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Cabané P, Correa C, Bode I, Aguilar R, Elorza AA. Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer: Emerging Opportunities from Non-Coding RNAs and Mitochondrial Space. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6719. [PMID: 38928426 PMCID: PMC11204084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer diagnosis primarily relies on imaging techniques and cytological analyses. In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, the quantification of molecular markers has been incorporated after cytological examination. This approach helps physicians to make surgical decisions, estimate cancer aggressiveness, and monitor the response to treatments. Despite the availability of commercial molecular tests, their widespread use has been hindered in our experience due to cost constraints and variability between them. Thus, numerous groups are currently evaluating new molecular markers that ultimately will lead to improved diagnostic certainty, as well as better classification of prognosis and recurrence. In this review, we start reviewing the current preoperative testing methodologies, followed by a comprehensive review of emerging molecular markers. We focus on micro RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial (mt) signatures, including mtDNA genes and circulating cell-free mtDNA. We envision that a robust set of molecular markers will complement the national and international clinical guides for proper assessment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Cabané
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Clinica INDISA, Santiago 7520440, Chile; (P.C.); (C.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Claudio Correa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Clinica INDISA, Santiago 7520440, Chile; (P.C.); (C.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Ignacio Bode
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Aguilar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile;
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile;
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2
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de Mello DC, Saito KC, Cristovão MM, Kimura ET, Fuziwara CS. Modulation of EZH2 Activity Induces an Antitumoral Effect and Cell Redifferentiation in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097872. [PMID: 37175580 PMCID: PMC10178714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and lethal form of thyroid cancer that requires urgent investigation of new molecular targets involved in its aggressive biology. In this context, the overactivation of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/EZH2, which induces chromatin compaction, is frequently observed in aggressive solid tumors, making the EZH2 methyltransferase a potential target for treatment. However, the deregulation of chromatin accessibility is yet not fully investigated in thyroid cancer. In this study, EZH2 expression was modulated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and pharmacologically inhibited with EZH2 inhibitor EPZ6438 alone or in combination with the MAPK inhibitor U0126. The results showed that CRISPR/Cas9-induced EZH2 gene editing reduced cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro and resulted in a 90% reduction in tumor growth when EZH2-edited cells were injected into an immunocompromised mouse model. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the tumors revealed reduced tumor cell proliferation and less recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the EZH2-edited tumors compared to the control tumors. Moreover, EZH2 inhibition induced thyroid-differentiation genes' expression and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in ATC cells. Thus, this study shows that targeting EZH2 could be a promising neoadjuvant treatment for ATC, as it promotes antitumoral effects in vitro and in vivo and induces cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Claro de Mello
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristina Saito
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcella Maringolo Cristovão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edna Teruko Kimura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar Seigi Fuziwara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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3
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McMurtry V, Canberk S, Deftereos G. Molecular testing in fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. Diagn Cytopathol 2023; 51:36-50. [PMID: 36480743 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are commonly faced by clinicians as palpable nodules or incidentally identified on imaging. Nodules that are found to be suspicious by imaging can be biopsied by fine needle aspiration, which can yield material for molecular testing to refine the diagnosis. METHODS The current literature concerning molecular testing in thyroid nodules including available commercial assays was reviewed and summarized. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Commonly encountered alterations include mutations in RAS, BRAF, TERT promoter, PTEN, and DICER1 as well as fusions of RET, ALK, PAX8-PPARγ, and NTRK. This article provides a summary of these molecular alterations, commercially available molecular assays, and general considerations for thyroid epithelial malignancies and benign thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie McMurtry
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Institute for Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sule Canberk
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgios Deftereos
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Institute for Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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4
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Ahmed R, Samanta S, Banerjee J, Kar SS, Dash SK. Modulatory role of miRNAs in thyroid and breast cancer progression and insights into their therapeutic manipulation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100131. [PMID: 36568259 PMCID: PMC9780070 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, thyroid cancer has become one of the most common types of endocrine cancer, contributing to an increase in prevalence. In the year 2020, there were 586,202 newly diagnosed cases of thyroid cancer around the world. This constituted approximately 3.0% of all patients diagnosed with cancer. The World Health Organization reported that there will be 2.3 million women receiving treatment for breast cancer in 2020, with 685,000. Despite the fact that carcinoma is one of the world's leading causes of death, there is still a paucity of information about its biology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs; miRs) are non-coding RNAs that can reduce gene expression by cleaving the 3' untranslated regions of mRNA. These factors make them a potential protein translation inhibitor. Diverse biological mechanisms implicated in the genesis of cancer are modulated by miRNA. The investigation of global miRNA expression in cancer showed regulatory activity through up regulation and down-regulation in several cancers, including thyroid cancer and breast cancer. In thyroid cancer, miRNA influences several cancers related signaling pathways through modulating MAPK, PI3K, and the RAS pathway. In breast cancer, the regulatory activity of miRNA was played through the cyclin protein family, protein kinases and their inhibitors, and other growth promoters or suppressors, which modulated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. This article's goal is to discuss key miRNA expressions that are involved in the development of thyroid and breast cancer as well as their therapeutic manipulation for these two specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvrendu Sankar Kar
- Department of Medicine, R.G.Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, 700004, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India,Corresponding author.
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5
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Matulić M, Gršković P, Petrović A, Begić V, Harabajsa S, Korać P. miRNA in Molecular Diagnostics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090459. [PMID: 36135005 PMCID: PMC9495386 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on post-transcriptional level. Their biogenesis consists of a complex series of sequential processes, and they regulate expression of many genes involved in all cellular processes. Their function is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of a single cell; therefore, their aberrant expression contributes to development and progression of many diseases, especially malignant tumors and viral infections. Moreover, they can be associated with certain states of a specific disease, obtained in the least invasive manner for patients and analyzed with basic molecular methods used in clinical laboratories. Because of this, they have a promising potential to become very useful biomarkers and potential tools in personalized medicine approaches. In this review, miRNAs biogenesis, significance in cancer and infectious diseases, and current available test and methods for their detection are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Matulić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paula Gršković
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Petrović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerija Begić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Primary School “Sesvetski Kraljevec”, 10361 Sesvetski Kraljevec, Croatia
| | - Suzana Harabajsa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Division of Pulmonary Cytology Jordanovac, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Korać
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4606-278
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6
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Hamidi AA, Taghehchian N, Basirat Z, Zangouei AS, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of cell migration and invasion in thyroid cancer. Biomark Res 2022; 10:40. [PMID: 35659780 PMCID: PMC9167543 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most frequent endocrine malignancies that is more common among females. Tumor recurrence is one of the most important clinical manifestations in differentiated TC which is associated with different factors including age, tumor size, and histological features. Various molecular processes such as genetic or epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs are also involved in TC progression and metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process during tumor invasion and migration that affects the initiation and transformation of early-stage tumors into invasive malignancies. A combination of transcription factors, growth factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulations affect the thyroid cell migration and EMT process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important molecular factors involved in tumor metastasis by regulation of EMT-activating signaling pathways. Various miRNAs are involved in the signaling pathways associated with TC metastasis which can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Since, the miRNAs are sensitive, specific, and non-invasive, they can be suggested as efficient and optimal biomarkers of tumor invasion and metastasis. In the present review, we have summarized all of the miRNAs which have been significantly involved in thyroid tumor cells migration and invasion. We also categorized all of the reported miRNAs based on their cellular processes to clarify the molecular role of miRNAs during thyroid tumor cell migration and invasion. This review paves the way of introducing a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic panel of miRNAs in aggressive and metastatic TC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Hamidi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Basirat
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Emerging Biomarkers in Thyroid Practice and Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010204. [PMID: 35008368 PMCID: PMC8744846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor biomarkers are molecules at genetic or protein level, or certain evaluable characteristics. These help in perfecting patient management. Over the past decade, advanced and more sensitive techniques have led to the identification of many new biomarkers in the field of oncology. A knowledge of the recent developments is essential for their application to clinical practice, and furthering research. This review provides a comprehensive account of such various markers identified in thyroid carcinoma, the most common endocrine malignancy. While some of these have been brought into use in routine patient management, others are novel and need more research before clinical application. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent developments in molecular biological techniques have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of thyroid neoplasms. This has culminated in the updating of thyroid tumor classification, including the re-categorization of existing and introduction of new entities. In this review, we discuss various molecular biomarkers possessing diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and therapeutic roles in thyroid cancer. A comprehensive account of epigenetic dysregulation, including DNA methylation, the function of various microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, germline mutations determining familial occurrence of medullary and non-medullary thyroid carcinoma, and single nucleotide polymorphisms predisposed to thyroid tumorigenesis has been provided. In addition to novel immunohistochemical markers, including those for neuroendocrine differentiation, and next-generation immunohistochemistry (BRAF V600E, RAS, TRK, and ALK), the relevance of well-established markers, such as Ki-67, in current clinical practice has also been discussed. A tumor microenvironment (PD-L1, CD markers) and its influence in predicting responses to immunotherapy in thyroid cancer and the expanding arena of techniques, including liquid biopsy based on circulating nucleic acids and plasma-derived exosomes as a non-invasive technique for patient management, are also summarized.
