic characterization of different protonation/deprotonation states of Barbaloin in aqueous solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122020. [PMID: 36323087 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Barbaloin (10-glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9(10H)-anthraquinone: aloin A), present in Aloe species, is widely used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Here we characterize its optical absorption and emission spectra in aqueous solution at different pH values. Through pH titration, using both absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, two pKa values for Barbaloin were determined: pKa1=9.6±0.6 and pKa2=12.6±0.8. These acidity constants were found to be higher than those found for Emodin, a similar molecule which lacks the sugar moiety present in Barbaloin. Performing quantum mechanical calculations for non-ionized, singly, doubly, and triply deprotonated forms of Barbaloin in vacuum and in water, we assigned the positions of the site for the first and third deprotonation in the anthraquinone group, and the second deprotonation in the glucose group. The instability of Barbaloin in high pH solutions is discussed here, and the optical absorption and fluorescence spectra due to products resulted from Barbaloin degradation at high pH is well separated from the Barbaloin original spectra. Biological fluids have specific pH values to maintain homeostasis, hence determining the pKa of Barbaloin is important to evaluate the mechanism of action of this drug in different parts of an organism as well as to predict pharmacological relevant parameters, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lima Matos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Evandro L Duarte
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel S V Muniz
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CEP 70910-900, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - M Teresa Lamy
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio R da Cunha
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, Campus Balsas, CEP 65800-000, Maranhão, Brazil.
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15
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Tabolacci C, De Vita D, Facchiano A, Bozzuto G, Beninati S, Failla CM, Di Martile M, Lintas C, Mischiati C, Stringaro A, Del Bufalo D, Facchiano F. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Agents in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2657. [PMID: 36768978 PMCID: PMC9916941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an immunogenic highly heterogenic tumor characterized by poor outcomes when it is diagnosed late. Therefore, immunotherapy in combination with other anti-proliferative approaches is among the most effective weapons to control its growth and metastatic dissemination. Recently, a large amount of published reports indicate the interest of researchers and clinicians about plant secondary metabolites as potentially useful therapeutic tools due to their lower presence of side effects coupled with their high potency and efficacy. Published evidence was reported in most cases through in vitro studies but also, with a growing body of evidence, through in vivo investigations. Our aim was, therefore, to review the published studies focused on the most interesting phytochemicals whose immunomodulatory activities and/or mechanisms of actions were demonstrated and applied to melanoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Dallavalle S, Artali R, Princiotto S, Musso L, Borgonovo G, Mazzini S. Investigation of the Interaction between Aloe vera Anthraquinone Metabolites and c-Myc and C-Kit G-Quadruplex DNA Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416018. [PMID: 36555657 PMCID: PMC9788642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are nucleotide sequences present in the promoter region of numerous oncogenes, having a key role in the suppression of gene transcription. Recently, the binding of anthraquinones from Aloe vera to G-quadruplex structures has been studied through various physico-chemical techniques. Intrigued by the reported results, we investigated the affinity of aloe emodin, aloe emodin-8-glucoside, and aloin to selected G-quadruplex nucleotide sequences by NMR spectroscopy. The structural determinants for the formation of the ligand/nucleotide complexes were elucidated and a model of the interactions between the tested compounds and C-Kit and c-Myc G-quadruplex DNA structures was built by integrated NMR and molecular modeling studies. Overall, the obtained results confirmed and implemented the previously reported findings, pointing out the complementarity of the different approaches and their contribution to a more detailed overview of the ligand/nucleotide complex formation. Furthermore, the proposed models of interaction could pave the way to the design of new nature-derived compounds endowed with increased G-quadruplex stabilizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano), 20133 Milan, Italy
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Salvatore Princiotto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Loana Musso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gigliola Borgonovo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano), 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Kim JY, Jung CW, Lee WS, Jeong HJ, Park MJ, Jang WI, Kim EH. Emodin coupled with high LET neutron beam-a novel approach to treat on glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:817-827. [PMID: 36253116 PMCID: PMC9726713 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The primary motivation of this investigative study is trying to find an alternative treatment that can be used to slow down or treat glioblastoma due to the witnessed toxic side effects of the current drugs coupled with limited effectiveness in overall treatment. Consequently, a Chinese plant extract emodin proves to play a critical role in this investigative study since results from the Western blot and the other accompanying assays for anti-cancer effects indicate that it cannot work a lot to suppress cell migration and possible invasion, but rather emodin can be combined with radiation to give desired outcomes. Our result shows that the kind of radiation which acts well with emodin is neutron radiation rather than gamma radiation. Emodin significantly enhanced the radiosensitivity of LN18 and LN428 cells to γ-rays through MTT assay and cell counting. Accordingly, exposure to neutron radiation in the presence of emodin induced apoptotic cell death and autophagic cell death to a significantly higher extent, and suppressed cell migration and invasiveness more robustly. These effects are presumably due to the ability of emodin to amplify the effective dose from neutron radiation more efficiently. Thus, the study below is one such trial towards new interventional discovery and development in relation to glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hyeon-Jeong Jeong
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Jang
- Corresponding author. Eun Ho Kim, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, 33 17gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: 82536504480; E-mail address: . Won Il Jang, Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea. Tel: 8229704480; E-mail address:
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Corresponding author. Eun Ho Kim, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, 33 17gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: 82536504480; E-mail address: . Won Il Jang, Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea. Tel: 8229704480; E-mail address:
