1
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Zajac D, Wojciechowski P. The Role of Vitamins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108574. [PMID: 37239921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins play a crucial role in the proper functioning of organisms. Disturbances of their levels, seen as deficiency or excess, enhance the development of various diseases, including those of the cardiovascular, immune, or respiratory systems. The present paper aims to summarize the role of vitamins in one of the most common diseases of the respiratory system, asthma. This narrative review describes the influence of vitamins on asthma and its main symptoms such as bronchial hyperreactivity, airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and airway remodeling, as well as the correlation between vitamin intake and levels and the risk of asthma in both pre- and postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Zajac
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojciechowski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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2
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MicroRNA let-7 and viral infections: focus on mechanisms of action. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:14. [PMID: 35164678 PMCID: PMC8853298 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are fundamental post-transcriptional modulators of several critical cellular processes, a number of which are involved in host defense mechanisms. In particular, miRNA let-7 functions as an essential regulator of the function and differentiation of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Let-7 is involved in several human diseases, including cancer and viral infections. Several viral infections have found ways to dysregulate the expression of miRNAs. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane-bound lipid structures released from many types of human cells that can transport proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs, including let-7. After their release, EVs are taken up by the recipient cells and their contents released into the cytoplasm. Let-7-loaded EVs have been suggested to affect cellular pathways and biological targets in the recipient cells, and can modulate viral replication, the host antiviral response, and the action of cancer-related viruses. In the present review, we summarize the available knowledge concerning the expression of let-7 family members, functions, target genes, and mechanistic involvement in viral pathogenesis and host defense. This may provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies to manage viral infections.
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3
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Rhinovirus and Cell Death. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040629. [PMID: 33916958 PMCID: PMC8067602 DOI: 10.3390/v13040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the etiological agents of upper respiratory tract infections, particularly the common cold. Infections in the lower respiratory tract is shown to cause severe disease and exacerbations in asthma and COPD patients. Viruses being obligate parasites, hijack host cell pathways such as programmed cell death to suppress host antiviral responses and prolong viral replication and propagation. RVs are non-enveloped positive sense RNA viruses with a lifecycle fully contained within the cytoplasm. Despite decades of study, the details of how RVs exit the infected cell are still unclear. There are some diverse studies that suggest a possible role for programmed cell death. In this review, we aimed to consolidate current literature on the impact of RVs on cell death to inform future research on the topic. We searched peer reviewed English language literature in the past 21 years for studies on the interaction with and modulation of cell death pathways by RVs, placing it in the context of the broader knowledge of these interconnected pathways from other systems. Our review strongly suggests a role for necroptosis and/or autophagy in RV release, with the caveat that all the literature is based on RV-A and RV-B strains, with no studies to date examining the interaction of RV-C strains with cell death pathways.
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4
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Mi LL, Zhu Y, Lu HY. A crosstalk between type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternative macrophages in lung development and lung diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:403. [PMID: 33786611 PMCID: PMC8025469 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important innate immune cells that are involved in type 2 inflammation, in both mice and humans. ILC2s are stimulated by factors, including interleukin (IL)-33 and IL-25, and activated ILC2s secrete several cytokines that mediate type 2 immunity by inducing profound changes in physiology, including activation of alternative (M2) macrophages. M2 macrophages possess immune modulatory, phagocytic, tissue repair and remodeling properties, and can regulate ILC2s under infection. The present review summarizes the role of ILC2s as innate cells and M2 macrophages as anti-inflammatory cells, and discusses current literature on their important biological significance. The present review also highlights how the crosstalk between ILC2s and M2 macrophages contributes to lung development, induces pulmonary parasitic expulsion, exacerbates pulmonary viral and fungal infections and allergic airway diseases, and promotes the development of lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and carcinoma of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Mi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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5
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Samarasinghe AE, Penkert RR, Hurwitz JL, Sealy RE, LeMessurier KS, Hammond C, Dubin PJ, Lew DB. Questioning Cause and Effect: Children with Severe Asthma Exhibit High Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers Including Beta-Hexosaminidase, but Low Levels of Vitamin A and Immunoglobulins. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E393. [PMID: 33036262 PMCID: PMC7600116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma affects over 8% of the pediatric population in the United States, and Memphis, Tennessee has been labeled an asthma capital. Plasma samples were analyzed for biomarker profiles from 95 children with severe asthma and 47 age-matched, hospitalized nonasthmatic controls at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital in Memphis, where over 4000 asthmatics are cared for annually. Asthmatics exhibited significantly higher levels of periostin, surfactant protein D, receptor for advanced glycation end products and β-hexosaminidase compared to controls. Children with severe asthma had lower levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgA, and higher levels of IgE compared to controls, and approximately half of asthmatics exhibited IgG1 levels that were below age-specific norms. Vitamin A levels, measured by the surrogate retinol-binding protein, were insufficient or deficient in most asthmatic children, and correlated positively with IgG1. Which came first, asthma status or low levels of vitamin A and immunoglobulins? It is likely that inflammatory disease and immunosuppressive drugs contributed to a reduction in vitamin A and immunoglobulin levels. However, a nonmutually exclusive hypothesis is that low dietary vitamin A caused reductions in immune function and rendered children vulnerable to respiratory disease and consequent asthma pathogenesis. Continued attention to nutrition in combination with the biomarker profile is recommended to prevent and treat asthma in vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amali E. Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (A.E.S.); (K.S.L.); (C.H.); (P.J.D.); (D.B.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Rhiannon R. Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.R.P.); (R.E.S.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.R.P.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.R.P.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Kim S. LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (A.E.S.); (K.S.L.); (C.H.); (P.J.D.); (D.B.L.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Catherine Hammond
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (A.E.S.); (K.S.L.); (C.H.); (P.J.D.); (D.B.L.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Patricia J. Dubin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (A.E.S.); (K.S.L.); (C.H.); (P.J.D.); (D.B.L.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - D. Betty Lew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (A.E.S.); (K.S.L.); (C.H.); (P.J.D.); (D.B.L.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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6
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Feddema JJ, Claassen E. Prevalence of viral respiratory infections amongst asthmatics: Results of a meta-regression analysis. Respir Med 2020; 173:106020. [PMID: 33190740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections (VRI) can act as triggers for acute asthma exacerbations and contribute significantly to asthma-related healthcare costs. Knowing the patterns of viruses amongst asthmatics can be useful in treating and preventing these exacerbations and help decrease the burden they impose on patients and healthcare systems. We aimed to quantify the viral prevalence in asthmatics presenting with exacerbations and identify influencing factors. A meta-analysis with a systematic search was conducted. Random-effect analysis was performed to quantify prevalence of viruses. A meta-regression was conducted to explain sources of heterogeneity and identify confounding factors. A VRI was detected in 52%-65% of the cases, and the detection rate was higher in children compared to adults. Rhinovirus was most often detected [51-71%], followed by respiratory syncytial virus [8-18%], influenza virus [7-15%], human parainfluenza virus [4-11%] and metapneumovirus virus [3-9%]. Meta-regression showed that the variables age and hemisphere contributed to the heterogeneity observed and were significantly associated with the detection of viruses in asthmatics. The climate variable reached significance for RSV and indicated a higher detection rate of viruses in asthmatics living in temperate compared to tropical regions. Besides age, geographic location and related variables significantly influence to what extent respiratory viruses are detected amongst asthmatics with exacerbations. Our results indicate that health authorities should adopt region- and population specific prevention and treatment strategies. Prevention and detection of viral respiratory infections in asthmatics could reduce asthma related disease burden and decrease antibiotic misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Feddema
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - E Claassen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Menzel M, Kosinski J, Uller L, Akbarshahi H. Rhinovirus-induced IFNβ expression is NFκB-dependent and regulated by the macrophage microenvironment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13394. [PMID: 31527772 PMCID: PMC6746757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in asthma pathogenesis both in the inflammatory and resolution phase of the disease. Macrophages can acquire different polarisation states dependent on their microenvironment. It is yet unclear through which mechanism the microenvironment affects the anti-viral response in macrophages. We hypothesized that the macrophage microenvironment regulates rhinovirus-induced IFNβ expression. Murine bone marrow-derived monocytes and human differentiated THP-1 cells were stimulated with M-CSF or GM-CSF and IFNγ or IL-4/IL-13, respectively, to mimic a Th1 or Th2 environment. Macrophages were infected with rhinovirus and gene and protein levels of IFNβ and pattern recognition receptor expression were measured. In subsequent experiments an IκB kinase inhibitor was used to study the involvement of NFκB. Both murine and human M1-like macrophages exhibited higher levels of IFNβ and pattern recognition receptors after rhinovirus infection than M2-like macrophages. Blockage of NFκB resulted in a lower expression of rhinovirus-induced IFNβ in human M1-like macrophages while inducing a higher expression in M2-like macrophages, suggesting that the interferon response towards viral infection was mediated by NFκB. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms causing reduced anti-viral responses at viral-induced exacerbations in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Menzel
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Kosinski
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Uller
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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8
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Morobe JM, Nyiro JU, Brand S, Kamau E, Gicheru E, Eyase F, Otieno GP, Munywoki PK, Agoti CN, Nokes DJ. Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:128. [PMID: 30483602 PMCID: PMC6234744 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14836.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (168), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared. Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks. Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mwita Morobe
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, +254, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Joyce U Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Samuel Brand
- Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Eyase
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, +254, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - C N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - D J Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
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9
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Morobe JM, Nyiro JU, Brand S, Kamau E, Gicheru E, Eyase F, Otieno GP, Munywoki PK, Agoti C, Nokes D. Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:128. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14836.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (~160), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared. Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks. Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.