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8
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Jarboe T, Tuli NY, Chakraborty S, Maniyar RR, DeSouza N, Xiu-Min Li, Moscatello A, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK. Inflammatory Components of the Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment: An Avenue for Identification of Novel Biomarkers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1350:1-31. [PMID: 34888842 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83282-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States is on the rise with an appreciably high disease recurrence rate of 20-30%. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), although rare in occurrence, is an aggressive form of cancer with limited treatment options and bleak cure rates. This chapter uses discussions of in vitro models that are representative of papillary, anaplastic, and follicular thyroid cancer to evaluate the crosstalk between specific cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which serves as a highly heterogeneous realm of signaling cascades and metabolism that are associated with tumorigenesis. The cellular constituents of the TME carry out varying characteristic immunomodulatory functions that are discussed throughout this chapter. The aforementioned cell types include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as specific immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, T regulatory (Treg) cells, CD8+ T cells, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAM-mediated inflammation is associated with a poor prognosis of thyroid cancer, and the molecular basis of the cellular crosstalk between macrophages and thyroid cancer cells with respect to inducing a metastatic phenotype is not yet known. The dynamic nature of the physiological transition to pathological metastatic phenotypes when establishing the TME encompasses a wide range of characteristics that are further explored within this chapter, including the roles of somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations that drive the genetic heterogeneity of cancer cells, allowing for selective advantages that aid in their proliferation. Induction of these proliferating cells is typically accomplished through inflammatory induction, whereby chronic inflammation sets up a constant physiological state of inflammatory cell recruitment. The secretions of these inflammatory cells can alter the genetic makeup of proliferating cells, which can in turn, promote tumor growth.This chapter also presents an in-depth analysis of molecular interactions within the TME, including secretory cytokines and exosomes. Since the exosomal cargo of a cell is a reflection and fingerprint of the originating parental cells, the profiling of exosomal miRNA derived from thyroid cancer cells and macrophages in the TME may serve as an important step in biomarker discovery. Identification of a distinct set of tumor suppressive miRNAs downregulated in ATC-secreted exosomes indicates their role in the regulation of tumor suppressive genes that may increase the metastatic propensity of ATC. Additionally, the high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in studies looking at thyroid cancer and activated macrophage conditioned media suggests the existence of an inflammatory TME in thyroid cancer. New findings are suggestive of the presence of a metastatic niche in ATC tissues that is influenced by thyroid tumor microenvironment secretome-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), mediated by a reciprocal interaction between the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and the thyroid cancer cells. Thus, targeting the metastatic thyroid carcinoma microenvironment could offer potential therapeutic benefits and should be explored further in preclinical and translational models of human metastatic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Jarboe
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Neha Y Tuli
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachana R Maniyar
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole DeSouza
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Jan Geliebter
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Tiwari
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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9
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Chakraborty S, Carnazza M, Jarboe T, DeSouza N, Li XM, Moscatello A, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK. Disruption of Cell-Cell Communication in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer as an Immunotherapeutic Opportunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1350:33-66. [PMID: 34888843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83282-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing at an alarming rate, almost tripling every decade. About 44,280 new cases of thyroid cancer (12,150 in men and 32,130 in women) are estimated to be diagnosed in 2021, with an estimated death toll of around 2200. Although most thyroid tumors are treatable and associated with a favorable outcome, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is extremely aggressive with a grim prognosis of 6-9 months post-diagnosis. A large contributing factor to this aggressive nature is that ATC is completely refractory to mainstream therapies. Analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) associated with ATC can relay insight to the pathological realm that encompasses tumors and aids in cancer progression and proliferation. The TME is defined as a complex niche that surrounds a tumor and involves a plethora of cellular components whose secretions can modulate the environment in order to favor tumor progression. The cellular heterogeneity of the TME contributes to its dynamic function due to the presence of both immune and nonimmune resident, infiltrating, and interacting cell types. Associated immune cells discussed in this chapter include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Nonimmune cells also play a role in the establishment and proliferation of the TME, including neuroendocrine (NE) cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and fibroblasts. The dynamic nature of the TME contributes greatly to cancer progression.Recent work has found ATC tissues to be defined by a T cell-inflamed "hot" tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) as evidenced by presence of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells. These tumor types are amenable to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. This therapeutic avenue, as of 2021, has remained unexplored in ATC. New studies should seek to explore the therapeutic feasibility of a combination therapy, through the use of a small molecule inhibitor with ICB in ATC. Screening of in vitro model systems representative of papillary, anaplastic, and follicular thyroid cancer explored the expression of 29 immune checkpoint molecules. There are higher expressions of HVEM, BTLA, and CD160 in ATC cell lines when compared to the other TC subtypes. The expression level of HVEM was more than 30-fold higher in ATC compared to the others, on average. HVEM is a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, which acts as a bidirectional switch through interaction with BTLA, CD160, and LIGHT, in a cis or trans manner. Given the T cell-inflamed hot TIME in ATC, expression of HVEM on tumor cells was suggestive of a possibility for complex crosstalk of HVEM with inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, there is emerging evidence of a T cell-inflamed TIME in ATC along with the expression of immune checkpoint proteins HVEM, BTLA, and CD160 in ATC. This can open doors for combination therapies using small molecule inhibitors targeting downstream effectors of MAPK pathway and antagonistic antibodies targeting the HVEM/BTLA axis as a potentially viable therapeutic avenue for ATC patients. With this being stated, the development of adaptive resistance to targeted therapies is inevitable; therefore, using a combination therapy that targets the TIME can serve as a preemptive tactic against the characteristic therapeutic resistance that is seen in ATC. The dynamic nature of the TME, including the immune cells, nonimmune cells, and acellular components, can serve as viable targets for combination therapy in ATC. Understanding the complex interactions of these associated cells and the paradigm in which their secretions and components can serve as immunomodulators are critical points of understanding when trying to develop therapeutics specifically tailored for the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Carnazza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Tara Jarboe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Nicole DeSouza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Tiwari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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10
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Berti FCB, Mathias C, Garcia LE, Gradia DF, de Araújo-Souza PS, Cipolla GA, de Oliveira JC, Malheiros D. Comprehensive analysis of ceRNA networks in HPV16- and HPV18-mediated cervical cancers reveals XIST as a pivotal competing endogenous RNA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166172. [PMID: 34048924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, being closely related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPVs). After a particular HR-HPV infects a cervical cell, transcriptional changes in the host cell are expected, including the regulation of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Such transcripts may work independently or integrated in complex molecular networks - as in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. In our research, we gathered transcriptome data from samples of HPV16/HPV18 cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Using GDCRNATools, we identified ceRNA networks that differentiate HPV16- from HPV18-mediated CESC. For HPV16-CESC, three lncRNA-mRNA co-expressed pairs were reported, all led by the X-inactive specific transcript (XIST): XIST | DLG5, XIST | LGR4, and XIST | ZNF81. The XIST | LGR4 and XIST | ZNF81 pairs shared 11 miRNAs, suggesting an increased impact on their final biological effect. XIST also stood out as an important lncRNA in HPV18-CESC, leading 35 of the 42 co-expressed pairs. Some mRNAs, such as ADAM9 and SLC38A2, emerged as important players in the ceRNA regulatory networks due to sharing a considerable amount of miRNAs with XIST. Furthermore, some XIST-associated axes, namely XIST | miR-23a-3p | LGR4 and XIST | miR-30b-5p or miR-30c-5p or miR-30e-5p I ADAM9, had a significant impact on the overall survival of HPV16- and HPV18-CESC patients, respectively. Together, these data suggest that XIST has an important role in HPV-mediated tumorigenesis, which may implicate different molecular signatures between HPV16 and HPV18-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Costa Brandão Berti
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mathias
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Leandro Encarnação Garcia
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Savio de Araújo-Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Carvalho de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-900 Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil.
