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Suleimani YA, Maskari RA, Ali BH, Ali H, Manoj P, Al-Khamiyasi A, Abdelrahman AM. Nephroprotective effects of diminazene on doxorubicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:460-468. [PMID: 38053572 PMCID: PMC10693989 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of diminazene, an activator of angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2), on kidney function and structure in rats with acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The impact of diminazene was compared to that of two other drugs: the ACE inhibitor lisinopril and the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker valsartan. Rats were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (13.5 mg/kg) on the 5th day, either alone or in combination with diminazene (15 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (10 mg/kg/day), or valsartan (30 mg/kg/day) for 8 consecutive days. Various markers related to kidney function, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured in plasma and urine. Additionally, kidney tissues were assessed histopathologically. DOX-induced nephrotoxicity was confirmed by elevated levels of plasma urea, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). DOX also led to increased urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and decreased creatinine clearance, albumin levels, and osmolality. Moreover, DOX caused a reduction in renal oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase activities, while increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. It also raised plasma inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Concurrently administering diminazene significantly mitigated these DOX-induced changes, including histopathological alterations like renal tubule necrosis, tubular casts, shrunken glomeruli, and increased renal fibrosis. Similar protective effects were observed with lisinopril and valsartan. These protective effects, at least in part, appear to result from the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of these drugs. In summary, this study suggests that the administration of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan had comparable effects in ameliorating the biochemical and histopathological aspects of DOX-induced acute kidney injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Al Suleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Raya Al Maskari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Badreldin H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Ali Al-Khamiyasi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Aly M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khod 123, Oman
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Abdelrahman AM, Ali BH, Ali H, Manoj P, Al-Suleimani Y. The effect of diminazene, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activator, on adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:235-244. [PMID: 36300543 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan on adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. The animals were divided into five groups (n = 6). The first and second groups received normal diet and adenine in the feed at a dose of 0.25% w/w for 35 days, respectively. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated as the second group but also received diminazene (15 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (10 mg/kg/day), and valsartan (30 mg/kg/day), respectively, for 35 days. Adenine significantly increased plasma urea, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid. In addition, adenine increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)/creatinine ratio and reduced creatinine clearance. Adenine also significantly increased the plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin-1beta [IL-1β]) and significantly reduced antioxidant indices (catalase, glutathione reductase [GR], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Histopathologically, renal tissue from adenine-treated rats showed necrosis of renal tubules, tubular casts, shrunken glomeruli, and increased renal fibrosis. All drugs ameliorated adenine-induced biochemical and histopathological changes. The protective effect of the three drugs used is, at least partially, due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Our results show that administration of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan had a comparable effect on the reversal of the biochemical and histopathological indices of adenine-induced CKD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly M Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod, Oman
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod, Oman
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod, Oman
| | - Yousuf Al-Suleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod, Oman
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Kim Y, Kim J, Han SJ. Diminazene aceturate exacerbates renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction in female mice. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:188-201. [PMID: 37037481 PMCID: PMC10085718 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator, exerts anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in a variety of human chronic diseases. However, the role of DIZE in kidney fibrosis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of DIZE on the progression of renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a well-established model of chronic kidney disease. Methods: C57BL/6 female or male mice were subjected to right UUO. Mice received 15 mg/kg DIZE or vehicle (saline) daily. On the 7th day after UUO, kidneys were collected for analysis of renal fibrosis (α-smooth muscle actin, phosphorylated SMAD3, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Masson’s trichrome, and Sirius red staining), inflammation (macrophage infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines), apoptosis/necrotic cell death (TUNEL and periodic acid-Schiff staining), and ACE2 activity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression.Results: Treatment with DIZE exacerbated renal fibrosis by upregulating the profibrotic TGF-β/SMAD3 pathway, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) levels, M2 macrophage accumulation (CD206, IL-4, IL-10, and CX3CL1), and apoptotic/necrotic cell death in the obstructed kidneys of female mice but not male mice. However, DIZE treatment had no effect on ACE2 activity or mRNA expression.Conclusion: DIZE exacerbates UUO-induced renal fibrosis by aggravating tubular damage, apoptosis, and inflammation through independent of Ang (1–7), Ang 2 levels, and ACE2 expression/activity, rather than protecting against renal fibrosis after UUO. DIZE also has powerful effects on recruiting macrophages, including the M2-polarized subtype, in female UUO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosep Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Jongwan Kim Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, 54 Yangji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47230, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Sang Jun Han Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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Diminazene aceturate attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18158. [PMID: 36307457 PMCID: PMC9616812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the leading causes of mortality following partial hepatectomy, liver transplantation, hypovolemic shock and trauma; however, effective therapeutic targets for the treatment of hepatic I/R injury are lacking. Recent studies have shown that diminazene aceturate (DIZE) has protective effects against inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death, which are the main pathogenetic mechanisms associated with hepatic I/R injury. However, the mechanistic effects DIZE exerts on hepatic I/R remain unknown. C57BL/6 male mice were pretreated with either 15 mg/kg DIZE or vehicle control (saline) and subjected to partial liver ischemia for 60 min. One day after induction of hepatic I/R, liver damage, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and apoptosis were analyzed. By evaluating plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and histology, we found that DIZE treatment attenuated liver failure and was associated with a reduction in histologically-apparent liver damage. We also found that DIZE-treated mice had milder inflammatory responses, less reactive oxidative damage and less apoptosis following hepatic I/R compared to vehicle-treated mice. Taken together, our study demonstrates that DIZE protects against ischemic liver injury by attenuating inflammation and oxidative damage and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of ischemic liver failure.