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Da Costa L, Scheers E, Coluccia A, Casulli A, Roche M, Di Giorgio C, Neyts J, Terme T, Cirilli R, La Regina G, Silvestri R, Mirabelli C, Vanelle P. Structure-Based Drug Design of Potent Pyrazole Derivatives against Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8402-8416. [PMID: 30153009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been linked to exacerbations of many pulmonary diseases, thus increasing morbidity and/or mortality in subjects at risk. Unfortunately, the wide variety of RV genotypes constitutes a major hindrance for the development of Rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we have developed a novel series of pyrazole derivatives that potently inhibit the Rhinovirus replication. Compounds 10e and 10h behave as early stage inhibitors of Rhinovirus infection with a broad-spectrum activity against RV-A and RV-B species (EC50 < 0.1 μM). We also evaluate the dynamics of the emerging resistance of these promising compounds and their in vitro genotoxicity. Molecular docking experiments shed light on the pharmacophoric elements interacting with residues of the drug-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Da Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Els Scheers
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Manon Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale , 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
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11
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Howell C, Smith JR, Shute JK. Targeting matrix metalloproteinase-13 in bronchial epithelial repair. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1214-1221. [PMID: 29924890 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection of the bronchial epithelium disrupts the barrier properties of the epithelium in healthy individuals and those with lung disease. Repair of the bronchial epithelium is dependent of the formation of a provisional fibrin matrix and migration of epithelial cells to cover denuded areas, followed by proliferation and differentiation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that poly I:C, a model of viral infection, limits epithelial repair through the stimulated release of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). METHODS Confluent layers of cultured normal human primary bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and SV-40 virus-transformed 16HBE14o- bronchial epithelial cells were mechanically wounded, and video microscopy used to measure the rate of wound closure over 2 hours, in the absence and presence of poly I:C (1-20 μg/mL). MMP-13, tissue factor and endothelin release were measured by ELISA. The effect of inhibitors of MMP-13 activity and expression and a nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, on the rate of epithelial repair was investigated. RESULTS Poly I:C limited the rate of epithelial repair, and NHBE were significantly more sensitive to poly I:C effects than 16HBE14o- cells. NHBE, but not 16HBE14o-, released MMP-13 in response to poly I:C. Inhibitors of MMP-13 activity (WAY 170523) and expression (dimethyl fumarate) significantly enhanced the rate of repair. Bosentan enhanced the rate of bronchial epithelial repair by a mechanism that was independent of MMP-13. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bronchial epithelial repair is limited by endothelin and by MMP-13, a protease that degrades coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, and matrix proteins essential for epithelial repair. Further studies with primary cells from patients are needed to confirm whether repurposing bosentan and inhibitors of MMP-13 expression or activity, for inhalation may be a useful therapeutic strategy in diseases where repeated cycles of epithelial injury and repair occur, such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Howell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - James R Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Janis K Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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12
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Özyurt S, Kara BY, Özçelik N, Şahin Ü. Factors Affecting Influenza Vaccination Rates among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Rize, Turkey. Turk Thorac J 2018; 19:122-126. [PMID: 30083402 PMCID: PMC6077003 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2018.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are major components of COPD-related socioeconomic burden. Upper or lower respiratory tract infections, usually caused by respiratory viruses or bacteria, are common causes of AECOPD. Vaccination aganist influenza virus and Streptoccus pneumoniae, the most prevalent agents, is recommended by COPD guidelines. The aims of this study were to determine the factors affecting vaccination among patients with COPD and to assess the effect of vaccination status on AECOPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with COPD were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital between December 2014 and January 2015. Demographic data, vaccination status, and COPD-related hospital admissions triggered by tracheobronchial infections were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 108 patients were enrolled; 102 (94%) subjects were male, and 6 (6%) subjects were female; the mean age was 65.6 years. The number of patients who had received pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations were 8 (0.07%) and 36 (33.3%), respectively. There was no significant correlation between the level of education and vaccination status. No significant difference was found between two groups in terms of exacerbation frequency, hospitalization rates, mMRC scores, and COPD stages. CONCLUSION More efforts by both physicians and patients are needed to reach the ideal rates of vaccination for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Özyurt
- Department of Pulmonology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Bilge Yılmaz Kara
- Department of Pulmonology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Özçelik
- Department of Pulmonology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ünal Şahin
- Department of Pulmonology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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Lambkin-Williams R, Noulin N, Mann A, Catchpole A, Gilbert AS. The human viral challenge model: accelerating the evaluation of respiratory antivirals, vaccines and novel diagnostics. Respir Res 2018; 19:123. [PMID: 29929556 PMCID: PMC6013893 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Viral Challenge (HVC) model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be undertaken on novel therapeutics, including vaccines, immunomodulators and antivirals, as well as new diagnostics.Crucially, unlike conventional phase 1 studies, challenge studies include evaluable efficacy endpoints that then guide decisions on how to optimise subsequent field studies, as recommended by the FDA and thus licensing studies that follow. Such a strategy optimises the benefit of the studies and identifies possible threats early on, minimising the risk to subsequent volunteers but also maximising the benefit of scarce resources available to the research group investing in the research. Inspired by the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) now commonly applied in the preclinical phase, HVC studies allow refinement and reduction of the subsequent development phase, accelerating progress towards further statistically powered phase 2b studies. The breadth of data generated from challenge studies allows for exploration of a wide range of variables and endpoints that can then be taken through to pivotal phase 3 studies.We describe the disease burden for acute respiratory viral infections for which current conventional development strategies have failed to produce therapeutics that meet clinical need. The Authors describe the HVC model's utility in increasing scientific understanding and in progressing promising therapeutics through development.The contribution of the model to the elucidation of the virus-host interaction, both regarding viral pathogenicity and the body's immunological response is discussed, along with its utility to assist in the development of novel diagnostics.Future applications of the model are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Lambkin-Williams
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, England, E1 2AX, UK.
| | - Nicolas Noulin
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, England, E1 2AX, UK
| | - Alex Mann
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, England, E1 2AX, UK
| | - Andrew Catchpole
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, England, E1 2AX, UK
| | - Anthony S Gilbert
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, England, E1 2AX, UK
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14
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Phenotypical characterization of human rhinovirus infections in severely premature children. Pediatr Neonatol 2018; 59:244-250. [PMID: 29033350 PMCID: PMC5871590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Rhinovirus (HRV) has been identified as the most common cause of acute respiratory infections and hospitalizations in premature children. It is unclear if premature children are more susceptible to HRV due to their decreased pulmonary reserve or because they have enhanced lower airway reactivity to HRV. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical respiratory presentation of all PCR-confirmed HRV infections in full-term and premature children aged ≤3 years in our institution. Standardized respiratory distress scores were developed to examine lower airway obstruction (i.e., wheezing, hyperinflation, and sub-costal retractions) along with markers of decreased pulmonary reserve (hypoxemia and tachypnea) in young children with HRV infections. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from reviewing electronic medical records (EMR). RESULTS This study included a total of 205 children; 71% of these children were born full-term (>37 weeks gestation), 10% preterm (32-37 weeks) and 19% severely premature (<32 weeks). Our results demonstrated that: 1) HRV infections in the first 3 years of life were associated with higher overall respiratory distress scores in severely premature children relative to children born preterm or full-term; 2) HRV-infected severely premature children ≤3 years old were more likely to have lower airway obstruction than HRV-infected children born preterm or full-term; and 3) other clinical signs of respiratory distress such as tachypnea and hypoxemia were not more common in severely premature than in preterm and full-term children during an HRV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HRV infections in severely premature children are associated with lower airway obstruction rather than hypoxemia or tachypnea. The latter suggests that enhanced airway reactivity is the underlying mechanism for the increased susceptibility to HRV in severely premature children. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand why premature babies develop airway hyper-reactivity to HRV and the long-term effects of early HRV infection in this population.
