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Sharifzadeh A, Fasaei BN, Asadi S, Fatemi N, Houshmandzad M, Ghaffari MH. Evaluation of antifungal and apoptotic effects of linalool, citral, and carvacrol separately and in combination with nystatin against clinical isolates of Pichia kudriavzevii. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:333. [PMID: 39251899 PMCID: PMC11386228 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei) poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients due to its inherent resistance to various antifungal drugs. This study explored the anticandidal potential of citral, linalool, and carvacrol in combination with nystatin against P. kudriavzevii strains.Using the microdilution method following CLSI guidelines, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined. Citral exhibited MIC values ranging from 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 70.24 ± 16.99 µg/ml, while carvacrol had MIC values of 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 86.90 ± 16.99 µg/ml. Linalool demonstrated weaker antifungal activity, with MIC values between 100 and 200 µg/ml, averaging 150 ± 38.73 µg/ml. The study assessed the synergistic effectsof these phenols with nystatin through fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIS). In addition, flow cytometry was employed to assess apoptosis induction in P. kudriavzevii cells.Carvacrol displayed a remarkable synergistic effect in combination with nystatin against all 21 isolates tested. Conversely, linalool showed synergy in 17 isolates, while citral exhibited synergy in only 2 isolates. These findings highlight distinct patterns of synergy between the different compounds and nystatin against P. kudriavzevii. Also, Carvacrol emerged as the most potent inducer of apoptosis across all P. kudriavzevii strains, followed by citral and linalool. This suggests that carvacrol not only possesses a stronger antifungal effect but also has a more pronounced ability to trigger programmed cell death in P. kudriavzevii. In conclusion, the study supports the potential of carvacrol, citral and linalool, as anticandidal agents, suggesting their supplementation with nystatin for treating P. kudriavzevii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahar Nayeri Fasaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Asadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Fatemi
- DVM, Student of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Houshmandzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Ghaffari
- DVM, Student of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Faria JMS, Barbosa P. Cymbopogon citratus Allelochemical Volatiles as Potential Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2233. [PMID: 39204667 PMCID: PMC11359173 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Traditional pesticides are based on toxic compounds that can reduce biodiversity, degrade the environment, and contribute to less healthy living. Plant allelochemicals can provide more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites that show strong biological activities. In the present study, the EOs of Cymbopogon citratus were screened for activity against the pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent of pine wilt disease. To understand their nematicidal properties, EOs were fractioned into hydrocarbon molecules and oxygen-containing compounds, and their main compounds were acquired and tested separately against the PWN. The EO oxygen-containing molecules fraction was highly active against the PWN (EC50 = 0.279 µL/mL), with citral and geraniol showing higher activities (EC50 = 0.266 and 0.341 µL/mL, respectively) than emamectin benzoate (EC50 = 0.364 µL/mL), a traditional nematicide used against the PWN. These compounds were additionally reported to be less toxic to non-target organisms (fish, invertebrates, and algae) and safer to human health (with higher reported toxicity thresholds) and predicted to exert fewer environmental impacts than traditional nematicides. Resorting to approved natural compounds can quickly leverage the development of sustainable alternatives to traditional nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jothi R, Gowrishankar S. Synergistic anti-virulence efficacy of citral and carvacrol against mixed vaginitis causing Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:436-453. [PMID: 38750249 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mixed vaginitis due to bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the most prevalent form and presents a significant therapeutic challenge globally. Since, the administration of monotherapy leads to subsequent recurrent infections, synergistic therapy that completely eradicates both pathogens is of dire need to manage mixed vaginities scenario and to prevent its recurrence. The current investigation was focused on exploring the synergistic inhibitory efficacy of phytochemicals against the virulence traits of individual and mixed species of C. albicans and G. vaginalis in vitro and in vivo (Galleria mellonella). Out of five phytochemicals (carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and borneol) screened for synergism with citral [(Ct) as the prime molecule owing to its myriad therapeutic potential], carvacrol (Ca) in combination with citral exhibited promising synergistic effect. Time-kill kinetics and one-minute contact-killing assays demonstrated the phenomenal microbicidal effect of Ct-Ca combination against both mono and dual-species within 30 min and one-minute time intervals, respectively. Furthermore, the sub-CMICs (synergistic combinatorial MIC) of Ct-Ca have significantly eradicated the mature biofilms and remarkably reduced the virulence attributes of both C. albicans and G. vaginalis (viz., yeast to hyphae transition, filamentation, protease production, and hydrophobicity index), in single and dual species states. The non-toxic nature of Ct-Ca combination was authenticated using in vitro (human erythrocyte cells) and in vivo (Galleria mellonella) models. In addition, the in vivo efficacy evaluation and subsequent histopathological investigation was done using the invertebrate model system G. mellonella, which further ascertained the effectiveness of Ct-Ca combination in fighting off the infection caused by individual and mixed species of C. albicans and G. vaginalis. Concomitantly, the current work is the first of its kind to delineate the in vitro interaction of C. albicans and G. vaginalis mixed species at their growth and biofilm states, together emphasizes the promising therapeutic potential of acclaimed phytochemicals as combinatorial synergistic therapy against mixed vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Stanković M, Skaro Bogojevic S, Kljun J, Milanović Ž, Stevanović NL, Lazic J, Vojnovic S, Turel I, Djuran MI, Glišić BĐ. Silver(I) complexes with voriconazole as promising anti-Candida agents. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112572. [PMID: 38691971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing that metal ions play an important role in modifying the pharmacological properties of known organic-based drugs, the present manuscript addresses the complexation of the antifungal agent voriconazole (vcz) with the biologically relevant silver(I) ion as a strategy for the development of new antimycotics. The synthesized silver(I) complexes with vcz were characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystallographic results showed that complexes {[Ag(vcz)(H2O)]CH3SO3}n (1), {[Ag(vcz)2]BF4}n (2) and {[Ag(vcz)2]PF6}n (3) have polymeric structures in the solid state, in which silver(I) ions have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. On the other hand, DFT calculations revealed that the investigated silver(I) complexes 1-3 in DMSO exist as linear [Ag(vcz-N2)(vcz-N19)]+ (1a), [Ag(vcz-N2)(vcz-N4)]+ (2a) and [Ag(vcz-N4)2]+ (3a) species, respectively. The evaluated complexes showed an enhanced anti-Candida activity compared to the parent drug with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 0.02-1.05 μM. In comparison with vcz, the corresponding silver(I) complexes showed better activity in prevention hyphae and biofilm formation of C. albicans, indicating that they could be considered as promising agents against Candida that significantly inhibit its virulence. Also, these complexes are much better inhibitors of ergosterol synthesis in the cell membrane of C. albicans at the concentration of 0.5 × MIC. This is also confirmed by a molecular docking, which revealed that complexes 1a - 3a showed better inhibitory activity than vcz against the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP51B), which plays a crucial role in the formation of ergosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Stanković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sanja Skaro Bogojevic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiko Milanović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Lj Stevanović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lazic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Vojnovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iztok Turel
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miloš I Djuran
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Đ Glišić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Ling Q, Zhang B, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Hou J, Liu Q, Zhang J, Xiao C, Jin Z, Liu Y. Identification of key genes controlling monoterpene biosynthesis of Citral-type Cinnamomum bodinieri Levl. Based on transcriptome and metabolite profiling. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:540. [PMID: 38822238 PMCID: PMC11141066 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The citral-type is the most common chemotype in Cinnamomum bodinieri Levl (C. bodinieri), which has been widely used in the daily necessities, cosmetics, biomedicine, and aromatic areas due to their high citral content. Despite of this economic prospect, the possible gene-regulatory roles of citral biosynthesis in the same geographic environment remains unknown. In this study, the essential oils (EOs) of three citral type (B1, B2, B3) and one non-citral type (B0) varieties of C. bodinieri were identified by GC-MS after hydrodistillation extraction in July. 43 components more than 0.10% were identified in the EOs, mainly composed of monoterpenes (75.8-91.84%), and high content citral (80.63-86.33%) were identified in citral-type. Combined transcriptome and metabolite profiling analysis, plant-pathogen interaction(ko04626), MAPK signaling pathway-plant(ko04016), starch and sucrose metabolism(ko00500), plant hormone signal transduction(ko04075), terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (ko00900) and monoterpenoid biosynthesis (ko00902) pathways were enriched significantly. The gene expression of differential genes were linked to the monoterpene content, and the geraniol synthase (CbGES), alcohol dehydrogenase (CbADH), geraniol 8-hydroxylase-like (CbCYP76B6-like) and 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase (Cb10HGO) were upregulated in the citral-type, indicating that they were associated with high content of geraniol and citral. The activities of CbGES and CbADH in citral type were higher than in non-citral type, which was corroborated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study on the accumulation mechanism of citral provides a theoretical basis for the development of essential oil of C. bodinieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Ling
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Resources Cultivation, Nanchang, China
| | - Beihong Zhang
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Zufei Xiao
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiexi Hou
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Changlong Xiao
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhinong Jin
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center For Seed-Breeding and Utilization of Camphor Trees, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yuanqiu Liu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Resources Cultivation, Nanchang, China.