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Kirdeeva Y, Fedorova O, Daks A, Barlev N, Shuvalov O. How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:868. [PMID: 35890166 PMCID: PMC9320176 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a "core" from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kirdeeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Nikolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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In-silico predicting as a tool to develop plant-based biomedicines and nanoparticles: Lycium shawii metabolites. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113008. [PMID: 35489282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE In silico approach helps develop biomedicines and is useful for exploring the pharmacology of potential therapeutics using computer-simulated models. In vitro assays were used to determine the anti-microbial and cytotoxic efficacies of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with the shrub Lycium shawii. METHODS In silico predicting was performed to assess the L. shawii metabolites identified using QTOF-LCMS for their pharmacological properties. L. shawii mediated AgNPs were synthesized and characterized (FTIR, TEM, SEM, DLS and EDX). The anti-bacterial efficacies of L. shawii extract, AgNPs, and penicillin-conjugated AgNPs (pen-AgNPs) were determined. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was measured against colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116), normal breast epithelium (MCF 10 A), and breast cancer cell line (MDA MB 231). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Five molecules (costunolide, catechin, emodin, lyciumaside, and aloe emodin 11-O-rhamnoside) were detected in the L. shawii extract. AgNPs (69 nm) were spherical with crystallographic structure. All three agents prepared showed inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria, the most efficacious being pen-AgNPs. High cytotoxicity of AgNPs (IC50 62 μg/ml) was observed against HCT116, IC50 was 78 μg/ml for MCF 10 A, and 250 μg/ml for MDA MB 231, of which cells showed apoptotic features under TEM examination. The in silico approach indicated that the carbonic anhydrase IX enzyme was the target molecule mediating anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities and that emodin was the metabolite in action. CONCLUSIONS Combining in vitro studies and in silico molecular target prediction helps find novel therapeutic agents. Among L. shawii metabolites, emodin is suggested for further studies as an agent for drug development against pathogenic bacteria and cancer.
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Berillo D, Kozhahmetova M, Lebedeva L. Overview of the Biological Activity of Anthraquinons and Flavanoids of the Plant Rumex Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041204. [PMID: 35208994 PMCID: PMC8880800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rumex confertus belongs to the genus Rumex and is classified as an invasive parasitic plant in agriculture. Despite other Rumex species being widely used in herbal medicine due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, there are almost no information about the potential of Rumex confertus for the treatment of various diseases. In this review we analyzed scientific articles revealing properties of Rumex plant’s substances against cancer, diabetes, pathogenic bacterial invasions, viruses, inflammation, and oxidative stress for the past 20 years. Compounds dominating in each composition of solvents for extraction were discussed, and common thin layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) methods for efficient separation of the plant’s extract are included. Physico-chemical properties such as solubility, hydrophobicity (Log P), pKa of flavonoids, anthraquinones, and other derivatives are very important for modeling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. An overview of clinical studies for abounded selected substances of Rumex species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzhan Kozhahmetova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Lina Lebedeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
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21
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Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7928200. [PMID: 35087619 PMCID: PMC8789423 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the important causes of death worldwide. Despite remarkable improvements in cancer research in the past few decades, several cancer patients still cannot be cured owing to the development of drug resistance. Natural sources might have prominence as potential drug candidates. Among the several chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones are characterized by their large structural variety, noticeable biological activity, and low toxicity. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. This compound has proven its antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative potential as well as ability to prevent cancer metastasis and potential in reversing multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The anticancer property of aloe emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle arrest deterioration, initiation of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenic effect. In accordance with the strategy of developing potential drug candidates from natural products, aloe emodin's low bioavailability has been tried to be overcome by structural modifications and nanocarrier systems. Consequently, this review summarizes the antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic properties of aloe emodin, as well as the enhanced activity of its derivatives and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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22
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Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen A. Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112854. [PMID: 34311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Govt. Post Graduate College, Rishikesh, 249201, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Karami K, Anbari K. Breast Cancer: A Review of Risk Factors and New Insights into Treatment. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717999210120195208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, despite significant advances in cancer treatment have been made, breast cancer
remains one of the main health problems and considered a top biomedical investigation urgency.
The present study reviewed the common conventional chemotherapy agents and also some alternative
and complementary approaches such as oncolytic virotherapy, bacteriotherapy, nanotherapy,
immunotherapy, and natural products, which are recommended for breast cancer treatment. In addition
to current surgery approaches such as mastectomy, in recent years, a number of novel techniques
such as robotic mastectomies, nipple-sparing mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, daycase
mastectomy were used in breast cancer surgery. In this review, we summarize new insights
into risk factors, surgical and non-surgical treatments for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Karami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Khatereh Anbari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Das A, Dutta S. Binding Studies of Aloe-Active Compounds with G-Quadruplex Sequences. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18344-18351. [PMID: 34308065 PMCID: PMC8296576 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex, a unique DNA quartet motif with a pivotal role in regulation of the gene expression, has been established as a potent therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Small-molecule-mediated stabilization of the G-quadruplex and thus inhibition of the expression from the oncogene promoter and telomere region may be a promising anticancer strategy. Aloe vera-derived natural compounds like aloe emodin, aloe emodin-8-glucoside, and aloin have significant anticancer activity. Comparative binding studies of these three molecules with varieties of G-quadruplex sequences were carried out using different biophysical techniques like absorption spectral titration, fluorescence spectral titration, dye displacement, ferrocyanide quenching assay, and CD and DSC thermogram studies. Overall, this study revealed aloe emodin and aloe emodin-8-glucoside as potent quadruplex-binding molecules mostly in the case of c-KIT and c-MYC sequences with a binding affinity value of 105 order that is higher than their duplex DNA binding ability. This observation may be correlated to the anticancer activity of these aloe-active compounds and also be helpful in the potential therapeutic application of natural compound-based molecules.
