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Anwar F, Mahrye, Khan R, Qadir R, Saadi S, Gruczynska-Sekowska E, Saari N, Hossain Brishti F. Exploring the Biochemical and Nutra-Pharmaceutical Prospects of Some Thymus Species - A Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400500. [PMID: 38719739 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The Thymus genus includes various medicinal and aromatic species, cultivated worldwide for their unique medicinal and economic value. Besides, their conventional use as a culinary flavoring agent, Thymus species are well-known for their diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive properties. Hence, they are used in the treatment of fever, colds, and digestive and cardiovascular diseases. The pharmaceutical significance of Thymus plants is due to their high levels of bioactive components such as natural terpenoid phenol derivatives (p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol, geraniol), flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. This review examines the phytochemicals, biological properties, functional food, and nutraceutical attributes of some important Thymus species, with a specific focus on their potential uses in the nutra-pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, the review provides an insight into the mechanisms of biological activities of key phytochemicals of Thymus species exploring their potential for the development of novel natural drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mahrye
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Qadir
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Universitédes Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey-Constantine, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 UFC1, Route de Ain, El Bey-Constantine, Algeria
| | - Eliza Gruczynska-Sekowska
- Institute of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatema Hossain Brishti
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jalil B, Pischel I, Feistel B, Suarez C, Blainski A, Spreemann R, Roth-Ehrang R, Heinrich M. Wild thyme ( Thymus serpyllum L.): a review of the current evidence of nutritional and preventive health benefits. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1380962. [PMID: 38846542 PMCID: PMC11153689 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1380962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae), known in English as 'wild thyme', is primarily found in the Palearctic realm (Eurasia, North Africa) and has been utilized traditionally for culinary, nutritional, medicinal, and aromatic purposes. The essential oil extracted from wild thyme is particularly noteworthy, being used extensively in the food industry as a flavoring agent and preservative. The plant's aerial parts are commonly employed as an element of the diet (e.g., tea)/for culinary uses and in local/traditional medicine (primarily for managing respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions), similar to the use of common thyme. There is practically no information available on the species' nutritional benefits. Pharmacological studies, including in vitro and in vivo research, alongside a limited number of clinical trials, have investigated extracts of Thymus serpyllum, although these extracts are often phytochemically poorly characterized in different experimental protocols and models. These studies have demonstrated a range of therapeutic effects, such as antimicrobial (notably the essential oil) and anti-inflammatory, as well as its preventative health benefits and nutritional value of wild thyme. Preclinical studies have corroborated the plant's anti-inflammatory potential, particularly in conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel syndromes (IBS). Additionally, evidence of hepatoprotective activities and benefits in managing metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health issues, such as lipid metabolism regulation, cholesterol reduction, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects, have been observed predominantly in rodent models. Phytochemical analysis of wild thyme reveals an essential oil fraction below 1%, along with non-volatile compounds predominantly comprising phenolic acids (such as rosmarinic, salvianolic, and caffeic acids) and flavonoids (mainly glucosides of luteolin, apigenin, and their derivatives). These components are believed to contribute significantly to the plant's medicinal, nutritional, and preventive health properties. Despite promising findings, there is a need for more rigorously designed controlled clinical trials using phytochemically characterized wild thyme. The plant has an excellent safety and tolerability record. This review at the interface of nutritional/preventive health properties and as pharmacological activities highlights the current role of wild thyme in nutrition and general healthcare as well as its future potential, and also points to important gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banaz Jalil
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Pischel
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Dr. Ivo Pischel Consulting, Rossbach, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Azhar J, Nadeem A, Javed M, Ahmad HI, Hassan FU, Shah FS. Evaluation of phytochemicals from Thymus serpyllum as potential drug candidates to manage oxidative stress in transition dairy cows. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2897-2912. [PMID: 37154530 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2209190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo immense stress and experience autoimmune reactions during the transition period, majorly due to the generation of ROS in the body. So, pharmacological approaches are needed to manage oxidative stress in the transition cows. Recently, the use of phytochemicals as feed additives in cows' nutrition has gained interest in managing various disease conditions. In the current study, we have evaluated the potential effects of phytochemicals derived from methanolic extract of Thymus serpyllum against oxidative stress and autoimmunity via inhibition of bovine nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The free radical scavenging activity of Thymus serpyllum seed and leaf extracts was 71.8 and 75.6%, respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. Similarly, both extracts displayed radicals reducing power and inhibition of lipid-peroxidation maximally at 100 µg/mL. A total of 52 bioactive compounds were identified when the plant extract was characterized by the GC-MS analysis, and five (Thymol, Luteolin 7-o-glucuronide, Rosmarinic acid, Apigenin 6,8-di-c-glucoside, Kaempferol) had binding free energy values of -11.6433, -10.002, -8.2615, -7.1714, -6.4870, respectively, in complexes with bovine NF-κB. Through computational analysis, the screened compounds showed good pharmacokinetic parameters, including non-toxicity, non-carcinogenic, high gastrointestinal absorption and thus can serve as potential drug candidates. MD simulation studies predicted the stability of complexes and the complex of Kaempferol was most stable based on RSMD value and MM/GBSA binding energy. The biochemical assays and computational studies indicated that Thymus serpyllum could be used as a promising feed additive in dairy cows to manage oxidative stress during the transition period.