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Quintieri L, Palumbo M, Ricci I, Pace B, Caputo L, Adduci A, Luparelli A, Cefola M, Siano F, Cozzolino R. Postharvest Quality of Citrus medica L. (cv Liscia-Diamante) Fruit Stored at Different Temperatures: Volatile Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils. Foods 2024; 13:1596. [PMID: 38890825 PMCID: PMC11171597 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Citron (Citrus medica L. cv. Liscia-diamante), cultivated in the "Riviera dei Cedri" (southern Italy), is mainly utilized in the production of candied fruit and essential oils (EOs). Up to now, no information regarding the effect of storage temperatures on citron has been reported. Here, citron samples, after harvesting, were stored at different temperatures (5, 10 and 20 °C at 70% relative humidity) for two weeks, and the main postharvest quality parameters were evaluated. Moreover, EOs extracted from the stored samples were chemically characterized to reveal changes in the volatiles profile and antimicrobial activity. The EOs presented monoterpene hydrocarbons (87.1 to 96.3% of the total oil profile) as the most abundant compounds, followed by oxygenated metabolites ranging from 9.7 to 3.1% of the total pattern. Postharvest quality traits showed a good retention of green peel color during storage at 5 °C, while EOs from samples stored for 7 and 14 days at 10 and 20 °C, respectively, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against most assayed strains. The results indicated storage at 10 °C for 7 days as the most suitable for the preservation of the postharvest quality of the fruit and the antimicrobial activity of the extracted EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Michela Palumbo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via M. Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Ilde Ricci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via M. Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Bernardo Pace
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via M. Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Angelo Adduci
- Consorzio del Cedro di Calabria, Corso del Tirreno, 353, 87020 Santa Maria del Cedro, Italy
| | - Anna Luparelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Maria Cefola
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via M. Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Francesco Siano
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
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El Harati R, Fancello F, Multineddu C, Zara G, Zara S. Screening and In Silico Analyses of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b Bank Mutants Using Citral as a Natural Antimicrobial. Foods 2024; 13:1457. [PMID: 38790757 PMCID: PMC11119076 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial function of citral, one of the main compounds of the essential oils (EO) of the Citrus genus, and widely used by the food industry toward spoilage yeast, was previously proven. In this study, the possible mode of action of citral against yeast cells was evaluated by using a global deletome approach. Firstly, the suitability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b to serve as model yeast was assessed by determining its sensitivity to citral (MIC = 0.5 μL/mL). Subsequently, the complete library of Σ1278b haploid mutants deleted in 4019 non-essential genes was screened to identify potential molecular targets of citral. Finally, the deleted genes in the 590 mutants showing increased citral resistance was analyzed with an in-silico approach (Gene Ontology). The significantly enriched GO Terms were "cytoplasm", "vacuole", and "mitochondrion" (cellular components); "catalytic activity" (molecular function); "pseudohyphal growth" (biological process). For molecular function, resistant mutants were grouped into thiosulfate sulfur transferase activity, transferase activity, and oxidoreductase activity; for cellular components, resistant mutants were grouped as: cytoplasm, intracellular organelle, membrane-bounded organelle, mitochondrion, organelle membrane, and vacuole; and finally, with regard to biological process, deleted genes were grouped as: pseudohyphal growth, mitochondrion organization, lipid metabolic process, DNA recombination and repair, and proteolysis. Interestingly, many identified genes were associated with the cellular response to oxidative stress and ROS scavenging. These findings have important implications for the development of citral-based antimicrobials and the elucidation of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Severino Zara
- Department di Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.E.H.); (F.F.); (C.M.); (G.Z.)
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Nowak N, Grzebieniarz W, Juszczak L, Cholewa-Wójcik A, Synkiewicz-Musialska B, Huber V, Touraud D, Kunz W, Jamróz E. Influence of Curcuma Longa extract in citral addition on functional properties of thin films with triple-layer structure based on furcellaran and gelatin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131344. [PMID: 38574923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we obtained triple-layer films based on furcellaran and gelatin, in which the middle layer was enriched with extract of Curcuma longa in citral. This newly developed material underwent a comprehensive characterisation process to identify significant improvements in its functional properties. Both SEM, XRD and FTIR analyzes indicated the formation of interactions not only between the components but also between the film layers. Notably, the incorporation of the natural extract led to a significant reduction in solubility, decreasing it from 74.79 % to 57.25 %, while enhancing thermal stability expressed as a melting point elevating it from 147.10 °C in the control film to 158.80 °C in the film with the highest concentration of the active ingredient. Simultaneously, the addition of this active ingredient resulted in decreased water contact angle (WCA) values, rendering the film more hydrophilic. The produced films exhibit great promise as packaging materials, particularly within the food industry, and the conducted research is marked by its forward-looking and developmental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Wiktoria Grzebieniarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lesław Juszczak
- Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL-42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; Department of Food Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cholewa-Wójcik
- Department of Product Packaging, Cracow University of Economics, Rakowicka 27, PL-31-510 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Kraków Division, Zabłocie 39, Kraków, Poland
| | - Verena Huber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Universtitätsstrasse 31, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Universtitätsstrasse 31, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Universtitätsstrasse 31, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ewelina Jamróz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Kraków, Poland; Department of Product Packaging, Cracow University of Economics, Rakowicka 27, PL-31-510 Kraków, Poland
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Jovito VDC, Lima JMD, Rangel MDL, Gondim BLC, Nogueira PL, Medeiros ACDD, Sobral MV, Castro RDD, Castellano LRC. Anticandida and antibiofilm activities of extract from Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against Candida spp. Braz Oral Res 2024; 38:e016. [PMID: 38477802 PMCID: PMC11376626 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic nature of infections caused by Candida spp. underscores the necessity for novel therapeutic agents. Extracts of Schinopsis brasilienses Engl are \ a promising source of agents with antifungal effects. This study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of the leaf extract of S. brasilienses. The antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and fungicide concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was assessed by counting colony-forming units/mL. The study examined the inhibition kinetics of fungal growth and potential synergism between gallic acid or the extract and nystatin using the Checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through the MTT assay. The extract exhibited antifungal effect against all tested strains, with MIC and MFC ranging from 31.25-250 μg/mL. Gallic acid, the main isolated compound, displayed a MIC of 2000 μg/mL. The extract of S. brasilienses at 31.25 μg/mL inhibited the formation of biofilm by C. albicans and significantly reduced the mass of mature biofilm after 24 and 48 h (p < 0. 05). At a concentration of 125 μg/mL, the extract demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal growth after 6 hours. The combination of gallic acid or extract with nystatin did not exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effect. Furthermore, the extract did not induce cytotoxicity to a human cell line. The extract of S. brasiliensis demonstrates antifungal activity against Candida, generally exhibiting fungicidal action and capacity to inhibit biofilm formation as well as reduce mature biofilms. Additionally, the extract showed low cytotoxicity to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa de Carvalho Jovito
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Muniz de Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Marianne de Lucena Rangel
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Lima Nogueira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | | | - Marianna Vieira Sobral
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
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10
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Al-Maharik N, Salama Y, Al-Hajj N, Jaradat N, Jobran NT, Warad I, Hamdan L, Alrob MA, Sawafta A, Hidmi A. Chemical composition, anticancer, antimicrobial activity of Aloysia citriodora Palau essential oils from four different locations in Palestine. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:94. [PMID: 38365676 PMCID: PMC10870676 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this investigation was to determine the anticancer and antimicrobial properties of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the leaves of Aloysia citriodora Palau, which were procured from four separate locations in Palestine, in addition to analyzing their chemical composition. These areas include Jericho, which has the distinction of being the lowest location on Earth, at 260 m below sea level. The EOs were acquired by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was examined utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EOs was assessed against six bacterial strains and one fungal species using 96-well microtiter plates. The primary components found in these oils are geranial (26.32-37.22%), neral (18.38-29.00%), and α-curcumene (7.76-16.91%) in three regions. α-Curcumene (26.94%), spathulenol (13.69%), geranial (10.79%), caryophyllene oxide (8.66%), and neral (7.59%) were found to be the most common of the 32 chemical components in the EO from Jericho. The EOs exhibited bactericidal properties, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and showed highly effective fungicidal activity. Nevertheless, the antifungal efficacy of the EO was found to surpass its antibacterial activity when administered at lower dosages. The EOs exhibited anticancer activities against melanoma cancer cells, as indicated by their IC50 values, which ranged from 4.65 to 7.96 μg/mL. A. citriodora EO possesses substantial antifungal and anticancer characteristics, rendering it appropriate for utilization in food-related contexts, hence potentially enhancing the sustainability of the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Al-Maharik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Nablus, 99900800, Palestine.
| | - Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, 00970, Palestine
| | - Nisreen Al-Hajj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Nablus, 99900800, Palestine
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P.O. Box. 7, Palestine
| | - Naji Thaer Jobran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Birzeit University, Birzeit, P.O. Box. 7, Palestine
| | - Ismael Warad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Nablus, 99900800, Palestine
| | - Lina Hamdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Nablus, 99900800, Palestine
| | - Moataz Abo Alrob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Nablus, 99900800, Palestine
| | - Asil Sawafta
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, 00970, Palestine
| | - Adel Hidmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Birzeit University, Birzeit, P.O. Box. 7, Palestine
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11
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Conn BN, Lieberman JA, Chatman P, Cotton K, Essandoh MA, Ebqa’ai M, Nelson TL, Wozniak KL. Antifungal activity of eumelanin-inspired indoylenepheyleneethynylene against Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1339303. [PMID: 38293553 PMCID: PMC10826398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1339303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in >152,000 immunocompromised individuals annually, leading to 112,000 yearly deaths. The four classes of existing antifungal agents target plasma membrane sterols (ergosterol), nucleic acid synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. Existing drugs are not highly effective against Cryptococcus, and antifungal drug resistance is an increasing problem. A novel antimicrobial compound, a eumelanin-inspired indoylenepheyleneethynylene, EIPE-1, was synthesized and has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA), but not towards Gram-negative organisms. Based on EIPE-1's antibacterial activity, we hypothesized that EIPE-1 could have antifungal activity. For these studies, we tested EIPE-1 against C. neoformans strain H99 and 6 additional cryptococcal clinical isolates. We examined antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, effects on fungal gene expression, and mechanism of action of EIPE-1. Results showed that EIPE-1 has fungicidal effects on seven cryptococcal strains with MICs ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 μg/mL depending on the strain, and it is non-toxic to mammalian cells. We conducted scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the exposed cells to examine structural changes to the organism following EIPE-1 treatment. Cells exposed displayed structural changes to their cell wall and membranes, with internal contents leaking out of the cells. To understand the effect of EIPE-1 on fungal gene expression, RNA sequencing was conducted. Results showed that EIPE-1 affects several processes involved stress response, ergosterol biosynthesis, capsule biosynthesis, and cell wall attachment and remodeling. Therefore, our studies demonstrate that EIPE-1 has antifungal activity against C. neoformans, which affects both cellular structure and gene expression of multiple fungal pathways involved in cell membrane stability and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N. Conn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jacob A. Lieberman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Priscilla Chatman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Cotton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Martha A. Essandoh
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Mohammad Ebqa’ai
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Toby L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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12
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Mahmoud R, Kotb NM, GadelHak Y, El-Ela FIA, Shehata AZ, Othman SI, Allam AA, Rudayni HA, Zaher A. Investigation of ternary Zn-Co-Fe layered double hydroxide as a multifunctional 2D layered adsorbent for moxifloxacin and antifungal disinfection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:806. [PMID: 38191628 PMCID: PMC10774404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides have recently gained wide interest as promising multifunctional nanomaterials. In this work, a multifunctional ternary Zn-Co-Fe LDH was prepared and characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET, TEM, SEM, and EDX. This LDH showed a typical XRD pattern with a crystallite size of 3.52 nm and a BET surface area of 155.9 m2/g. This LDH was investigated, for the first time, as an adsorbent for moxifloxacin, a common fluoroquinolones antibiotic, showing a maximum removal efficiency and equilibrium time of 217.81 mg/g and 60 min, respectively. Its antifungal activity, for the first time, was investigated against Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor fungi at various concentrations (1000-1.95 µg/mL). This LDH was found to be effective against a variety of fungal strains, particularly Penicillium and Mucor species and showed zones of inhibition of 19.3 and 21.6 mm for Penicillium and Mucor, respectively, with an inhibition of 85% for Penicillium species and 68.3% for Mucormycosis. The highest antifungal efficacy results were obtained at very low MIC concentrations (33.3 and 62 µg/ml) against Penicillium and Mucor, respectively. The results of this study suggest a promising multifunctional potential of this LDH for water and wastewater treatment and disinfection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Nada M Kotb
- Hydrogeology and Environment Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Yasser GadelHak
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ayman Z Shehata
- Department of Food Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sarah I Othman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, 11623, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, 11623, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Zaher
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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13
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Abo El-Ela FI, Hassan WH, Amer AM, El-Dek SI. Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Polymeric Nanoparticles and Correlation with Their pH Against Mucor circinelloides Causing Mucormycosis, Along with Penicillium notatum and Aspergillus Species. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:47. [PMID: 38135799 PMCID: PMC10746780 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is uncommon, yet it is more prevalent among individuals with underlying health conditions and those who are immunocompromised. Chitosan is studied because of its appealing properties and diverse applications. The purpose of this work is to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) by ionic gelation method at various pH levels and test them against Mucor and other filamentous fungus. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Zeta sizer, Zeta potential, and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy were used to characterize CSNPs. Hydrodynamic size increased considerably with increasing pH. Our CSNPs were tested against fungal isolates of Aspergillus Flavus RCMB 02783, Aspergillus Fumigatus RCMB 02564, and Aspergillus Niger RCMB 02588, Penicillium Notatum (NCPF 2881) and (M. circinelloides CNRMA 03.894) causing mucromycosis. Antifungal activity was investigated using Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal concentration (MFC), Disc diffusion assay, and Antifungal inhibitory percentages methods. The best antifungal efficacy results were obtained through CSNPs prepared at pH = 4.4 at very low concentration for MIC (1.03 or 2.75 μg/mL) with 100% M. circinelloides inhibition followed by pH = 4.6 with MIC (73 or 208 μg/mL) and 93% M. cirecinelloides inhibition %. Future usage of these materials in masks or wound dressing to avoid fungal infections, including mucormycosis following COVID-19, penicillium, and aspergillosis toxicity and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Walid Hamdy Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Amer
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - S I El-Dek
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
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14
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Mahfud MAS, Syahirah NA, Akram M, Mahfufah U, Saputra MD, Elim D, Andi MNF, Sultan NAF, Himawan A, Domínguez-Robles J, Pamornpathomkul B, Mir M, Permana AD. Solid Dispersion Incorporated into Dissolving Microneedles for Improved Antifungal Activity of Amphotericin B: In Vivo Study in a Fungal Keratitis Model. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6246-6261. [PMID: 37975721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a fungal infection of the cornea, which is part of the eye and causes corneal ulcers and an increased risk of permanent blindness, which is often found in Candida albicans species. Amphotericin B (AMB), which is a group of polyenes as the first-line treatment of FK, is effective in annihilating C. albicans. However, AMB preparations such as eye drops and ointments have major drawbacks, for instance, requiring more frequent administrations, loss of the drug by the drainage process, and rapid elimination in the precornea, which result in low bioavailability of the drug. An ocular dissolving microneedle containing the solid dispersion amphotericin B (DMN-SD-AMB) had been developed using a mixture of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) polymers, while the solid dispersion AMB (SD-AMB) was contained in the needle as a drug. This study aims to determine the most optimal and safest DMN-SD-AMB formula for the treatment of FK in the eye as well as a solution to overcome the low bioavailability of AMB eye drops and ointment preparations. SD-AMB had been successfully developed, which was characterized by increased antifungal activity and drug release in vitro compared to other treatments. Furthermore, DMN-SD-AMB studies had also been successfully performed with the best formulation, which exhibited the best ex vivo corneal permeation profile and antifungal activity as well as being safe from eye irritation. In addition, an in vivo antifungal activity using a rabbit infection model shows that the number of fungal colonies was 0.98 ± 0.11 log10 CFU/mL (F3), 5.76 ± 0.32 log10 CFU/mL (AMB eye drops), 4.01 ± 0.28 log10 CFU/mL (AMB ointments), and 9.09 ± 0.65 log10 CFU/mL (control), which differed significantly (p < 0.05). All of these results evidence that DMN-SD-AMB is a new approach to developing intraocular preparations for the treatment of FK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ulfah Mahfufah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Diany Elim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Achmad Himawan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41012, Spain
| | | | - Maria Mir
- Department of Pharmacy, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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15
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Gutiérrez-Pacheco MM, Torres-Moreno H, Flores-Lopez ML, Velázquez Guadarrama N, Ayala-Zavala JF, Ortega-Ramírez LA, López-Romero JC. Mechanisms and Applications of Citral's Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1608. [PMID: 37998810 PMCID: PMC10668791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski's rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heriberto Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - María Liliana Flores-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25070, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Norma Velázquez Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, San Luis Río Colorado 83430, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
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16
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Rahman MM, Wills RBH, Bowyer MC, Vuong VQ, Golding JB, Kirkman T, Pristijono P. Efficacy of Lemon Myrtle Essential Oil as a Bio-Fungicide in Inhibiting Citrus Green Mould. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3742. [PMID: 37960098 PMCID: PMC10650515 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of lemon myrtle (LM) (Backhousia citriodora) essential oil (EO) was investigated to combat Penicillium digitatum by in vitro agar diffusion and vapour assay and in artificially infected oranges. The main constituent of LM EO was revealed as citral when analysed in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pure citral was also included in the experiment for comparison. The in vitro fungal growth was significantly inhibited by LM EO at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 μL per disc while complete growth inhibition by both the pure citral and LM EO occurred at 4 and 5 μL per disc. Inoculated fruits treated by dipping in 1000 μL L-1 LM EO solutions for 5, 10, 15, 30 and 120 s showed significantly lower fungal wounds compared to control. While longer dipping times led to some rind injuries, fruits with a 5 and 10 s dip were found free from any injury. The evaluation after dipping and storage confirmed that the fruits maintained the sensory attributes and were not compromised by the incorporation of the essential oil. The results of this study indicate that LM EO can be a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides for preserving the quality of citrus fruits during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Rahman
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Ronald B. H. Wills
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Van Q. Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - John B. Golding
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Timothy Kirkman
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Penta Pristijono
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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17
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Jaradat N. Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO 2, Microwave-Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:6870. [PMID: 37836713 PMCID: PMC10574671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon flexuosus is a highly valued botanical species with significant applications in the food and food supplement industries, medicine, and cosmetics. The effects of four extraction techniques, supercritical CO2, microwave-ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, on the yield, phytochemical constituents, and antifungal activity against nine fungal species of Cymbopogon flexuosus aromatic oil (AO) were explored in this investigation. Gas chromatography connected with a mass spectrometry apparatus was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the investigated plant AOs. In addition, using the broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were calculated for several fungi species. The supercritical CO2 method gave the highest yield of AO (11.62 ± 0.03 (w/w)) followed by the microwave-ultrasonic method (1.55 ± 0.05% (w/w)) and the steam distillation method (1.24 ± 0.04% (w/w)), while the hydrodistillation methods gave the lowest yield (1.17 ± 0.01 (w/w)). In addition, eighteen molecules were specified in the AOs obtained with the supercritical CO2, microwave-ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, which constituted 99.36, 98.6, 98.21, and 98.31% (v/v) of the total oils, respectively. Additionally, linalyl acetate was the trending molecule in the microwave-ultrasonic and steam distillation methods, representing 24.61 and 24.34% (v/v), respectively, while geranial was the dominant molecule in the AOs extracted with the hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction techniques (27.01 and 25.6% (v/v), respectively). The antifungal screening results revealed that the tested C. flexuosus AOs have potential antifungal effects against all the screened fungi species. The antifungal effect of the AOs extracted with the steam distillation and microwave-ultrasonic methods was remarkable compared with that of the commercial antifungal drug Fluconazole. However, the AOs extracted with these two methods have a more potent antifungal effect against Candida parapsilosis than that of Fluconazole with MICs of 3.13 ± 0.01, 3.13 ± 0.01, and 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The same effects were also observed against Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the steam distillation and microwave-ultrasonic methods are promising processes for the extraction of C. flexuosus AO with a potent antifungal effect. This may be an advantage for the utilization of C. flexuosus AO over some antifungal synthetic agents commonly utilized as medicines, preservatives, food additives, cosmetics, and nutrient supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