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Manirakiza A, Irakoze L, Manirakiza S. Aloe and its Effects on Cancer: A Narrative Literature Review. East Afr Health Res J 2021; 5:1-16. [PMID: 34308239 PMCID: PMC8291210 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many years ago, Aloe Vera was cited to have a lot of therapeutic properties including; anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin protection, wound healing, and regulation of blood glucose and cholesterol. However, Aloe could present some side effects. This review focused on the latest discoveries regarding the therapeutic role of Aloe plant or its compounds on the acquired biological capabilities for tumour growth and progression namely; evading growth suppressor, avoiding immune destruction, enabling replicative immortality, tumour promoting inflammation, activating invasion and metastasis, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, deregulating cellular energetics and sustaining proliferating signalling. It clarified the anti-cancer activities it exerts on different types of cancer and also highlighted some pro-oncogenic pathways that can be disrupted by different compounds of Aloe.
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Svitina H, Hamman JH, Gouws C. Molecular mechanisms and associated cell signalling pathways underlying the anticancer properties of phytochemical compounds from Aloe species (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:852. [PMID: 34178125 PMCID: PMC8220653 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring components from various species of Aloe have been used as traditional folk medicine since the ancient times. Over the last few decades, the therapeutic effects of extracts and phytochemical compounds obtained from Aloe vera have been proven in preclinical and clinical studies. Recently, compounds from other Aloe species apart from Aloe vera have been investigated for the treatment of different diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. In the present review, the effects of phytochemical compounds obtained from different Aloe species are discussed, with a specific focus on the effects on cell signalling in cancer and normal cells, and their selectivity and efficacy. This information will be useful for the application of Aloe-derived compounds as therapeutic agents, either alone or in combination with other standard drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Svitina
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West 2520, South Africa.,Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West 2520, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West 2520, South Africa
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Fakhri S, Tomas M, Capanoglu E, Hussain Y, Abbaszadeh F, Lu B, Hu X, Wu J, Zou L, Smeriglio A, Simal-Gandara J, Cao H, Xiao J, Khan H. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials of edible flowers: where do we stand? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8589-8645. [PMID: 34096420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are attracting special therapeutic attention and their administration is on the rise. Edible flowers play pivotal modulatory roles on oxidative stress and related interconnected apoptotic/inflammatory pathways toward the treatment of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the phytochemical content and therapeutic applications of edible flowers, as well as their modulatory potential on the oxidative stress pathways and apoptotic/inflammatory mediators, resulting in anticancer effects. Edible flowers are promising sources of phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic compounds, carotenoids, terpenoids) with several therapeutic effects. They possess anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Edible flowers potentially modulate oxidative stress by targeting erythroid nuclear transcription factor-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Nrf2/ERK/MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant response elements (AREs). As the interconnected pathways to oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interleukins (ILs) as well as apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, caspase and cytochrome C are critical targets of edible flowers in combating cancer. In this regard, edible flowers could play promising anticancer effects by targeting oxidative stress and downstream dysregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Merve Tomas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- Control release drug delivery system, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain.,Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Is Emodin with Anticancer Effects Completely Innocent? Two Sides of the Coin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112733. [PMID: 34073059 PMCID: PMC8198870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anticancer active compounds are known to have the capacity to destroy pathologically proliferating cancer cells in the body, as well as to destroy rapidly proliferating normal cells. Despite remarkable advances in cancer research over the past few decades, the inclusion of natural compounds in researches as potential drug candidates is becoming increasingly important. However, the perception that the natural is reliable is an issue that needs to be clarified. Among the various chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones have many biological activities and have also been proven to exhibit a unique anticancer activity. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. The anticancer property of emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of suppressing cell growth and proliferation through the attenuation of oncogenic growth signaling, such as protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), HER-2 tyrosine kinase, Wnt/-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, it is known that emodin, which shows toxicity to cancer cells, may cause kidney toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity especially at high doses and long-term use. At the same time, studies of emodin, which has poor oral bioavailability, to transform this disadvantage into an advantage with nano-carrier systems reveal that natural compounds are not always directly usable compounds. Consequently, this review aimed to shed light on the anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic properties of emodin, as well as its potential toxicities and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Inhibition of cell-intrinsic NF-κB activity and metastatic abilities of breast cancer by aloe-emodin and emodic-acid isolated from Asphodelus microcarpus. J Nat Med 2021; 75:840-853. [PMID: 33988779 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are a major class of compounds naturally occurring in Asphodelus microcarpus. The pharmacological actions of anthraquinones in cancer cells are known to induce apoptosis or autophagy, and revert multidrug resistance. In this study, five anthraquinone-type analogs were isolated from the methanol extract of A. microcarpus leaves and identified as, emodin, rhein, physcion, aloe-emodin, and emodic acid. Among them, aloe-emodin and emodic-acid strongly inhibited the proliferation, cells-intrinsic NF-κB activity and metastatic ability of breast cancer. Although aloe-emodin inhibited p38 and ERK phosphorylation, emodic-acid more markedly inhibited JNK, in addition to p38 and ERK phosphorylation. Both aloe-emodin and emodic-acid inhibited the secretion of the pro-tumorigenic cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and VEGF and MMP expression, and subsequently inhibited the invasive and migratory potential of 4T1 cells. Thus, our study demonstrated the effects of aloe-emodin and emodin-acid in controlling the migratory and invasive ability of 4T1 breast cancer cells, in addition to inhibiting NF-κB activity and the expression of its downstream target molecules.