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanzaib Azhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Nadeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Javed
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Sheraz Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
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Preljević K, Pašić I, Vlaović M, Matić IZ, Krivokapić S, Petrović N, Stanojković T, Živković V, Perović S. Comparative analysis of chemical profiles, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of essential oils of two Thymus species from Montenegro. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105871. [PMID: 38428618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The essential oils of Thymus vulgaris (TVEO) and Thymus serpyllum (TSEO) show different biological activities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological activities of TVEO and TSEO from Montenegro. The main components of TVEO were p-cymene (29.52%), thymol (22.8%) and linalool (4.73%) while the main components of TSEO were p-cymene (19.04%), geraniol (11,09%), linalool (9.16%), geranyl acetate (6.49%) and borneol (5.24%). Antioxidant activity determined via DPPH for TVEO was 4.49 and FRAP 1130.27, while for TSEO it was estimated that DPPH was 4.88 μL/mL and FRAP was 701.25 μmol FRAP/L. Both essential oils were active against all tested bacteria, with the highest level of sensitivity of E. coli with MIC of 1.5625 μL/mL. Essential oils showed strong cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.24 μL/mL for TVEO and from 0.32 to 0.49 μL/mL for TSEO. TVEO caused apoptosis in cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells through activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, while TSEO caused apoptosis through caspase-3. EOs decreased levels of oxidative stress in normal MRC-5 cells. HeLa cells treated with TVEO had reduced MMP2 expression levels, while cells treated with TSEO had lowered MMP2 and MMP9 levels. The treatment of HeLa cells with TVEO increased the levels of miR-16 and miR-34a, indicating potential tumor-suppressive properties. Our findings suggest that Thymus essential oils may be considered as good candidates for further investigation as cancer-chemopreventive and cancer-therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Preljević
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Pašić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milorad Vlaović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Slađana Krivokapić
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Nina Petrović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Živković
- Center for Ecotoxicological Researches of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Svetlana Perović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
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Kováčová M, Bodnár Yankovych H, Augustyniak A, Casas-Luna M, Remešová M, Findoráková L, Stahorský M, Čelko L, Baláž M. Triggering antibacterial activity of a common plant by biosorption of selected heavy metals. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:201-216. [PMID: 38587623 PMCID: PMC11098919 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The presented study proposes an efficient utilization of a common Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) plant as a highly potent biosorbent of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions and the efficient interaction of the copper-laden plant with two opportunistic bacteria. Apart from biochars that are commonly used for adsorption, here we report the direct use of native plant, which is potentially interesting also for soil remediation. The highest adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions (qe = 12.66 and 53.13 mg g-1, respectively) was achieved after 10 and 30 min of adsorption, respectively. Moreover, the Cu-laden plant was shown to be an efficient antibacterial agent against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the results being slightly better in the former case. Such an activity is enabled only via the interaction of the adsorbed ions effectively distributed within the biological matrix of the plant with bacterial cells. Thus, the sustainable resource can be used both for the treatment of wastewater and, after an effective embedment of metal ions, for the fight against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kováčová
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Halyna Bodnár Yankovych
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, The West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71 065, Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, ul. Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariano Casas-Luna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Remešová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Findoráková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Stahorský
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Čelko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