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18
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Neves AR, Freitas-Silva J, Durães F, Silva ER, Rodrigues IC, Mergulhão F, Gomes M, Teixeira-Santos R, Bernardes André M, Silva R, Remião F, Pinto E, da Costa PM, Sousa E, Correia da Silva M. Insights into the antimicrobial properties of a cationic steroid and antibiofilm performance in PDMS-based coatings to potentially treat urinary infections. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8697-8716. [PMID: 37646077 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01185b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections are one of the most important threats, driving the search for new antimicrobial compounds. Cationic peptide antibiotics (CPAs) and ceragenins (CSAs) contain in their structures cationic groups and adopt a facially amphiphilic conformation, conferring the ability to permeate the membranes of bacteria and fungi. Keeping these features in mind, an amine steroid, DOCA-NH2, was found to be active against reference strains and MDR isolates of Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compound was active against all the tested microorganisms, having bactericidal and fungicidal activity, displaying minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 16 and 128 μg mL-1. No synergy with clinically relevant antibacterial drugs was found. However, the compound was able to completely inhibit the biofilm formation of bacteria exposed to the MIC of the compound. For E. coli and E. faecalis, inhibition of biofilm formation occurred at half the MIC. Besides, DOCA-NH2 inhibited the dimorphic transition of Candida albicans at concentrations 4 times lower than the MIC, and can reduce the microorganism virulence and biofilm formation was significantly reduced at both MIC and half the MIC. Polydimethylsiloxane-based coatings containing DOCA-NH2 (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) were prepared and tested against the E. coli biofilm formation under hydrodynamic conditions similar to those prevailing in ureteral stents. A biofilm reduction of approximately 80% was achieved when compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Neves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Freitas-Silva
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Durães
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elisabete R Silva
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês C Rodrigues
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Mergulhão
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Teixeira-Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Bernardes André
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia da Silva
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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19
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Marquez L, Lee Y, Duncan D, Whitesell L, Cowen LE, Quave C. Potent Antifungal Activity of Penta- O-galloyl-β-d-Glucose against Drug-Resistant Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Other Non- albicans Candida Species. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1685-1694. [PMID: 37607350 PMCID: PMC10496123 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Among fungal pathogens, infections by drug-resistant Candida species continue to pose a major challenge to healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of the bioactive natural product, penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida albicans, MDR Candida auris, and other MDR non-albicans Candida species. Here, we show that PGG has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25-8 μg mL-1 (0.265-8.5 μM) against three clinical strains of C. auris and a MIC of 0.25-4 μg mL-1 (0.265-4.25 μM) against a panel of other MDR Candida species. Our cytotoxicity studies found that PGG was well tolerated by human kidney, liver, and epithelial cells with an IC50 > 256 μg mL-1 (>272 μM). We also show that PGG is a high-capacity iron chelator and that deletion of key iron homeostasis genes in C. albicans rendered strains hypersensitive to PGG. In conclusion, PGG displayed potent anti-Candida activity with minimal cytotoxicity for human cells. We also found that the antifungal activity of PGG is mediated through an iron-chelating mechanism, suggesting that the compound could prove useful as a topical treatment for superficial Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Marquez
- Molecular
and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Jones
Center at Ichauway, Newton, Georgia 39870, United States
| | - Yunjin Lee
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Cassandra Quave
- Center
for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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20
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Mohamed H, Mahmoud R, Abdelwahab A, Farghali AA, Abo El-Ela FI, Allah AE. Multifunctional ternary ZnMgFe LDH as an efficient adsorbent for ceftriaxone sodium and antimicrobial agent: sustainability of adsorption waste as a catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26069-26088. [PMID: 37664207 PMCID: PMC10472347 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve sustainable benefits for the adsorption of wastewater pollutants, spent adsorbents need to be recycled and/or valorized. This work studied a two-dimensional (2D) ZnMgFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) for ceftriaxone sodium (CTX) adsorption. This LDH showed a crystallite size of 9.8 nm, a BET surface area of 367.59 m2 g-1, and a micro-sphere-like morphology. The factors investigated in this study were the adsorbent dose, initial concentration, initial pH, and contact time. ZnMgFe LDH showed 99% removal of CTX with a maximum adsorption capacity of 241.75 mg g-1 at pH = 5. The Dubinin-Radushkevich model was found to be the most adequate isotherm model. The spent adsorbent (ZnMgFe LDH/CTX) was reused as an electro-oxidation catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. ZnMgFe LDH/CTX showed almost a 10-fold increase in electrochemical activity for all scan rates compared to bare ZnMgFe LDH in 1 M KOH. As methanol concentration increases, the maximum current density generated by both the ZnMgFe LDH and ZnMgFe LDH/CTX samples increases. Moreover, the maximum current density for ZnMgFe LDH/CTX was 47 mA cm-2 at a methanol concentration of 3 M. Both samples possess reasonable stability over a 3600 S time window with no significant deterioration of electrochemical performance. Moreover, the antimicrobial studies showed that ZnMgFe LDH had a significant antifungal (especially Aspergillus, Mucor, and Penicillium species) and antibacterial (with greater action against Gram-positive than negative) impact on several severe infectious diseases, including Aspergillus. This study paves the way for the reuse and valorization of selected adsorbents toward circular economy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Mohamed
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - Rehab Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University 62511 Egypt
| | - Abdalla Abdelwahab
- Faculty of Science, Galala University Sokhna 43511 Suez Egypt
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Farghali
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University 62511 Egypt
| | - Abeer Enaiet Allah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University 62511 Egypt
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21
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Almalki AH, Hassan WH, Belal A, Farghali A, Saleh RM, Allah AE, Abdelwahab A, Lee S, Hassan AHE, Ghoneim MM, Abdullah O, Mahmoud R, Abo El-Ela FI. Exploring the Antimicrobial Activity of Sodium Titanate Nanotube Biomaterials in Combating Bone Infections: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050799. [PMID: 37237702 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of bone and joint infections are caused by Gram-positive organisms, specifically staphylococci. Additionally, gram-negative organisms such as E. coli can infect various organs through infected wounds. Fungal arthritis is a rare condition, with examples including Mucormycosis (Mucor rhizopus). These infections are difficult to treat, making the use of novel antibacterial materials for bone diseases crucial. Sodium titanate nanotubes (NaTNTs) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and characterized using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Zeta sizer. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the NaTNT framework nanostructure was evaluated using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Disc Diffusion assays for bacterial activity, and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) for antifungal investigation. In addition to examining in vivo antibacterial activity in rats through wound induction and infection, pathogen counts and histological examinations were also conducted. In vitro and in vivo tests revealed that NaTNT has substantial antifungal and antibacterial effects on various bone-infected pathogens. In conclusion, current research indicates that NaTNT is an efficient antibacterial agent against a variety of microbial pathogenic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Hamdy Hassan
- Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Farghali
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Romissaa M Saleh
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abeer Enaiet Allah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdalla Abdelwahab
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Galala University, Sokhna, Suez 43511, Egypt
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduated School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Omeima Abdullah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Li J, Chen W, Liu H, Liu H, Xiang S, You F, Jiang Y, Lin J, Zhang D, Zheng C. Pharmacologic effects approach of essential oils and their components on respiratory diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 304:115962. [PMID: 36529244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Essential oils (EOs) are concentrated hydrophobic liquids with volatility and a unique aroma. Formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites, EOs have been used as traditional medicines to treat various health problems worldwide. Historical records show that herbs rich in EOs have been widely used to treat respiratory diseases in China, Europe, and many other regions. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review summarizes the traditional applications and modern pharmacological mechanisms of EOs derived from aromatic herbs and their active ingredients in respiratory diseases in preclinical and clinical trials through multitarget synergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about EOs and respiratory diseases was collected from electronic databases, such as ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS This review presents the preventive and therapeutic effects of EOs on respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, acute lung injury, pulmonary infection, and pulmonary fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms of EOs in treating different lung diseases are summarized, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, mucolytic, and immune regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS EOs show potential as supplements or substitutes for treating lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Wu Chen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Sirui Xiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Fengming You
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Yifang Jiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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23
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Zhan L, Tian X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Peng X, Zhao G. Honokiol reduces fungal burden and ameliorate inflammation lesions of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis via Dectin-2 down-regulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109849. [PMID: 36933490 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To screen and identify the mechanism of honokiol on anti-fungi and anti-inflammation in fungal keratitis (FK) through bioinformatic analysis and biological experiments. METHODS Transcriptome profile demonstrated differential expression genes (DEGs) of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis between PBS-treated and honokiol-treated groups via bioinformatics analyses. Inflammatory substances were quantified by qRT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA, and macrophage polarization was examined by flow cytometry. Periodic acid Schiff staining and morphological interference assay were used to detect hyphal distribution in vivo and fungal germination in vitro, respectively. Electron microscopy was to illustrate hyphal microstructure. RESULTS Illumina sequencing demonstrated that compared with the honokiol group, 1175 up-regulated and 383 down-regulated genes were induced in C57BL/6 mice Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis with PBS treatment. Through GO analysis, some differential expression proteins (DEPs) played major roles in biological processes, especially fungal defense and immune activation. KEGG analysis provided fungus-related signaling pathways. PPI analysis demonstrated that DEPs from multiple pathways form a close-knit network, providing a broader context for FK treatment. In biological experiments, Dectin-2, NLRP3 and IL-1β were upregulated by Aspergillus fumigatus to evaluate immune response. Honokiol could reverse the trend, comparable to Dectin-2 siRNA interference. Meanwhile, honokiol could also play an anti-inflammatory role via promoting M2 phenotype polarization. Moreover, honokiol reduced hyphal distribution in the stroma, delayed germination, and destroyed the hyphal cell membrane in-vitro. CONCLUSIONS Honokiol possesses anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis and may develop a potential and safe therapeutic modality for FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine 540 E. Canfield Avenue Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hengrui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle WA98104, USA.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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24