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Jiang D, Ding S, Mao Z, You L, Ruan Y. Integrated analysis of potential pathways by which aloe-emodin induces the apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:238. [PMID: 33902610 PMCID: PMC8077783 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is a malignant gastrointestinal tumour with high incidence, mortality and metastasis rates worldwide. Aloe-emodin is a monomer compound derived from hydroxyanthraquinone. Aloe-emodin produces a wide range of antitumour effects and is produced by rhubarb, aloe and other herbs. However, the mechanism by which aloe-emodin influences colon cancer is still unclear. We hope these findings will lead to the development of a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colon cancer in the clinic. Methods We identified the overlapping targets of aloe-emodin and colon cancer and performed protein–protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. In addition, we selected apoptosis pathways for experimental verification with cell viability, cell proliferation, caspase-3 activity, DAPI staining, cell cycle and western blotting analyses to evaluate the apoptotic effect of aloe-emodin on colon cancer cells. Results The MTT assay and cell colony formation assay showed that aloe-emodin inhibited cell proliferation. DAPI staining confirmed that aloe-emodin induced apoptosis. Aloe-emodin upregulated the protein level of Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2, which activates caspase-3 and caspase-9. Furthermore, the protein expression level of cytochrome C increased in a time-dependent manner in the cytoplasm but decreased in a time-dependent manner in the mitochondria. Conclusion These results indicate that aloe-emodin may induce the apoptosis of human colon cancer cells through mitochondria-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufei Ding
- Shaoxing Hospital Of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhujun Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeping Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China.
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Poordast T, Ghaedian L, Ghaedian L, Najib FS, Alipour S, Hosseinzadeh M, Vardanjani HM, Salehi A, Hosseinimehr SJ. Aloe Vera; A new treatment for atrophic vaginitis, A randomized double-blinded controlled trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113760. [PMID: 33383112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Vaginal atrophy is of the most common problems during menopause with significant psychosocial and medical consequences. Estrogen as an approved therapy for vaginal atrophy can be associated with adverse effects and several contraindications in menopause patients. The aim is to compare the effect of Aloe Vera vaginal cream with commercially available estrogen vaginal cream for management of vaginal atrophy in menopause females. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a double-blinded randomized controlled trial on 60menopause female with complaints of vaginal atrophy symptoms. Subjects were randomly allocated in two groups of 30 patients, named as estrogen and Aloe Vera groups. Vaginal health index (VHI), maturity value (MV), vaginal cytologic smear, transvaginal sonography (TVS) and severity of symptoms related to vaginal atrophy were assessed before and after 6-weeks of vaginal cream administration. RESULTS Comparison of MV before and after treatment revealed that superficial cells were significantly increased after administration of both vaginal cream (6.67 VS 54.33 in Aloe Vera group; 4.33 VS 59.67 in estrogen group). In addition, VHI (13.83 vs 20.13 in Aloe Vera group; 13.97 vs 19.93 in estrogen group) and symptoms of vaginal atrophy (3.63 vs 1.10 in Aloe Vera group; 3.90 vs 0.66 in estrogen groups) were also significantly improved after treatment in both groups. There was no significant difference between groups after treatment except for fluid volume with a superiority in Aloe Vera group (P-value = 0.004) CONCLUSION: Aloe Vera vaginal cream can be as effective as estrogen vaginal cream in the management of vaginal atrophy in menopause females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Poordast
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lida Ghaedian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Ghaedian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kosar Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Najib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shohreh Alipour
- Department of Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Massood Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Salehi
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Zheng G, Zheng J, Xiao L, Shang T, Cai Y, Li Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Yang B. Construction of a Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Nano-Prodrug for pH-Responsive Emodin Delivery and Antibacterial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8672-8679. [PMID: 33817529 PMCID: PMC8015135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive nano-prodrug was fabricated by conjugating emodin to the PEGylated polyethyleneimine (mPEG-PEI) with acid-sensitive boronate ester bonds. 1H NMR spectra results showed that emodin was effectively bonded to mPEG-PEI, and acid-sensitive assay further confirmed the formation of boronate ester bonds. The size and morphology of the nano-prodrug were ascertained through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which showed that the prodrug has a sphere-like shape with hydrodynamic size around 102 nm at pH 7.4. Subsequently, a drug-release behavior assay was carried out to carefully investigate the acid-sensitive drug-delivery property of the prodrug. Moreover, in vitro cell viability assay confirmed the superior cytotoxic effect of the nano-prodrug against HeLa cells compared to free emodin. Furthermore, the antibacterial study showed that the nano-prodrug could inhibit the bacterial (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) growth more effectively than free emodin. Overall, this study provides a promising paradigm of the multifunctional nano-prodrug for pH-responsive tumor therapy and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zheng
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zheng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Le Xiao
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
| | - Tongyi Shang
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Li
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Xu
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