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Fayez S, Fahmy NM, Zengin G, Yagi S, Uba AI, Eldahshan OA, Koyuncu I, Temiz E, Dall'Acqua S, Sut S, Selvi S. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS profiling, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of Thymus leucostomus H ausskn. & V elen. extracts. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300444. [PMID: 37754205 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition as well as antioxidant, antiproliferative, and enzyme inhibition activities of extracts from aerial parts of Thymus leucostomus H ausskn. & V elen. obtained with hexane, methanol, and water were evaluated. Results showed that the methanol extract had significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total phenolic content (TPC; 107.80 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids content (TFC; 25.21 mg RE/g) followed by the aqueous extract (102.72 mg GAE/g and 20.88 mg RE/g, respectively). LC-MS/MS-guided profiling of the three extracts revealed that rosmarinic acid (34.8%), hesperetin (42.9%), and linoleic acid (18%) were the dominant compounds in the methanol, aqueous and hexane extracts, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract showed that ɣ-sitosterol (29.9%) was the major constituent. The methanol extract displayed significantly (p < 0.05) the highest Cu++ , Fe+++ , and Mo(VI) ions scavenging and reducing properties while the aqueous extract exerted significantly (p < 0.05) the highest metal chelating power (42.51 mg EDTAE/g). Both the hexane and methanol extracts effectively inhibited the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (2.63 and 2.65 mg GALAE/g, respectively) while the former extract exerted significantly (p < 0.05) the highest butyrylcholinesterase (2.32 mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (19.73 mg KAE/g), and amylase (1.16 mmol ACAE/g) inhibition capacity. The aqueous extract exhibited the best glucosidase inhibition property (0.49 mmol ACAE/g). The methanol and hexane extracts exerted a higher cytotoxic effect on HT-29 (IC50 : 8.12 µg/mL) and HeLa (IC50 = 8.08 µg/mL) cells, respectively. In conclusion, these results provide valuable insight into the potential use of T. leucostomus bioactive extracts in different pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Fayez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Nouran M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sakina Yagi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ebru Temiz
- Program of Medical Promotion and Marketing, Health Services Vocational School, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Selami Selvi
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Altınoluk Vocational School, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Salaria D, Rolta R, Lal UR, Dev K, Kumar V. A comprehensive review on traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Thymus serpyllum. Indian J Pharmacol 2023; 55:385-394. [PMID: 38174535 PMCID: PMC10821696 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_220_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymus serpyllum L. from the Lamiaceae family is an underexplored perennial medicinal shrub with traditional usage in treating respiratory and gastrointestinal issues in the upper foothills of India. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of current knowledge concerning the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of T. serpyllum. The primary objective is to collect updated information on this plant and encourage further in vivo and in vitro research to validate local claims. Notably, the essential oil derived from T. serpyllum has gained significant attention as a plant-derived product due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Ethnomedicinal research revealed a vast scope of T. serpyllum in developing new drugs to address numerous health sector challenges. While T. serpyllum has been used widely, pharmacological studies are not enough. Most studies are either in vivo or in vitro. More studies are required to assess these medicinal claims through well-planned pharmacological experiments. This review will provide the groundwork for future research. While T. serpyllum has been put to considerable conventional use, pharmacological studies are insufficient; most studies are either in vivo or in vitro. More compound isolation, comprehensive pharmacological analysis, and exploration of food applications are vital areas to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Salaria
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Ranjan Lal
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Veldman LBM, Belt-Van Zoen E, Baars EW. Mechanistic Evidence of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, Pelargonium sidoides DC., Echinacea Species and a Combination of Hedera helix L., Primula veris L./ Primula elatior L. and Thymus vulgaris L./ Thymus zygis L. in the Treatment of Acute, Uncomplicated Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Literature Review and Expert Interviews. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1206. [PMID: 37765014 PMCID: PMC10537612 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing inappropriate antibiotic (AB) use by using effective non-antibiotic treatments is one strategy to prevent and reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, Pelargonium sidoides DC., Echinacea species and a combination of ivy (Hedera helix L.), primrose (Primula veris L./Primula elatior L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L./Thymus zygis L.) have promising clinical effects in uncomplicated, acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) treatment. However, mechanistic evidence of these herbal treatments is lacking. The objective of this Pstudy is to provide an overview of mechanistic evidence for these effects. Thirty-eight databases were searched. Included studies were mechanistic studies (in vitro, animal, and human studies and reviews) on these herbs; published before June 2021. Non-mechanistic studies or studies on combinations of herbs other than ivy/primrose/thyme were excluded. Furthermore, three experts in traditional, complementary and integrative healthcare (TCIH) research and pharmacognosy were interviewed to collect additional expert knowledge. The results show that A. paniculata acts through immunomodulation and antiviral activity, possibly supplemented by antibacterial and antipyretic effects. P. sidoides acts through antiviral, indirect antibacterial, immunomodulatory and expectorant effects. Echinacea species likely act through immunomodulation. The combination of ivy/primrose/thyme combines secretolytic and spasmolytic effects from ivy with antibacterial effects from thyme. Studies on primrose were lacking. This mechanistic evidence supports the difference-making evidence from clinical studies, contributes to evidence-based recommendations for their use in URTI treatment, and guides future mechanistic studies on URTI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth B. M. Veldman
- Faculty of Healthcare, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje Belt-Van Zoen
- Faculty of Healthcare, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W. Baars