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Menzel M, Akbarshahi H, Tufvesson E, Persson C, Bjermer L, Uller L. Azithromycin augments rhinovirus-induced IFNβ via cytosolic MDA5 in experimental models of asthma exacerbation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31601-31611. [PMID: 28415826 PMCID: PMC5458233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient production of anti-viral interferons (IFNs) may be involved in causing viral-induced asthma exacerbations. Hence, drugs inducing lung IFN production would be warranted. Azithromycin may reduce asthma exacerbations but its modus operandi is unknown. Here, we investigated if azithromycin induces IFNβ expression in vitro in rhinovirus-infected bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic donors and in vivo in our allergic inflammation-based mouse model of viral stimulus-induced asthma exacerbations. Azithromycin dose-dependently augmented viral-induced IFNβ expression in asthmatic, but not in healthy bronchial epithelial cells. The effect negatively correlated with viral load. Knockdown of MDA5 and RIG-I by siRNA showed involvement of MDA5 but not RIG-I in azithromycin's IFN-inducing effects in vitro. In vivo azithromycin induced IFNβ protein, restoring a reduced lung IFN response exclusively in allergic exacerbating mice. This was associated with induction of interferon-stimulated genes and MDA5, but not RIG-I. We suggest that clinically relevant concentrations of azithromycin produce MDA5-dependent, anti-viral, IFN-inducing effects in bronchial epithelium distinctly from asthmatic donors. Similarly, azithromycin induced MDA5-associated IFN in virally stimulated lungs in vivo exclusively in allergic mice. Effects of azithromycin and MDA5-active drugs on viral-induced exacerbations deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Menzel
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Persson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Uller
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Da Costa L, Scheers E, Coluccia A, Rosetti A, Roche M, Neyts J, Terme T, Cirilli R, Mirabelli C, Silvestri R, Vanelle P. Heterocyclic pharmacochemistry of new rhinovirus antiviral agents: A combined computational and experimental study. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:528-541. [PMID: 28987610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV), member of the Enterovirus genus, is known to be involved in more than half of the common colds. Through advances in molecular biology, rhinoviruses have also been associated with exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis). In the current investigation, we develop a novel series of 4,5-dimethoxybenzyl derivatives that potently inhibits rhinovirus replication. Compound (S)-7f blocks RV-B14 replication with an EC50 value of 0.25 μM and shows a low toxicity in HeLa cells (CC50 > 271 μM). Enantioseparation followed by an absolute configuration determination by a Mosher's method revealed the interest of enantiopure compounds. Molecular docking studies permitted the identification of key biological interactions within the drug-binding pocket and an in silico drug-like study revealed a good potential for the development of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Da Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Els Scheers
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Rosetti
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Manon Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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17
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Sousa FH, Casanova V, Findlay F, Stevens C, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Proudfoot L, Barlow PG. Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides 2017; 95:76-83. [PMID: 28764966 PMCID: PMC5577862 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeutic options available are extremely limited and therefore novel therapeutics for HRV infections are of significant interest. Cathelicidins have been shown to have potent antiviral activity against a range of pathogens and are known to be key immunomodulatory mediators during infection. We therefore assessed the antiviral potential of cathelicidins from humans and other mammalian species against HRV, together with the potential for the human cathelicidin to modulate apoptotic pathways and alter cell viability during HRV infection. We demonstrate that LL-37, the porcine cathelicidin Protegrin-1, and the ovine cathelicidin SMAP-29 display potent antiviral activity towards HRV and that this activity is visible when either the virus is exposed to the peptides prior to cell infection or after cells have been infected. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to established findings with bacterial infection models, LL-37 does not induce apoptosis or necrosis in HRV-infected lung epithelial cells at physiological or superphysiological concentrations, but does reduce the metabolic activity of infected cells compared to uninfected cells treated with similar peptide concentrations. Collectively, the findings from this study demonstrate that the mechanism of action of cathelicidins against rhinovirus is by directly affecting the virus and we propose that the delivery of exogenous cathelicidins, or novel synthetic analogues, represent an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy for rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Findlay
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
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18
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Park SY, Kim T, Jang YR, Kim MC, Chong YP, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Kim SH. Factors predicting life-threatening infections with respiratory syncytial virus in adult patients. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 49:333-340. [PMID: 27911143 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1260769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness with a clinical spectrum ranging from self-limiting upper respiratory infection to severe lower respiratory infection in elderly persons as well as young children. However, there are limited data on risk factors for life-threatening infections that could guide the appropriate use of antiviral agents in adult patients with RSV. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study from October 2013 to September 2015. Adult patients with RSV who visited the emergency department were enrolled. Primary outcome was life-threatening infection (admission to intensive care unit, need for ventilator care or in-hospital death). RESULTS A total of 227 patients were analysed. Thirty-four (15%) were classified as having life-threatening infections. By logistic regression, lower respiratory infection, chronic lung disease and bacterial co-infection were independent predictors of life-threatening infections. We developed a simple clinical scoring system using these variables (lower respiratory tract infection = score 4, chronic respiratory disease = score 3, bacterial co-infection = score 3 and fever ≥38 °C = score 2) to predict life-threatening infection. A score of >5 differentiated life-threatening RSV from non-life-threatening RSV with 82% sensitivity (95% CI, 66-93) and 72% specificity (95% CI, 65-78). CONCLUSIONS The use of a clinical scoring system based on lower respiratory infection, chronic respiratory disease, bacterial co-infection and fever appears to be useful for outcome prediction and risk stratification in order to select patients who may need early antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yoon Park
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeun Kim