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Liu C, Chen L, Wang W, Qin D, Jia C, Yuan M, Wang H, Guo Y, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Liu T. Emodin Suppresses the Migration and Invasion of Melanoma Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:771-779. [PMID: 33731543 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), as an active ingredient in rhubarb roots and rhizomes, has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties including anti-tumor effects. Recent studies have confirmed that emodin inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the inhibitory effect of emodin on the migration and invasion of melanoma cells and its underlying mechanism are still unclear. In the study, we observed the impercipient effects of emodin in B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells with strong metastatic abilities, focusing on the functions and mechanisms of migration and invasion of B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation test and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining tests confirmed that emodin possessed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in B16F10 and A375 cells. The inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion of B16F10 and A375 cells were proved by wound healing assay and Transwell methods. Moreover, immunofluorescence assay approved the decrease in protein expression of matrix metalloproteinas (MMP)-2/-9 by emodin, and Western blot analyses revealed that emodin could increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and inhibit the MMP-2/-9 protein expression and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a dose-depended manner. BML-284, as an agonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, reversed the effects of emodin on cell growth, migration and invasion in B16F10 cells. These findings may suggest that emodin treatment can be a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma with highly metastatic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Wanchen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Dengke Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Chuanlong Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Mingjie Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Heng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fu Dan University
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Manogaran P, Umapathy D, Karthikeyan M, Venkatachalam K, Singaravelu A. Dietary Phytochemicals as a Potential Source for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:349-368. [PMID: 33688788 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1894569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of various types of cells that lead to tumor heterogeneity. In the middle of these populations, cancer stem cells play a vital role in the initiation and progression of cancer cells and are capable of self-renewal and differentiation processes. These cancer stem cells are resistant to conventional therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To eradicate the cancer stem cells in the tumor environment, various natural product has been found in recent years. In this review, we have selected some of the natural products based on anticancer potential including targeting cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Further, this review explains the molecular mechanism of action of these natural products in various cancer stem cells. Therefore, targeting a multi-drug resistant cancer stem cell by natural products is a novel method to reduce drug resistance and adverse effect during conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Manogaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anbu Singaravelu
- Department of PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Tamilnadu, India
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Sakalli-Tecim E, Uyar-Arpaci P, Guray NT. Identification of Potential Therapeutic Genes and Pathways in Phytoestrogen Emodin Treated Breast Cancer Cell Lines via Network Biology Approaches. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:592-604. [PMID: 33645356 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1889622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens have been investigated for their potential anti-tumorigenic effects in various cancers including breast cancer. Emodin being a phytoestrogen shows anti-carcinogenic properties especially in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers. The aim of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism and related biological pathways in both (ER+) MCF-7 and (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines upon Emodin treatment via microarray analysis in order to find out therapeutic biomarkers. In both cell lines, first differentially expressed genes were identified, then gene ontology and functional pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Genes regulated through multiple pathways were studied together with literature and a gene cluster was determined for each cell line. Further GeneMANIA and STRING databases were used to study the interactions within the related gene clusters. The results showed that, the genes which are related to cell cycle were significantly regulated in both cell lines. Also, Forkhead Box O1-related genes were found to be prominent in MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, spindle attachment checkpoint mechanism-related genes were regulated, remarkably. As a result, novel gene regulations reported in this study in response to Emodin will give more information about its metabolism and antiproliferative effect, especially in ER + cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sakalli-Tecim
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - N Tulin Guray
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumour prevalent in humans, that exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue. Despite aggressive therapeutic approaches consisting of maximum safe surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), more than 95% of GBM patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. In most cases, the therapy is not able to counteract the growth and invasiveness of the tumour, which relapses after an interval of time that varies from patient to patient. An increasing number of evidence indicates that natural substances exhibited effective anti-tumour functions and might be successfully used in the treatment of GBM. This review summarizes some natural substances: lactoferrin, hispolon, aloe-emodin and tea tree oil; all these show a growth inhibition and synergistic effect when together with TMZ, (the most commonly used alkylating drug for the treatment of glioblastoma) were administered to U87MG glioblastoma cell line in vitro and in murine animal model. U87MG cell growth was monitored by daily cell count after treatments with the substances mentioned above and growth analysis showed that all drugs significantly decrease proliferation of U87MG in a time- and dose-dependent manner. FACS analysis demonstrates a block of cell cycle in S, G2/M or G0/G1 phases. These substances mediate multiple processes including apoptosis by releasing the inducing factor: PARP. Natural compounds, in combination with conventional chemotherapy TMZ, are a powerful approach to improve the effectiveness of brain cancer treatment.