- Faculty of Healthcare, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Louis Bolk Institute, 3981 Bunnik, The Netherlands
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The Essential Oil of Citrus lumia Risso and Poit. ‘Pyriformis’ Shows Promising Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Neuromodulatory Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065534. [PMID: 36982606 PMCID: PMC10058370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus lumia Risso and Poit. ‘Pyriformis’ are horticultural varieties of Citrus lumia Risso. The fruit is very fragrant and pear-shaped, with a bitter juice, a floral flavor, and a very thick rind. The flavedo shows enlarged (0.74 × 1.16 mm), spherical and ellipsoidal secretory cavities containing the essential oil (EO), visible using light microscopy, and more evident using scanning electron microscopy. The GC-FID and GC-MS analyses of the EO showed a phytochemical profile characterized by the predominance of D-limonene (93.67%). The EO showed interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (IC50 0.07–2.06 mg/mL), as evaluated by the in vitro cell-free enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays. To evaluate the effect on the neuronal functional activity, the embryonic cortical neuronal networks grown on multi-electrode array chips were exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of the EO (5–200 µg/mL). The spontaneous neuronal activity was recorded and the mean firing rate, mean burst rate, percentage of spikes in a burst, mean burst durations and inter-spike intervals within a burst parameter were calculated. The EO induced strong and concentration-dependent neuroinhibitory effects, with IC50 ranging between 11.4–31.1 µg/mL. Furthermore, it showed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.19 mg/mL), which is promising for controlling some of the key symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases such as memory and cognitive concerns.
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Babotă M, Frumuzachi O, Nicolescu A, Stojković D, Soković M, Rocchetti G, Zhang L, Lucini L, Crișan G, Mocan A, Voștinaru O. Phenolic profile, in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo diuretic effects of endemic wild thyme Thymus comosus Heuff ex. Griseb. (Lamiaceae) from Romania. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1115117. [PMID: 36874013 PMCID: PMC9981668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus comosus Heuff ex. Griseb. (Lamiaceae) is a wild thyme species endemic for Romanian Carpathian areas, frequently collected as substitute for collective herbal product Serpylli herba, cited as antibacterial and diuretic remedy in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo diuretic effect and in vitro antimicrobial properties of three herbal preparations (infusion-TCI, tincture-TCT and an hydroethanolic extract prepared through an optimized ultrasound-assisted method-OpTC) obtained from the aerial parts of T. comosus Heuff ex. Griseb, also evaluating their comprehensive phenolic profile. In vivo diuretic effect was tested using Wistar rats treated orally with each herbal preparation (125 and 250 mg/kg dispersed in 25 ml/kg isotonic saline solution) and quantified based on cumulative urine output (ml), diuretic action and diuretic activity. Additionally, sodium and potassium excretion were monitored using a potentiometric method with selective electrodes. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed using p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride assay against six bacterial strains and six fungal strains by monitoring minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs). Finally, phenolic profile of the aforementioned herbal extracts was evaluated using an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method to check the impact of the different preparations on the most abundant and significant compounds. All the extracts exerted a mild diuretic action, TCT and OpTC inducing the most intense diuretic effect. Both herbal preparations produced a statistically significant, dose-dependent and gradual increase of the urine output, the effect being more intense at 24 h (6.63-7.13 ml/24 h). Potentiometric evaluation of urine samples collected from treated rats revealed a clear and mild natriuretic and kaliuretic effect after the administration. In terms of antimicrobial activity, E. coli (MIC-0.38 mg/ml), B. cereus (MIC-0.75 mg/ml)), Penicillium funiculosum and P. verrucosum var. cyclopium (MIC-0.19 mg/ml) showed the greater sensitivity to the tested extracts, respectively. UHPLC-HRMS screening showed that the bioactive potential of T. comosus herbal preparations was likely related to the higher amounts of phenolic acids (including rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (mainly flavones and derivatives) and other phenolics (such as different isomers of salvianolic acids) in their composition. The obtained results support the ethnopharmacological evidence regarding the mild diuretic and antibacterial potentials of the endemic wild thyme T. comosus, this study being the first one that assessed the aforementioned bioactivities for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Babotă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oleg Frumuzachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Nicolescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianina Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oliviu Voștinaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Physiopathology, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Salaria D, Rolta R, Patel CN, Dev K, Sourirajan A, Kumar V. In vitro and in silico analysis of Thymus serpyllum essential oil as bioactivity enhancer of antibacterial and antifungal agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10383-10402. [PMID: 34238127 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1943530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) of family Laminaceae is an unexplored perennial medicinal shrub. Aerial part of this plant is traditionally used for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. The current study was designed to evaluate the GC-MS, antimicrobial and synergistic potential of T. serpyllum essential oil (TEO). Chemical characterization of TEO showed the presence of thymol (15.79%), Phenol, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl) (11.55%), o-Cymene (10.96%) as major phytocompounds. Antimicrobial activity of TEO in terms zone of inhibition (ZOI) varied from 13.66 ± 0.58 mm to 33.66 ± 1.52 mm, while, thymol (10%, v/v) showed ZOI ranged from 15.5 ± 0.5 mm to 26.33 ± 2.08 mm against tested bacterial and fungal species. MIC of TEO was 0.039% to 0.078% against tested bacterial and fungal species, whereas, thymol showed 1.25% to 2.5% MIC against tested bacterial and fungal species. Different combinations of TEO (2MIC to ½MIC) and thymol (2MIC to ½MIC) with antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics (2MIC to ½MIC) were found to increase the efficacy of antibiotics by 4-130 folds against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Molecular docking showed the good binding of thymol with both bacterial and fungal targets. Whereas MD simulation showed the stability of thymol complexed with target proteins over 100 ns time scale. Thymol also fulfills the Lipinski rule and showed characteristics similar to that of drugs. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present study that TEO and its major phytocompound, thymol can act as a bioactivity enhancer of antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics and could be used as a potential candidate to fight against antimicrobial drug resistance.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Thymus serpyllum Exhibits Anti-Diabetic Potential in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Mice: A Combined Biochemical and In Vivo Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173561. [PMID: 36079819 PMCID: PMC9460602 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and lack of insulin production. It has been previously reported that Thymus serpyllum has therapeutic potential against many diseases. To investigate the antidiabetic action of Thymus serpyllum, this study aimed to analyze its restorative impact in diabetic mice, in which it was administered in diet. Diabetes was induced in BALB/c mice fed with a high-fat diet and two intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin. With the onset of diabetes, the mice were administered daily with aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum (500 mg/kg/d and 800 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks. Body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were measured after every 1 week of the treatment. Subsequently, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were conducted. In addition, liver tissue was isolated for assessment in terms of levels of gene expression of the AMPK, IRS1, and GLUT2 gene. Treatment with the aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum was found to be significantly effective in controlling hyperglycemia and improving glucose and insulin tolerance. Predictable with these impacts, the extract of Thymus serpyllum upregulated the AMPK expression at the mRNA level, as well as upregulating the expression of IRS1 and GLUT2 gene. Histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, and pancreas also revealed the restorative impact in terms of cellular morphology. The results hence demonstrated that oral administration of aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum can potentially attenuate hyperglycemia in the liver muscle of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice via AMPK and IRS1 upregulation.
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13
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Berdowska I, Zieliński B, Matusiewicz M, Fecka I. Modulatory Impact of Lamiaceae Metabolites on Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:867709. [PMID: 35784715 PMCID: PMC9240652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.867709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamiaceae species are rich sources of biologically active compounds which have been applied in medicine since ancient times. Especially their antineoplastic properties have been thoroughly studied with respect to their putative application in chemoprevention and adjuvant therapy of cancer. However, the most known biological effects of Lamiaceae have been ascribed to their essential oil fractions, whereas their (poly)phenolic metabolites being also abundant in these plants, are much less recognized, nevertheless contributing to their beneficial properties, such as anti-cancer actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of dried aqueous extracts from common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (ExTv), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) (ExTs), sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) (ExOm), and peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) (ExMp), as well as (poly)phenolic compounds: caffeic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA), lithospermic acid (LA), luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronide (Lgr), luteolin-7-O-rutinoside (Lr), eriodictyol-7-O-rutinoside (Er), and arbutin (Ab), on unstimulated Jurkat cells, in comparison with their effect on staurosporine-stimulated Jurkat cells. Jurkat T cells were incubated with different concentrations of ExTv, ExTs, ExOm, ExMp, Lgr, LA, Er, Lr, RA, CA, or Ab. Subsequently, staurosporine was added to half of the samples and flow cytometry combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was conducted, which allowed for the selection of early and late apoptotic cells. Both ExTs and ExOm stimulated apoptosis of Jurkat cells and enhanced the proapoptotic effect of staurosporine. Conversely, ExTv and ExMp demonstrated no clear effect on apoptosis. CA and RA raised the staurosporine-induced apoptotic effect. The impact of Er and Lgr on Jurkat cells showed fluctuations depending on the compound concentration. Neither Er nor Ab altered staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells, whereas Lgr seemed to weaken the proapoptotic action of staurosporine. The most evident observation in this study was the pro-apoptotic action of ExTs and ExOm observed both in staurosporine-unstimulated and stimulated Jurkat cells. Additionally, an enhancement of staurosporine-induced apoptosis by caffeic and rosmarinic acids was reported. Therefore, it might be concluded that these are the mixtures of biologically active polyphenols which often exert more pronounced beneficial effects than purified molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Izabela Berdowska, ; Małgorzata Matusiewicz,
| | - Bogdan Zieliński
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Matusiewicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Izabela Berdowska, ; Małgorzata Matusiewicz,