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View of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9800838. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9800838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a sequence of complicated events that is defined as a reduction of the blood supply followed by reperfusion. RIRI is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Among the diverse mediators that take part in RIRI-induced AKI, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role via conventional (angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)) and nonconventional (ACE2, Ang 1-7, Ang 1-9, AT2 receptor (AT2R), and Mas receptor (MasR)) axes. RIRI alters the balance of both axes so that RAS can affect RIRI-induced AKI. In overall, the alteration of Ang II/AT1R and AKI by RIRI is important to consider. This review has looked for the effects and interactions of RAS activities during RIRI conditions.
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Cortes C, Desler C, Mazzoli A, Chen JY, Ferreira VP. The role of properdin and Factor H in disease. Adv Immunol 2022; 153:1-90. [PMID: 35469595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complement system consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that play a fundamental role in immunity and homeostasis. The multifunctional role of the complement system includes direct lysis of pathogens, tagging pathogens for phagocytosis, promotion of inflammatory responses to control infection, regulation of adaptive cellular immune responses, and removal of apoptotic/dead cells and immune complexes from circulation. A tight regulation of the complement system is essential to avoid unwanted complement-mediated damage to the host. This regulation is ensured by a set of proteins called complement regulatory proteins. Deficiencies or malfunction of these regulatory proteins may lead to pro-thrombotic hematological diseases, renal and ocular diseases, and autoimmune diseases, among others. This review focuses on the importance of two complement regulatory proteins of the alternative pathway, Factor H and properdin, and their role in human diseases with an emphasis on: (a) characterizing the main mechanism of action of Factor H and properdin in regulating the complement system and protecting the host from complement-mediated attack, (b) describing the dysregulation of the alternative pathway as a result of deficiencies, or mutations, in Factor H and properdin, (c) outlining the clinical findings, management and treatment of diseases associated with mutations and deficiencies in Factor H, and (d) defining the unwanted and inadequate functioning of properdin in disease, through a discussion of various experimental research findings utilizing in vitro, mouse and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Caroline Desler
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Amanda Mazzoli
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
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El-Domiaty HF, Sweed E, Kora MA, Zaki NG, Khodir SA. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced renal damage in rats by renal TLR4 and nuclear transcription factor κB downregulation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:904756. [PMID: 36035416 PMCID: PMC9411523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.904756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) through many mechanisms, including activation of the renin-angiotensin system. The deleterious effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) can be counterbalanced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an anti-trypanosomal drug, can activate ACE2. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the possible reno-protective effects of DIZE in MetS rats with elucidation of related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into control, MetS, and MetS + DIZE groups. Body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and urinary albumin levels were measured. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, uric acid, lipid profile, urea, and creatinine were measured. Homeostasis Model Assessment Index (HOMA-IR) was estimated. Subsequently, renal levels of ACE2, Ang II, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured with histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of TLR4 and NF-κB in renal tissues. RESULTS MetS caused dyslipidemia with significant increases in body weight, SBP, FBG, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, uric acid, urea, creatinine, urinary albumin, and renal levels of Ang II, MDA, and TNF-α, whereas renal ACE2 and GSH were significantly decreased. Renal TLR4 and NF-κB immunoreactivity in MetS rats was upregulated. DIZE supplementation of MetS rats induced significant improvements in renal function parameters; this could be explained by the ability of DIZE to activate renal ACE2 and decrease renal Ang II levels with downregulation of renal TLR4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION DIZE exerts a reno-protective effect in MetS, mainly by downregulating renal TLR4 and NF-κB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. El-Domiaty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Eman Sweed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Eman Sweed,
| | - Mona A. Kora
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nader G. Zaki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Suzan A. Khodir