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rock Jang
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- a Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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19
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Viruses in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Etiology and Exacerbation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 12 Suppl 2:S186-92. [PMID: 26595738 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201502-088aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are important contributors to exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is less clear. This likely reflects that fact that IPF acute exacerbations are defined clinically as "noninfectious," and little attention has been paid to the outcomes of patients with IPF with diagnosed infections. However, accumulating evidence suggests that infections (both bacterial and viral) may influence disease outcomes either as exacerbating agents or initiators of disease. Support for a viral role in disease initiation comes from studies demonstrating the presence of herpesviral DNA and epithelial cell stress in the lungs of asymptomatic relatives at risk for developing familial IPF. In addition, the number of studies that can associate viral (especially herpesviral) signatures in the lung with the development of IPF is steadily growing, and activated leukocyte signatures in patients with IPF provide further support for infectious processes driving IPF progression. Animal modeling has been used to better understand how a gamma herpesvirus infection can modulate the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and has demonstrated that preceding infections appear to reprogram lung epithelial cells during latency to produce profibrotic factors, making the lung more susceptible to subsequent fibrotic insult, whereas exacerbations of existing fibrosis, or infections in susceptible hosts, involve active viral replication and are influenced by antiviral therapy. In addition, there is new evidence that bacterial burden in the lungs of patients with IPF may predict a poor prognosis.
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Abstract
This review highlights the important articles published in the area of asthma research from January 2015 to July 2016. In basic science, significant advances have been made in understanding the link between the innate immune response and type II acquired immune responses in asthma and the role of the airway epithelium. Novel information continues to emerge with regard to the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of severe asthma. There have been important translational clinical trials in the areas of childhood asthma, treatment of allergy to improve asthma outcomes, and improving drug delivery to optimize the management of asthma. In addition, there are increasing data concerning the application of biological agents to the management of severe asthma. This body of work discusses the most notable advances in the understanding and management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Loo
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, 2305, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a newly identified member of the lymphoid population, play a critical role in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity in host defense. ILCs are important in mucosal barrier immunity, tissue homeostasis, and immune regulation throughout the body. Significant alterations in ILC responses in lung diseases have been observed and reported. Emerging evidence has shown that ILCs are importantly involved in the pathogenesis and development of a variety of lung diseases, i.e., helminth infections, allergic airway inflammation, and airway hyper-responsiveness. However, as a tissue-resident cell population, the role of ILCs in the lung remains poorly characterized. In this review, we discuss the role of ILCs in lung diseases, the mechanisms underlying the ILC-mediated regulation of immunity, and the therapeutic potential of modulating ILC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ming Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052 China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052 China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
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22
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Tang FSM, Hansbro PM, Burgess JK, Ammit AJ, Baines KJ, Oliver BG. A novel immunomodulatory function of neutrophils on rhinovirus-activated monocytes in vitro. Thorax 2016; 71:1039-1049. [PMID: 27287090 PMCID: PMC5099217 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus (RV) infections are the major precipitant of asthma exacerbations. While neutrophilic lung inflammation occurs during such infections, its role remains unclear. Neutrophilic inflammation is associated with increased asthma severity and steroid refractory disease. Neutrophils are vital for controlling infections but also have immunomodulatory functions. Previously, we found that neutrophils respond to viral mimetics but not replication competent RV. We aimed to investigate if neutrophils are activated and/or modulate immune responses of monocytes during RV16 infection. Methods Primary human monocytes and autologous neutrophils were cocultured with or without RV16, in direct contact or separated by transwells. RV16-stimulated monocytes were also exposed to lysed neutrophils, neutrophil membrane components or soluble neutrophil intracellular components. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-X-C motif (CXC)L8 mRNA and proteins were measured by quantitative PCR and ELISA at 24 hours. Results RV16 induced IL-6 and CXCL8 in monocytes, but not neutrophils. RV16-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 from monocytes was reduced in the presence of live neutrophils. Transwell separation abolished the inhibitory effects. Lysed neutrophils inhibited RV16-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 from monocytes. Neutrophil intracellular components alone effectively inhibited RV16-induced monocyte-derived IL-6 and CXCL8. Neutrophil intracellular components reduced RV16-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 mRNA in monocytes. Conclusions Cell contact between monocytes and neutrophils is required, and preformed neutrophil mediator(s) are likely to be involved in the suppression of cytokine mRNA and protein production. This study demonstrates a novel regulatory function of neutrophils on RV-activated monocytes in vitro, challenging the paradigm that neutrophils are predominantly proinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca S M Tang
