New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics

In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential along with p.o. pharmacokinetic profile of key bioactive phytocompounds of Snow Mountain Garlic: a comparative analysis vis-à-vis normal garlic

Snow mountain garlic (SMG) is a trans-Himalayan medicinal plant used in the traditional medicine system for several ailments, including inflammatory arthritis. Research studies are insufficient to validate its folk medicinal applications. In the present study, the comparative abundance of its key bioactive phytocompounds, viz., S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), alliin, and S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMC) against normal garlic were assessed using the LC-MS/MS-MRM method. In addition, the study also explored the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of crude extract of SMG and purified signature phytocompounds (i.e., SMC, SAC, and alliin) in comparison with normal garlic and dexamethasone in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The LC-MS/MS-MRM study revealed significant differences among SMG and normal garlic, viz., alliin 22.8-fold higher in SMG, and SMC could be detected only in SMG. In the bioassays, SMG extract and purified signature phytocompounds significantly downregulated oxidative damage in activated macrophages, boosting endogenous antioxidants' activity. SMG extract-treated macrophages significantly suppressed NF-κB expression and related inflammatory indicators such as cytokines, COX-2, iNOS, and NO. Notably, the observed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities of SMG extract were comparable to signature phytocompounds and dexamethasone. In addition, SAC being uniformly found in SMG and normal garlic, its comparative pharmacokinetics was studied to validate the pharmacodynamic superiority of SMG over normal garlic. Significantly higher plasma concentrations (Cmax), half-life (t1/2), and area under curve (AUC) of SAC following SMG extract administration than normal garlic validated the proposed hypothesis. Thus, the abundance of bioactive phytocompounds and their better pharmacokinetics in SMG extract might be underlying its medicinal merits over normal garlic.

Polyphenols mediated attenuation of diabetes associated cardiovascular complications: A comprehensive review

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by increased levels of glucose for prolonged periods of time. Incessant hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, stroke, etc. There are many studies that suggest that various polyphenols affect glucose homeostasis and can help to attenuate the complications associated with diabetes.

Objective

This review focuses on the possible role of various dietary polyphenols in palliating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. This review also aims to give an overview of the interrelationship among ROS production (due to diabetes), inflammation, glycoxidative stress, and cardiovascular complications as well as the anti-hyperglycemic effects of dietary polyphenols.

Methods

Various scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Wiley Online Library were used for searching articles that complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

This review lists several polyphenols based on various pre-clinical and clinical studies that have anti-hyperglycemic potential as well as a protective function against cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion

Several pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that various dietary polyphenols can be a promising intervention for the attenuation of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.

Pharmacoinformatics approach for the screening of Kovidra (Bauhinia variegata) phytoconstituents against tumor suppressor protein in triple negative breast cancer

Globally, 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, with 6,85000 mortalities in year 2021; making it the world's most prevalent cancer. This growing global burden necessitates a new treatment option, and plant-based medicines offers a promising alternative to conventional cancer treatment. In this work, screening of phytoconstituents of an indigenous therapeutic plant, Bauhinia variegata carried out for potential regulator of tumor suppressor protein p53. Here, an in-silico analysis was employed to develop more effective, pharmaceutically potent small drug-like compounds that target tumor suppressor protein p53. The methanol and aqueous powdered extracts of Bauhinia variegata were prepared and phytochemically evaluated along with antioxidant property evaluation. The LC50 of methanol (325.33 µg/ml) and aqueous extract (361.15 µg/ml) showed their cytotoxic characteristics. Further, GCMS analysis of both the extracts reveals total 57 secondary metabolites. Among these, four lead compounds; compound 1, compound 2, compound 3 and compound 4 were found to have the highest binding ability (-8.15 to -5.40 kcal/mol) with p53. MD simulation and binding free energy validates these findings with highest binding free energy (-67.09 ± 4.87 kcal/mol) towards p53 by the lead phytocompound 2. Selected compounds exhibit excellent pharmacokinetic features and drug-like characteristics. The acute toxicity (LD50) values of the lead phytocompounds ranges from 670 mg/kg to 3100 mg/kg, with toxicity classes of IV and V. As a result, these druggable phytochemicals could serve as potential lead applicants for triple negative breast cancer treatment. However, more in vitro and in vivo research is planned to produce future breast cancer medicine. HIGHLIGHTSScreening of phytoconstituents of an indigenous therapeutic plant, Bauhinia variegata, for potential regulator of tumor suppressor protein p53.The LC50 of methanol (325.33µg/ml) and aqueous extract (361.15µg/ml) showed their cytotoxic characteristics.GCMS analysis of both the extracts reveals total 57 secondary metabolites. Among these, four lead compounds were found to have the highest binding affinity (-8.153 to -5.401 kcal/mol) with tumor suppressor protein p53.MD simulation along with the Prime MM/GBSA binding free energy validates this discovery with highest binding free energy (-67.09 ± 4.87 kcal/mol) towards p53 by the lead compound 2.The acute toxicity (LD50) values of the lead phytocompounds ranges from 670 mg/kg to 3100 mg/kg, with toxicity classes of IV and V.As a result, these druggable phytochemicals could serve as potential lead applicants for triple negative breast cancer treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Ethnobotanical survey on herbal remedies for the management of type 2 diabetes in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco

BACKGROUND

Morocco faces a substantial public health challenge due to diabetes mellitus, affecting 12.4% of adults in 2023. The Moroccan population makes extensive use of phytotherapy and traditional medicine to address the difficulties this chronic condition poses. The aim of this study is to document the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine for managing type 2 diabetes in the provinces of the Casablanca-Settat region.

METHODS

The study employed a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. A study was conducted between August 1st and September 30th, 2023, and 244 individuals diagnosed with diabetes were invited to take part in the research, all of whom used at least one medicinal plant to manage type 2 diabetes, by visiting primary healthcare facilities in Morocco. The analysis included the use of Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) to scrutinize the data.

RESULTS

A total of 47 plant species belonging to 25 families were documented. Notably, the Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae families were frequently mentioned in the context of treating type 2 diabetes in Morocco. Prominent among the cited plant species were Sesamum indicum L., Lepidium sativum L., followed by Foeniculum vulgare Mill., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Seeds emerged as the plant part most commonly mentioned, with infusion being the prevailing preparation method and oral consumption being the most frequently depicted method of administration.

CONCLUSION

This research underscores the practicality of incorporating traditional medicine into the healthcare framework of the Casablanca-Settat region. The findings not only offer valuable documentation but also have a vital function in safeguarding knowledge regarding the utilization of medicinal plants in this locality. Moreover, they provide opportunities to delve deeper into the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of these plants.

Endophytic Aspergillii and Penicillii from medicinal plants: a focus on antimicrobial and multidrug resistant pathogens inhibitory activity

The rise of multidrug resistance among microorganisms, where they develop resistance against formerly efficacious drugs, has led to increased disease prevalence and mortality rates, posing a growing challenge. Globally, antibiotic resistance has made a significant impact, causing millions of fatalities each year. Endophytic fungi have gained considerable attention in research due to their potential to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including natural substances with antimicrobial capabilities. The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium stand out as the most prevalent species of endophytic fungi. Filamentous fungi, such as these are responsible for the production of 45% of known microbial metabolites. This review focuses on exploring the bioactive substances produced by endophytic fungi from these two genera, particularly in conjunction with medicinal plants. Emphasis is placed on their antimicrobial activity and their ability to inhibit multidrug-resistant pathogens. As the need for alternative treatments to combat drug-resistant infections continues to grow, endophytic fungi have the potential to provide a valuable source of bioactive molecules for medical applications.