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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Lapi D, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Di Maro M, Santillo M, Belfiore A, Nasti G, Damiano S, Trio R, Chiurazzi M, De Conno B, Serao N, Mondola P, Colantuoni A, Guida B. The Effects of Angiotensin II or Angiotensin 1-7 on Rat Pial Microcirculation during Hypoperfusion and Reperfusion Injury: Role of Redox Stress. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121861. [PMID: 34944506 PMCID: PMC8699607 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin systems produce angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which are able to induce opposite effects on circulation. This study in vivo assessed the effects induced by Ang II or Ang 1-7 on rat pial microcirculation during hypoperfusion-reperfusion, clarifying the mechanisms causing the imbalance between Ang II and Ang 1-7. The fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify the microvascular parameters. Hypoperfusion and reperfusion caused vasoconstriction, disruption of blood-brain barrier, reduction of capillary perfusion and an increase in reactive oxygen species production. Rats treated with Ang II showed exacerbated microvascular damage with stronger vasoconstriction compared to hypoperfused rats, a further increase in leakage, higher decrease in capillary perfusion and marker oxidative stress. Candesartan cilexetil (specific Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist) administration prior to Ang II prevented the effects induced by Ang II, blunting the hypoperfusion-reperfusion injury. Ang 1-7 or ACE2 activator administration, preserved the pial microcirculation from hypoperfusion-reperfusion damage. These effects of Ang 1-7 were blunted by a Mas (Mas oncogene-encoded protein) receptor antagonist, while Ang II type 2 receptor antagonists did not affect Ang 1-7-induced changes. In conclusion, Ang II and Ang 1-7 triggered different mechanisms through AT1R or MAS receptors able to affect cerebral microvascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Lapi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2211433
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Martina Di Maro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Anna Belfiore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Gilda Nasti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Simona Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Rossella Trio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara De Conno
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Nicola Serao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Antonio Colantuoni
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Bruna Guida
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.S.); (A.B.); (G.N.); (S.D.); (R.T.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (N.S.); (P.M.); (A.C.); (B.G.)
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Yang Q, Li L, Liu Z, Li C, Yu L, Chang Y. Penehyclidine hydrochloride ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion-stimulated lung injury in mice by activating Nrf2 signaling. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2021; 12:211-218. [PMID: 35677666 PMCID: PMC9124878 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is an anticholinergic with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activities. PHC displayed protectivity against renal ischemia reperfusion (RIR) injury. Nevertheless, the precise protectivity of PHC on RIR-induced lung injury remains unknown. Methods: We examined the effects of PHC on RIR-induced lung injury and investigated the underlying mechanism. We induced RIR in mice and administrated PHC to RIR mice. Kidney function was monitored by measuring the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level in serum. We evaluated the lung injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung, pro-inflammatory cytokine level, and oxidative markers in serum and lung tissues. We tested the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in lung of RIR mice after PHC treatment. Finally, we evaluated the effects of PHC in RIR Nrf2-/- mice. Results: PHC greatly downregulated the serum levels of BUN, creatinine, IL-6, NO, malondialdehyde (MDA), and matrix metalloproteinase-2. PHC also ameliorated the lung injury, decreased the MPO activity, and suppressed production of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MDA, and O2-, while it promoted production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lung. PHC improved the production of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusion: The protectivity of PHC was absent in Nrf2-/- mice. PHC ameliorated RIR-induced lung injury through Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Li
- Physical Examination Center, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
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ACE2 activator diminazene aceturate exerts renoprotective effects in gentamicin-induced acute renal injury in rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:3093-3106. [PMID: 33206153 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) comprises a rapidly developed renal failure and is associated with high mortality rates. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a pivotal role in AKI, as the over-active RAS axis exerts major deleterious effects in disease progression. In this sense, the conversion of Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) by the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is of utmost importance to prevent worse clinical outcomes. Previous studies reported the beneficial effects of oral diminazene aceturate (DIZE) administration, an ACE2 activator, in renal diseases models. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of DIZE administration in experimental AKI induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. Our findings showed that treatment with DIZE improved renal function and tissue damage by increasing Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 activity, and reducing TNF-α. These results corroborate with a raising potential of ACE2 activation as a strategy for treating AKI.