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11
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Volante M, Lam AK, Papotti M, Tallini G. Molecular Pathology of Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: What Do Pathologists Need to Know? Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:63-76. [PMID: 33543394 PMCID: PMC7960587 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of poorly and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas has been greatly improved in the last years following the advent of high throughput technologies. However, with special reference to genomic data, the prevalence of reported alterations is partly affected by classification criteria. The impact of molecular pathology in these tumors is multifaceted and bears diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive implications although its use in the clinical practice is not completely assessed. Genomic profiling data claim that genetic alterations in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas include "Early" and "Late" molecular events, which are consistent with a multi-step model of progression. "Early" driver events are mostly RAS and BRAF mutations, whereas "Late" changes include above all TP53 and TERT promoter mutations, as well as dysregulation of gene involved in the cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA mismatch repair. Gene fusions are rare but represent relevant therapeutic targets. Epigenetic modifications are also playing a relevant role in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, with altered regulation of either genes by methylation/deacetylation or non-coding RNAs. The biological effects of epigenetic modifications are not fully elucidated but interfere with a wide spectrum of cellular functions. From a clinical standpoint, the combination of genomic and epigenetic data shows that several molecular alterations affect druggable cellular pathways in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, although the clinical impact of molecular typing of these tumors in terms of predictive biomarker testing is still under exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Gao J, Wei J, Wang Y, Li Z, Ma L, Meng X, Wang Z. A versatile magnetic bead-based flow cytometric assay for the detection of thyroid cancer related hsa-miR-221-3p in blood and tissues. Analyst 2020; 146:842-847. [PMID: 33285561 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro detection of low abundance biomolecules including microRNAs (miRNAs) is essential to biological research and early clinical diagnosis. In this work, a versatile magnetic bead (MB)-based flow cytometric assay was developed for the detection of hsa-miR-221-3p, which is strongly associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In the presence of hsa-miR-221-3p, the complementary DNA probe attached to the surface of MBs is hybridized with the target to form DNA/RNA heteroduplexes. After the recognition of the DNA/RNA heteroduplexes by PicoGreen, the fluorescence signals of each MB were readily detected using a flow cytometer. This assay can selectively detect hsa-miR-221-3p with a detection limit of 2.1 pM. The practicality of the assay is demonstrated by the discrimination of thyroid cancer tissues from normal tissues, and a satisfactory result is obtained. Moreover, this assay can be rapidly carried out in one step at room temperature, providing a generic method for the sensitive detection of miRNAs in molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.
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13
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Pitto L, Gorini F, Bianchi F, Guzzolino E. New Insights into Mechanisms of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: The Epigenetic Way. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217787. [PMID: 33114343 PMCID: PMC7662297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the presence in the environment of chemical compounds with thyroid-disrupting effects is progressively increased. This phenomenon has risen concern for human health as the preservation of thyroid system homeostasis is essential for fetal development and for maintaining psychological and physiological wellbeing. An increasing number of studies explored the role of different classes of toxicants in the occurrence and severity of thyroid diseases, but large epidemiological studies are limited and only a few animal or in vitro studies have attempted to identify the mechanisms of chemical action. Recently, epigenetic changes such as alteration of methylation status or modification of non-coding RNAs have been suggested as correlated to possible deleterious effects leading to different thyroid disorders in susceptible individuals. This review aims to analyze the epigenetic alterations putatively induced by chemical exposures and involved in the onset of frequent thyroid diseases such as thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis and disruption of fetal thyroid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Pitto
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 39-050-3153090
| | - Francesca Gorini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Guzzolino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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Tamagawa S, Enomoto K, Gunduz E, Gunduz M, Sato F, Uchino S, Muragaki Y, Hotomi M. MicroRNA 200b promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:3. [PMID: 32774477 PMCID: PMC7405414 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) remains a cancer with one of the worst prognoses, despite novel targeted therapies. The median survival rate has not improved for decades. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial step in physiological processes and in cancer progression, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The current study examined the role of microRNA (miR)-200b in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in ATC. Total RNA and miR isolation were performed from ATC cell lines transfected with a miR-200b mimic. After miR-200b mimic transfection, expression levels of E-cadherin, vimentin and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Additionally, cell migration was evaluated using miR-200b mimic and scrambled negative control-transfected cells. A total of 14 human ATC and 15 non-cancerous human thyroid tissues were immunohistochemically stained and scored as controls for E-cadherin, vimentin and ZEB1. In ATC tissues and cell lines, the mesenchymal marker ZEB1 was significantly upregulated and the epithelial marker E-cadherin was significantly downregulated. Additionally, the mesenchymal marker vimentin was significantly upregulated in ATC tissues and in one ATC cell line. MiR-200b mimic transfection significantly increased vimentin and ZEB1 expression, but E-cadherin expression remained below the measurement sensitivity. Furthermore, miR-200b overexpression decreased cell migration. The current study suggested that miR-200b may regulate the expression levels of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and ZEB1 in ATC and may promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tamagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Keisuke Enomoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Esra Gunduz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Mehmet Gunduz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shinya Uchino
- Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu, Oita 874-0902, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Muneki Hotomi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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15
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Differential MicroRNA-Signatures in Thyroid Cancer Subtypes. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:2052396. [PMID: 32565797 PMCID: PMC7290866 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2052396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancers, with an increasing trend in the last few decades. Although papillary thyroid cancer is the most frequent subtype compared with follicular or anaplastic thyroid cancer, it can dedifferentiate to a more aggressive phenotype, and the recurrence rate is high. The cells of follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas appear identical in cytology, making the preoperative diagnosis difficult. On the other hand, anaplastic thyroid cancer poses a significant clinical challenge due to its aggressive nature with no effective therapeutic options. In the past several years, the roles of genetic alterations of thyroid tumors have been documented, with a remarkable correlation between genotype and phenotype, indicating that distinct molecular changes are associated with a multistep tumorigenic process. Besides mRNA expression profiles, small noncoding microRNA (miRNA) expression also showed critical functions for cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis and finally activating invasion and metastasis in cancer. Several high-throughput sequencing studies demonstrate that miRNA expression signatures contribute clinically relevant information including types of thyroid cancer, tumor grade, and prognosis. This review summarizes recent findings on miRNA signatures in thyroid cancer subtypes.
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Peng Y, Fang X, Yao H, Zhang Y, Shi J. MiR-146b-5p Regulates the Expression of Long Noncoding RNA MALAT1 and Its Effect on the Invasion and Proliferation of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:433-440. [PMID: 32343601 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased dramatically in recent decades due, in large part, to identifications of subclinical diseases. Literature on thyroid cancer has examined the pathogenesis of high invasive papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and has improved the prevention and treatment of PTC. This study aims to investigate the effects of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) on PTC migration and invasion, and clarify the regulatory mechanisms between miR-146b-5p and MALAT1. Materials and Methods: In this study, we examined the differential expression of MALAT1, miR-146b-5p, and DNA methyltransferases 3A (DNMT3A) in PTC tissues. The effect of MALAT1 on the proliferation and invasion ability of PTC cells was verified by constructing a sh-MALAT1 knockdown cell model. Correlations between MALAT1, miR-146b-5p, and DNMT3A were analyzed by the Pearson correlation method. Finally, we verified the regulatory relationship between miR-146b-5p and MALAT1 by the luciferase assay and rescue assay. Results: The expression of MALAT1 was upregulated in PTC tissues and cells, while a MALAT1 knockdown counteracted cellular activity, migration, and invasion of B-CPAP and K1 cells. The relationship between miR-146b-5p and DNMT3A was negative, while the relationship between miR-146b-5p and MALAT1 was positive. Both genes were separately detected using the Pearson correlation method. The luciferase assay and rescue assay demonstrated that a binding site in miR-146b-5p was existent in the 3' untranslated region of DNMT3A, while a knockdown of DNMT3A partially rescued si-miR-146b-5p induced proliferation, migration, and invasion effects on PTC cells. Conclusions: The MALAT1 gene is highly expressed in PTC, while the knockdown MALAT1 gene attenuates the cellular activity and invasive ability of PTC cells. The microRNA miR-146b-5p can promote a MALAT1 expression by negatively regulating DNMT3A in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Peng
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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17
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Shakib H, Rajabi S, Dehghan MH, Mashayekhi FJ, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Hedayati M. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review. Endocrine 2019; 66:435-455. [PMID: 31378850 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Metastatic progression of solid tumors, such as thyroid cancer is a complex process which involves various factors. Current understanding on the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid carcinomas suggests that EMT is implicated in the progression from follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). According to the literature, the initiation of the EMT program in thyroid epithelial cells elevates the number of stem cells, which contribute to recurrent and metastatic diseases. The EMT process is orchestrated by a complex network of transcription factors, growth factors, signaling cascades, epigenetic modulations, and the tumor milieu. These factors have been shown to be dysregulated in thyroid carcinomas. Therefore, molecular interferences restoring the expression of tumor suppressors, or thwarting overexpressed oncogenes is a hopeful therapeutic method to improve the treatment of progressive diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on EMT in thyroid cancer focusing on the main role-players and regulators of this process in thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewa Shakib