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Zhan L, Tian X, Lin J, Peng X, Zhao G. Glabridin Inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus Growth and Alleviate Inflammation Mediated by Dectin-2 and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:348-356. [PMID: 36785524 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2164779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The research was used to uncover the mechanism of glabridin in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis in anti-fungus and anti-inflammation. METHODS In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were infected with A. fumigatus with incubation of glabridin in different concentrations. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assess the inflammatory severe and alternation with the intervention of Dectin-2 siRNA and glabridin. In vivo, A. fumigatus keratitis mouse models were established by spore intra-stromal injection and treated with glabridin or PBS. And disease scores, inflammatory mediators, and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining were exhibited to demonstrate the therapeutic efficiency of glabridin in vivo. Morphological interference assay monitored fungal germination. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the growth of fungi. RESULTS In RAW 264.7 cells and mouse keratitis models, noncytotoxic 16 μg/mL glabridin showed significant inhibition in the expression of Dectin-2, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α after A. fumigatus infection, almost similar to the intervention of Dectin-2 siRNA. PAS staining illustrated the reduced hyphal distribution in cornea stroma with glabridin treatment. Glabridin remarkably inhibited A. fumigatus growth through delaying germination and disrupting the integrity of the hyphae membrane. CONCLUSION Glabridin plays an anti-inflammatory role in A. fumigatus challenge via suppression of the Dectin-2 and NLRP3 inflammasome, and plays an anti-fungal role through delaying germination and changing the hyphal integrity.KEY MESSAGESGlabridin plays an anti-inflammatory role in A. fumigatus infection of RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and through Dectin-2 mediation.Glabridin decreases fungal distribution and inflammation in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis.Glabridin inhibits A. fumigatus growth by delaying germination and disrupting cellular structure in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Ramesh S, Madduri M, Rudramurthy SM, Roy U. Functional Characterization of a Bacillus-Derived Novel Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Lipopeptide Variant against Candida tropicalis and Candida auris and Unravelling Its Mode of Action. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0158322. [PMID: 36744953 PMCID: PMC10100908 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01583-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited treatment options, recalcitrance, and resistance to existing therapeutics encourage the discovery of novel antifungal leads for alternative therapeutics. Antifungal lipopeptides have emerged as potential candidates for developing new and alternative antifungal therapies. In our previous studies, we isolated and identified the lipopeptide variant AF4 and purified it to homogeneity via chromatography from the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus subtilis. AF4 was found to have broad-spectrum antifungal activity against more than 110 fungal isolates. In this study, we found that clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida auris exposed to AF4 exhibited low MICs of 4 to 8 mg/L. Time-kill assays indicated the in vitro pharmacodynamic potential of AF4. Biocompatibility assays demonstrated ~75% cell viability at 8 mg/L of AF4, indicating the lipopeptide's minimally cytotoxic nature. In lipopeptide-treated C. tropicalis and C. auris cells, scanning electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell surface, while confocal microscopy with acridine orange(AO)/propidium iodide (PI) and FUN-1 indicated permeabilization of the cell membrane, and DNA damage upon DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. These observations were corroborated using flow cytometry (FC) in which propidium iodide, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and rhodamine 123 (Rh123) staining of cells treated with AF4 revealed loss of membrane integrity, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, respectively. Membrane perturbation was also observed in the 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence study and the interaction with ergosterol was observed by an ergosterol binding assay. Decreased membrane dipole potential also indicated the probable binding of lipopeptide to the cell membrane. Collectively, these findings describe the mode of action of AF4 against fungal isolates by membrane disruption and ROS generation, demonstrating its antifungal potency. IMPORTANCE C. tropicalis is a major concern for candidiasis in India and C. auris has emerged as a resistant yeast causing difficult-to-treat infections. Currently, amphotericin B (AMB) and 5-flucytosine (5-FC) are the main therapeutics for systemic fungal infections; however, the nephrotoxicity of AMB and resistance to 5-FC is a serious concern. Antifungal lead molecules with low adverse effects are the need of the hour. In this study, we briefly describe the antifungal potential of the AF4 lipopeptide and its mode of action using microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence-based assays. Our investigation reveals the basic mode of action of the investigated lipopeptide. This lipopeptide with broad-spectrum antifungal potency is apparently membrane-active, and there is a smaller chance that organisms exposed to such a compound will develop drug resistance. It could potentially act as a lead molecule for the development of an alternative antifungal agent to combat candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Madhuri Madduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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26
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Lemos ASO, Campos LM, Souza TF, Paula PL, Da Silva JVG, Coimbra ES, Hottz ED, Dib PRB, Aguiar JAK, Grazul RM, Chedier LM, Fabri RL. Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Centrosema coriaceum using GC/MS, UFLC-QTOF-MS, and FACE. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200624. [PMID: 36479817 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, natural products with biological activities have been increasingly researched. The elucidation of phytoconstituents is necessary for the development of drugs as a natural alternative for the treatment of various diseases. The work aimed to evaluate in vitro and in silico bioactivities of hexane (CCHE) and methanol (CCME) fractions of ethanolic extract from Centrosema coriaceum Benth (Fabaceae) leaves and elucidate their phytoconstituents. CCHE and CCME showed antifungal activity for Candida glabrata (MIC of 1000 μg/mL) with fungistatic effect and action in cell envelope by sorbitol and ergosterol assays. CCHE and CCME presented promising antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical with IC50 of 13.61±0.50 and 6.31±0.40 μg/mL, respectively, and relative antioxidant activity (RAA%) of 45.77±3.61/ 28.53±2.25 % for CCHE and 82.18±2.25/51.99±3.23 % for CCME when compared to rutin and quercetin, respectively. Moreover, these fractions demonstrated promising results for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. For anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities, CCHE and CCME significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α, without toxicity on murine intraperitoneal macrophages, respectively. Esters, alkanes, steroids, tocopherols, and terpenes were identified in CCHE by GC/MS. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and disaccharides were detected in CCME by UFLC-QTOF-MS and FACE. Furthermore, rutin was purified from CCME. In silico predictions evidenced that compounds present in both fractions have high affinity to the fungal membrane besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Based on these observations, CCHE and CCME have a noteworthy potential for the design of novel antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents that should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari S O Lemos
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thalita F Souza
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila L Paula
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - João Victor G Da Silva
- Glycoconjugate Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology - Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de For a, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula R B Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de For a, MG, Brazil
| | - Jair A K Aguiar
- Glycoconjugate Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Richard M Grazul
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Chedier
- Departament of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Fabri
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
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Guo L, Mao X, Li Y, Zhou Z. Polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs)-loaded citral nanoemulsion controls green mold in citrus by damaging the cell membrane of Penicillium digitatum. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:854-864. [PMID: 36746557 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is susceptible to Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) infection in post-harvest storage, resulting in enormous economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and potential mechanism of the combination of Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and citral (two natural antifungal components derived from citrus) against P. digitatum in vitro and citrus fruit. The results show that PMFs can enhance the antifungal activity of citral nanoemulsion, and PMFs-loaded citral nanoemulsion (PCT) has significant antifungal activity in a concentration-dependent manner. PCT can evidently inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro, and effectively control the growth of green mold on postharvest citrus fruit. Furthermore, PCT treatment resulted in the alteration of mycelia morphology, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and membrane lipid peroxidation. These changes can disrupt the normal structure and function of the cell membrane, as evidenced by the reduction of total lipid and ergosterol content in the mycelia and the stronger red fluorescence of the cells emitted after PI staining. Based on the above results, we infer that PCT has a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum, and its potential mechanism is related to the destruction of the cell membrane. Therefore, PCT can be considered as a botanical fungicide for citrus preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxue Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing, 400054, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Lu Q, Wang Y, Liao X, Zhou F, Zhang B, Wu X. Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Candida albicans in response to X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1123393. [PMID: 36743308 PMCID: PMC9892945 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, which frequently causes systemic or local fungal infections in humans. The evolution of its drug-resistant mutants necessitate an urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents. Results Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory mechanisms of X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide (X33 AMOP) against C. albicans. The oxford cup test results showed that X33 AMOP had strong inhibitory activity against C. albicans, and its MIC and MFC were 0.625 g/L and 2.5 g/L, respectively. Moreover, SEM and TEM showed that X33 AMOP disrupted the integrity of cell membrane. The AKP, ROS, H2O2 and MDA contents increased, while the reducing sugar, soluble protein, and pyruvate contents decreased after the X33 AMOP treatment. This indicated that X33 AMOP could damage the mitochondrial integrity of the cells, thereby disrupting the energy metabolism by inducing oxidative stress in C. albicans. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that X33 AMOP treatment resulted in the differential expression of 1140 genes, among which 532 were up-regulated, and 608 were down-regulated. These DEGs were related to protein, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, and their expression changes were consistent with the changes in physiological characteristics. Moreover, we found that X33 AMOP could effectively inhibit the virulence attributes of C. albicans by reducing phospholipase activity and disrupting hypha formation. Discussion These findings provide the first-ever detailed reference for the inhibitory mechanisms of X33 AMOP against C. albicans and suggest that X33 AMOP is a potential drug candidate for treating C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunlin Lu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanxiu Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Liao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Wu,
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Wu,
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Tarsikah, Widyana ED, Wulandari LP. Effectiveness of Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) Leaf Methanol Extract against Candida albicans Colonies. JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN 2022. [DOI: 10.31965/infokes.vol20.iss2.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Candida species, for women are the foremost common cause of parasitic contaminations. Candida species affect contamination in 75% of women and at slightest 6-9% of women involvement repetitive vulvovaginal candidiasis. Candida albicans (CA) accounts for 85-95% of yeast strains separated from the vagina. The treatment which has been administered for candida infections is antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole and fluconazole. When applied topically, synthetic antifungal drugs cause allergic reactions, resistance, and a burning sensation. It is necessary to conduct research on plant-based herbal medicine as an alternative treatment. Kemangi, also recognized as Ocimum Basilicum (OB), is a plant native to Indonesia which has medicinal properties. The objective of this study is to examine how effective OB methanol extract is against CA colonies. The study was performed at Brawijaya University's Microbiology Laboratory in Malang. The experimental laboratories with Posttest Only Control Group Design were employed in this study, with four repetitions of OB concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% against CA colonies. One-way ANOVA was utilized as the hypothesis test, with a significance level of 0.05. The results demonstrated that OB extract with a concentration of 15% was able to inhibit the growth of CA colonies. In the OB extract with a concentration of 35%, no CA colony growth was revealed. One-way ANOVA test obtained p 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion OB owns adequacy in restraining the development of CA organism with negligible murdering rate at a concentration of 35%. Research required to be performed to identify the antifungal potential of OB extract in vivo.