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Maleš I, Dragović-Uzelac V, Jerković I, Zorić Z, Pedisić S, Repajić M, Garofulić IE, Dobrinčić A. Non-Volatile and Volatile Bioactives of Salvia officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Laurus nobilis L. Extracts with Potential Use in the Development of Functional Beverages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061140. [PMID: 35740037 PMCID: PMC9220411 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional beverages based on herbal extracts are highly demanded products due to the presence of bioactives with promising health benefits and interesting and characteristic sensory properties. Mediterranean medicinal and aromatic herbs contain a wide range of bioactives (non-volatile polyphenols, volatile terpenes) that are important constituents of herbal extracts and essential oils. The antioxidant capacity and potential health benefits of these bioactives could be associated with their synergistic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the non-volatile and volatile bioactives of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) and laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) aqueous extracts and their two- and three-component mixtures as well as their antioxidant capacity. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols was determined spectrophotometrically. Individual polyphenols were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, the volatiles were analyzed by HS-SPME/GC-MS, and the antioxidant capacity was analyzed by ORAC and DPPH assays. The results showed that aqueous extracts of all examined herbs and their mixtures contained a high content of phenolic compounds ranging from 0.97 to 2.79 g L-1 of the sample, among which the most common were flavonols. At the same time, mono- and sesquiterpenes were the main volatiles. All extracts showed high antioxidant capacity, especially L. nobilis (781.62 ± 5.19 μmol TE mL-1 of the sample in the DPPH assay; 1896.10 ± 8.77 μmol TE mL-1 of the sample in the ORAC assay) and the two-component mixture of L. nobilis and T. serpyllum (679.12 ± 5.19 μmol TE mL-1 in the DPPH assay; 1913.38 ± 8.77 μmol TE mL-1 in the ORAC assay). Mixtures of herbal extracts have been shown to possess additive or synergistic effects, consequently contributing to higher antioxidant capacity. Therefore, two-component mixtures of herbal extracts showed promising potential for the production of functional beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Maleš
- Department of Pharmacy, The School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Verica Dragović-Uzelac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.-U.); (A.D.)
| | - Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Zoran Zorić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
| | - Sandra Pedisić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
| | - Maja Repajić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
| | - Ivona Elez Garofulić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
| | - Ana Dobrinčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Z.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (I.E.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.-U.); (A.D.)
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Islam AKMM, Suttiyut T, Anwar MP, Juraimi AS, Kato-Noguchi H. Allelopathic Properties of Lamiaceae Species: Prospects and Challenges to Use in Agriculture. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111478. [PMID: 35684250 PMCID: PMC9182988 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance due to the increasing reliance on herbicides is a near-term challenge for the world’s agriculture. This has led to a desire to develop new herbicides with a novel mode of action, to address resistance in weed species. Lamiaceae, a large dicotyledonous plant family, is very well known for the multitudinous pharmacological and toxicological properties of its member species. Moreover, many species of this family are significant for their allelopathic activity in natural and laboratory settings. Thus, plants in Lamiaceae have the potential to be sources of alternative herbicides. However, gaps in our knowledge need to be addressed prior to adopting these allelopathic activities in agriculture. Therefore, we review the existing state of knowledge about the Lamiaceae family, the reported allelopathic properties of plant extracts, and their isolated allelochemicals under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. In addition, we offer a perspective on existing challenges and future opportunities for adopting the allelopathic properties of Lamiaceae plant species for green agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. M. Mominul Islam
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-1718-512082
| | - Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Center of Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Md. Parvez Anwar
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Abdul Shukor Juraimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Japan;
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Polyphenols Recovery from Thymus serpyllum Industrial Waste Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction-Comparative RSM and ANN Approach for Process Optimization. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091184. [PMID: 35563909 PMCID: PMC9101683 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to valorize Thymus serpyllum L. herbal dust, the particular fraction distinguished as industrial waste from filter-tea production. This work demonstrated comparable analysis considering model fitting, influence analysis and optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from the aforementioned herbal dust using face-centered central composite experimental design within the response surface methodology (RSM), as well as artificial neural networks (ANN). In order to increase yield and amount of compounds of interest and minimize solvent, time and energy consumption, the ethanol concentration (45, 60 and 75%), extraction time (5, 12.5 and 20 min), liquid–solid ratio (10, 20 and 30 mL/g) and irradiation power (400, 600 and 800 W) were used as independent variables. Total extraction yield (Y), total phenols yield (TP), as well as antioxidant activity parameters obtained by DPPH and ABTS assays, were selected as responses. It could be concluded that the MAE technique is an efficient approach for the extraction of biologically active compounds from T. serpyllum herbal dust, which represents a high-value source of natural antioxidants with great potential for further use in various forms within different branches of industry.