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Zhang N, Wang J, Sheng A, Huang S, Tang Y, Ma S, Hong G. Emodin Inhibits the Proliferation of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells Through Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:622046. [PMID: 33542691 PMCID: PMC7850984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.622046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have proved to be a promising source for the development of potential anticancer drugs. Emodin, a natural compound from Rheum palmatum, is used to treat several types of cancers, including lung, liver, and pancreatic. However, there are few reports regarding its use in the treatment of breast cancer. Thus, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of emodin on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were investigated in this study. Morphological observations and cell viability were evaluated to determine the anti-proliferation activity of emodin. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to screen the potential targets. Western blot analysis was used to explore a potential antitumor mechanism. The results showed that emodin (50–100 μmol/L) could significantly inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, virtual screening studies indicated that emodin was a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist in chemotherapy for breast cancer. Finally, when MCF-7 cells were treated with emodin (100 μmol/L) for 24 h, the AhR and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) protein expression levels were significantly upregulated compared with the control group. Our study indicated that emodin exhibited promising antitumor activity in MCF-7 cells, likely through activation of the AhR-CYP1A1 signaling pathway. These findings lay a foundation for the application of emodin in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Life and Health College, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Sheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Clinical College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Clinical College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shitang Ma
- Life and Health College, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Ge Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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ERDOĞAN MK, AGCA CA, GEÇİBESLER İH. The antiproliferative potential of isolated emodin and aloe-emodin from Rheum ribes on different cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.46309/biodicon.2020.753046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ur Rehman N, Halim SA, Khan M, Hussain H, Yar Khan H, Khan A, Abbas G, Rafiq K, Al-Harrasi A. Antiproliferative and Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitory Potential of Chemical Constituents from Lycium shawii and Aloe vera: Evidence from In Silico Target Fishing and In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E94. [PMID: 32414030 PMCID: PMC7281707 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult and resin of Aloe vera (L.) BURM. F. are commonly used in Omani traditional medication against various ailments. Herein, their antiproliferative and antioxidant potential was explored. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of both plants led to the isolation of 14 known compounds, viz., 1-9 from L. shawii and 10-20 from A. vera. Their structures were confirmed by combined spectroscopic techniques including 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (HMBC, HSQC, COSY) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cytotoxic potential of isolates was tested against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Compound 5 exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity in a range of 31 μM, followed by compounds 1-3, 7, and 12, which depicted IC50 values in the range of 35-60 μM, while 8, 6, and 9 also demonstrated IC50 values >72 μM. Subsequently, in silico target fishing was applied to predict the most potential cellular drug targets of the active compounds, using pharmacophore modeling and inverse molecular docking approach. The extensive in silico analysis suggests that our compounds may target carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) to exert their anticancer activities. When tested on CA-II, compounds 5 (IC50 = 14.4 µM), 12 (IC50 = 23.3), and 2 (IC50 = 24.4 µM) showed excellent biological activities in vitro. Additionally, the ethyl acetate fraction of both plants showed promising antioxidant activity. Among the isolated compounds, 4 possesses the highest antioxidant (55 μM) activity followed by 14 (241 μM). The results indicated that compound 4 can be a promising candidate for antioxidant drugs, while compound 5 is a potential candidate for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Husain Yar Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman;
| | - Kashif Rafiq
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
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RAGE acts as an oncogenic role and promotes the metastasis of human lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:265. [PMID: 32327633 PMCID: PMC7181650 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-product) is thought to be associated with metastasis and poor prognosis of various types of cancer. However, RAGE is constitutively expressed in the normal lung and down-regulated in cancerous lung, while the opposite evidence shows that RAGE-mediated signaling contributes to the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. Therefore, the role of RAGE in lung cancer progression is still unclear to be further investigated. In this study, RAGE-overexpressed stable clones of human lung cancer A549 cells and two local lung adenocarcinoma cell lines CL1-0 and CL1-5 were utilized to verify the effect of RAGE on lung cancer cells while the in vivo xenograft animal model was further performed to evaluate the role of RAGE in the progression of lung cancer. The growth of A549 cells was inhibited by RAGE overexpression. p53-dependent p21CIP1 expression contributed to RAGE-induced growth inhibition by suppressing CDK2 kinase activity and retinoblastoma protein (RB) phosphorylation in vitro. On the other hand, RAGE overexpression promoted migration, invasion, and mesenchymal features of lung adenocarcinoma cells through ERK signaling. Furthermore, an in vivo xenograft experiment indicated that RAGE promoted the metastasis of lung cancer cells with p21CIP1 up-regulation, ERK activation, and the changes of EMT markers. Regarding to the involvement of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) in the microenvironment, we monitored the expressions of TAM markers including CD68 and CD163 as well as angiogenesis marker CD31 in xenograft slice. The data showed that RAGE might induce the accumulation of TAM in lung cancer cells and further accelerate the in vivo tumor growth. In summary, our study provides evidence indicating the distinct in vitro and in vivo effects of RAGE and related mechanisms on tumor growth and metastasis, which shed light on the oncogenic role of RAGE in lung cancer.
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Aloe-Emodin Induces Breast Tumor Cell Apoptosis through Upregulation of miR-15a/miR-16-1 That Suppresses BCL2. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5108298. [PMID: 32190086 PMCID: PMC7073502 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural compound derived from aloe vera and palmatum rhubarb and shows anticancer activities in various cancers. Bcl-2 family is the main regulator of cell death or cell survival. This study describes the effects of AE on proliferation of breast tumor (BT) cells. METHODS MCF-10A, MCF-10AT, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were exposed to AE. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Protein levels were measured by Western blotting. The levels of mRNA and miRNA were examined by RT-PCR. Bioinformatics was applied to screen miRNAs that bind to 3'-UTR of mRNA. RESULTS The results showed that AE selective activity inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of MCF-10AT and MCF-7 cells but exhibited no significant inhibition in MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanistically, AE dose-dependently decreased the protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, while it increased Bax protein expression in MCF-10AT and MCF-7 cells. The levels of Bcl-xl and Bax mRNA were altered by AE treatment, which was consistent with the protein expression results. However, Bcl-2 mRNA levels were not affected in either cell line, suggesting that AE may modulate the protein translation of Bcl-2 through miRNAs. In all candidate miRNAs that bind to 3'-UTR of Bcl-2, miR-15a and miR-16-1 were dose-dependently downregulated by AE. Moreover, inhibition of miR-15a/16-1 could eliminate the inhibition of MCF-10AT and MCF-7 cells growth by AE and could reverse the downregulation of AE-induced Bcl-2 protein level. CONCLUSION Our research provides an important basis that AE induces BT cell apoptosis through upregulation of miR-15a/miR-16-1 that suppresses BCL2.