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Clove Essential Oil and Its Main Constituent, Eugenol, as Potential Natural Antifungals against Candida spp. Alone or in Combination with Other Antimycotics Due to Synergistic Interactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010215. [PMID: 36615409 PMCID: PMC9821947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of candidiasis, including superficial infections, has recently increased dramatically, especially in immunocompromised patients. Their treatment is often ineffective due to the resistance of yeasts to antimycotics. Therefore, there is a need to search for new antifungals. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal effect of clove essential oil (CEO) and eugenol (EUG) towards both reference and clinical Candida spp. strains isolated from the oral cavity of patients with hematological malignancies, and to investigate their mode of action and the interactions in combination with the selected antimycotics. These studies were performed using the broth microdilution method, tests with sorbitol and ergosterol, and a checkerboard technique, respectively. The CEO and EUG showed activity against all Candida strains with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 0.25-2 mg/mL. It was also found that both natural products bind to ergosterol in the yeast cell membrane. Moreover, the interactions between CEO and EUG with several antimycotics-cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, silver nitrate and triclosan-showed synergistic or additive effects in combination, except nystatin. This study confirms that the studied compounds appear to be a very promising group of phytopharmaceuticals used topically in the treatment of superficial candidiasis. However, this requires further studies in vivo.
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Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production by Citrinin and Non-Enzymatic Formation of a Novel Citrinin-Kojic Acid Adduct. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010029. [PMID: 36675850 PMCID: PMC9861921 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for microorganisms that inhibit aflatoxin production from environments showed that Penicillium citrinum inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. The inhibitory substance in the culture medium of P. citrinum was confirmed to be citrinin (CTN). RT-PCR analyses showed that CTN did not inhibit expressions of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes (aflR, pksL1, and fas-1) of A. parasiticus, whereas feeding experiments using A. parasiticus showed that CTN inhibited the in vivo conversion of dihydrosterigmatocystin to AFB2·AFG2. These results suggest that CTN inhibits a certain post-transcriptional step in aflatoxin biosynthesis. CTN in the culture medium of A. parasiticus was found to be decreased or lost with time, suggesting that a certain metabolite produced by A. parasiticus is the cause of the CTN decrease; we then purified, characterized, and then analyzed the substance. Physico-chemical analyses confirmed that the metabolite causing a decrease in CTN fluorescence was kojic acid (KA) and the resulting product was identified as a novel substance: (1R,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-1-(3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)-3,4,5-trimethyl-1H-isochromene-7-carboxylic acid, which was named "CTN-KA adduct". Our examination of the metabolites' toxicities revealed that unlike CTN, the CTN-KA adduct did not inhibit aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. These results indicate that CTN's toxicity was alleviated with KA by converting CTN to the CTN-KA adduct.
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32
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Candida albicans Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Dependent Lethality and ROS-Independent Hyphal and Biofilm Inhibition by Eugenol and Citral. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0318322. [PMID: 36394350 PMCID: PMC9769929 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03183-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora but is most frequently isolated as the causative opportunistic pathogen of candidiasis. Plant-based essential oils and their components have been extensively studied as antimicrobials, but their antimicrobial impacts are poorly understood. Phenylpropenoids and monoterpenes, for example, eugenol from clove and citral from lemon grass, are potent antifungals against a wide range of pathogens. We report the cellular response of C. albicans to eugenol and citral, alone and combined, using biochemical and microscopic assays. The MICs of eugenol and citral were 1,000 and 256 μg/mL, respectively, with the two exhibiting additive effects based on a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.83 ± 0.14. High concentrations of eugenol caused membrane damage, oxidative stress, vacuole segregation, microtubule dysfunction and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase, and while citral had similar impacts, they were reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent. At sublethal concentrations (1/2 to 1/4 MIC), both oils disrupted microtubules and hyphal and biofilm formation in an ROS-independent manner. While both compounds disrupt the cell membrane, eugenol had a greater impact on membrane dysfunction. This study shows that eugenol and citral can induce vacuole and microtubule dysfunction, along with the inhibition of hyphal and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a normal resident on and in the human body that can cause relatively benign infections. However, when our immune system is severely compromised (e.g., cancer chemotherapy patients) or underdeveloped (e.g., newborns), this fungus can become a deadly pathogen, infecting the bloodstream and organs. Since there are only a few effective antifungal agents that can be used to combat fungal infections, these fungi have been exposed to them over and over again, allowing the fungi to develop resistance. Instead of developing antifungal agents that kill the fungi, some of which have undesirable side effects on the human host, researchers have proposed to target the fungal traits that make the fungus more virulent. Here, we show how two components of plant-based essential oils, eugenol and citral, are effective inhibitors of C. albicans virulence traits.
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Jothi R, Sangavi R, Raja V, Kumar P, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. Alteration of Cell Membrane Permeability by Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride Induces Cell Death in Clinically Important Candida Species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010027. [PMID: 36612353 PMCID: PMC9819714 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The increased incidence of healthcare-related Candida infection has necessitated the use of effective disinfectants/antiseptics in healthcare settings as a preventive measure to decontaminate the hospital environment and stop the persistent colonization of the offending pathogens. Quanternary ammonium surfactants (QASs), with their promising antimicrobial efficacy, are considered as intriguing and appealing candidates for disinfectants. From this perspective, the present study investigated the antifungal efficacy and action mechanism of the QAS cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) against three clinically important Candida species: C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. CTAC exhibited phenomenal antifungal activity against all tested Candida spp., with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) between 2 and 8 µg/mL. The time−kill kinetics of CTAC (at 2XMIC) demonstrated that an exposure time of 2 h was required to kill 99.9% of the inoculums in all tested strains. An important observation was that CTAC treatment did not influence intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), signifying that its phenomenal anticandidal efficacy was not mediated via oxidative stress. In addition, sorbitol supplementation increased CTAC’s MIC values against all tested Candida strains by three times (8−32 μg/mL), indicating that CTAC’s possible antifungal activity involves fungus cell membrane destruction. Interestingly, the increased fluorescence intensity of CTAC-treated cells in both propidium iodide (PI) and DAPI staining assays indicated the impairment of cell plasma membrane and nuclear membrane integrity by CTAC, respectively. Additionally, CTAC at MIC and 2XMIC was sufficient (>80%) to disrupt the mature biofilms of all tested spp., and it inhibited the yeast-to-hyphae transition at sub-MIC in C. albicans. Finally, the non-hemolytic activity of CTAC (upto 32 µg/mL) in human blood cells and HBECs signified its non-toxic nature at the investigated concentrations. Furthermore, thymol and citral, two phytocompounds, together with CTAC, showed synergistic fungicidal effectiveness against C. albicans planktonic cells. Altogether, the data of the present study appreciably broaden our understanding of the antifungal action mechanism of CTAC and support its future translation as a potential disinfectant against Candida-associated healthcare infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veerapandian Raja
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tan LF, Yap VL, Rajagopal M, Wiart C, Selvaraja M, Leong MY, Tan PL. Plant as an Alternative Source of Antifungals against Aspergillus Infections: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3009. [PMID: 36432738 PMCID: PMC9697101 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus species consists of a group of opportunistic fungi that is virulent when the immunity of the host is compromised. Among the various species, Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent species. However, the prevalence of fungal infections caused by non-fumigatus Aspergillus has been increasing. Polyenes, echinocandins and azoles are the three main classes of antifungal agents being used for the treatment of aspergillosis. Nevertheless, the incidence of resistance towards these three classes has been rising over the years among several Aspergillus spp. The side effects associated with these conventional antifungal agents have also limited their usage. This urges the need for the discovery of a safe and effective antifungal agent, which presents a major challenge in medicine today. Plants present a rich source of bioactive molecules which have been proven effective against a wide range of infections and conditions. Therefore, this present review intends to examine the current literature available regarding the efficacy and mechanism of action of plant extracts and their compounds against Aspergillus spp. In addition, novel drug delivery systems of plant extracts against Aspergillus spp. were also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Fang Tan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Vi Lien Yap
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Malarvili Selvaraja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yee Leong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Puay Luan Tan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Antioxidant-Mediated Modification of Citral and Its Control Effect on Mildewy Bamboo. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214652. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the oxidative degradation of citral and improve its antimildew performance, citral was modified with natural antioxidants such as tea polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and theaflavin in the present study. Additionally, the effects of these natural antioxidants on the citral degradation rate and DPPH radical-scavenging rate, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidant-modified citral in the antimildew treatment of bamboo were investigated. Ascorbic acid, theaflavin, and tea polyphenols improved the antioxidant performance of citral to some extent, and the tea polyphenols exhibited the best antioxidant performance. When the amount of tea polyphenols added to citral reached 1.0%, the oxidative degradation of citral was effectively prevented. Compared with citral, tea-polyphenol-modified citral could reduce the efficacy of the bamboo antimildew treatment against all four mildews and the effectiveness of the antimildew treatment reached 100%. Citral modification with antioxidants reduced the amount of citral required in the treatment, thereby reducing the treatment cost for bamboo mildew.