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Centre for Health Technologies and Molecular Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Kim HC, Choi SH, Huh JW, Sung H, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y. Different pattern of viral infections and clinical outcomes in patient with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pneumonia. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2092-2099. [PMID: 27187664 PMCID: PMC7166762 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are well‐known causes of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE‐COPD) and also important pathogens for concomitant pneumonia in COPD (CP‐COPD). However, the differences in a viral infection pattern and clinical impacts of respiratory viruses between the two groups have not been well investigated. The clinical and microbiological data from COPD patients admitted with AE‐COPD (n = 281) or CP‐COPD (n = 284) between January 2010 and December 2012 were reviewed. After excluding 88 patients (40 with AE‐COPD and 48 with CP‐COPD) who did not undergo a multiplex RT‐PCR test for respiratory viruses, the demographic characteristics, identified viruses, and clinical outcomes of the AE‐COPD and CP‐COPD groups were compared. Respiratory viruses were identified in 41.9% of AE‐COPD group and 33.5% of the CP‐COPD groups. The most common virus was influenza virus in the AE‐COPD group (33.7%) versus human coronavirus (24.1%) in the CP‐COPD group. Influenza virus was significantly more common in the AE‐ACOPD group than in the CP‐COPD group (P < 0.01). In‐hospital mortality of AE‐COPD and CP‐COPD were 1.2% and 12.3%, respectively (P < 0.01). Among CP‐COPD patients, in‐hospital mortality of patients with only viral infection group, only bacterial infection group, and viral‐bacterial co‐infection were 2.6%, 25.8%, and 17.5%, respectively (P = 0.01). Respiratory viruses were commonly identified in both AE‐COPD and CP‐COPD, influenza virus and human coronavirus were the most common viruses identified in AE‐COPD and CP‐COPD patients, respectively. The mortality rates of only viral infection group was significantly lower than only bacterial infection or viral‐bacterial co‐infection group in CP‐COPD patients. J. Med. Virol. 88:2092–2099, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Cheol Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Tolerability of Nasal Delivery of Humidified and Warmed Air at Different Temperatures: A Randomised Double-Blind Pilot Study. Pulm Med 2016; 2016:7951272. [PMID: 27127650 PMCID: PMC4834170 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7951272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Delivery of warmed, humidified air via nasal high flow therapy could potentially reduce replication of temperature-sensitive viruses in the upper respiratory tract. This study investigates whether nasal high flow therapy is well tolerated by healthy adults at 37°C and 41°C. Methods. In this randomised, double-blind, controlled crossover pilot trial, nasal high flow therapy was used to deliver humidified air at 35 L/min, at either 37°C or 41°C, for three one-hour sessions of use over one day. The alternative was delivered at least 14 days later. Ten healthy, nonsmoking adults were asked, via questionnaire after each day's use, whether they would use nasal high flow therapy while being unwell with a cold or flu if it was demonstrated to improve symptoms. Results. All participants completed both interventions. Eighty percent responded “yes” to future use of nasal high flow therapy, for both 37°C and 41°C. There was no significant change from baseline in saccharin times following either intervention or in the following morning. Conclusions. Delivering humidified air via nasal high flow therapy at both 37°C and 41°C is well tolerated by healthy adults. This supports investigation into the potential use of nasal high flow therapy as treatment in viral upper respiratory tract infections. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with ACTRN12614000183684 (tolerability study of nasal delivery of humidified & warmed air).
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Lange P, Halpin DM, O’Donnell DE, MacNee W. Diagnosis, assessment, and phenotyping of COPD: beyond FEV₁. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11 Spec Iss:3-12. [PMID: 26937185 PMCID: PMC4765947 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s85976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is now widely recognized as a complex heterogeneous syndrome, having both pulmonary and extrapulmonary features. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of COPD is based on the presence of chronic airflow limitation, as assessed by post-bronchodilator spirometry. The severity of the airflow limitation, as measured by percent predicted FEV1, provides important information to the physician to enable optimization of management. However, in order to accurately assess the complexity of COPD, there need to be other measures made beyond FEV1. At present, there is a lack of reliable and simple blood biomarkers to confirm and further assess the diagnosis of COPD. However, it is possible to identify patients who display different phenotypic characteristics of COPD that relate to clinically relevant outcomes. Currently, validated phenotypes of COPD include alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and "frequent exacerbators". Recently, a definition and assessment of a new phenotype comprising patients with overlapping features of asthma and COPD has been suggested and is known as "asthma COPD overlap syndrome". Several other phenotypes have been proposed, but require validation against clinical outcomes. Defining phenotypes requires the assessment of multiple factors indicating disease severity, its impact, and its activity. Recognition and validation of COPD phenotypes has an important role to play in the selection of evidence-based targeted therapy in the future management of COPD, but regardless of the diagnostic terms, patients with COPD should be assessed and treated according to their individual treatable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lange
- Respiratory Section, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Denis E O’Donnell
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - William MacNee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mehta AK, Duan W, Doerner AM, Traves SL, Broide DH, Proud D, Zuraw BL, Croft M. Rhinovirus infection interferes with induction of tolerance to aeroantigens through OX40 ligand, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:278-288.e6. [PMID: 26100084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus infection at an early age has been associated with development of asthma, but how rhinovirus influences the immune response is not clear. OBJECTIVE Tolerance to inhaled antigen is mediated through induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and we examined whether rhinovirus infection of the respiratory tract can block airway tolerance by modulating Treg cells. METHODS The immune response to intranasal ovalbumin in mice was assessed with concomitant infection with RV1B, and the factors induced in vivo were compared with those made by human lung epithelial cells infected in vitro with RV16. RESULTS RV1B infection of mice abrogated tolerance induced by inhalation of soluble ovalbumin, suppressing the normal generation of forkhead box protein 3-positive Treg cells while promoting TH2 cells. Furthermore, RV1B infection led to susceptibility to asthmatic lung disease when mice subsequently re-encountered aeroantigen. RV1B promoted early in vivo expression of the TNF family protein OX40 ligand on lung dendritic cells that was dependent on the innate cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and also induced another innate cytokine, IL-33. Inhibiting each of these pathways allowed the natural development of Treg cells while minimizing TH2 differentiation and restored tolerance in the face of RV1B infection. In accordance, RV16 infection of human lung epithelial cells upregulated TSLP and IL-33 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that infection of the respiratory epithelium with rhinovirus can antagonize tolerance to inhaled antigen through combined induction of TSLP, IL-33, and OX40 ligand and that this can lead to susceptibility to asthmatic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Wei Duan
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Astrid M Doerner
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Suzanne L Traves
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - David Proud
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce L Zuraw
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif.