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Angiotensin-(1-7)-A Potential Remedy for AKI: Insights Derived from the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061200. [PMID: 33805760 PMCID: PMC8001321 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 serves as a receptor for the Sars-CoV-2 spike protein, permitting viral attachment to target host cells. The COVID-19 pandemic brought into light ACE2, its principal product angiotensin (Ang) 1-7, and the G protein-coupled receptor for the heptapeptide (MasR), which together form a still under-recognized arm of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This axis counteracts vasoconstriction, inflammation and fibrosis, generated by the more familiar deleterious arm of RAS, including ACE, Ang II and the ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The COVID-19 disease is characterized by the depletion of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7), conceivably playing a central role in the devastating cytokine storm that characterizes this disorder. ACE2 repletion and the administration of Ang-(1-7) constitute the therapeutic options currently tested in the management of severe COVID-19 disease cases. Based on their beneficial effects, both ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) have also been suggested to slow the progression of experimental diabetic and hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report a further step undertaken recently, utilizing this type of intervention in the management of evolving acute kidney injury (AKI), with the expectation of renal vasodilation and the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, renal parenchymal damage and subsequent fibrosis. Most outcomes indicate that triggering the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis may be renoprotective in the setup of AKI. Yet, there is contradicting evidence that under certain conditions it may accelerate renal damage in CKD and AKI. The nature of these conflicting outcomes requires further elucidation.
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Sharifi F, Reisi P, Malek M. Angiotensin 1 receptor antagonist attenuates acute kidney injury-induced cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity via modulating hippocampal oxidative stress. Life Sci 2019; 234:116775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sharma N, Malek V, Mulay SR, Gaikwad AB. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mediate ischemic renal injury in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Life Sci 2019; 235:116796. [PMID: 31470003 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Depressor arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exerts reno-protective effects in chronic kidney diseases like diabetic nephropathy. However, same is still elusive under AKI and hyperglycaemia comorbidity. Hence, the present study delineates the role of angiotensin-II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in AKI under normal and hyperglycaemia condition. METHODS Non-diabetic (ND) and Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were subjected to ischemic renal injury (IRI). Rats underwent IRI were treated with an AT2R agonist, C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or ACE2 activator, Dize, (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) either alone or as combination therapy. Renal histopathology and immunohistochemistry, proximal tubular fraction isolation, ELISA, immunoblotting and qRT-PCR were performed for subsequent analysis. KEY FINDINGS Rats subjected to IRI displayed an increase in plasma ACE, AT1R, AT2R, Ang II, and reduction in ACE2, Ang-(1-7) expressions, with augmented renal inflammation and apoptosis. These changes were more prominent in diabetic rats with IRI. Co-administration of C21 and Dize augmented ACE2, Ang-(1-7), AT2R and MasR expressions, and attenuated tubular injury in both DM and ND rats. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that pharmacological activation of AT2R and ACE2 protects DM and ND rats from IRI by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis-mediated tubular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vajir Malek
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Cho S, Yu SL, Kang J, Jeong BY, Lee HY, Park CG, Yu YB, Jin DC, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Song HS, Park MH, Yoon SH. NADPH oxidase 4 mediates TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway induced acute kidney injury in hypoxia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219483. [PMID: 31318905 PMCID: PMC6638919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in various conditions because kidneys are one of the most susceptible organs to hypoxia. In this study, we investigated whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (Nox4) plays a role in hypoxia induced AKI in a cellular and animal model. Expression of Nox4 in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) was significantly increased by hypoxic stimulation. TGF-β1 was endogenously secreted by hypoxic HK-2 cells. SB4315432 (a TGF-β1 receptor I inhibitor) significantly inhibited Nox4 expression in HK-2 cells through the Smad-dependent cell signaling pathway. Silencing of Nox4 using Nox4 siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition with GKT137831 (a specific Nox1/4 inhibitor) reduced the production of ROS and attenuated the apoptotic pathway. In addition, knockdown of Nox4 increased cell survival in hypoxic HK-2 cells and pretreatment with GKT137831 reproduce these results. This study demonstrates that hypoxia induces HK-2 cell apoptosis through a signaling pathway involving TGF-β1 via Smad pathway induction of Nox4-dependent ROS generation. In an ischemia/reperfusion rat model, pretreatment of GKT137831 attenuated ischemia/reperfusion induced acute kidney injury as indicated by preserved kidney function, attenuated renal structural damage and reduced apoptotic cells. Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against hypoxia-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkwon Cho