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Safari-Alighiarloo
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Sun X, Cui S, Fu X, Liu C, Wang Z, Liu Y. MicroRNA-146-5p promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in lung cancer cells by targeting claudin-12. Cancer Biomark 2019; 25:89-99. [PMID: 31006666 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been regarded as important regulators in different pathological processes of cells. Abnormal expression of miRNAs is frequently associated with cell proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis in various cancers. This study aimed to explore the effect of miR-146-5p on cell growth, metastasis and its mechanism in lung cancer cells. The expressions of miR-146-5p and claudin-12 in A549 and WI-38 cells were altered by transient transfection. Cisplatin was used to develop cells for regulation of cisplatin sensitivity. Cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were analyzed by CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays. The protein expressions of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/MAPK pathway-related factors were detected. miR-146-5p suppression inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion but promoted apoptosis in A549 cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-146-5p reduced the sensitivity of A549 cells and WI-38 cells to cisplatin. In addition, claudin-12 was a direct target of miR-146-5p and was negatively regulated by miR-146-5p. Claudin-12 silence significantly reversed miR-146-5p suppression-mediated anti-tumor effects in A549 cells. Furthermore, miR-146-5p overexpression activated Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/MAPK signal pathways via down-regulation of claudin-12. The results indicated that miR-146-5p promoted cell viability, migration and invasion, inhibited apoptosis and activated Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/MAPK signal pathways by regulating claudin-12 expression in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Sun
- Department of Outpatient (Tumor), The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (West Coast Branch), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shichao Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (West Coast Branch), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Department of Outpatient, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (West Coast Branch), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Qingdao West Coast New District No.2 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Shinan Branch), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- Department of Cancer Comprehensive Therapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (West Coast Branch), Qingdao, Shandong, China
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19
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Fuziwara CS, Saito KC, Kimura ET. Interplay of TGFβ signaling and microRNA in thyroid cell loss of differentiation and cancer progression. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:536-544. [PMID: 31482959 PMCID: PMC10522270 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing in prevalence among humans in last 2 decades and is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. Overall, thyroid-cancer patients have good rates of long-term survival, but a small percentage present poor outcome. Thyroid cancer aggressiveness is essentially related with thyroid follicular cell loss of differentiation and metastasis. The discovery of oncogenes that drive thyroid cancer (such as RET, RAS, and BRAF), and are aligned in the MAPK/ERK pathway has led to a new perspective of thyroid oncogenesis. The uncovering of additional oncogene-modulated signaling pathways revealed an intricate and active signaling cross-talk. Among these, microRNAs, which are a class of small, noncoding RNAs, expanded this cross-talk by modulating several components of the oncogenic network - thus establishing a new layer of regulation. In this context, TGFβ signaling plays an important role in cancer as a dual factor: it can exert an antimitogenic effect in normal thyroid follicular cells, and promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion in cancer cells. In this review, we explore how microRNAs influence the loss of thyroid differentiation and the increase in aggressiveness of thyroid cancers by regulating the dual function of TGFβ. This review provides directions for future research to encourage the development of new strategies and molecular approaches that can improve the treatment of aggressive thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Seigi Fuziwara
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Kelly Cristina Saito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Edna Teruko Kimura
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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20
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MiR-4500 Regulates PLXNC1 and Inhibits Papillary Thyroid Cancer Progression. Discov Oncol 2019; 10:150-160. [PMID: 31317324 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are curable, there are still a few patients showing poor outcomes and increased risk of secondary cancers after therapies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between miR-4500 and PTC and to explore its molecular functions. A total of 50 patients were included, and sonography and histological examinations were used for diagnosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied for detection of mRNA levels while Western blotting was used for measuring protein expression. Cell proliferation was tested using CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Caspase-3 activity and nucleosomal fragmentation assays were employed to test cell apoptosis. Cell invasive ability was measured using transwell assay. MiR-4500 target was identified using luciferase assay and RNA pull-down assay. MiR-4500 expression was significantly decreased in five PTC cell lines compared with Nthy-ori 3-1 cells and in PTC tissues compared with adjacent normal thyroid tissues, respectively. Decreased expression of miR-4500 showed lower survival rate, higher cancer stage, and lymphatic metastasis. Therefore, our results implied that miR-4500 could serve as a potential biomarker for PTC prognosis. Overexpression of miR-4500 repressed colony formation, proliferation, and invasiveness of PTC cells whereas increased cell apoptosis. We identified that PLXNC1 was a direct target of miR-4500. PLXNC1 knockdown showed similar effects on cell viability, colony formation, and cell apoptosis as overexpression of miR-4500 in PTC cells. In conclusion, miR-4500 inhibits the malignant transformation of PTC cells by directly targeting and repressing PLXNC1.
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21
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Li X, Dai D, Wang H, Wu B, Wang R. Identification of prognostic signatures associated with long-term overall survival of thyroid cancer patients based on a competing endogenous RNA network. Genomics 2019; 112:1197-1207. [PMID: 31295545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are considered as transcripts that can regulate each other at post-transcription level by competing for shared miRNAs. Considering the key roles of lncRNAs acting as ceRNAs in progression of solid tumors, to develop prognostic signatures in thyroid cancer (THCA), patients with corresponding clinical data were selected and two ceRNA networks were constructed using online databases. Two prognostic signatures (Lnc5m4 and Lnc2mi1m2) were found to be more efficient in predicting long-term survival of THCA patients. However, the high-risk score of Lnc2mi1m2 was not an independent factor.The risk score of Lnc5m4 was able to effectively stratify patients in stage III-IV into low- and high-risk groups, and also could predict poor prognosis of patients in stage III-IV. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Lnc5m4 is a novel prognostic signature for predicting long-term overall survival of THCA patients, which could provide a new approach to lncRNA research in THCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dayou Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Clinic College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Immunology in College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health) of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Geriatric Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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22
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Butz H, Patócs A. MicroRNAs in endocrine tumors. EJIFCC 2019; 30:146-164. [PMID: 31263390 PMCID: PMC6599198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, protein noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Their role is considered to set the gene expression to the optimal level, or in other words to provide "fine tuning" of gene expression. They regulate essential physiological processes such as differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis and their role is known in tumor development too. At tissue level differential miRNA expression in endocrine disorders including endocrine malignancies has also been reported. A new era of miRNAs-related research started when miRNAs were successfully detected outside of cells, in biofluids, in cell-free environments. Their significant role has been demonstrated in cell-cell communication in tumor biology. Due to their stability circulating miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers. In common diseases circulating miRNAs can be potentially proposed as screening biomarkers and they are also useful to detect tumor recurrence hence they can be applied in post-surgery follow-up too. MiRNAs as diagnostic markers can also be helpful at tissue level when certain histology diagnosis is challenging. Beside diagnosis, tissue miRNAs have the potential to predict prognosis. Intensive research is carried out regarding endocrine tumors as well in terms of miRNAs. However, until now miRNAs as biomarkers do not applied in routine diagnostics, probably due to the challenging preanalytics. In this review we summarized tissue and circulating miRNAs found in thyroid, adrenal, pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors. We aimed to highlight the most important, selected miRNAs with potential diagnostic and prognostic value both in tissue and circulation. Common miRNAs across different endocrine neoplasms are summarized and miRNAs enriched at 14q31 locus are also highlighted suggesting their general role in tumorigenesis of endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, „Lendulet˝ Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Deparment of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, „Lendulet˝ Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Deparment of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author: Attila Patocs Semmelweis University Department of Laboratory Medicine Szentkiralyi Street 46 Budapest, H-1088 Hungary E-mail:
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23
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Khatami F, Larijani B, Nasiri S, Tavangar SM. Liquid Biopsy as a Minimally Invasive Source of Thyroid Cancer Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 8:19-29. [PMID: 32351906 PMCID: PMC7175608 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the blood of cancer patients, some nucleic acid fragments and tumor cells can be found that make it possible to trace tumor changes through a simple blood test called “liquid biopsy”. The main components of liquid biopsy are fragments of DNA and RNA shed by tumors into the bloodstream and circulate freely (ctDNAs and ctRNAs). Tumor cells which are shed into the blood (circulating tumor cells or CTCs), and exosomes that have been investigated for non-invasive detection and monitoring several tumors including thyroid cancer. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of a thyroid tumor can be a driver for tumor genesis or essential for tumor progression and invasion. Liquid biopsy can be real-time representative of such genetic and epigenetic alterations to trace tumors. In thyroid tumors, the circulating BRAF mutation is now taken into account for both thyroid cancer diagnosis and determination of the most effective treatment strategy. Several recent studies have indicated the ctDNA methylation pattern of some iodine transporters and DNA methyltransferase as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in thyroid cancer as well. There has been a big hope that the recent advances of genome sequencing together with liquid biopsy can be a game changer in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Nasiri