Konozy E, Abu Zeid IM, Ahmad A, Altayb HN. Prediction of anticancer peptides derived from the true lectins of Phoenix dactylifera and their synergetic effect with mitotane

Background and aims: Cancer continues to be a significant source of both illness and death on a global scale, traditional medicinal plants continue to serve as a fundamental resource of natural bioactive compounds as an alternative source of remedies. Although there have been numerous studies on the therapeutic role of Phoenix dactylifera, the study of the role of peptides has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of lectin peptides from P. dactylifera using in silico and in vivo analysis. Methods: Different computational tools were used to extract and predict anticancer peptides from the true lectins of P. dactylifera. Nine peptides that are bioactive substances have been investigated for their anticancer activity against MCF-7 and T47D (two forms of breast cancer). To counteract the unfavorable effects of mitotane, the most potent peptides (U3 and U7) were combined with it and assessed for anticancer activity against MCF-7 and HepG2. Results: In silico analysis revealed that nine peptides were predicted with anticancer activity. In cell lines, the lowest IC50 values were measured in U3 and U7 against MCF-7 and T47D cells. U3 or U7 in combination with mitotane demonstrated the lowest IC50 against MCF-7 and HepG2. The maximum level of cell proliferation inhibition was 22% when U3 (500 µg/mL) and 25 µg/mL mitotane were combined, compared to 41% when 25 µg/mL mitotane was used alone. When mitotane and U3 or U7 were combined, it was shown that these bioactive substances worked synergistically with mitotane to lessen its negative effects. The combination of peptides and mitotane could be regarded as an efficient chemotherapeutic medication having these bioactive properties for treating a variety of tumors while enhancing the reduction of side effects.

Exploration of Polyphenols Extracted from Cytisus Plants and Their Potential Applications: A Review

The increasing world population means an increased demand for sustainable processes and products related to foods, particularly those with added health benefits. Plants can be an alternative source of nutritional and biofunctional ingredients. Cytisus plants are an underexploited bioresource, currently prevalent in the Mediterranean Basin and western Asia. This manuscript addresses the processing potential of Cytisus plants for the development of added-value products, including food formulations, food packaging, cosmetics, and therapeutic applications. Most research has reported that Cytisus spp. are a promising source of inexpensive bioactive polyphenol compounds. Cytisus flowers should be considered and exploited as raw materials for the development of new food ingredients (antioxidants, preservatives, additives, etc.), nutraceuticals, or even direct therapeutic agents (anticancer, antibacterial, etc.). In order to evaluate the socioeconomic effect of these underutilized plants, more research is needed to assess their valorization for therapeutic and dietary possibilities, as well as the economic impact.

The potential of Ethiopian medicinal plants to treat emergent viral diseases

Ethiopians have deep-rooted traditions of using plants to treat ailments affecting humans and domesticated animals. Approximately 80% of the population continues to rely on traditional medicine, including for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Many antiviral plants are available to and widely used by communities in areas where access to conventional healthcare systems is limited. In some cases, pharmacological studies also confirm the potent antiviral properties of Ethiopian plants. Building on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and testing their antiviral properties may help to expand options to address the global pandemic of COVID-19 including its recently isolated virulent variants and prepare for similar outbreaks in the future. Here, we provide an ethnobotanical and pharmacological inventory of Ethiopian medicinal plants that might contribute to the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. We identified 387 species, about 6% of Ethiopia's known flora, for which records of use by local communities and traditional herbalists have been documented for the treatment of viral diseases. We provide a framework for further investigation and development of this vital resource much anticipated to help combat emergent viral diseases along with existing ones in Ethiopia and elsewhere.

Proportion of Over-The-Counter Medicines Containing a Plant Component and Those with Synthetic Substances Administered among Children in a Bulgarian Population

Over-the-counter medicines are intended to influence a number of symptoms and also to cure some human diseases without having to see the doctor. These medicines are used for self-medication and parents also give them to their children. The following fall within the scope of over-the-counter medicines: analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines, decongestants, gastroprotectors, anti-cough medicines, and others. Their composition also includes one or a combination of medicinal plants. In addition to synthetic substances, some nonprescription medicines contain plant substances and their derivatives. Medicinal plants and their extracted derivatives are applicable in the therapies of a number of diseases. Considering the fact that over-the-counter medicines can be used among children from birth, the subject of our study is those whose composition includes biologically active plant substances. Within this study, we have established the number of nonprescription medicines containing a plant substance individually or in combination with another substance of the same kind and/or other substances, which have been included in a list published on the website of the Bulgarian Drug Agency. The objective of our study is to present the percentage of OTC medicines containing a plant substance intended to affect the symptoms of upper respiratory tract diseases and pain, which are used among children during different periods of their development. Some of these medicines also contain substances such as antihistamines (pheniramine maleate) and decongestants (pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine hydrochloride, dimetidine) that can cause various unwanted side effects. Considering the aforementioned aspects and also the peculiarities of childhood, we recommend that self-treatment be conducted only after consulting a health specialist.

Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review Utilizing Computer-Aided Drug Design Technologies

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating various cancers (such as breast cancer, liver cancer, etc.) and other diseases (blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), owing to its observed overexpression, thereby presenting significant opportunities in drug development. Since its discovery in 2004, extensive research has been conducted on LSD1 inhibitors, with notable contributions from computational approaches. This review systematically summarizes LSD1 inhibitors investigated through computer-aided drug design (CADD) technologies since 2010, showcasing a diverse range of chemical scaffolds, including phenelzine derivatives, tranylcypromine (abbreviated as TCP or 2-PCPA) derivatives, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic (pyridine, pyrimidine, azole, thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole, indole, quinoline and benzoxazole) derivatives, natural products (including sanguinarine, phenolic compounds and resveratrol derivatives, flavonoids and other natural products) and others (including thiourea compounds, Fenoldopam and Raloxifene, (4-cyanophenyl)glycine derivatives, propargylamine and benzohydrazide derivatives and inhibitors discovered through AI techniques). Computational techniques, such as virtual screening, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR models, have played a pivotal role in elucidating the interactions between these inhibitors and LSD1. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence holds promise in facilitating the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. The comprehensive insights presented in this review aim to provide valuable information for advancing further research on LSD1 inhibitors.