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Lan Yu
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Min Hwang
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ro Yun
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seung Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hyang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Yoon
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Moslemi F, Talebi A, Nematbakhsh M. Protective Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat: Gender-related Difference. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:68. [PMID: 31198503 PMCID: PMC6547784 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_279_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zinc (Zn) knows as essential microelement which prevents oxidative stress. The effect of Zn supplement on renal function parameters in rats subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury was investigated. Methods: Male and female rats were subjected to renal IR with and without Zn sulfate (10 mg/kg/day for 5 days) supplementation. The kidney function markers and histology findings in Zn-treated group were compared with sham and control groups. Results: The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine (Cr) and kidney tissue damage score were increased significantly after renal injury (P < 0.05) gender dependently, but no alterations were observed for these markers in Zn-treated animals after renal IR injury. Cr clearance was significantly different between genders (P < 0.05); however, Zn supplementation increased the Cr clearance and kidney nitrite level significantly in male rats (P < 0.05). Zn also increased urine flow in female (P < 0.05), but it did not alter urine load of Na (UNaV) and percentage of Na excretion (ENa%). Conclusions: Zn may improve renal function after IR injury gender dependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moslemi
- Department of Physiology, Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Department of Physiology, Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Department of Physiology, Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,IsfahanMN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, Iran
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Malek M. Brain consequences of acute kidney injury: Focusing on the hippocampus. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:315-322. [PMID: 30619687 PMCID: PMC6312775 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.18.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rates associated with acute kidney injury are mainly due to extra-renal complications that occur following distant-organ involvement. Damage to these organs, which is commonly referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, has more severe and persistent effects. The brain and its sub-structures, such as the hippocampus, are vulnerable organs that can be adversely affected. Acute kidney injury may be associated with numerous brain and hippocampal complications, as it may alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Although the pathogenesis of acute uremic encephalopathy is poorly understood, some of the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to hippocampal involvement include the release of multiple inflammatory mediators that coincide with hippocampus inflammation and cytotoxicity, neurotransmitter derangement, transcriptional dysregulation, and changes in the expression of apoptotic genes. Impairment of brain function, especially of a structure that has vital activity in learning and memory and is very sensitive to renal ischemic injury, can ultimately lead to cognitive and functional complications in patients with acute kidney injury. The objective of this review was to assess these complications in the brain following acute kidney injury, with a focus on the hippocampus as a critical region for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Malek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Sharma N, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. Fiend and friend in the renin angiotensin system: An insight on acute kidney injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:764-774. [PMID: 30554115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides assisting the maintenance of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). The RAS is equipped with two arms i) the pressor arm composed of Angiotensin II (Ang II)/Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) also called conventional RAS, and ii) the depressor arm consisting of Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang 1-7)/Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/MasR known as non-conventional RAS. Activation of conventional RAS triggers oxidative stress, inflammatory, hypertrophic, apoptotic, and pro-fibrotic signaling cascades which promote AKI. The preclinical and clinical studies have reported beneficial as well as deleterious effects of RAS blockage either by angiotensin receptor blocker or ACE inhibitor in AKI. On the contrary, the depressor arm opposes the conventional RAS, has beneficial effects on the kidney but has been less explored in pathogenesis of AKI. This review focuses on significance of RAS in pathogenesis of AKI and provides better understanding of novel and possible therapeutic approaches to combat AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333 031, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333 031, India.