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Cardoso J, Freitas-Silva J, Durães F, Carvalho DT, Gales L, Pinto M, Sousa E, Pinto E. Antifungal Activity of a Library of Aminothioxanthones. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1488. [PMID: 36358143 PMCID: PMC9686595 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and taking into account the increasing incidence of strains resistant to classical antifungal drugs, the development of new agents has become an urgent clinical need. Considering that thioxanthones are bioisosteres of xanthones with known anti-infective actions, their scaffolds were selected for this study. A small library of synthesized aminothioxanthones (1-10) was evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton rubrum; for the active compounds, the spectrum was further extended to other clinically relevant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that only compounds 1, 8, and 9 exhibited inhibitory and broad-spectrum antifungal effects. Given the greater antifungal potential presented, compound 1 was the subject of further investigations to study its anti-virulence activity and in an attempt to elucidate its mechanism of action; compound 1 seems to act predominantly on the cellular membrane of C. albicans ATCC 10231, altering its structural integrity, without binding to ergosterol, while inhibiting two important virulence factors-dimorphic transition and biofilm formation-frequently associated with C. albicans pathogenicity and resistance. In conclusion, the present work proved the usefulness of thioxanthones in antifungal therapy as new models for antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Cardoso
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Freitas-Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Durães
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37137-001, Brazil
| | - Luís Gales
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (i3S-IBMC), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Ghavam M. A GC-MC analysis of chemical compounds and identification of the antibacterial characteristics of the essential oil of two species exclusive to Iranian habitats: New chemotypes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273987. [PMID: 36201544 PMCID: PMC9536594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity found in the chemical compounds of a single species in different regions results in different biologic characteristics which can be considered as a strong source for identifying new chemotypes. Hymenocrater incanus Bunge and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. are exclusive species of the Lamiaceae family which grow in the western and central habitats of Iran. This study was designed and carried out to determine the yield, identify the chemical compounds, and evaluate the antimicrobial characteristics of the essential oil (EO) of these two species in Iran for the first time. METHODS The flowering twigs of the species D. kotschyi and H. incanus were collected from the villages of Totmach and Kamu in Isfahan province respectively, in May 2019. The EO of these plants was extracted and separated using the water distillation method, utilizing the Clevenger device. The EO compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The evaluation of antimicrobial characteristics was carried out by determining the growth inhibition zone implementing the Agar method, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MFC/MBC) utilizing liquid dilution culture. RESULTS The results indicated that the highest yield belonged to the EO of D. kotschyi at %2.6 (w/w). In this EO there were citral (%25.44), neral (%20.87), α-pinene (%14.48), trans-geranic acid methyl ester (%9.74), and D-limonene (%6.87). Moreover, H. incanus had the dominant compounds (-)-Spathulenol (%12.61), caryophyllene (%10.00), linolenic acid (%8.54), 1,8-cineole (%5.95), palmitic acid (%5.35), and α-cadinol (%5.17). The largest diameter of growth inhibition zone belonged to the H. incanus EO against the Gram-positive bacteria S. pyogenes (~17.67mm). The strongest inhibition activities in the form of growth inhibition diameter exhibited by the D. kotschyi EO were against the Gram-negative bacteria S. paratyphi-A serotype (~ 12 mm), K. pneumoniae, and Sh. dysenteriae (~ 11 mm) which was significant compared to the Gram-positive rifampin (~ 8 mm). CONCLUSIONS It can be seen that these species are new chemotypes with special and novel chemical compounds which can potentially be used to manufacture natural antibiotics against some bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansureh Ghavam
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Tančinová D, Mašková Z, Mendelová A, Foltinová D, Barboráková Z, Medo J. Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils in Vapor Phase against Botrytis cinerea and Their Potential to Control Postharvest Strawberry Gray Mold. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192945. [PMID: 36230021 PMCID: PMC9563059 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants seem to have the potential to control several fungal pathogens and food contaminants. Botrytis cinerea is the main strawberry fruit contaminant causing high losses during storage. Here, thirteen EOs applied in the vapor phase were evaluated for their potential to inhibit the growth of three different strains of B. cinerea isolated from strawberry fruits. Eight EOs (lemongrass, litsea, lavender, peppermint, mint, petitgrain, sage, and thyme) were able to completely inhibit the growth of B. cinerea for 7 days when applied at a concentration of 625 μL·L−1. Four EOs with the lowest minimal inhibition concentrations (thyme, peppermint, lemongrass, and litsea) have been tested on strawberry fruits intentionally inoculated by B. cinerea. All four EOs showed high inhibition at a concentration of 250 or 500 μL·L−1, but only peppermint EO was able to completely inhibit B. cinerea lesion development at a concentration of 125 μL·L−1. The sensory evaluation of strawberries treated by EOs at a concentration 125 μL·L−1 resulted in a statistically significant decrease in taste, aftertaste, aroma, and overall quality. Lemongrass and litsea EOs scored better than thyme and peppermint ones, thus forming two viable methods for B. cinerea suppression and the extension of packed strawberries’ shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tančinová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Mašková
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Mendelová
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Foltinová
- The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic, Botanická 17, 842 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barboráková
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Medo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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Songsang N, Anunmana C, Pudla M, Eiampongpaiboon T. Effects of Litsea cubeba Essential Oil Incorporated into Denture Soft Lining Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163261. [PMID: 36015520 PMCID: PMC9416281 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties, cell cytotoxicity and surface hardness of soft lining materials (GC soft liner, Viscogel and Coe comfort) incorporated with various concentrations of Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of LCEO against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were 1.25% v/v and 10% v/v, respectively. However, when LCEO was incorporated into the three soft lining materials (GC soft liner, Viscogel and Coe comfort), 10% v/v and 30% v/v of LCEO could inhibit the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans, respectively. The extracts of soft lining materials with 10% and 30% v/v LCEO, 2% chlorhexidine, 30% v/v nystatin and no additive were used for cytotoxicity tests on a human gingival fibroblast cell line. There was no significant difference in cell viability in all groups with additives compared to the no additive group (p > 0.05). Surface hardness increased significantly between 2 h and 7 day incubation times in all groups, including the controls (p < 0.05). A higher LCEO concentration had a dose-dependent effect on the surface hardness of all soft lining materials (p < 0.05). However, the surface hardness of materials with additive remained in accordance with ISO 10139-1. LCEO could be used as a natural product against oral pathogens, without having a negative impact on soft lining materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichakorn Songsang
- Residency Training Program, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuchai Anunmana
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Matsayapan Pudla
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Trinuch Eiampongpaiboon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Balkrishna A, Verma S, Mulay VP, Gupta AK, Haldar S, Varshney A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal whole-plant extracts exhibited anti-sporotrichotic effects by destabilizing peripheral integrity of Sporothrix globosa yeast cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010484. [PMID: 35714107 PMCID: PMC9205525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic topical cases of Sporotrichosis, a chronic fungal infection caused by the ubiquitously present cryptic members of the Sporothrix species complex, are treated with oral administrations of itraconazole. However, severe pulmonary or disseminated cases require repeated intra-venous doses of amphotericin B or even surgical debridement of the infected tissue. The unavoidable adverse side-effects of the current treatments, besides the growing drug resistance among Sporothrix genus, demands exploration of alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal herbs, due to their multi-targeting capacity, are gaining popularity amidst the rising antimicrobial recalcitrance. Withania somnifera is a well-known medicinal herb with reported antifungal activities against several pathogenic fungal genera. In this study, the antifungal effect of the whole plant extract of W. somnifera (WSWE) has been explored for the first time, against an itraconazole resistant strain of S. globosa. WSWE treatment inhibited S. globosa yeast form growth in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 of 1.40 mg/ml. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was found to be 50 mg/ml. Sorbitol protection and ergosterol binding assays, revealed that anti-sporotrichotic effects of WSWE correlated well with the destabilization of the fungal cell wall and cell membrane. This observation was validated through dose-dependent decrease in overall ergosterol contents in WSWE-treated S. globosa cells. Compositional analysis of WSWE through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exhibited the presence of several anti-microbial phytochemicals like withanone, withaferin A, withanolides A and B, and withanoside IV and V. Withanone and withaferin A, purified from WSWE, were 10–20 folds more potent against S. globosa than WSWE, thus, suggesting to be the major phytocompounds responsible for the observed anti-sporotrichotic activity. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the anti-sporotrichotic property of the whole plant extract of W. somnifera against S. globosa that could be further explored for the development of a natural antifungal agent against chronic Sporotrichosis. Sporotrichosis, commonly known as ‘rose gardener’s disease’ is a rare but chronic fungal infection caused by several pathogenic members of Sporothrix. Although rare, Sporotrichosis can spread to the lungs or whole body, and thus, could be fatal. However, due to low frequency of its occurrence, scientific research on Sporotrichosis has been rather limited. To exacerbate the situation, many Sporothrix members have developed resistance against the common anti-fungal agents used to treat fungal infections. Many medicinal herbs are being explored for their effectiveness against drug-resistant microorganisms. In this connection, the well-known medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, commonly known as Winter cherry in English and Ashwagandha in Hindi, has been explored for its anti-fungal potentials against several pathogenic fungi. However, to the best of our knowledge, anti-fungal effect of W. somnifera against Sporothrix has not been assessed yet. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-fungal potentials of Withania somnifera whole plant extract (WSWE) against Sporothrix globosa, known to cause Sporotrichosis in Asia. This study demonstrated significant anti-sporotrichotic effect of WSWE, which could be further explored for developing an alternative natural treatment for Sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sudeep Verma
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Vallabh Prakash Mulay
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Recent Advances in the Application of Essential Oils as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Candida-Related Infections. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis (oral, vulvovaginal, or systemic bloodstream infections) are important human fungal infections associated with a high global prevalence in otherwise healthy adults but are also opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. With the recent discovery of the multidrug resistant—and often difficult to treat—Candida auris, as well as the rising costs associated with hospitalisations and the treatment of infections caused by Candida species, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics against these pathogenic yeasts. Essential oils have been documented for many years as treatments for different ailments and are widely known and utilised in alternative and complementary therapies, including treating microbial infections. This review highlights knowledge from research on the effects of medicinal plants, and in particular, essential oils, as potential treatments against different Candida species. Studies have been evaluated that describe the experimental approaches used in investigating the anticandidal effects of essential oils (in vivo and in vitro), the established mode of action of the different compounds against different Candida species, the effect of a combination of essential oils with other compounds as potential therapies, and the evidence from clinical trial studies.