In Vitro Study on Spermicidal Action of Hydro-methanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Stem in Rat and Human Sperm: a Comparative Analysis

Human fertility regulation is a major way to control overpopulation. In this perspective, this study emphasized the in vitro effect of hydro-methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCHME) stem for spermicidal and reproductive hypo-functions using human and rat samples. Control, 0.5-, 1-, and 2-mg TCHME-charged groups were considered to assess the relevant parameters. Levels of spermiological parameters like sperm motility, viability, the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane, and nuclear chromatin decondensation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the dose- and duration-dependent TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of TCHME on motile human and rat sperms were 0.8 and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively. Testicular androgenic key enzymes and antioxidant enzymes (human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rat)' activities were significantly diminished (p < 0.05), while antioxidant enzymes' activities were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in renal and insignificantly (p > 0.05) elevated in hepatic tissues of rat in TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. Significant elevation (p < 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)' level in human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rats and significant diminution (p < 0.05) in TBARS levels of liver and kidney were observed in TCHME-charged groups. It focused that TCHME is more potent for stress imposition on reproductive tissues and sperm compared to the other tested tissues. Non-significant alterations (p > 0.05) in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the said organs of rat indicated its non-toxic effect. It highlighted that TCHME possesses spermicidal and reproductive tissue-specific effects which strengthen the possibilities of male contraceptive development from it.

Antifungal Activities of Natural Products and Their Hybrid Molecules

The increasing cases of drug resistance and high toxicity associated with the currently used antifungal agents are a worldwide public health concern. There is an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs with unique target mechanisms. Plant-based compounds, such as carvacrol, eugenol, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, thymol, etc., have been explored for the development of promising antifungal agents due to their diverse biological activities, lack of toxicity, and availability. However, researchers around the world are unable to fully utilize the potential of natural products due to limitations, such as their poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility. The development of hybrid molecules containing natural products is a promising synthetic approach to overcome these limitations and control microbes' capability to develop resistance. Based on the potential advantages of hybrid compounds containing natural products to improve antifungal activity, there have been different reported synthesized hybrid compounds. This paper reviews different literature to report the potential antifungal activities of hybrid compounds containing natural products.

Plants and endophytes interaction: a "secret wedlock" for sustainable biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites

Many plants possess immense pharmacological properties because of the presence of various therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites that are of great importance in many pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, to strike a balance between meeting industry demands and conserving natural habitats, medicinal plants are being cultivated on a large scale. However, to enhance the yield and simultaneously manage the various pest infestations, agrochemicals are being routinely used that have a detrimental impact on the whole ecosystem, ranging from biodiversity loss to water pollution, soil degradation, nutrient imbalance and enormous health hazards to both consumers and agricultural workers. To address the challenges, biological eco-friendly alternatives are being looked upon with high hopes where endophytes pitch in as key players due to their tight association with the host plants. The intricate interplay between plants and endophytic microorganisms has emerged as a captivating subject of scientific investigation, with profound implications for the sustainable biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites. This review delves into the hidden world of the "secret wedlock" between plants and endophytes, elucidating their multifaceted interactions that underpin the synthesis of bioactive compounds with medicinal significance in their plant hosts. Here, we briefly review endophytic diversity association with medicinal plants and highlight the potential role of core endomicrobiome. We also propose that successful implementation of in situ microbiome manipulation through high-end techniques can pave the way towards a more sustainable and pharmaceutically enriched future.

Usage of Natural Health Products (NHPs) for respiratory diseases: user characteristics and NHP-Consumption behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany

BACKGROUND

Respiratory diseases (RD) can challenge healthcare systems around the globe. Natural health products (NHPs) are popular complementary and alternative medicine options for health issues concerning non-fatal RD. Little is known about the characteristics of the users of RD-NHPs and about their NHP consumption behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany.

METHODS

A representative online survey was conducted in Germany in 2022. 1707 participants were classified based on having used NHPs for RD within the previous 12 months, having used NHPs but not for RD within the previous 12 months and not having used NHPs. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods as well as a multinomial logistic regression model.

RESULTS

Users of RD-NHPs within the previous 12 months were more likely to be employed and to consult pharmacists more often for non-fatal health issues than individuals who did not take RD-NHPs. RD-NHP users were more likely to suffer from a Covid-19 infection and to have children living in the same household than other NHP users. Compared to non-NHP users, RD-NHP users were more likely to be female, highly educated and have stronger openness-to-change value orientations. Vaccination-related behavior was no indicator of RD-NHP usage. Most RD-NHP users took NHPs in self-medication. Few reported informing their practitioner about their self-medication. Drugstores were the most visited supply source for NHPs during the pandemic, followed by pharmacies. Common information sources regarding NHPs were the products themselves and pharmacists.

CONCLUSION

This study emphasized the important role of NHPs as a popular prevention and treatment option for RD. RD-NHPs were more likely used by individuals who were employed, who suffered from a RD and who consult pharmacists for non-fatal health issues. The importance of product information and pharmacies as information sources should be considered to make communication strategies about safe self-medication options with RD-NHPs more effective, which could help to reduce the burden of health facilities regarding non-fatal RD. To improve and develop future pandemic-control strategies, health professionals and policy makers should consider NHP usage behavior and provide critical information about chances and risks of self-medicated NHP consumption.

Structural insights into modeling of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase and identification of its inhibitors from potential medicinal plants of Western Ghats: an in silico and in vitro study

The present study was proposed to model full-length HBV-RT and investigate the intermolecular interactions of known inhibitor and libraries of phytocompounds to probe the potential natural leads by in silico and in vitro studies. Homology modeling of RT was performed by Phyre2 and Modeller and virtual screening of ligands implemented through POAP pipeline. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (100 ns) and MM-GBSA calculations were performed using Schrodinger Desmond and Prime, respectively. Phytocompounds probable host protein targets gene set pathway enrichment and network analysis were executed by KEGG database and Cytoscape software. Prioritized plant extracts/enriched fraction LC-MS analysis was performed and along with pure compound, RT inhibitory activity, time-dependent HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, and intracellular HBV DNA, and pgRNA by qRT-PCR was performed in HepG2.2.15 cell line. Among the screened chemical library of 268 phytocompounds from 18 medicinal plants, 15 molecules from Terminalia chebula (6), Bidens pilosa (5), and Centella asiatica (4)) were identified as potential inhibitors of YMDD and RT1 motif of HBV-RT. MD simulation demonstrated stable interactions of 15 phytocompounds with HBV-RT, of which 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl Glucose (PGG) was identified as lead molecule. Out of 15 compounds, 11 were predicted to modulate 39 proteins and 15 molecular pathways associated with HBV infection. TCN and TCW (500 µg/mL) showed potent RT inhibition, decreased intracellular HBV DNA, and pgRNA, and time-dependent inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg levels compared to PGG and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. We propose that the identified lead molecules from T. chebula as promising and cost-effective moieties for the management of HBV infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Back to Nature: Medicinal Plants as Promising Sources for Antibacterial Drugs in the Post-Antibiotic Era

Undoubtedly, the advent of antibiotics in the 19th century had a substantial impact, increasing human life expectancy. However, a multitude of scientific investigations now indicate that we are currently experiencing a phase known as the post-antibiotic era. There is a genuine concern that we might regress to a time before antibiotics and confront widespread outbreaks of severe epidemic diseases, particularly those caused by bacterial infections. These investigations have demonstrated that epidemics thrive under environmental stressors such as climate change, the depletion of natural resources, and detrimental human activities such as wars, conflicts, antibiotic overuse, and pollution. Moreover, bacteria possess a remarkable ability to adapt and mutate. Unfortunately, the current development of antibiotics is insufficient, and the future appears grim unless we abandon our current approach of generating synthetic antibiotics that rapidly lose their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Despite their vital role in modern medicine, medicinal plants have served as the primary source of curative drugs since ancient times. Numerous scientific reports published over the past three decades suggest that medicinal plants could serve as a promising alternative to ineffective antibiotics in combating infectious diseases. Over the past few years, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids have exhibited noteworthy antibacterial potential, primarily through membrane-disruption mechanisms, protein binding, interference with intermediary metabolism, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-biofilm activity. However, to optimize their utilization as effective antibacterial drugs, further advancements in omics technologies and network pharmacology will be required in order to identify optimal combinations among these compounds or in conjunction with antibiotics.