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Kim SH, Lim KH, Park HK, Lee SY, Kim SH, Kang HR, Park HW, Chang YS, Cho SH. Reduced IRF7 response to rhinovirus unrelated with DNA methylation in peripheral mononuclear cells of adult asthmatics. Asia Pac Allergy 2015; 5:114-22. [PMID: 25938076 PMCID: PMC4415177 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2015.5.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinoviruses are the major cause of asthma exacerbation in both children and adults. Recently, impaired antiviral interferon (IFN) response in asthmatics has been indicated as a primary reason of the susceptibility to respiratory virus, but the mechanism of defective IFN production is little understood to date. The expression of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a transcriptional factor for virus-induced type I IFN production is known to be regulated epigenetically by DNA methylation. Objective We aimed to investigate the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IRF7 in response to rhinovirus infection in the adult asthmatics and evaluate DNA methylation status of IRF7 gene promotor. Methods Twenty symptomatic adult asthmatics and 10 healthy subjects were enrolled and peripheral blood was collected from each subject. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, cultured, and ex vivo stimulated with rhinovirus-16. The mRNA expressions of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IRF7 were analyzed using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genomic DNA was isolated from untreated PBMCs and the methylation status of IRF7 gene promotor was investigated using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Results The mean age of asthmatics was 45.4 ± 15.7 years and 40% was male, which were not different with those of control group. Asthmatics showed significantly decreased mRNA expressions (relative expression to beta-actin) of IFN-α and IFN-β compared with normal control. The mRNA expression of IRF7 in the asthmatics was also significantly lower than those in the normal control. No significant difference of DNA methylation was observed between asthmatics and controls in all analyzed positions of IRF7 promotor CpG loci. Conclusion The mRNA expression of type I IFN in response to rhinovirus was impaired in the PBMCs of adult asthmatics. The mRNA expression of IRF7, transcriptional factor inducing type I IFN was also reduced, but not caused by altered DNA methylation in the IRF7 gene promotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea
| | - Han-Ki Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea
| | - Suh-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-899, Korea. ; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-899, Korea
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Phenotypic responses of differentiated asthmatic human airway epithelial cultures to rhinovirus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118286. [PMID: 25706956 PMCID: PMC4338293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human airway epithelial cells are the principal target of human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cold pathogen that triggers the majority of asthma exacerbations. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate an in vitro air liquid interface cultured human airway epithelial cell model for HRV infection, and 2) to identify gene expression patterns associated with asthma intrinsically and/or after HRV infection using this model. Methods Air-liquid interface (ALI) human airway epithelial cell cultures were prepared from 6 asthmatic and 6 non-asthmatic donors. The effects of rhinovirus RV-A16 on ALI cultures were compared. Genome-wide gene expression changes in ALI cultures following HRV infection at 24 hours post exposure were further analyzed using RNA-seq technology. Cellular gene expression and cytokine/chemokine secretion were further evaluated by qPCR and a Luminex-based protein assay, respectively. Main Results ALI cultures were readily infected by HRV. RNA-seq analysis of HRV infected ALI cultures identified sets of genes associated with asthma specific viral responses. These genes are related to inflammatory pathways, epithelial structure and remodeling and cilium assembly and function, including those described previously (e.g. CCL5, CXCL10 and CX3CL1, MUC5AC, CDHR3), and novel ones that were identified for the first time in this study (e.g. CCRL1). Conclusions ALI-cultured human airway epithelial cells challenged with HRV are a useful translational model for the study of HRV-induced responses in airway epithelial cells, given that gene expression profile using this model largely recapitulates some important patterns of gene responses in patients during clinical HRV infection. Furthermore, our data emphasize that both abnormal airway epithelial structure and inflammatory signaling are two important asthma signatures, which can be further exacerbated by HRV infection.