- Departments of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Departments of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guo H, Zhang L. MicroRNA-30a suppresses papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting E2F7. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:209-215. [PMID: 31258655 PMCID: PMC6566087 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA (miRNA/miR)-30a, a tumor-associated miRNA, has been implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of different types of human cancer. Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy, of which papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for ~80-90% of all TC. However, the effect of miR-30a in PTC is yet to be fully elucidated. The TPC-1 human PTC cell line, as well as the normal human thyroid cell line (HT-ori3), were utilized in the current study. The PTC cell line was transfected with a miR-30a mimic. Subsequently, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of miR-30a and E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7). Cell proliferation was assessed via a MTT assay and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to detect the migration and invasion of PTC cells. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was also utilized to clarify the association between miR-30a and E2F7. The results of the current study revealed that miR-30a was significantly downregulated in TPC-1 cells compared with HT-ori3 cells and that the expression of E2F7 was significantly upregulated in PTC cells. The upregulation of miR-30a also inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of PTC cells. Furthermore, the luciferase assay revealed that miR-30a binds to the 3'-UTR of E2F7. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-30a decreased E2F7 levels in TPC-1 cells. These results indicate that miR-30a functions as a tumor suppressor in PTC by direct targeting E2F7 and that miR-30a may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
| | - Linyun Zhang
- Shanxi Fenyang Prison Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
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25
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Calabrese G, Dolcimascolo A, Torrisi F, Zappalà A, Gulino R, Parenti R. MiR-19a Overexpression in FTC-133 Cell Line Induces a More De-Differentiated and Aggressive Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123944. [PMID: 30544640 PMCID: PMC6320980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have received increasing attention for their important role in tumor initiation and progression. MiRNAs are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of several oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. MiR-19a, a component of the oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster, has been reported to be highly expressed only in anaplastic thyroid cancer, the most undifferentiated, aggressive and lethal form of thyroid neoplasia. In this work, we evaluated the putative contribution of miR-19a in de-differentiation and aggressiveness of thyroid tumors. To this aim, we induced miR-19a expression in the well-differentiated follicular thyroid cancer cell line and evaluated proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression profile of cancer cells. Our results showed that miR-19a overexpression stimulates cell proliferation and alters the expression profile of genes related to thyroid cell differentiation and aggressiveness. These findings not only suggest that miR-19a has a possible involvement in de-differentiation and malignancy, but also that it could represent an important prognostic indicator and a good therapeutic target for the most aggressive thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Anna Dolcimascolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
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26
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Zarkesh M, Zadeh-Vakili A, Azizi F, Foroughi F, Akhavan MM, Hedayati M. Altered Epigenetic Mechanisms in Thyroid Cancer Subtypes. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:41-56. [PMID: 28986854 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the endocrine system. Molecular methods for diagnosis of invasive thyroid disease can be effectively adopted. Epigenetic factors play an important role in the diversity patterns of gene expression and the phenotypic and biological characteristics of TC subtypes. We aimed to review epigenetic changes in the main subtypes of TC, along with a presentation of the methods that have examined these changes, and active clinical trials for the treatment of advanced TCs targeting epigenetic changes. A literature analysis was performed in MEDLINE using PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar for studies published up to 2016, using the keywords: "Epigenetic alterations" OR "Epigenetic changes", "thyroid cancers", "papillary thyroid cancer", "medullary thyroid cancer", "follicular thyroid cancer", and "anaplastic thyroid cancer", which resulted in 310 articles in English. All related abstracts were reviewed and studies were included that were published in English, had available full text, and determined the details of the methods and materials associated with the epigenetic patterns of TC and its subtypes (100 articles). Analysis of epigenetic alterations in TC subtypes helps to identify pathogenesis and can play an important role in the classification and diagnosis of tumors. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially aberrant methylation of DNA and microRNAs (miRs), are likely to play an important role in thyroid tumorigenesis. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of histone modification mechanisms in TC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Foroughi
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Mohammad Akhavan
- Skin Research Center School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
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Wächter S, Wunderlich A, Greene BH, Roth S, Elxnat M, Fellinger SA, Verburg FA, Luster M, Bartsch DK, Di Fazio P. Selumetinib Activity in Thyroid Cancer Cells: Modulation of Sodium Iodide Symporter and Associated miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072077. [PMID: 30018229 PMCID: PMC6073679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)⁻inhibitor selumetinib led to increased radioiodine uptake and retention in a subgroup of patients suffering from radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RR-DTC). We aimed to analyse the effect of selumetinib on the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS; SLC5A5) and associated miRNAs in thyroid cancer cells. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed by viability assay in TPC1, BCPAP, C643 and 8505C thyroid cancer cell lines. NIS, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, and hsa-miR-146b-3p expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. NIS protein was detected by Western blot. Radioiodine uptake was performed with a Gamma counter. RESULTS Selumetinib caused a significant reduction of cell viability in all thyroid cancer cell lines. NIS transcript was restored by selumetinib in all cell lines. Its protein level was found up-regulated in TPC1 and BCPAP cells and down-regulated in C643 and 8505C cells after treatment with selumetinib. Treatment with selumetinib caused a down-regulation of hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p in TPC1 and BCPAP cells. In 8505C cells, a stable or down-regulated hsa-miR-146b-5p was detected after 1h and 48h of treatment. C643 cells showed stable or up-regulated hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p. Selumetinib treatment caused an increase of radioiodine uptake, which was significant in TPC1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The study shows for the first time that selumetinib restores NIS by the inhibition of its related targeting miRNAs. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanism activated by hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-146b-3p and hsa-let7f-5p to stabilise NIS. Restoration of NIS could represent a milestone for the treatment of advanced RR-DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wächter
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Wunderlich
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Brandon H Greene
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Bunsenstrasse 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Roth
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Elxnat
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian A Fellinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Luster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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28
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Sasanakietkul T, Murtha TD, Javid M, Korah R, Carling T. Epigenetic modifications in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:23-37. [PMID: 28552796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated thyroid cancer accounts for the majority of endocrine malignancies and, in general, has an excellent prognosis. In contrast, the less common poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are two of the most aggressive human malignancies. Recently, there has been an increased focus on the epigenetic alterations underlying thyroid carcinogenesis, including those that drive PDTC and ATC. Dysregulated epigenetic candidates identified include the Aurora group, KMT2D, PTEN, RASSF1A, multiple non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), and the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. A deeper understanding of the signaling pathways affected by epigenetic dysregulation may improve prognostic testing and support the advancement of thyroid-specific epigenetic therapies. This review outlines the current understanding of epigenetic alterations observed in PDTC and ATC and explores the potential for exploiting this understanding in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyawat Sasanakietkul
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Timothy D Murtha
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mahsa Javid
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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29
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Wächter S, Wunderlich A, Roth S, Mintziras I, Maurer E, Hoffmann S, Verburg FA, Fellinger SA, Holzer K, Bartsch DK, Di Fazio P. Individualised Multimodal Treatment Strategies for Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E115. [PMID: 29762469 PMCID: PMC5977154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of anaplastic (ATC) and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is poor, due to their radioiodine refractoriness (RAI-R), high metastatic potential and current lack of effective treatment strategies. We aimed to examine the efficacy of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sorafenib and selumetinib and the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) panobinostat in patient-derived tumor tissue (PDTT) of ATCs/PDTCs, the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and radioiodine up-take (RAI-U). High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2) and associated miRNAs expression was correlated with the clinical course of the patients. Inhibitory effects of panobinostat, sorafenib and selumetinib were measured by real time cell analyser xCELLigence in five PDTTs and human foreskin fibroblasts (HF) used as control. Expression of NIS, HMGA2 and associated miRNAs hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p was performed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. RAI-U was performed by Gamma Counter with I-131. Panobinostat showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (10 nM) in all PDTTs and HF and caused a significant over-expression of NIS transcript. TKIs were able to up-regulate NIS transcript in patient 5 and in HF. RAI-U was up-regulated after 24 h of treatment with TKIs and panobinostat in all PDTT and HF, except in patient 5. Selumetinib caused a significant suppression of HMGA2 in PDTT 1, 2, 4, 5 and HF; whereas sorafenib caused no change of HMGA2 expression. Panobinostat suppressed significantly HMGA2 in PDTT 2, 4 and HF. The expression of miRNAs hsa-let-7f-5p, has-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-146b-3p was modulated heterogeneously. NIS protein level was over-expressed in three PDTTs (patients 1, 3 and 4) after 24 h of treatment with selumetinib, sorafenib and in particular with panobinostat. HF showed a stable NIS protein level after treatment. Panobinostat showed the strongest cytotoxicity in all treated PDTTs at the lowest dosage in comparison with TKI. All three compounds were able to modulate differently NIS, HMGA2 and related miRNAs. These factors represent valuable markers in PDTT for new treatment strategies for patients suffering from ATC/PDTC. Thus, the establishment of PDTT could be a useful tool to test the efficacy of compounds and to develop new and individualised multimodal treatment options for PDTCs and ATCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wächter
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Wunderlich
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Roth
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Ioannis Mintziras
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Maurer
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hoffmann