MariClus: Your One-Stop Platform for Information on Marine Natural Products, Their Gene Clusters and Producing Organisms

BACKGROUND

The marine environment hosts the vast majority of living species and marine microbes that produce natural products with great potential in providing lead compounds for drug development. With over 70% of Earth's surface covered in water and the high interaction rate associated with liquid environments, this has resulted in many marine natural product discoveries. Our improved understanding of the biosynthesis of these molecules, encoded by gene clusters, along with increased genomic information will aid us in uncovering even more novel compounds.

RESULTS

We introduce MariClus (https://www.mariclus.com), an online user-friendly platform for mining and visualizing marine gene clusters. The first version contains information on clusters and the predicted molecules for over 500 marine-related prokaryotes. The user-friendly interface allows scientists to easily search by species, cluster type or molecule and visualize the information in table format or graphical representation.

CONCLUSIONS

This new online portal simplifies the exploration and comparison of gene clusters in marine species for scientists and assists in characterizing the bioactive molecules they produce. MariClus integrates data from public sources, like GenBank, MIBiG and PubChem, with genome mining results from antiSMASH. This allows users to access and analyze various aspects of marine natural product biosynthesis and diversity.

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice

BACKGROUND

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts from the plant possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the safety and curative potency of the plant root against established malaria infection is yet to be scientifically validated, in vivo. On the other hand, there are reports on variation in bioactivity of extracts obtained from this plant species, depending on the plant part used and place of origin among other factors. In this study, we demonstrated the antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis roots extract in vitro, and in mice.

METHODS

Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water extracts of S. occidentalis root were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7. Cytotoxicity of the most active solvent extracts was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the curative potency in Plasmodium berghei infected mice evaluated by Rane's test.

RESULTS

All of the solvent extracts tested in this study inhibited the propagation of P. falciparum, strain 3D7, in vitro, with polar extracts being more active than non-polar ones. Methanolic extracts had the highest activity (IC50 = 1.76) while hexane extract displayed the lowest activity (IC50 = 18.47). At the tested concentrations, methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited high selectivity index against P. falciparum strain 3D7 (SI > 10) in the cytotoxicity assay. Further, the extracts significantly suppressed the propagation of P. berghei parasites (P < 0.05) in vivo and increased the survival time of the infected mice (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits the propagation of malaria parasites in vitro and in BALB/c mice.

Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. fruit extract ameliorates calcium oxalate urolithiasis in ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluric Rat model

Cucumis callosus dry fruits are traditionally used as folk remedy to treat conditions like urethral irritations, urine stoppage or dribbling and other urinary ailments of man in north-west India. But no study is reported to validate this ethnic practice of using Cucumis fruit in urolithiasis. To evaluate anti-urolithiatic potential of Cucumis, hyperoxaluria was induced in rats by supplying 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) + 1% ammonium chloride (AC) in drinking water for 14 days. Anti-urolithiatic activity of Cucumis callosus hydro-ethanolic extract (CCHEE) was assessed by measuring blood and urine biochemical parameters, oxidative stress indices, histopathology and osteopontin (OPN) expression. Administration of EG-AC to rats caused hyperoxaluria, crystalluria, azotaemia, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance (increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), and decrease in glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT)), up-regulation of OPN and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition in kidney. Treatment of afflicted rats with Cucumis fruits extract restored renal function to a great extent (CCHEE group), testified by improvement of stated parameters. Findings demonstrate curative efficacy of Cucumis fruit extract in EG induced urolithiasis of rats. The restoration of renal function was possibly by regulating renal stone formation via reducing urinary oxalate excretion, correcting oxidant/antioxidant imbalances, and reduced expression of OPN. Hence, results of this study validate the ethnic practice of using Cucumis fruit and conclude that fruit extracts have beneficial effects on CaOx urolithiasis and renal function.

Desert Endemic Plants in Algeria: A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Polyphenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Activities

Due to their robust antioxidant capabilities, potential health benefits, wide variety of biological activities, and strong antioxidant qualities, phenolic compounds are substances that have drawn considerable attention in recent years. The main goal of the review is to draw attention to saharian Algerian medicinal plants and the determination of their bioactivity (antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory importance), and to present their chemical composition as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical studies, and other studies confirming their real impact on human health. Research results have revealed a rich variety of medicinal plants used to treat various disease states in this region. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, biological activity, and clinical studies, a list of 34 species of desert plants, belonging to 20 botanical families, useful both in preventive actions and in the treatment of neoplastic diseases has been established, and polyphenolic compounds have been identified as key to the health potential of endemic diseases and desert plants. It has been shown that people who follow a diet rich in polyphenols are less prone to the risk of many cancers and chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In view of the increasing antioxidant potential of these plant species, as well as the increasing trade in herbal products from the Sahara region, phytosanitary and pharmaceutical regulations must change in this respect and should be in line with Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the sustainable use and development of plant products must be addressed at the same time.

Diversity, distribution, and sustainability of traditional medicinal plants in Kaski district, western Nepal

Medicinal plants are the primary source of traditional healthcare systems in many rural areas mostly in developing countries. This study aimed to document and analyze the diversity, distribution, and sustainability of the traditional medicinal plants used by the Gurung people of the Sikles region in western Nepal. Ethnobotanical data were collected through focus group discussions and individual interviews, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Prior informed consent was obtained before each interview. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, and use values were also calculated. A possible association among these indices was tested using correlation analysis. A total of 115 wild medicinal plant species belonging to 106 genera and 71 families were documented. Asteraceae and Rosaceae were the dominant families whereas herbs were the most dominant life form. Roots were the most used plant part, paste was the most common method of preparation, and most of the medical formulations were taken orally. The highest number of medicinal plants were used to treat stomach disorders. The average informant consensus value of 0.79 indicates a high consensus among respondents in selecting medicinal plants. Lindera neesiana, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Paris polyphylla, and Bergenia ciliata were found to be high-ranking medicinal plants based on the relative frequency of citation and use value. The genders did not affect medicinal plants' knowledge but age had a significant correlation. Most of the informants agreed that medicinal plants are under pressure due to overharvesting and a lack of proper forest management practices. The number of medicinal plants reported from the study area indicates that the Gurung people possess rich traditional knowledge, and the vegetation of the Sikles region constitutes rich diversity of medicinal plants.