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Malek M, Hassanshahi J, Fartootzadeh R, Azizi F, Shahidani S. Nephrogenic acute respiratory distress syndrome: A narrative review on pathophysiology and treatment. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:4-10. [PMID: 29398292 PMCID: PMC5835491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys have a close functional relationship with other organs especially the lungs. This connection makes the kidney and the lungs as the most organs involved in the multi-organ failure syndrome. The combination of acute lung injury (ALI) and renal failure results a great clinical significance of 80% mortality rate. Acute kidney injury (AKI) leads to an increase in circulating cytokines, chemokines, activated innate immune cells and diffuse of these agents to other organs such as the lungs. These factors initiate pathological cascade that ultimately leads to ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We comprehensively searched the English medical literature focusing on AKI, ALI, organs cross talk, renal failure, multi organ failure and ARDS using the databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus and directory of open access journals. In this narrative review, we summarized the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome following AKI. This review promotes knowledge of the link between kidney and lung with mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment involved ARDS induced by AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Malek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Jalal Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Fartootzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azizi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shahidani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and diminazene: role in cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 25:384-95. [PMID: 27367913 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important regulator of the renin-angiotensin system through actions to degrade angiotensin II. Loss of ACE2 can contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, and experimental studies have highlighted a beneficial role for novel therapeutic approaches that activate or replenish tissue ACE2. This review focuses on experimental studies that have used the off-target effects of the antitrypanosomal agent, diminazene aceturate (DIZE) to activate ACE2. RECENT FINDINGS In cardiovascular disease, activation of the classical renin-angiotensin system and depletion of ACE2 leads to pathophysiological changes. One approach to activate ACE2 involves the drug DIZE, which has been shown to have beneficial effects in experimental models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and eye disease. The precise mechanism of action of DIZE to activate ACE2 remains under scrutiny. SUMMARY Activation of ACE2 may represent an important therapeutic approach in cardiovascular disease. To date, most studies have focused on the off-target actions of DIZE, in experimental models of disease. More research is required to determine the exact mechanism of action of DIZE and evaluate its therapeutic potential in comparison with currently available clinical interventions. There are no clinical studies of DIZE, and its side-effects, and toxicity make such studies unlikely. Hence, new methods of selectively activating or replenishing ACE2 will be needed in the future if this approach is to be used in a clinical context.
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Chen J, Cui L, Yuan J, Zhang S, Ma R, Sang H, Liu Q, Shan L. Protective effect of diminazene attenuates myocardial infarction in rats via increased inflammation and ACE2 activity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4791-4796. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu SY, Park GY, Kim SH, Hulme J, An SSA. Diminazene aceturate: an antibacterial agent for Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3363-3378. [PMID: 27789937 PMCID: PMC5072558 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of diminazene aceturate (DA) against five strains of pathogenic bacteria and two strains of nonpathogenic bacteria. The results showed that 5 μg/mL of DA suppressed the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli by as much as 77% compared with the controls. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli EDL933 (an E. coli O157:H7 strain) was the most sensitive to DA with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 20 μg/mL. Additional investigations showed that DA induced the highest level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in EDL933. A positive correlation between the reactive oxygen species levels and DA concentration was demonstrated. DA (5 μg/mL) was also a potent uncoupler, inducing a stationary phase collapse (70%–75%) in both strains of E. coli O157:H7. Further investigation showed that the collapse was due to the NaCl:DA ratio in the broth and was potassium ion dependent. A protease screening assay was conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism. It was found that at neutral pH, the hydrolysis of H-Asp-pNA increased by a factor of 2–3 in the presence of DA, implying that DA causes dysregulation of the proton motive force and a decrease in cellular pH. Finally, a commercial verotoxin test showed that DA did not significantly increase toxin production in EDL933 and was a suitable antibacterial agent for Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Wu
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Gil-Yong Park
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
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Velkoska E, Patel SK, Griggs K, Burrell LM. Diminazene Aceturate Improves Cardiac Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Rats with Kidney Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161760. [PMID: 27571511 PMCID: PMC5003360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a negative regulator of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) through its role to degrade angiotensin II. In rats with subtotal nephrectomy (STNx), adverse cardiac remodelling occurs despite elevated cardiac ACE2 activity. We hypothesised that diminazene aceturate (DIZE), which has been described as having an off-target effect to activate ACE2, would have beneficial cardiac effects in STNx rats. STNx led to hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and increased cardiac ACE, ACE2, Ang II and Ang 1-7 levels. Cardiac gene expression of ADAM17 was also increased. In STNx, two-weeks of subcutaneous DIZE (15mg/kg/d) had no effect on blood pressure but improved diastolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, reduced ADAM17 mRNA and shifted the cardiac RAS balance to a cardioprotective profile with reduced ACE and Ang II. There was no change in cardiac ACE2 activity or in cardiac Ang 1-7 levels with DIZE. In conclusion, our results suggest that DIZE exerts a protective effect on the heart under the pathological condition of kidney injury. This effect was not due to improved kidney function, a fall in blood pressure or a reduction in LVH but was associated with a reduction in cardiac ACE and cardiac Ang II levels. As in vitro studies showed no direct effect of DIZE on ACE2 or ACE activity, the precise mechanism of action of DIZE remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velkoska
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila K. Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Griggs
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burrell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Moslemi F, Taheri P, Azimipoor M, Ramtin S, Hashemianfar M, Momeni-Ashjerdi A, Eshraghi-Jazi F, Talebi A, Nasri H, Nematbakhsh M. Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on kidney ischemia/reperfusion; a gender-related difference. J Renal Inj Prev 2016; 5:140-3. [PMID: 27689110 PMCID: PMC5040000 DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may be related to activity of reninangiotensin system (RAS), which is gender-related. In this study, it was attempted to compare the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 1 (AT1R) blockade; losartan in I/R injury in male and female rats.