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Pavlić B, Mrkonjić Ž, Teslić N, Kljakić AC, Pojić M, Mandić A, Stupar A, Santos F, Duarte ARC, Mišan A. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Extraction Improves Polyphenol Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Thyme ( Thymus serpyllum L.) Extracts. Molecules 2022; 27:1508. [PMID: 35268607 PMCID: PMC8911718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) herbal dust has been recognized as a potential underutilized resource for the recovery of antioxidants. The aim of this paper was to optimize natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of polyphenols to obtain improved antioxidant activity of extracts determined by selected in vitro assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). Twenty different NADES systems were investigated in the first step of the screening of the extraction solvent and l-proline (Pro)-glycerine (Gly) based solvents provided the best results. Preliminary experiments organized by 25-1 fractional factorial design narrowed down the number of extraction factors from five (temperature, extraction time, NADES type, water content and L/S ratio) to three and determined their experimental domain for the final step. A face-centered central composite design with temperature (40-55-70 °C), extraction time (60-120-180 min) and L/S ratio (10-20-30 g NADES/g sample) was applied for influence analysis and process optimization. Multi-response optimization suggested a temperature of 65 °C, time of extraction of 180 min and L/S ratio of 28 g NADES/g DW as optimal extraction parameters. Experimental validation confirmed good agreement between experimental and predicted results in the extract obtained at optimal conditions and the interactions in the most suitable NADES (N16; Pro-Gly-H2O; 1:2:1) were confirmed by the 1H-NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branimir Pavlić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Ž.M.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Živan Mrkonjić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Ž.M.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Nemanja Teslić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Milica Pojić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anamarija Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alena Stupar
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Filipa Santos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Nova School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.R.C.D.)
| | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Nova School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.R.C.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Mišan
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
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Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Nowadays, phytotherapy offers viable solutions in managing respiratory infections, disorders known for considerable incidence in both children and adults. In a context in which more and more people are turning to phytotherapy, finding new remedies is a topical goal of researchers in health and related fields. This paper aims to identify those traditional medicinal plants that show potentially antibacterial effects against four Gram-negative germs (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis), which are considered to have high involvement in respiratory infections. Furthermore, a comparison with Romanian folk medicines was performed. Methods. An extensive review of books and databases was undertaken to identify vegetal species of interest in the context of the topic. Results. Some traditional Romanian species (such as Mentha × piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Pinus sylvestris, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Ocimum basilicum, and Lavandulaangustifolia) were identified and compared with the plants and preparations confirmed as having antibacterial effects against specific germs. Conclusions. The antibacterial effects of some traditionally used Romanian medicinal plants are poorly investigated, and deserve further attention.