The protective effect of mushroom consumption on depressive symptoms in Korean population

Mushrooms are nutraceutical food with health benefit. However, available data is still limited in identifying the effect of mushrooms consumption on depressive symptoms. In a cohort of 87,822 Korean, we longitudinally assessed the risk of depressive symptoms according to mushrooms consumption. Study participants were categorized into 5 groups by the frequency of one serving size of mushrooms (30 g) as follows: rare/never, < 1/month, 1/month-1/week, 1-3/week, ≥ 3/week. The development of depressive symptoms was determined in Center for epidemiological studies-depression scale ≥ 16. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depressive symptoms (adjusted HR [95% CI]). Subgroup analysis was performed for gender and age. Compared with group with rare/never consumption, groups with mushrooms consumption ≥ one serving size/month had the significantly decreased levels in adjusted HR and 95% CI for depressive symptoms (rare/never consumption: reference, < 1/month: 0.92 [0.83-1.02], 1/month-1/week: 0.88 [0.83-0.94], 1-3/week: 0.88 [0.82-0.94], ≥ 3/week: 0.86 [0.80-0.93]). This association was similarly observed in both gender and age subgroup analyses. However, women and participants ≥ age of 40 showed the more prominent association than men and participants < age of 40.

Xanthium spinosum L. Extracts Inhibit Breast Cancer in Mice by Apoptosis Induction and Immune System Modulation

Plants have been considered for many years as an important source of medicine to treat different diseases. Xanthium spinosum L. (Asteraceae, Compositae) is known for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative effects. It is also used in the treatment of several ailments, such as cancer. In order to evaluate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activities, crude ethanol extract was prepared from the aerial part of X. spinosum and then fractionated using solvents with different polarities. As well, the chemical composition of X. spinosum extract and fractions were identified using LC-MS analysis. The antitumor effect of X. spinosum was assessed in both in vitro and in vivo models. Apoptosis induction was measured in vitro using a caspase-3 activity kit. Lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytosis and pinocytosis induction were used to quantify the effect of the plant extract and fractions on acquired and innate immunity, respectively. The effect of X. spinosum extract, and fractions on the levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10) in murine lymphocytes was determined using a mouse-uncoated TH1/TH2 ELISA kit. Results showed that ethanol extract had the highest antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ = 2.5 mg mL^-1) against EMT6/P cell lines, while the aqueous and chloroform fractions had the highest apoptotic activity with 2.2 and 1.7 folds, respectively. On the other hand, the n-hexane fraction was the most effective in stimulating lymphocyte proliferation, whereas ethanol extract, aq. Methanol and aqueous fractions exhibited the highest phagocytic activity. As well, X. spinosum extract and fractions were able to modulate the expression of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ. A remarkable decrease in tumor size was accomplished following the treatment of tumor-bearing mice with X. spinosum extract and fractions. Both aq. Methanol and chloroform fractions showed the highest percentage change in tumor size with -58 and -55%, respectively. As well, tumor-bearing mice treated with chloroform fraction demonstrated a high curable percentage with a value of 57.1%. Anyway, X. spinosum extract and fractions exhibited no toxic impact on the liver or kidney functions of the mice-treated groups. These findings may confirm that X. spinosum has favorable anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. However, additional studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms of action of this plant and the signaling pathways involved in its effects. Moreover, more testing is needed to have better insight into the apoptotic pathway and to know the exact concentration of active compounds.

Mechanistic elucidations of sesquiterpenes ameliorating viral infections: A review

Sesquiterpenes are important in human health because they can treat viral infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Sesquiterpenes have also been shown to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to conventional pharmacological therapies, in addition to their antiviral effects. The present review article was drafted with an intention to gather information regarding sesquiterpenes and its medicinal importance. The role of sesquiterpenes in the endogenous production of sesquiterpenes by plants and fungi, as well as the mechanisms by which they are effective against viral infection, are discussed in this review. Different online libraries such as PUBMED, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE were assessed to gather information, additionally, books, magzagines, journals, and scientific newspapaers were also studied to make this article more informative. This review examines novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles sesquiterpenes play in the plant producer, which varies according to the plant and the chemical under consideration. In this article, we have discussed the consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in various diseases. The consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties are very useful for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in the treatment of various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles of sesquiterpenes will be very helfpul in drug development process. Sesquiterpene lactones are shown in this review to have qualities that warrant further scientific investigation in order to stimulate preclinical and clinical trials leading to the creation of novel medications. For antiviral drug development, the sesquiterpenes are a good prospective lead molecule because they can suppress viral replication by disrupting vRNA production and viral protein production.

Vasorelaxant and Antihypertensive Effects of Bergenin on Isolated Rat Aorta and High Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats

Bergenin is a phenolic glycoside that has been reported to be present in some medicinal plants which are traditionally used for their antihypertensive actions. So, bergenin was investigated for antihypertensive and vasorelaxant experiments in a rat model. Bergenin produced a significant fall in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of rats. To explore the involvement of NO and muscarinic receptors, rats were pretreated with L-NAME and atropine in-vivo. The L-NAME did not change significantly the effect of bergenin on MAP excluding the involvement of NO. Unlike the L-NAME, atropine pretreatment reduced the effect of bergenin on MAP, indicating the role of muscarinic receptors. In in-vitro study, the bergenin produced endothelium-dependent (at lower concentrations) and independent (at higher concentrations) vasorelaxation, which was attenuated significantly in the presence of atropine and indomethacin but not with L-NAME. While a partial response was observed against K⁺-induced contractions. This was further confirmed when bergenin partly shifted the CaCl₂-CRCs toward right. Bergenin also suppressed the PE peak formation, indicating the antagonist effect against the release of Ca²⁺. Moreover, the bergenin-induced vasorelaxant response was not markedly attenuated with TEA, while significantly ablated with 4-AP and BaCl₂. In conclusion, the antihypertensive effects of bergenin are due to Ca²⁺ channel blockade, K⁺ channels activation, and muscarinic receptor-linked vasodilation.

Novel Herbal Nanocarriers for Treatment of Dermatological Disorders

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

In the present scenario, the use of novel nanocarriers to provide a better therapy regimen is noteworthy. Nanotechnology with the advanced system enables the herbs for encapsulation within the smart carrier and boosts the nanotherapeutic. These emerging innovations of herbal nanocarriers have paved the way for dermal targeting by eliciting the desired response for particular diseases.

METHODS

In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for the original research papers using databases, viz., Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Furthermore, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers, such as liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanogels, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid carriers, etc., which are mostly used for the treatment of several skin maladies, viz., eczema, psoriasis, acne, etc. This article highlights the recent findings that the innovators are exclusively working on herbal drug delivery systems for dermal targeting, and these are enumerated in the form of tables.

CONCLUSION

Herbal formulations employing a suitable nanocarrier could be a promising approach for the treatment of several pathological conditions, including skin ailments. Therefore, scientific research is still being carried out in this specific area for a better perspective in herbal drug delivery and targeting.

Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Depression

Depression, a mental illness that is receiving increasing attention, is caused by multiple factors and genes and adversely affects social life and health. Several hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the pathogenesis of depression, and various synthetic antidepressants have been introduced to treat patients with depression. However, these drugs are effective only in a proportion of patients and fail to achieve complete remission. Recently, herbal medicines have received much attention as alternative treatments for depression because of their fewer side effects and lower costs. In this review, we have mainly focused on the herbal medicines that have been proven in clinical studies (especially randomized controlled trials and preclinical studies) to have antidepressant effects; we also describe the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of those herbal medicines; the cellular and animal model of depression; and the development of novel drug delivery systems for herbal antidepressants. Finally, we objectively elaborate on the challenges of using herbal medicines as antidepressants and describe the benefits, adverse effects, and toxicity of these medicines.

Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Antihyperglycemic and Antilipidemic Effects of Bassia eriophora and Its Derived Constituent, Umbelliferone on High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile, antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic effect of total methanolic extract (TME) of Bassia eriophora and isolated pure compound umbelliferone (UFN) in high-fat diet (HFD)- and streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. TME was subjected to various techniques of chromatography to yield UFN. Diabetes was induced after eight weeks of HFD by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and experimental subjects were divided into five groups. The diabetic control showed an increase in levels of blood glucose throughout the experiment. Treatments were initiated in the other four groups with glibenclamide (GLB) (6 mg/kg), TME (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and isolated UFN (50 mg/kg) orally. The effect on blood glucose, lipid profile and histology of the pancreatic and adipose tissues was assessed. Both 200 and 400 mg/kg of TME produced a comparably significant decrease in blood glucose levels and an increase in insulin levels with GLB. UFN began to show a better blood sugar-lowering effect after 14 days of treatment, comparatively. However, both 400 mg/kg TME and UFN significantly returned blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. Analysis of the lipid profile showed that while HFD + STZ increased all lipid profile parameters, TME administration produced a significant decrease in their levels. Histopathological examinations showed that treatment with TME and UFN revealed an improved cellular architecture, with the healthy islets of Langerhans and compact glandular cells for pancreatic cells distinct from damaged cells in non-treated groups. Conversely, the adipose tissue displayed apparently normal polygonal fat cells. Therefore, these results suggest that TME has the potential to ameliorate hyperglycemia conditions and control lipid profiles in HFD + STZ-induced diabetic rats.

An Evaluation of the Novel Biological Properties of Diterpenes Isolated from Plectranthus ornatus Codd. In Vitro and In Silico

Plectranthus ornatus Codd, the genus Plectranthus of the Lamiaceae family, has been used as traditional medicine in Africa, India and Australia. Pharmacological studies show the use of this plant to treat digestive problems. In turn, leaves were used for their antibiotic properties in some regions of Brazil to treat skin infections. The present study examines the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of the halimane and labdane diterpenes (11R*,13E)-11-acetoxyhalima-5,13-dien-15-oic acid (HAL) and 1α,6β-diacetoxy-8α,13R*-epoxy-14-labden-11-one (PLEC) and the forskolin-like 1:1 mixture of 1,6-di-O-acetylforskolin and 1,6-di-O-acetyl-9-deoxyforskolin (MRC) isolated from P. ornatus on lung (A549) and leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cancer cell lines, and on normal human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cell line in vitro. Additionally, molecular docking and computational approaches were used. ADMET properties were analysed through SwissADME and proTox-II—Prediction. The results indicate that all tested compounds significantly reduced the viability of the cancer cells and demonstrated no cytotoxic effects against the non-neoplastic cell line. The apoptosis indicators showed increased ROS levels for both the tested A549 and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines after treatment. Furthermore, computational studies found HAL to exhibit moderate antioxidant activity. In addition, selected compounds changed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increased DNA damage and mitochondrial copy number for the CCRF-CEM cancer cell line; they also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on the ARPE-19 normal cell line upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, which was associated with the modulation of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and GM-CSF genes expression. Docking studies gave indication about the lowest binding energy for 1,6-di-O-acetylforskolin docked into IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF, and 1,6-di-O-acetyl-9-deoxyforskolin docked into IL-8. The ADMET studies showed drug-likeness properties for the studied compounds. Thus, halimane and labdane diterpenes isolated from P. ornatus appear to offer biological potential; however, further research is necessary to understand their interactions and beneficial properties.

An exhaustive comprehension of the role of herbal medicines in Pre- and Post-COVID manifestations

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has relentlessly spread all over the world even after the advent of vaccines. It demands management, treatment, and prevention as well with utmost safety and effectiveness. It is well researched that herbal medicines or natural products have shown promising outcomes to strengthen immunity with antiviral potential against SARS-COV-2.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

Our objective is to provide a comprehensive insight into the preventive and therapeutic effects of herbal medicines and products (Ayurvedic) for pre-and post-COVID manifestations.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The database used in the text is collected and compiled from Scopus, PubMed, Nature, Elsevier, Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv, American Chemical Society, and clinicaltrials.gov up to January 2022. Articles from non-academic sources such as websites and news were also retrieved. Exploration of the studies was executed to recognize supplementary publications of research studies and systematic reviews. The keywords, such as "SARS-COV-2, coronavirus, COVID-19, herbal drugs, immunity, herbal immunomodulators, infection, herbal antiviral drugs, and WHO recommendation" were thoroughly searched. Chemical structures were drawn using the software Chemdraw Professional 15.0.0.160 (PerkinElmer Informatics, Inc.).

RESULT

A plethora of literature supports that the use of herbal regimens not only strengthen immunity but can also treat SARS-COV-2 infection with minimal side effects. This review summarizes the mechanistic insights into herbal therapy engaging interferons and antibodies to boost the response against SARS-COV-2 infection, several clinical trials, and in silico studies (computational approaches) on selected natural products including, Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Tulsi, etc. as preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID. We have also emphasized the exploitation of herbal medicine-based pharmaceutical products along with perspectives for unseen upcoming alike diseases.

CONCLUSION

According to the current state of art and cutting-edge research on herbal medicines have showed a significant promise as modern COVID tools. Since vaccination cannot be purported as a long-term cure for viral infections, herbal/natural medicines can only be considered a viable alternative to current remedies, as conceived from our collected data to unroot recurring viral infections.

Identification of doxorubicin as a potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) protease: a molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies

After one year, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still the largest concern for the scientific community. Of the many recognized drug targets of SARS-CoV-2, the main protease is one of the most important target due to its function in viral replication. We conducted an in silico study with repurposing drugs of antibiotics class against virus protease and peptidase using AutoDock tool. The following significant binding energy interaction was observed with protease (PDB: 6LU7) like piperacillin -7.25; tobramycin -9.20 and doxorubicin (Doxo) -10.04 kcal/mol and with peptidase (PDB: 2GTB) piperacillin -7.08; tobramycin -8.54 and Doxo -9.89 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the interaction and stability behavior of the Doxo-protease and Doxo-peptidase complexes were analyzed for a 100-nanosecond (ns) time. Calculated RMSD values observed using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were found to be 0.15-0.25 nm, RMSF calculation per residues showed a value near 0.2 nm and Rg values remained approximately 2.25 nm. MM-PBSA analysis of total binding energy calculation of Doxo-protease and Doxo-peptidase complexes are found to be -148.692 and -105.367 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, amino acid residue ASP-197 showed the lowest contribution binding energy i.e. -18.1185 kJ/mol, and amino acid residue ASP-187 showed -17.0267 kJ/mol contribution energy. Thus, significant docking interaction and stable dynamicity of Doxo-protease complex with time was suggested that Doxo could be a choice to inhibit potentially the viral proteases that could prevent the entry inside the host cell to control the COVID-19 disease. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn): a review

OBJECTIVES

Crataegus pinnatifida (C. pinnatifida), including C. pinnatifida Bge. and its variant C. pinnatifida Bge. var. major N, E. Br., has traditionally been used as a homologous plant for traditional medicine and food in ethnic medical systems in China. Crataegus pinnatifida, especially its fruit, has been used for more than 2000 years to treat indigestion, stagnation of meat, hyperlipidemia, blood stasis, heart tingling, sores, etc. This review aimed to provide a systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of C. pinnatifida.