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian A Fellinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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30
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Wasserman JD, Sabbaghian N, Fahiminiya S, Chami R, Mete O, Acker M, Wu MK, Shlien A, de Kock L, Foulkes WD. DICER1 Mutations Are Frequent in Adolescent-Onset Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2009-2015. [PMID: 29474644 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common malignancy in adolescence and is molecularly and clinically distinct from adult PTC. Mutations in the DICER1 gene are associated with thyroid abnormalities, including multinodular goiter and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to characterize the prevalence of DICER1 variants in pediatric PTC, specifically in tumors without conventional PTC oncogenic alterations. PATIENTS Patients (N = 40) who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy and who were <18 years of age at the time of surgery were selected. DESIGN The 40 consecutive thyroidectomy specimens (30 malignant, 10 benign) underwent genotyping for 17 PTC-associated variants, as well as full sequencing of the exons and exon-intron boundaries of DICER1. RESULTS Conventional alterations were found in 12 of 30 (40%) PTCs (five BRAFV600E, three RET/PTC1, four RET/PTC3). Pathogenic DICER1 variants were identified in 3 of 30 (10%) PTCs and in 2 of 10 (20%) benign nodules, all of which lacked conventional alterations and did not recur during follow-up. DICER1 alterations thus constituted 3 of 18 (16.7%) PTCs without conventional alterations. The three DICER1-mutated carcinomas each had two somatic DICER1 alterations, whereas two follicular-nodular lesions arose in those with germline DICER1 mutations and harbored characteristic second somatic RNase IIIb "hotspot" mutations. CONCLUSIONS DICER1 is a driver of pediatric thyroid nodules, and DICER1-mutated PTC may represent a distinct class of low-risk malignancies. Given the prevalence of variants in children, we advocate for inclusion of DICER1 sequencing and gene dosage determination in molecular analysis of pediatric thyroid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Somayyeh Fahiminiya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rose Chami
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meryl Acker
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mona K Wu
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leanne de Kock
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Penha RCC, Pellecchia S, Pacelli R, Pinto LFR, Fusco A. Ionizing Radiation Deregulates the MicroRNA Expression Profile in Differentiated Thyroid Cells. Thyroid 2018; 28:407-421. [PMID: 29397781 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) is a well-known risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer, and it has been reported to deregulate microRNA expression, which is important to thyroid carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of IR on microRNA expression profile of the normal thyroid cell line (FRTL-5 CL2), as well as its effect on radiosensitivity of thyroid cancer cell lines, especially the human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line (8505c). METHODS The global microRNA expression profile of irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells (5 Gy X-ray) was characterized, and data were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluating the expression of rno-miR-10b-5p, rno-miR-33-5p, rno-miR-128-1-5p, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-296-5p, rno-miR-328a-3p, and rno-miR-541-5p in irradiated cells. The miR-199a-3p and miR-10b-5p targets were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and luciferase target assays. The effects of miR-199a-3p and miR-10b-5p on DNA repair were determined by evaluating the activation of the protein kinases ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia, and Rad3-related and the serine 39 phosphorylation of variant histone H2AX as an indirect measure of double-strand DNA breaks in irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells. The impact of miR-10b-5p on radiosensitivity was analyzed by cell counting and MTT assays in FRTL-5 CL2, Kras-transformed FRTL-5 CL2 (FRTL KiKi), and 8505c cell lines. RESULTS The results reveal that miR-10b-5p and miR-199a-3p display the most pronounced alterations in expression in irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells. Dicer1 and Lin28b were validated as targets of miR-10b-5p and miR-199a-3p, respectively. Functional studies demonstrate that miR-10b-5p increases the growth rate of FRTL-5 CL2 cells, while miR-199a-3p inhibits their proliferation. Moreover, both of these microRNAs negatively affect homologous recombination repair, reducing activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related protein levels, consequently leading to an accumulation of the serine 39 phosphorylation of variant histone H2AX. Interestingly, the overexpression of miR-10b-5p decreases the viability of the irradiated FRTL5-CL2 and 8505c cell lines. Consistent with this observation, its inhibition in FRTL KiKi cells, which display high basal expression levels of miR-10b-5p, leads to the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IR deregulates microRNA expression, affecting the double-strand DNA breaks repair efficiency of irradiated thyroid cells, and suggest that miR-10b-5p overexpression may be an innovative approach for anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy by increasing cancer cell radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cortez Cardoso Penha
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA , CPQ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simona Pellecchia
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- 3 Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini e Radioterapia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Fusco
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA , CPQ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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TWIST1/miR-584/TUSC2 pathway induces resistance to apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70575-70588. [PMID: 27661106 PMCID: PMC5342575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIST1, a transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies; TWIST1 is overexpressed in ATC and increases thyroid cancer cell survival, migration and invasion. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of TWIST1 are partially known. Here, using miRNome profiling of papillary thyroid cancer cells (TPC-1) ectopically expressing TWIST1, we identified miR-584. We showed that TWIST1 directly binds miR-584 using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Importantly, miR-584 was up-regulated in human ATC compared to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and normal thyroid samples. Overexpression of miR-584 in TPC cells induced resistance to apoptosis, whereas stable transfection of anti-miR-584 in TPC-TWIST1 and 8505C cells increased the sensitivity to apoptosis. Using bioinformatics programs, we identified TUSC2 (tumor suppressor candidate 2) as a novel target of miR-584. TUSC2 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in TPC miR-584 and increased in TPC-TWIST1 anti-miR-584 cells. Luciferase assays demonstrated direct targeting. Restored expression of TUSC2 rescued the inhibition of apoptosis induced by miR-584. Finally, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis showed that TUSC2 was down-regulated in ATC and PTC samples compared to normal thyroids. In conclusion, our study identified a novel TWIST1/miR-584/TUSC2 pathway that plays a role in resistance to apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells.
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MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of HMGB1 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2754941. [PMID: 29651425 PMCID: PMC5832039 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2754941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a potential therapeutic target and novel biomarker in a variety of malignant tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More recently, a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) are identified as a class of regulators for broad control of HMGB1-mediated biological actions in eukaryotic cells. In this review article we will describe representative miRNAs involved in regulating the HMGB1 signaling pathways in HCC cell lines and/or animal models. We also propose the possible mechanisms underlying the miRNA/HMGB1 axis and discuss the future clinical significance of miRNAs targeting HMGB1 molecule for HCC therapy.
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MicroRNA-146b promotes PI3K/AKT pathway hyperactivation and thyroid cancer progression by targeting PTEN. Oncogene 2018; 37:3369-3383. [PMID: 29353884 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that miR-146b is the most upregulated microRNA in thyroid cancer and has a central role in cancer progression through mechanisms that remain largely unidentified. As phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT) signaling is a fundamental oncogenic driver in many thyroid cancers, we explored a potential role for miR-146b and its target genes in PI3K/AKT activation. Among the predicted target genes of miR-146b, we found the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Constitutive overexpression of miR-146b in thyroid epithelial cell lines significantly decreased PTEN mRNA and protein levels by direct binding to its 3'-UTR. This was accompanied by PI3K/AKT hyperactivation, leading to the exclusion of FOXO1 and p27 from the nucleus and a corresponding increase in cellular proliferation. Moreover, miR-146b overexpression led to protection from apoptosis and an increased migration and invasion potential, regulating genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Notably, with the single exception of E-cadherin expression, all of these outcomes could be reversed by PTEN coexpression. Further analysis showed that miR-146b directly inhibits E-cadherin expression through binding to its 3'-UTR. Interestingly, miR-146b inhibition in human thyroid tumor xenografts, using a synthetic and clinically amenable molecule, blocked tumor growth when delivered intratumorally. Importantly, this inhibition increased PTEN protein levels. In conclusion, our data define a novel mechanism of PI3K/AKT hyperactivation and outline a regulatory role for miR-146b in suppressing PTEN expression, a frequent observation in thyroid cancer. Both events are related to a more aggressive tumoral phenotype. Targeting miR-146b therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Lu M, Xu X, Xi B, Dai Q, Li C, Su L, Zhou X, Tang M, Yao Y, Yang J. Molecular Network-Based Identification of Competing Endogenous RNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E44. [PMID: 29351231 PMCID: PMC5793195 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAs may act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), a critical mechanism in determining gene expression regulations in many cancers. However, the roles of ceRNAs in thyroid carcinoma remains elusive. In this study, we have developed a novel pipeline called Molecular Network-based Identification of ceRNA (MNIceRNA) to identify ceRNAs in thyroid carcinoma. MNIceRNA first constructs micro RNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA)long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) networks from miRcode database and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), based on which to identify key drivers of differentially expressed RNAs between normal and tumor samples. It then infers ceRNAs of the identified key drivers using the long non-coding competing endogenous database (lnCeDB). We applied the pipeline into The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) thyroid carcinoma data. As a result, 598 lncRNAs, 1025 mRNAs, and 90 microRNA (miRNAs) were inferred to be differentially expressed between normal and thyroid cancer samples. We then obtained eight key driver miRNAs, among which hsa-mir-221 and hsa-mir-222 were key driver RNAs identified by both miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA and WGCNA network. In addition, hsa-mir-375 was inferred to be significant for patients' survival with 34 associated ceRNAs, among which RUNX2, DUSP6 and SEMA3D are known oncogenes regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation in thyroid cancer. These ceRNAs are critical in revealing the secrets behind thyroid cancer progression and may serve as future therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xingyu Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Baohang Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Qi Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chenli Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 570100, China.
| | - Li Su
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 570100, China.
| | - Xiaonan Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Hefei 241000, China.