Materials and Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were assigned as sham surgery, control I/R groups treated with vehicle, and case I/R groups treated with losartan (30 mg/kg). Vehicle and losartan were given 2 hours before bilateral kidney ischemia induced by clamping renal arteries for 45 minutes followed by 24 hours of renal reperfusion.
Results: The I/R injury significantly increased the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), and kidney tissue damage score in both genders. However, losartan decreased these values in female rats significantly (P < 0.05). This was not observed in male rats.
Conclusion: Losartan protects the kidney from I/R injury in female but not in male rats possibly because of gender-related difference of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moslemi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pegah Taheri
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdis Azimipoor
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sina Ramtin
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hashemianfar
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Momeni-Ashjerdi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eshraghi-Jazi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Nasri
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; IsfahanMN Institute of Basic & Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan Iran
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25
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Gromotowicz-Poplawska A, Szoka P, Kolodziejczyk P, Kramkowski K, Wojewodzka-Zelezniakowicz M, Chabielska E. New agents modulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-Will there be a new therapeutic option? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1888-1899. [PMID: 27439538 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is more complex than it was originally regarded. According to the current subject knowledge, there are two main axes of the RAAS: (1) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-angiotensin II-AT1 receptor axis and (2) ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis. The activation of the first axis leads to deleterious effects, including vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; therefore, blocking the components of this axis is a highly rational and commonly used therapeutic procedure. The ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis has a different role, since it often opposes the effects induced by the classical ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis. Once the positive effects of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis were discovered, the alternative ways of pharmacotherapy activating this axis of RAAS appeared. This article briefly describes new molecules affecting the RAAS, namely: recombinant human ACE2, ACE2 activators, angiotensin-(1-7) peptide and non-peptide analogs, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, and the third and fourth generation of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. The results of the experimental and clinical studies are encouraging, which leads us to believe that these new molecules can support the treatment of cardiovascular diseases as well as cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Szoka
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Patrycjusz Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-522 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Chabielska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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26
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Sancak EB, Akbas A, Silan C, Cakir DU, Turkon H, Ozkanli SS. Protective effect of syringic acid on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ren Fail 2016; 38:629-35. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1149868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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27
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Jin S, Kim S, Seo H, Jeong J, Ahn K, Kim J, Choi D, Park J, Lee J, Choi S, Seong I, Kim S, Suh K, Jeong JO. Beneficial Effects of Necrosis Modulator, Indole Derivative NecroX-7, on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Afyouni NE, Halili H, Moslemi F, Nematbakhsh M, Talebi A, Shirdavani S, Maleki M. Preventive Role of Endothelin Antagonist on Kidney Ischemia: Reperfusion Injury in Male and Female Rats. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 26900442 PMCID: PMC4736059 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.172549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RIRI) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury. We tested the protective role of endothelin-1 receptor blocker; bosentan (BOS) in animal model of RIRI in two different genders. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were assigned as sham operated (sham), control group (ischemia), and case group (ischemia + BOS) treated with BOS (50 mg/kg) 2 h before bilateral kidney ischemia induced by clamping renal vessels for 45 min followed by 24 h of renal reperfusion. Results: The RIRI significantly increased the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in both genders (P < 0.05). These values were significantly decreased by BOS in both genders. In male rats, the serum levels of malondialdehyde in the ischemia + BOS group were decreased significantly when compared with ischemia group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: BOS can be used in both genders to attenuate kidney ischemia injury possibly due to its effect in the renal vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol Esmalian Afyouni
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Halili
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moslemi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Shirdavani
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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