KEY FINDINGS

This plant contains flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, organic acids, saccharides and essential oils. Experimental studies showed that it has hypolipidemic, antimyocardial, anti-ischemia, antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic neuroprotective activity, etc. Importantly, it has good effects in treating diseases of the digestive system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.

SUMMARY

There is convincing evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the traditional uses of C. pinnatifida. However, multitarget network pharmacology and molecular docking technology should be used to study the interaction between the active ingredients and targets of C. pinnatifida. Furthermore, exploring the synergy of C. pinnatifida with other Chinese medicines to provide new understanding of complex diseases may be a promising strategy.

MD Simulation Studies for Selective Phytochemicals as Potential Inhibitors against Major Biological Targets of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetes is emerging as an epidemic and is becoming a public health concern worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, and about 40% of individuals with diabetes develop diabetic nephropathy. The consistent feature of diabetes and its associated nephropathy is hyperglycemia, and in some cases, hyperamylinemia. Currently, the treatment includes the use of medication for blood pressure control, sugar control, and cholesterol control, and in the later stage requires dialysis and kidney transplantation, making the management of this complication very difficult. Bioactive compounds, herbal medicines, and extracts are extensively used in the treatment and prevention of several diseases, and some are reported to be efficacious in diabetes too. Therefore, in this study, we tried to identify the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals used in in silico docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies using a library of 5284 phytochemicals against the two potential targets of type 2 diabetes-associated nephropathy. We identified two phytochemicals (i.e., gentisic acid and michelalbine) that target human amylin peptide and dipeptidyl peptidase-4, respectively, with good binding affinity. These phytochemicals can be further evaluated using in vitro and in vivo studies for their anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hyperamylinemia effects.

Curcuminoids for Metabolic Syndrome: Meta-Analysis Evidences Toward Personalized Prevention and Treatment Management

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a multifactorial syndrome associated with a significant economic burden and healthcare costs. MS management often requires multiple treatments (polydrug) to ameliorate conditions such as diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, various therapeutics and possible drug-drug interactions may also increase the risk of MS by altering lipid and glucose metabolism and promoting weight gain. In addition, the medications cause side effects such as nausea, flatulence, bloating, insomnia, restlessness, asthenia, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, and blurred vision. Therefore, is important to identify and develop new safe and effective agents based on a multi-target approach to treat and manage MS. Natural products, such as curcumin, have multi-modalities to simultaneously target several factors involved in the development of MS. This review discusses the recent preclinical and clinical findings, and up-to-date meta-analysis from Randomized Controlled Trials regarding the effects of curcumin on MS, as well as the metabonomics and a pharma-metabolomics outlook considering curcumin metabolites, the gut microbiome, and environment for a complementary personalized prevention and treatment for MS management.

Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Skimmia anquetilia

Skimmia anquetilia is a plant species native to the Western Himalaya region that has tremendous potential for phytochemical activities. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds and assess the antibacterial activity of S. anquetilia. To determine the major bioactive chemicals in the methanol leaf extract of S. anquetilia, we used a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The presence of 35 distinct phytoconstituents was discovered using GC-MS, which could contribute to the therapeutic capabilities of this plant species. The most predominant compound was 2R-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol (23.9%). Further, the leaf extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli (19 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (18 mm) and K. Pneumoniae (17 mm) at 160 mg mL^-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol extract against the strain of P. aeruginosa (2 mg mL^-1) demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. The findings of the present study highlight the potential of S. anquetilia for the development of herbal medicines for the treatment of various pathogenic infections.

Golden Ager Chyawanprash with Meager Evidential Base from Human Clinical Trials

Chyawanprash (CP) is one of the most revered, effective, and best-selling health supplements of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine, which is high on the trust and health quotient among Indian consumers. CP is an ancient synergistic blend of around fifty (50) medicinal herbs, herbal extracts with jam-like consistency, traditionally used to improve respiratory health, strengthen the immune system, prevent recurrence of infections, and over the decades is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. With the recent growth of commercialization, this traditional preparation is gaining popularity across the world. Various pharma firms are engaged in its commercial production, and this recipe is easily available on market shelves, with a common brand name “Chyawanprash.” The consumers generally pop up with some genuine queries or doubts regarding its usage and benefits. Though CP is well-trusted traditional preparation, however, limited scientific literature is available on understanding its clinical role. This critical review discusses the general consumer queries apropos its usage, critically analyzing the reported clinical studies, perspectives, and unmapped areas for future research.

Bioactive Based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Viral Infections and SARS-CoV-2

Since ancient times, plants have been used for their medicinal properties. They provide us with many phytomolecules, which serve a synergistic function for human well-being. Along with anti-microbial, plants also possess anti-viral activities. In Western nations, about 50% of medicines were extracted from plants or their constituents. The spread and pandemic of viral diseases are becoming a major threat to public health and a burden on the financial prosperity of communities worldwide. In recent years, SARS-CoV-2 has made a dramatic lifestyle change. This has promoted scientists not to use synthetic anti-virals, such as protease inhibitors, nucleic acid analogs, and other anti-virals, but to study less toxic anti-viral phytomolecules. An emerging approach includes searching for eco-friendly therapeutic molecules to develop phytopharmaceuticals. This article briefly discusses numerous bioactive molecules that possess anti-viral properties, their mode of action, and possible applications in treating viral diseases, with a special focus on coronavirus and various nano-formulations used as a carrier for the delivery of phytoconstituents for improved bioavailability.

Prospecting potential of endophytes for modulation of biosynthesis of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants

Medicinal and aromatic plants possess pharmacological properties (antidiabetes, anticancer, antihypertension, anticardiovascular, antileprosy, etc.) because of their potential to synthesize a wide range of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites. The concentration of bioactive secondry metabolites depends on plant species, local environment, soil type and internal microbiome. The internal microbiome of medicinal plants plays the crucial role in the production of bioactive secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketones, flavonoids, quinols and phenols. In this review, the host specific secondry metabolites produced by endophytes, their therapeutic properties and host-endophytes interaction in relation to production of bioactive secondry metaboloites and the role of endophytes in enhancing the production of bioactive secondry metabolites is discussed. How biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, micronutrient uptake, phytohormone production, disease suppression, etc. can play a vital role in enhacing the plant growth and development.The role of endophytes in enhancing the plant growth and content of bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in a sustainable mode is highlighted.

Advances in the quality control of fenugreek seeds using chromatographic, spectroscopic and DNA-based techniques: A comprehensive review

INTRODUCTION

Fenugreek has been used in traditional remedies since ancient times. It has a long history of use against medical ailments as an antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, gastric stimulant, and anti-anorexia agent. The major active constituents include alkaloids, fibres, saponins, proteins, and amino acids.

OBJECTIVES

To provide a comprehensive overview of the application of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, in addition to DNA-profiling methods to assess the quality of fenugreek. Also, to highlight the recent application of chemometrics combined with quality control methods during the last two decades.