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Yuhua Yao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 570100, China.
| | - Jialiang Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 570100, China.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
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Xue S, Wang P, Hurst ZA, Chang YS, Chen G. Active Surveillance for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Challenges and Prospects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 30619082 PMCID: PMC6302022 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) can be considered as an alternative to immediate surgery in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) without clinically apparent lymph nodes, gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and/or distant metastasis according to American Thyroid Association. However, in the past AS has been controversial, as evidence supporting AS in the management of PTMC was scarce. The most prominent of these controversies included, the limited accuracy and utility of ultrasound (US) in the detection of ETE, malignant lymph node involvement or the advent of novel lymph node malignancy during AS, and disease progression. We summarized publications and indicated: (1) US, performer-dependent, could not accurately diagnose gross ETE or malignant lymph node involvement in PTMC. However, the combination of computed tomography and US provided more accurate diagnostic performance, especially in terms of selection sensitivity. (2) Compared to immediate surgery patients, low-risk PTMC patients had a slightly higher rate of lymph node metastases (LNM), although the overall rate for both groups remained low. (3) Recent advances in the sensitivity and specificity of imaging and incorporation of diagnostic biomarkers have significantly improved confidence in the ability to differentiate indolent vs. aggressive PTMCs. Our paper reviewed current imagings and biomarkers with initial promise to help select AS candidates more safely and effectively. These challenges and prospects are important areas for future research to promote AS in PTMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xue
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peisong Wang
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zachary A. Hurst
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Seok Chang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Guang Chen
- Thyroid Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Chen
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Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Embryonic Development, Tissue Repair and Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview. J Clin Med 2017; 7:jcm7010001. [PMID: 29271928 PMCID: PMC5791009 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a central role in both normal physiological events (e.g., embryonic development) and abnormal pathological events (e.g., tumor formation and metastasis). The processes that occur in embryonic development are often reactivated under pathological conditions such as oncogenesis. Therefore, defining the regulatory networks (both gene and protein levels) involved in the EMT during embryonic development will be fundamental in understanding the regulatory networks involved in tumor development, as well as metastasis. There are many molecules, factors, mediators and signaling pathways that are involved in the EMT process. Although the EMT is a very old topic with numerous publications, recent new technologies and discoveries give this research area some new perspective and direction. It is now clear that these important processes are controlled by a network of transcriptional and translational regulators in addition to post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that amplify the initial signals. In this review article, we will discuss some key concepts, historical findings, as well as some recent progresses in the EMT research field.
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38
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Lee SI, Kim DK, Seo EJ, Choi EJ, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Lee JC, Kim HY, Shong M, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Role of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Maintenance of Chemoresistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2017; 27:1424-1432. [PMID: 28920531 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional treatment. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not fully effective because of the undifferentiated phenotype and enhanced drug resistance of ATC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a stemness-associated transcription factor, in the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance of ATC. METHODS ATC cells were compared to papillary thyroid cancer cells in drug resistance and gene expression. The effects of KLF4 knockdown in ATC cells on in vitro and in vivo drug resistance were measured. The effects of KLF4 overexpression and knockdown on ABC transporter activity were determined. RESULTS ATC cells, such as HTH83, 8505C, and SW1736, exhibited higher resistance to the anticancer drug paclitaxel and higher expression of KLF4 than TPC-1 papillary thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells increased the expression of the thyroid-specific differentiation genes, such as thyrotropin receptor, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and sodium-iodide symporter. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells decreased the resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, and reduced ABC transporter expression. Luciferase reporter assay results showed that KLF4 overexpression increased ABCG2 promoter activity, which was abolished by KLF4 knockdown. A tumorigenicity assay showed that the combination of paclitaxel treatment and KLF4 knockdown significantly decreased tumor mass originated from HTH83 cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS ATC cells show high expression of KLF4, and KLF4 expression is necessary for maintaining the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. The present study identifies KLF4 as a potential therapeutic target for eliminating ATC cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Su In Lee
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- 2 Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Choon Lee
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yul Kim
- 4 Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- 6 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- 7 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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39
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Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, Sabini E, Agate L, Mazzeo S, Materazzi G, Sellari-Franceschini S, Ribechini A, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Vitti P, Elisei R. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:644-660. [PMID: 28707679 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare malignancy, accounting for 1-2% of all thyroid cancers. Although rare, ATC accounts for the majority of deaths from thyroid carcinoma. ATC often originates in a pre-existing thyroid cancer lesion, as suggested by the simultaneous presence of areas of differentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. ATC is characterized by the accumulation of several oncogenic alterations, and studies have shown that an increased number of oncogenic alterations equates to an increased level of dedifferentiation and aggressiveness. The clinical management of ATC requires a multidisciplinary approach; according to recent American Thyroid Association guidelines, surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered. In addition to conventional therapies, novel molecular targeted therapies are the most promising emerging treatment modalities. These drugs are often multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, several of which have been tested in clinical trials with encouraging results so far. Accordingly, clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of these new agents. This Review describes the updated clinical and pathological features of ATC and provides insight into the molecular biology of this disease. The most recent literature regarding conventional, newly available and future therapies for ATC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Molinaro
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Agnese Biagini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Elena Sabini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Laura Agate
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa
| | | | | | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
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40
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Li H, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Ding C, Su Z. Roles of microRNA let-7b in papillary thyroid carcinoma by regulating HMGA2. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317719274. [PMID: 29025376 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317719274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased significantly in the last decade, and the most frequent type of this cancer is papillary thyroid carcinoma. MicroRNAs have been demonstrated to be abnormally expressed in tumors and associated with the development of the tumors. Our aim was to analyze the role and molecular mechanisms of tumor suppressor let-7b in the papillary thyroid carcinoma. Expression of let-7b and high-mobility group A2 in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues and cell lines was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. To explore the role of let-7b or high-mobility group A2 in the BCPAP and TPC-1 cells, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Transwell methods were used. Let-7b expression was significantly downregulated while expression of high-mobility group A2 was upregulated dramatically in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues and cells compared with that in normal thyroid tissues and cells. In addition, overexpression of let-7b or knockdown of high-mobility group A2 inhibited cell migration and invasion compared with that of control. Besides, high-mobility group A2 was negatively regulated by let-7b in BCPAP cells. Moreover, high-mobility group A2 reintroduction reversed the anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and anti-invasion roles of let-7b. Let-7b might function as a tumor suppressor in papillary thyroid carcinoma by suppressing the expression of high-mobility group A2, and therefore might provide a promising therapeutic target for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Li
- 1 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- 2 Central Sterile Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- 1 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- 1 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Ding
- 1 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zijie Su
- 1 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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The evolving concept of cancer stem-like cells in thyroid cancer and other solid tumors. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1142-1151. [PMID: 28394318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that a small population of cells in a cancer has self-renewal and clonal tumor initiation properties. These cells are responsible for tumor initiation, growth, recurrence and for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CSCs can be characterized using markers such as SSEA-1, SSEA-4, CD44, CD24, ALDEFLUOR and others. CSCs form spheres when they are cultured in serum-free condition in low attachment plates and can generate tumors when injected into immune-deficient mice. During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lose cellular adhesion and polarity and acquire an invasive phenotype. Recent studies have established a relationship between EMT and increased numbers of CSCs in some solid malignancies. Non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have important roles during EMT and some of these molecules also have regulatory roles in the proliferation of CSCs. Specific lncRNAs enhanced cell migration and invasion in breast carcinomas, which was associated with the generation of stem cell properties. The tumor microenvironment of CSCs also has an important role in tumor progression. Recent studies have shown that the interaction between tumor cells and the local microenvironment at the metastatic site leads to the development of premetastatic niche(s) and allows for the proliferation of the metastatic cells during colonization. The role of exosomes in the microenvironment during the EMT program is currently a major area of research. This review examines CSCs and the relationship between EMT and CSCs in solid tumors with emphasis on thyroid CSCs. The role of non-coding RNAs and of the microenvironment in EMT and in tumor progression are also examined. This review also highlights the growing number of studies that show the close association of EMT and CSCs and the role of exosomes and other elements of the tissue microenvironment in CSC metastasis. A better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to more effective targeting of primary and metastatic malignancies.