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Nino G, Huseni S, Perez GF, Pancham K, Mubeen H, Abbasi A, Wang J, Eng S, Colberg-Poley AM, Pillai DK, Rose MC. Directional secretory response of double stranded RNA-induced thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) and CCL11/eotaxin-1 in human asthmatic airways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115398. [PMID: 25546419 PMCID: PMC4278901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphoproetin (TSLP) is a cytokine secreted by the airway epithelium in response to respiratory viruses and it is known to promote allergic Th2 responses in asthma. This study investigated whether virally-induced secretion of TSLP is directional in nature (apical vs. basolateral) and/or if there are TSLP-mediated effects occurring at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier in the asthmatic state. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) from control (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors were differentiated into polarized respiratory tract epithelium under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions and treated apically with dsRNA (viral surrogate) or TSLP. Sub-epithelial effects of TSLP were examined in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) from normal (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors. Clinical experiments examined nasal airway secretions obtained from asthmatic children during naturally occurring rhinovirus-induced exacerbations (n = 20) vs. non-asthmatic uninfected controls (n = 20). Protein levels of TSLP, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL17/TARC, CCL22/MDC, TNF-α and CXCL8 were determined with a multiplex magnetic bead assay. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that: 1) Asthmatic HBEC exhibit an exaggerated apical, but not basal, secretion of TSLP after dsRNA exposure; 2) TSLP exposure induces unidirectional (apical) secretion of CCL11/eotaxin-1 in asthmatic HBEC and enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic HASMC; 3) Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in children are associated with in vivo airway secretion of TSLP and CCL11/eotaxin-1. CONCLUSIONS There are virally-induced TSLP-driven secretory immune responses at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier characterized by enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic airways. These results suggest a new model of TSLP-mediated eosinophilic responses in the asthmatic airway during viral-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shehlanoor Huseni
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Krishna Pancham
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Humaira Mubeen
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aleeza Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen Eng
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Koenighofer M, Lion T, Bodenteich A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Unger H, Mueller CA, Fazekas T. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:57. [PMID: 25411637 PMCID: PMC4236476 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials applying iota-carrageenan nasal spray have previously shown to reduce duration of virus-confirmed common cold. The present study pooled data of two similar clinical trials to provide further evidence for the antiviral effectiveness of carrageenan. Methods Individual patient data were analyzed from two randomized double blind placebo controlled trials assessing the therapeutic effectiveness of carrageenan nasal spray in acute common cold. Patients with virus-confirmed common cold (n = 254, verum 126, placebo 128) were included and the following parameters were appraised: duration of disease, number of patients with relapses, number of respiratory viruses and viral titers at inclusion (visit 1) compared to days 3–5 (visit 2). Results Carrageenan treated patients showed a significant reduction in duration of disease of almost 2 days (p < 0.05) as well as significantly fewer relapses during 21 days of observation period (p < 0.05). The virus clearance between visit 1 and visit 2 was significantly more pronounced in the carrageenan group (p < 0.05). In both studies, virus-confirmed common cold was caused by three main virus subtypes: human rhinovirus (46%), human coronavirus (25%) and influenza A (14%) virus. Carrageenan nasal spray showed significant antiviral efficacy in all three virus subgroups, the highest effectiveness was observed in human corona virus-infected patients. The reduced duration of disease was 3 days (p < 0.01) and the number of relapses was three times less (p < 0.01) in carrageenan treated corona-virus-infected patients compared to control patients. Conclusions Administration of carrageenan nasal spray in children as well as in adults suffering from virus-confirmed common cold reduced duration of disease, increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms. Carrageenan nasal spray appeared as an effective treatment of common cold in children and adults. Trial registration Pooled data from ISRCTN52519535 and ISRCTN80148028
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koenighofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lion
- Children's Cancer Research Institute and Lab DiaLabordiagnostik, Zimmermannplatz 8, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Andreas Grassauer
- Marinomed Biotechnologie GmbH, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamás Fazekas
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Schivo M, Aksenov AA, Linderholm AL, McCartney MM, Simmons J, Harper RW, Davis CE. Volatile emanations from in vitro airway cells infected with human rhinovirus. J Breath Res 2014; 8:037110. [PMID: 25189196 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/037110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections such as human rhinovirus (HRV) can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in people with underlying lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. One proposed strategy to detect viral infections non-invasively is by volatile organic compound (VOC) assessment via analysis of exhaled breath. The epithelial cells are one of the most important cell lines affected during respiratory infections as they are the first line of pathogen defense. Efforts to discover infection-specific biomarkers can be significantly aided by understanding the VOC emanations of respiratory epithelial cells. Here we test the hypothesis that VOCs obtained from the headspace of respiratory cell culture will differentiate healthy cells from those infected with HRV. Primary human tracheobronchial cells were cultured and placed in a system designed to trap headspace VOCs. HRV-infected cells were compared to uninfected control cells. In addition, cells treated with heat-killed HRV and poly(I:C), a TLR3 agonist, were compared to controls. The headspace was sampled with solid-phase microextraction fibers and VOCs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We determined differential expression of compounds such as aliphatic alcohols, branched hydrocarbons, and dimethyl sulfide by the infected cells, VOCs previously associated with oxidative stress and bacterial infection. We saw no major differences between the killed-HRV, poly(I:C), and control cell VOCs. We postulate that these compounds may serve as biomarkers of HRV infection, and that the production of VOCs is not due to TLR3 stimulation but does require active viral replication. Our novel approach may be used for the in vitro study of other important respiratory viruses, and ultimately it may aid in identifying VOC biomarkers of viral infection for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95617, USA. Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rhinovirus exacerbates house-dust-mite induced lung disease in adult mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92163. [PMID: 24632596 PMCID: PMC3954893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus is a key viral trigger for asthma exacerbations. To date, murine studies investigating rhinovirus-induced exacerbation of allergic airways disease have employed systemic sensitisation/intranasal challenge with ovalbumin. In this study, we combined human-rhinovirus infection with a clinically relevant mouse model of aero-allergen exposure using house-dust-mite in an attempt to more accurately understand the links between human-rhinovirus infection and exacerbations of asthma. Adult BALB/c mice were intranasally exposed to low-dose house-dust-mite (or vehicle) daily for 10 days. On day 9, mice were inoculated with human-rhinovirus-1B (or UV-inactivated human-rhinovirus-1B). Forty-eight hours after inoculation, we assessed bronchoalveolar cellular inflammation, levels of relevant cytokines/serum antibodies, lung function and responsiveness/sensitivity to methacholine. House-dust-mite exposure did not result in a classical TH2-driven response, but was more representative of noneosinophilic asthma. However, there were significant effects of house-dust-mite exposure on most of the parameters measured including increased cellular inflammation (primarily macrophages and neutrophils), increased total IgE and house-dust-mite-specific IgG1 and increased responsiveness/sensitivity to methacholine. There were limited effects of human-rhinovirus-1B infection alone, and the combination of the two insults resulted in additive increases in neutrophil levels and lung parenchymal responses to methacholine (tissue elastance). We conclude that acute rhinovirus infection exacerbates house-dust-mite-induced lung disease in adult mice. The similarity of our results using the naturally occurring allergen house-dust-mite, to previous studies using ovalbumin, suggests that the exacerbation of allergic airways disease by rhinovirus infection could act via multiple or conserved mechanisms.
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