METHODOLOGY

A literature search conducted from January 2000 up to December 2020 using various scientific databases (e.g., Scopus, Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Academic Journals, and Springer Link); general web searches were also undertaken using Google applying some related search terms. Studies involving the application of quality control analyses were classified into three categories according to the conducted analysis method including chromatographic [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and gas chromatography (GC)], spectroscopic [ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], and DNA-based markers.

RESULTS

This review shed the light on relevant studies covering the past two decades, presenting the application of spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and DNA profiling in the quality control of fenugreek.

CONCLUSION

The reviewed chromatographic and spectroscopic methods combined with chemometrics provide a powerful tool that could be applied widely for the quality control of fenugreek.

A review of dementia, focusing on the distinct roles of viral protein corona and MMP9 in dementia: Potential pharmacotherapeutic priorities

Dementia, in particular, is a defining feature of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Because of the combination of motor and cognitive impairments, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) has a greater impact on affected people than Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and others. If one family member develops dementia, the other members will suffer greatly in terms of social and occupational functioning. Currently, no relevant treatment is available based on an examination of the absolute pathophysiology of dementia. As a result, our objective of current review encouraged to look for dementia pharmacotherapy based on their pathogenesis. We systematically searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ESCI for information on the pathophysiology of demetia, as well as their treatment with allopathic and herbal medications. By modulating intermediate proteins, oxidative stress, viral protein corona, and MMP9 are etiological factors that cause dementia. The pathophysiology of ADD was described by two hypotheses: the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the tau and tangle hypothesis. ADD is caused by an increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum. The viral protein corona (VPC) is more contagious and helps to form amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum. Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) inside the BBB encourages Aβ to become more engaged. PDD is caused by decreased or absent dopamine secretion from nerve cells in the substantia nigra, as well as PRKN gene deletion/duplication mutations, and shift in the PRKN-PACRG organisation, all of which are linked to ageing. This article discussed the pathophysiology of dementia, as well as a list of herbal medications that can easily cross the BBB and have a therapeutic effect on dementia.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Polyherbal Preparations in CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Background. Polyherbal formulations (PLFs) have been widely used for liver protection, treatment for hepatic dysfunction, and regeneration. They can also enhance appetite and protect the gastrointestinal tract from injury. In spite of the prevalent use, there is a need of scientific evidence on their effectiveness and safety. The objective of the present study was to assess the hepatoprotective effect of polyherbal formulations (commercially available in Bangladesh namely Heptaliv, Holyliv, Icturn, and J-deenar) in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods. In this study, Swiss albino mice were treated for 7 days with distilled water or PLFs (2.6 and 5.2 ml/kg body weight/day, per os.) followed by single subcutaneous injection of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight, diluted with olive oil in 1 : 1 ratio) on day 8. Twenty-four hours after CCl4 administration, the mice were monitored for the effects of PLFs on liver morphology, biochemical parameters including serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time and histopathology changes in liver tissues were also monitored. Results. CCl4 administration caused significant hepatotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time and infiltration of inflammatory cells and centrizonal necrosis on histological examination of liver demonstrated hepatic injury after CCl4 administration. However, the administration of Icturn and J-deenar polyherbal formulations at the higher dose significantly decreased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. Moreover, pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time and histopathological analysis also revealed significant improvement as result of treatment with formulations Icturn and J-deenar. Conclusion. Our results confirmed that polyherbal formulations (Icturn and J-deenar) can significantly prevent CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, demonstrating their protective effect for liver.

Endophytic Fungi: Key Insights, Emerging Prospects, and Challenges in Natural Product Drug Discovery

Plant-associated endophytes define an important symbiotic association in nature and are established bio-reservoirs of plant-derived natural products. Endophytes colonize the internal tissues of a plant without causing any disease symptoms or apparent changes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in endophytes because of their beneficial effects on the production of novel metabolites of pharmacological significance. Studies have highlighted the socio-economic implications of endophytic fungi in agriculture, medicine, and the environment, with considerable success. Endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of well-known metabolites includes taxol from Taxomyces andreanae, azadirachtin A and B from Eupenicillium parvum, vincristine from Fusarium oxysporum, and quinine from Phomopsis sp. The discovery of the billion-dollar anticancer drug taxol was a landmark in endophyte biology/research and established new paradigms for the metabolic potential of plant-associated endophytes. In addition, endophytic fungi have emerged as potential prolific producers of antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antibiotics of plant origin. Although extensively studied as a “production platform” of novel pharmacological metabolites, the molecular mechanisms of plant–endophyte dynamics remain less understood/explored for their efficient utilization in drug discovery. The emerging trends in endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of novel bioactive metabolites, success stories of key pharmacological metabolites, strategies to overcome the existing challenges in endophyte biology, and future direction in endophytic fungi-based drug discovery forms the underlying theme of this article.

COVID-19: General Strategies for Herbal Therapies

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in early 2020 with the outbreak of a highly pathogenic human coronavirus. The world is facing a challenge and there is a pressing need for efficient drugs. Plants and natural compounds are a proven rich resource for new drug discovery. Considering the potential of natural products to manage the pandemic, this article was designed to provide an inclusive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms for effective natural products on COVID-19. New drug discovery for the COVID-19 pandemic can encompass both prevention and disease management strategies. Preventive mechanisms that may be considered include boosting the immune response and hand hygiene in the preexposure phase; and blocking of virus binding and entry in the postexposure phase. Potential therapeutic target mechanisms include virus-directed therapies and host-directed therapies. Several medicinal plants and natural products, such as Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and propolis for prevention; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) for treatment; and Ammoides verticillata (Desf.) Briq and Nigella sativa L. for both prevention and treatment have been found effective and are good targets for future research. The examples of phytochemical compounds that may be effective include aloin and terpenes as anti-septics; isothymol, dithymoquinone, and glycyrrhizin as inhibitors of virus binding and entry; glycyrrhizin, and berberine as replication suppressants; ginsenoside Rg1 and parthenolide as immunomodulators; and eriocitrin, rhoifolin, hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and veronicastroside as anti-complements. Recognizing different mechanisms of fighting against this virus can lead to a more systematic approach in finding natural products and medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.

Identification of Drug-Disease Associations by Using Multiple Drug and Disease Networks

Background:

Drug repositioning is a new research area in drug development. It aims to discover novel therapeutic uses of existing drugs. It could accelerate the process of designing novel drugs for some diseases and considerably decrease the cost. The traditional method to determine novel therapeutic uses of an existing drug is quite laborious. It is alternative to design computational methods to overcome such defect.

Objective:

This study aims to propose a novel model for the identification of drug–disease associations.

Method:

Twelve drug networks and three disease networks were built, which were fed into a powerful network-embedding algorithm called Mashup to produce informative drug and disease features. These features were combined to represent each drug–disease association. Classic classification algorithm, random forest, was used to build the model.

Results:

Tenfold cross-validation results indicated that the MCC, AUROC, and AUPR were 0.7156, 0.9280, and 0.9191, respectively.

Conclusion:

The proposed model showed good performance. Some tests indicated that a small dimension of drug features and a large dimension of disease features were beneficial for constructing the model. Moreover, the model was quite robust even if some drug or disease properties were not available.