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42
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Celano M, Rosignolo F, Maggisano V, Pecce V, Iannone M, Russo D, Bulotta S. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:6496570. [PMID: 29038786 PMCID: PMC5606057 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6496570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal management of patients with thyroid cancer requires the use of sensitive and specific biomarkers. For early diagnosis and effective follow-up, the currently available cytological and serum biomarkers, thyroglobulin and calcitonin, present severe limitations. Research on microRNA expression in thyroid tumors is providing new insights for the development of novel biomarkers that can be used to diagnose thyroid cancer and optimize its management. In this review, we will examine some of the methods commonly used to detect and quantify microRNA in biospecimens from patients with thyroid tumor, as well as the potential applications of these techniques for developing microRNA-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosignolo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- CNR, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Borgia, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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43
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Cinpolat O, Unal ZN, Ismi O, Gorur A, Unal M. Comparison of microRNA profiles between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors in tissue, blood and saliva samples: a prospective, case-control study. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 83:276-284. [PMID: 27184509 PMCID: PMC9444796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are rare head and neck malignancies consisting of a spectrum of tumors with different biological behaviors. Objective In this study we aimed to find out differential expression of microRNA profiles between benign and malignant SGTs. Methods We investigated the possible role of 95 microRNAs in the 20 patients with salivary gland tumors with comparison of 17 patients without malignancy or salivary gland diseases. Sixteen of the tumors were benign (seven pleomorphic adenomas, nine Warthin tumors), four of them were malignant (two squamous cell carcinomas, one high grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, one adenocarcinoma). Serum and saliva samples were collected from both patients and control group. Tissue samples of tumor masses were also collected from patient group. Results Among studied microRNAs miR-21, miR-23a, miR-27a, miR-223, miR-125b, miR-126, miR-146a, miR-30e were down regulated in the benign group compared to control group in the serum samples (p-values are 0.04, 0.00005, 0.00005, 0.0022, 0.031, 0.00008, 0.044, and 0.0007, respectively). When tissue samples were studied miR-21, miR-31, miR-199a-5p, miR-146b, miR-345 were up-regulated in the malignant group compared to benign group (p values are 0.006, 0.02, 0.013, 0.013, 0.041, respectively). miR-30e showed statistically significant up-regulation in malignant tumor group's plasma samples compared to benign group (p = 0.034). There was no statistically significant difference in saliva samples between groups. Conclusion Our results showed that different microRNAs may play role in salivary tumor pathogenesis according to biological behavior. Although there was no difference in saliva samples between groups, according to tissue and serum samples miR-21 and 30e may have an important role; since they were down-regulated in benign tumors whereas up-regulated in malignant ones.
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Liu Y, Zhang B, Shi T, Qin H. miR-182 promotes tumor growth and increases chemoresistance of human anaplastic thyroid cancer by targeting tripartite motif 8. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1115-1122. [PMID: 28280352 PMCID: PMC5338957 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most effective forms of cancer treatment and has been used in the treatment of various malignant tumors. We have gained significant insight into the mechanisms of chemoresistance but the details of the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we found that tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) expression was downregulated in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) tissues and cell lines. This downregulation of TRIM8 was significantly correlated with the upregulation of miR-182 in human ATC tissues. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assays identified TRIM8 as a direct target of miR-182 in ATC. A functional assay using an MTT assay and colony formation showed that miR-182 induced cellular growth by repressing TRIM8 expression. Additionally, overexpressed miR-182 contributed to the chemoresistance of ATC cells by the repression of TRIM8 expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that miR-182/TRIM8 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of chemoresistant human thyroid papillary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiefeng Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huadong Qin
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
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Rodríguez-Rodero S, Delgado-Álvarez E, Díaz-Naya L, Martín Nieto A, Menéndez Torre E. Epigenetic modulators of thyroid cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:44-56. [PMID: 28440770 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are some well known factors involved in the etiology of thyroid cancer, including iodine deficiency, radiation exposure at early ages, or some genetic changes. However, epigenetic modulators that may contribute to development of these tumors and be helpful to for both their diagnosis and treatment have recently been discovered. The currently known changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in each type of thyroid carcinoma are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodríguez-Rodero
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado-Álvarez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucía Díaz-Naya
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alicia Martín Nieto
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez Torre
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are negative regulators of gene expression and subsequent protein production. This method of action translates into regulatory control over cellular processes, including development, signaling, metabolism, and apoptosis. A broad range of miRNA are shown to have abnormal expressions in thyroid cancers which could explain the pathology of tumor oncogenesis and disease progression. A review is conducted of the current research on miRNA dysregulation in thyroid cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Dysregulated miRNA and their associated regulatory pathways are identified and their oncogenic and pathological significance are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Lijun Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Daniel Miller
- School of Computing, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA comprising approximately 19-25 nucleotides. miRNAs can act as tumour suppressors or oncogenes, and aberrant expression of miRNAs has been reported in several human cancers and has been associated with cancer initiation and progression. Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs play a major role in thyroid carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNAs in thyroid cancer and describe the oncogenic or tumour suppressor function of miRNAs as well as their clinical utility as prognostic or diagnostic markers in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriem Boufraqech
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ji J, Xu M, Tu J, Zhao Z, Gao J, Chen M, Song J, Zhu H, Cheng X, Hui J, Lan X, Yang X. MiR-155 and its functional variant rs767649 contribute to the susceptibility and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:60303-60309. [PMID: 27531892 PMCID: PMC5312385 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the fourth common cancer and the third common cause of cancer mortality among Chinese population. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were confirmed to be involved in complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggested that upregulation of miR-155, one of the best characterized miRNAs, could serve as a promising marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of many cancers, except for HCC. In current we tested the hypothesis that functional variant rs767649 located in the flanking region of miR-155 gene contributes to the development and survival of HCC. We identified that functional variant rs767649 in miR-155 regulation region was associated with risk and survival of HCC. The minor allele of rs767649 was significantly associated with an increased risk of HCC (OR=1.23, 95% CI=1.11-1.36, P = 7.97x10-5). The genotype TT of rs767649 was significantly associated with a 1.94 fold poor survival of HCC (HR=1.94, 95% CI=1.01-3.79), while 1.15 fold for genotype AT (HR=1.15, 95% CI=1.06-1.25). Results showed that miR-155 was highly overexpressed in HCC tissues, compared with the adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001). The allele T contributes to higher expression of miR-155 in both the HCC tissues and the adjacent non-tumor tissues (P< 0.01). Our findings suggested that miR-155 and its functional variant rs767649 might contribute to the increased risk and poor prognosis of HCC, highlighting the importance of miR-155 in the prevention and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Ji
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Tu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, P. R. China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Zhong-da Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xingyao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Junguo Hui
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Xilin Lan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Lab-Yang, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Wang S, Chen Y, Bai Y. p21 participates in the regulation of anaplastic thyroid cancer cell proliferation by miR-146b. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2018-2022. [PMID: 27602131 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) originates from completely undifferentiated cells, and is the most lethal type of thyroid-derived tumor. Numerous microRNAs have significant roles in tumorigenesis by targeting relevant genes. The role of microRNA 146b (miR-146b) in ATC remains to be elucidated. In order to characterize the role of miR-146b in ATC, overexpression or interference of miR-146b was induced in ATC cell lines, and cell proliferation and migration were evaluated. The potential targets of miR-146b were searched in the Gene Expression Omnibus database for ATC and matched non-tumor control samples. The expression level of potential targets was detected following overexpression or interference of miR-146b in ATC cell lines. In the present study, cell proliferation was promoted when overexpression of miR-146b was induced in ATC, and inhibited when interference of miR-146b was induced, which indicated that miR-146b affects the proliferation of ATC cells in vitro. In addition, cell migration of ATC was also affected by miR-146b. During the search for potential targets of miR-146b in ATC, p21 (also known as p21Waf1/Cip1 or CDKN1A) was noted for its role in cell cycle progression and tumor pathogenesis. The expression level of p21 was influenced by the level of miR-146b, and the results of the present study demonstrated that the level of p21 was increased when FRO cells were transformed with miR-146b mimic, and p21 was downregulated when FRO cells transformed with anti-miR-146b. In conclusion, p21 may participate in the regulation of ATC cell proliferation by miR-146b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yangjing Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Perdas E, Stawski R, Nowak D, Zubrzycka M. The Role of miRNA in Papillary Thyroid Cancer in the Context of miRNA Let-7 Family. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060909. [PMID: 27314338 PMCID: PMC4926443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. RET/PTC rearrangement is the most common genetic modification identified in this category of cancer, increasing proliferation and dedifferentiation by the activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF-MAPK-ERK signaling pathway. Recently, let-7 miRNA was found to reduce RAS levels, acting as a tumor suppressor gene. Circulating miRNA profiles of the let-7 family may be used as novel noninvasive diagnostic, prognostic, treatment and surveillance markers for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
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