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Dong X, Zeng Y, Liu Y, You L, Yin X, Fu J, Ni J. Aloe-emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2019; 34:270-281. [PMID: 31680350 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a naturally anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient of Chinese herbs, such as Cassia occidentalis, Rheum palmatum L., Aloe vera, and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Emerging evidence suggests that aloe-emodin exhibits many pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for the treatment of various diseases, including influenza virus, inflammation, sepsis, Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, malaria, liver fibrosis, psoriasis, Type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, and several types of cancers. However, an increasing number of published studies have reported adverse effects of aloe-emodin. The primary toxicity among these reports is hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which are of wide concern worldwide. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that aloe-emodin has a poor intestinal absorption, short elimination half-life, and low bioavailability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Lead bioactive compounds of Aloe vera as potential anticancer agent. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104416. [PMID: 31470079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a perennial succulent medicinal plant. It has been used as a traditional or folk medicine for thousands of years and claimed that it possesses wound and burn healing activities, and anti-inflammatory as well as immunomodulatory effects. In recent years, the use of Aloe vera has been growing as a dietary supplement. The pre-clinical studies over the last couple of decades uncover the potential therapeutic activities of Aloe vera and its bioactive compounds, especially against neoplastic disease. Such investigations indicate the possible preventive as well as therapeutic effects of Aloe vera against cancer. Here, we discuss the crucial bioactive compounds of Aloe vera that have been harnessed against cancer and also address several mechanisms of action of these lead bioactive compounds compared to other standard drugs involved in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Xiao D, Hu Y, Fu Y, Wang R, Zhang H, Li M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Xuan L, Li X, Xu C, Zhang Y, Yang B. Emodin improves glucose metabolism by targeting microRNA-20b in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152758. [PMID: 31004884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has indicated the therapeutic potential of emodin with its multiple pharmacological effects. PURPOSE To evaluate role of emodin in regulating insulin resistance (IR) and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid levels were measured before and after intragastric administration of emodin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Glucose consumption was determined in L6 cells to investigate the effect of emodin on glucose metabolism. Expression of miR-20b and SMAD7 was quantified by real-time PCR for mRNAs or western blot analysis for proteins. RESULTS Emodin ameliorated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in T2DM rats, and glucose metabolism in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. MiR-20b was markedly upregulated in the setting of IR and overexpression of miR-20b disrupted glucose metabolism by repressing SMAD7 in L6 cells. Knockdown of this miRNA produced the opposite effects. Emodin abolished the abnormal upregulation of miR-20b and indirectly upregulated SMAD7. CONCLUSION Emodin improves glucose metabolism to produce anti-IR effects, and downregulation of miR-20b thereby upregulation of SMAD7 is an underlying mechanism for the beneficial effects of emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhange Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lina Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chaoqian Xu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, 157000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Melbourne School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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Anticancer Effects of Emodin on HepG2 Cell: Evidence from Bioinformatic Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3065818. [PMID: 31236404 PMCID: PMC6545785 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3065818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cause of cancer-related death in the world. Despite the fact that there are many methods to treat HCC, the 5-year survival rate of HCC is still at a low level. Emodin can inhibit the growth of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the gene regulation of emodin in HCC has not been well studied. In our research, RNA sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HepG2 cells induced by emodin. A total of 859 DEGs were identified, including 712 downregulated genes and 147 upregulated genes in HepG2 cells treated with emodin. We used DAVID for function and pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING, and Cytoscape was used for module analysis. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs include positive regulation of apoptotic process, structural molecule activity and lipopolysaccharide binding, protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, and MAPK signaling pathway. 25 hub genes were identified and pathway analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in neuropeptide signaling pathway, inflammatory response, and positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Survival analysis showed that LPAR6, C5, SSTR5, GPR68, and P2RY4 may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of emodin therapy for HCC. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay showed that the mRNA levels of LPAR6, C5, SSTR5, GPR68, and P2RY4 were significantly decreased in HepG2 cells treated with emodin. In conclusion, the identified DEGs and hub genes in the present study provide new clues for further researches on the molecular mechanisms of emodin.
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Das A, Suresh Kumar G, Dutta S. Interaction of aloe active compounds with calf thymus DNA. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2786. [PMID: 31062439 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural anthraquinone compounds have emerged as potent anticancer chemotherapeutic agents because of their promising DNA-binding properties. Aloe vera is among one of the very well-known medicinal plants, and the anthraquinone derivatives like aloe emodin (ALM), aloins (ALN), and aloe emodin-8-glucoside (ALMG) are known to have immense biological activities. Here, we have used biophysical methods to elucidate the comparative DNA-binding abilities of these three molecules. Steady-state fluorescence study indicated complexation between calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and both the molecules ALM and ALMG whereas ALN showed very weak interaction with DNA. Displacement assays with ctDNA-bound intercalator (ethidium bromide) and a groove binder (Hoechst 33258) indicated preferential binding of both ALM and ALMG to minor groove of DNA. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) data suggested spontaneous exothermic single binding mode of both the molecules: ALM and ALMG. Entropy is the most important factor which contributed to the standard molar Gibbs energy associated with relatively small favorable enthalpic contribution. The equilibrium constants of binding to ctDNA were (6.02 ± 0.10) × 104 M-1 and (4.90 ± 0.11) × 104 M-1 at 298.15 K, for ALM and ALMG, respectively. The enthalpy vs temperature plot yielded negative standard molar heat capacity value, and a strong negative correlation between enthalpy and entropy terms was observed which indicates the enthalpy entropy compensation behavior in both systems. All these thermodynamic phenomena indicate that hydrophobic force is the key factor which is involved in the binding process. Moreover, the enhancement of thermal stability of DNA helix by ALM and ALMG fully agreed to the complexation of these molecules with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhi Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Bai J, Wu J, Tang R, Sun C, Ji J, Yin Z, Ma G, Yang W. Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, suppresses liver cancer in vitro and in vivo by regulating VEGFR 2 and miR-34a. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:229-245. [PMID: 30976957 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and potential effects of Emodin on liver cancer were systematically evaluated in this study. Both the intragastric administration (i.g.) and hypodermic injection (i.h.) of Emodin exhibited a strong absorption (absorption rate < 1 h) and elimination capacity (t1/2 ≈ 2 h). The tissue distribution of Emodin after i.h. was rapid and wide. The stability of Emodin in three species of liver microsomes wasrat >human> beagle dog. These PK data provided the basis for the subsequent animal experiments. In liver cancer patient tissues, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced signaling pathways, including phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), AKT, and ERK1/2,were simultaneously elevated, but miR-34a expression was reduced and negatively correlated with SMAD2 and SMAD4. Emodin inhibited the expression of SMAD2/4 in HepG2 cells by inducing the miR-34a level. Subsequently, BALB/c nude mice received a daily subcutaneous injection of HepG2 cells with or without Emodin treatment (1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), and Emodin inhibited tumorigenesis and reduced the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo experiments showed that cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were promoted by VEGF or miR-34a signal treatment but were inhibited when combined with Emodin treatment. All these results demonstrated that Emodin inhibited tumorigenesis in liver cancer by simultaneously inhibiting the VEGFR2-AKT-ERK1/2signaling pathway and promoting a miR-34a-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Ji
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Yin
- Department of ultrasound, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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Therapeutic Efficiency of an External Chinese Herbal Formula of Mammary Precancerous Lesions by BATMAN-TCM Online Bioinformatics Analysis Tool and Experimental Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2795010. [PMID: 30906412 PMCID: PMC6398062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2795010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruyan Neixiao Cream (RYNXC), a patented Chinese herbal formula, was reported to have the effect of treating mammary precancerous disease. In this study, we predicted the potential targets, pathways, and diseases of the ingredients contained in each herbal of RYNXC and constructed an ingredients-targets-diseases network. Then, we analyzed molecular mechanisms of this Chinese herbal formula by MCF-10AT cells and model rats of breast precancerous lesions. BATMAN-TCM prediction showed that ESR1, PGR, PTGS2, EGFR, and Src were mRNA targets of RYNXC. Our results suggested that RYNXC transdermal fluid downregulated ESR1, PGR, PTGS2, EGFR, and Src expression at gene and protein level in MCF-10AT cells. In the rat breast precancerous lesions model, high and low dose RYNXC could also significantly reduce genes and proteins expression of ESR1, PGR, PTGS2, EGFR, and Src. Taken together these data indicate that RYNXC targets multiple molecules responsible for breast precancerous lesion and is an effective Chinese herbal formula. So RYNXC may be a promising external drug for breast precancerous lesions.
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Nafuka SN, Misihairabgwi JM, Bock R, Ishola A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030165. [PMID: 30884826 PMCID: PMC6468557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum malts, which are important ingredients in traditional fermented beverages, are commonly infected by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins may transfer into the beverages, risking consumers’ health. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine variation of fungal metabolites in 81 sorghum malts processed for brewing of Namibian beverages, otombo (n = 45) and omalodu (n = 36). Co-occurrence of European Union (EU)-regulated mycotoxins, such as patulin, aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2), and fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) was detected in both malts with a prevalence range of 2–84%. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in omalodu (44%) and otombo malts (14%), with 20% of omalodu malts and 40% of otombo malts having levels above the EU allowable limit. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in both omalodu (84%) and otombo (42%) malts. Emerging mycotoxins, aflatoxin precursors, and ergot alkaloids were quantified in both malts. Notably, 102 metabolites were quantified in both malts, with 96% in omalodu malts and 93% in otombo malts. An average of 48 metabolites were quantified in otombo malts while an average of 67 metabolites were quantified in omalodu malts. The study accentuates the need to monitor mycotoxins in sorghum malts intended for brewing and to determine their fate in the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia N Nafuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Ronnie Bock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Anthony Ishola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Yang K, Jin MJ, Quan ZS, Piao HR. Design and Synthesis of Novel Anti-Proliferative Emodin Derivatives and Studies on their Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis Pathway and Migration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050884. [PMID: 30832378 PMCID: PMC6429262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a cell arrest and apoptosis-inducing compound that is widely distributed in different plants (rhubarb, aloe), lichens and terrestrial fungi, and also isolated from marine-derived fungi and marine sponge-associated fungi. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel series of emodin derivatives by binding emodin to an amino acid using linkers of varying lengths and composition, and evaluated their anti-proliferative activities using HepG2 cells (human hepatic carcinoma), MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer) and human normal liver L02 cells. Most of these derivatives showed moderate to potent anti-proliferative activities. Notably, compound 7a exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 4.95 µM, which was enhanced 8.8-fold compared to the parent compound emodin (IC50 = 43.87 µM), and it also exhibited better selective anti-proliferative activity and specificity than emodin. Moreover, further experiments demonstrated that compound 7a displayed a significant efficacy of inducing apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway via release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, inducing cell arrest at G0/G1 phase, as well as suppression of cell migration of tumor cells. The preliminary results suggested that compound 7a could be a promising lead compound for the discovery of novel anti-tumor drugs and has the potential for further investigations as an anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, AffiliatedMinistry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming-Ji Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, AffiliatedMinistry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, AffiliatedMinistry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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