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The Inhibitory Activity of Citral against Malassezia furfur. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia furfur, is a member of the cutaneous commensal microbiota and is associated with several chronic diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, that are often difficult to treat with current therapies. The development of alternatively effective antifungal therapies is therefore of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated the treatment effect of citral on M. furfur. The minimal inhibitory concentration of citral for M. furfur was 200 μg/mL, and the minimal fungicidal concentration was 300 μg/mL. Citral significantly increased the proportion of yeast cells to mycelial forms 2.6-fold. Phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and metacaspase activation supported a citral-induced apoptosis in M. furfur. Moreover, citral at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations reduced the invasion of M. furfur in HaCaT keratinocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that citral inhibited IL-6 and TLR-2 expression and enhanced HBD-2 and TSLP expression in M. furfur-infected HaCaT keratinocytes. These results showed that citral has antifungal activity at high concentrations and can decrease the infection of M. furfur by modulating the keratinocyte immune responses at low concentrations. Our results suggest that citral is a potential candidate for topical therapeutic application for M. furfur-associated human skin diseases.
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Guo L, Li Y, Mao X, Tao R, Tao B, Zhou Z. Antifungal Activity of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids (PMFs)-Loaded Citral Nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum by Causing Cell Membrane Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040388. [PMID: 35448619 PMCID: PMC9029654 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major citrus postharvest pathogen, Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), causes substantial economic losses in citrus. In this study, a citral nanoemulsion containing polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), the antimicrobial compounds from citrus, was prepared. The antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanisms of the nanoemulsion against P. italicum were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of P. italicum was effectively inhibited by the nanoemulsion, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 and 250 mg L−1, respectively. The nanoemulsion significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth, and it altered the morphology of P. italicum. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane increased with increasing nanoemulsion concentrations, as evidenced by a rapid rise in extracellular electric conductivity and stronger red fluorescence from mycelia (propidium iodide staining). Compared with the control, the nanoemulsion treatment induced a decrease in total lipid and ergosterol contents in P. italicum cells by 64.61% and 60.58%, respectively, demonstrating that membrane integrity had been disrupted. The results indicated that the PMFs-loaded nanoemulsion exerted antifungal activity against P. italicum by disrupting cell membrane integrity and permeability; such a nanoemulsion may be used as a potential fungicide substitute for preservation in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxue Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Boyun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-1047
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Houshmandzad M, Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi A, Shokri H. Potential antifungal impact of citral and linalool administered individually or combined with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida krusei. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida krusei is recognized as a major fungal pathogen in patients with immunodeficiency disorders. The present study aimed at investigating the anticandidal activities of citral and linalool combined with fluconazole (FLZ) against FLZ-resistant C. krusei strains. Methods: Antifungal activities were evaluated by the broth microdilution (MD) method to determine the minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (namely, MICs and MFCs) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 document. The interactions were further evaluated using fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for combinations of citral+FLZ and linalool+FLZ, calculated from checkerboard MD assays. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) MIC values of citral, linalool, and FLZ against the C. krusei isolates were 70.23 ± 17, 150 ± 38.73, and 74.66 ± 36.95 μg/mL, respectively. Some fungicidal activities were also observed for citral (2.5) and linalool (1.53) against the C. krusei isolates. The FICI values of citral+FLZ and linalool+FLZ for the C. krusei isolates ranged from 0.4 to 1.00 and 0.19 to 0.63, respectively. The additive and synergistic interactions of linalool + FLZ were further observed in 12 (57.1%) and 9 (42.9%) C. krusei isolates. However, there was an additive interaction for citral + FLZ in 17 (80.9%) isolates. They also showed a synergistic interaction in only four (19.1%) isolates. Moreover, linalool and citral plus FLZ did not have any antagonistic effect on any isolates. Conclusion: The study findings support the possible capabilities of citral and linalool, as anticandidal agents, and FLZ might be supplemented with citral and/or linalool for treating FLZ-resistant C. krusei infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Houshmandzad
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Miranda-Cadena K, Marcos-Arias C, Perez-Rodriguez A, Cabello-Beitia I, Mateo E, Sevillano E, Madariaga L, Quindós G, Eraso E. In vitro and in vivo anti- Candida activity of citral in combination with fluconazole. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2045813. [PMID: 35251524 PMCID: PMC8896188 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2045813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of Candida to develop biofilms on inert surfaces or living tissues favors recalcitrant and chronic candidiasis associated, in many instances, with resistance to current antifungal therapy. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of citral, a phytocompound present in lemongrass essential oil, in monotherapy and combined with fluconazole against azole-resistant Candida planktonic cells and biofilms. The effect of citral combined with fluconazole was also analysed with regard to the expression of fluconazole resistance-associated genes in Candida albicans and the effectiveness of the combination therapy in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of candidiasis. Results Citral reduced biofilm formation at initial stages and the metabolic activity of the mature biofilm. The combination of citral with fluconazole was synergistic, with a significant increase in the survival of C. elegans infected with Candida. RNA analysis revealed a reduction of the expression of the efflux pump encoded by MDR1, leading to a greater effect of fluconazole. Conclusion Citral in monotherapy and in combination with fluconazole could represent an interesting therapy to treat recalcitrant Candida infections associated to biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miranda-Cadena
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cristina Marcos-Arias
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitzol Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iván Cabello-Beitia
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Mateo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Sevillano
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lucila Madariaga
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Chatrath A, Kumar M, Prasad R. Comparative proteomics and variations in extracellular matrix of Candida tropicalis biofilm in response to citral. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:263-275. [PMID: 33959808 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an opportunistic human pathogen with an ability to cause superficial as well as systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. The formation of biofilm by C. tropicalis can cause dreadful and persistent infections which are difficult to treat due to acquired resistance. Presently, available anti-Candida drugs exhibit a high frequency of resistance, low specificity and toxicity at a higher dosage. In addition, the discovery of natural or synthetic anti-Candida drugs is slow paced and often does not pass clinical trials. Citral, a monoterpene aldehyde, has shown effective antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms. However, only few studies have elaborated the action of citral against the biofilm of C. tropicalis. In the present work, the aim was to study the fungicidal effect, differential expression of proteome and changes in extracellular matrix in response to the sub-lethal concentration (16 µg/mL) of citral. The administration of citral on C. tropicalis biofilm leads to a fungicidal effect. Furthermore, the differential expression of proteome has revealed twenty-five proteins in C. tropicalis biofilm, which were differentially expressed in the presence of citral. Among these, amino acid biosynthesis (Met6p, Gln1p, Pha2p); nucleotide biosynthesis (Xpt1p); carbohydrate metabolism (Eno1p, Fba1p, Gpm1p); sterol biosynthesis (Mvd1p/Erg19p, Hem13p); energy metabolism (Dnm1p, Coa1p, Ndk1p, Atp2p, Atp4p, Hts1p); oxidative stress (Hda2p, Gre22p, Tsa1p, Pst2p, Sod2p) and biofilm-specific (Adh1p, Ape1p, Gsp1p) proteins were identified. The overexpression of oxidative stress-related proteins indicates the response of biofilm cell to combating oxidative stress during citral treatment. Moreover, the upregulation of Adh1p is of particular interest because it subsidizes the biofilm inhibition through ethanol production as a cellular response. The augmented expression of Mvd1p/Erg19p signifies the effect of citral on ergosterol biosynthesis. The presence of citral has also shown an increment in hexosamine and ergosterol component in extracellular matrix of C. tropicalis biofilm. Hence, it is indicated that the cellular response towards citral acts through multifactorial processes. This study will further help in the interpretation of the effect of citral on C. tropicalis biofilm and development of novel antifungal agents against these potential protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Chatrath
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Protein Structural & Molecular Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Bencela M, Kumari SS. Biologically Active Cu(II), Ni(II) & Co(II) Complexes of a Tridentate N, O, O-Donor Schiff Base from Citral and L-Alanine: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Giurgola L, Gatto C, Honisch C, Rossi O, Ragazzi E, D'Amato Tothova J. Killing efficacy of a new hypothermic corneal storage medium against the micro-organisms frequently found in human donor cornea intended for transplantation. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2022; 6:e000833. [PMID: 34988292 PMCID: PMC8685963 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the in vitro killing efficacy of Kerasave (AL.CHI.MI.A Srl), a medium provided with amphotericin B tablet for hypothermic storage of human donor corneas, against relevant contaminants associated with postkeratoplasty infections. Methods and Analysis The antimicrobial activity of Kerasave was determined after 0, 3 and 14 days of incubation at 2°C-8°C, inoculating Kerasave and the control medium with 105-106 colony forming units (CFU) of Candida albicans (CA), Fusarium solani (FS), Aspergillus brasiliensis (AB), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Enterococcus faecalis (EF), Bacillus subtilis spizizenii (BS), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Enterobacter cloacae (EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). Log10 reductions at different time intervals were determined by assessing the number of viable CFU using the serial dilution plating technique. Results After 3 days, Kerasave induced the highest log10 decrease in the concentrations of KP, PA, CA and EC (5.37, 4.15, 2.97 and 2.67, respectively; all p<0.001). The log10 decreases of SA and EF were 2.27 and 2.11, respectively (all p<0.001). The lowest log10 decrease was observed in BS, AB and FS concentrations (0.25, 0.30 and 0.67, respectively; p<0.001 for BS and AB and p=0.004 for FS). After 14 days, the microbial count of CA, FS, SA, EF, PA and EC further decreased (p=0.006 for FS; p<0.001 for the others). Conclusion Kerasave effectively reduced or kept unchanged the microbial concentration of almost all tested strains after 3 days. Thus, this novel medium represents a valuable tool to control the microbial contamination of human donor corneas during hypothermic storage for up to 14 days before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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PAIVA LUIZFRANCISLEYDE, TEIXEIRA-LOYOLA ANABEATRIZA, SCHNAIDER TAYLORB, SOUZA ANGÉLICACRISTINADE, LIMA LIDIANYMZACARONI, DIAS DISNEYR. Association of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf with nystatin against oral cavity yeasts. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200681. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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LEMOS ARIS, CAMPOS LARAM, SOUZA THALITAF, GRANATO JULIANAT, OLIVEIRA ERICKE, ARAGÃO DANIELLEM, APOLÔNIO ANACAROLINAM, FERREIRA ANAPAULA, FABRI RODRIGOL. Combining UFLC-QTOF-MS analysis with biological evaluation of Centrosema coriaceum (Fabaceae) leaves. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200491. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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