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Punetha A, Chauhan A, Kumar D, KT V, Upadhyay R, Padalia R. Productivity and essential oil quality of Himalayan Thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) in relation to plant densities and drying methods. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2036645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjita Punetha
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
| | - Amit Chauhan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
| | - Dipender Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
| | - Venkatesha KT
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
| | - R.K. Upadhyay
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
| | - R.C. Padalia
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center, Pantnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development 13 Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
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Vergun O, Svidenko L, Grygorieva O, Horčinová Sedláčková V, Fatrcová Šramková K, Ivanišová E, Brindza J. Polyphenol component and antioxidant activity of Thymus spp. POTRAVINARSTVO 2022. [DOI: 10.5219/1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This scientific work was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of aromatic plants of Thymus spp. in the East of Ukraine. These plants are known as medicinal and food around the world. All antioxidant parameters were investigated spectrophotometrically: total content of polyphenols (TPC), the total content of phenolic acids (TPAC), the total content of flavonoids (TFC), molybdenum reducing power of extracts (MRP), and antioxidant activity by DPPH method (DPPH). Investigation of ethanolic extracts demonstrated that TPC varied from 57.89 to 123.67 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) DW for Th. pulegioides, from 61.43 to 168.18 mg GAE/g for Th. serpyllum, and from 47.36 to 115.67 mg GAE/g for Th. vulgaris. TPAC ranged from 27.36 to 50.22 mg/g caffeic acid equivalent (CAE) DW for Th. pulegioides, from 28.58 to 59.62 mg CAE/g for Th. serpyllum, and from 22.95 to 53.82 mg CAE/g for Th. vulgaris. TFC was determined in a range from 29.88 to 61.23 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE) DW for Th. pulegioides, from 36.0 to 82.43 mg QE/g for Th. serpyllum, and from 24.59 to 55.41 mg QE/g for Th. vulgaris. MRP was detected in the range of 94.65 – 204.76 mg/g Trolox equivalent (TE) DW for Th. pulegioides, 96.06 – 219.0 mg TE/g for Th. serpyllum, and 87.56 – 215.43 mg TE/g for Th. vulgaris. The antioxidant activity of extracts by the DPPH method was 6.34 – 9.23 mg TE/g for Th. pulegioides, 8.11 – 9.21 mg TE/g for Th. serpyllum, and 4.97 – 9.53 mg TE/g for Th. vulgaris. It was established that polyphenol accumulation depended on the growth stage and species. For all species was found a strong correlation between TPC and TFC (r=0.938, 0.908, and 0.854). Investigated Thymus spp. are a valuable source of antioxidants that can be used in pharmacological studies and the food industry.
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Pytko-Polończyk J, Stawarz-Janeczek M, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Muszyńska B. Antioxidant-Rich Natural Raw Materials in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Oral Cavity and Periodontal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111848. [PMID: 34829719 PMCID: PMC8614929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant-rich natural raw materials have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine. In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in naturotherapy, which is a practice of using products with a natural origin. Natural products can be effective in the treatment and prevention of oral and dental diseases, among others. Such raw materials used in dentistry are characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antiedematous, astringent, anticoagulant, dehydrating, vitaminizing, and-above all-regenerative properties. Reports have shown that a relationship exists between oral diseases and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota colonizing the oral cavity. This review aimed to analyze the studies focusing on the microbiome colonizing the oral cavity in the context of using natural raw materials especially herbs, plant extracts, and isolated biologically active compounds as agents in the prevention and treatment of oral and periodontal diseases such as dental caries as well as mucosal changes associated with salivary secretion disorder. The present work discusses selected plant ingredients exhibiting an antioxidant activity with potential for the treatment of selected oral cavity and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich Street 4, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Stawarz-Janeczek
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich Street 4, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.S.-J.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.-J.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
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22
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Shanaida M, Hudz N, Białoń M, Kryvtsowa M, Svydenko L, Filipska A, Paweł Wieczorek P. Chromatographic profiles and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from some species and cultivars of the Mentheae tribe ( Lamiaceae). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6145-6152. [PMID: 34759738 PMCID: PMC8568706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was focused on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EsO) obtained from five Lamiaceae representatives grown in the south of Ukraine. Among them are Salvia sclarea L., Monarda didyma (cultivar ‘Cambridge Scarlet’), Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’), Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’), and Thymus serpyllum L. The component analysis of the EsO was carried out by gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial properties of the EsO were determined using the agar diffusion test against widespread pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes) and opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. The EsO of Thymus serpyllum and Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’) displayed noteworthy antibacterial properties against a wide spectrum of the microorganisms. These antimicrobial properties could be attributed to the high content of aromatic monoterpenoid thymol (52.56% and 47.33%, respectively). The EsO of Salvia sclarea with the dominance of linalyl acetate (45.51%) and linalool (38.98%) as well as Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’) containing α-citral (27.10%) and β-citral (17.11%) demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial effects on typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus with the inhibition zones in the range of 24.0–31.0 mm. The Salvia sclarea EsO demonstrated the most significant effect against clinical strains of Candida albicans. In conclusion, the present study revealed the chemical composition of five Lamiaceae species and cultivars grown in the south of Ukraine and considerable antimicrobial activity of the tested EsO, especially against the typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The obtained results could be perspective for applying in the pharmaceutical industry and for the conservation of food and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil 4600, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Hudz
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Marietta Białoń
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Maryna Kryvtsowa
- Department of Genetic, Plant Physiology and Microbiology, Uzhgorod National University, Uzhhorod 88000, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Svydenko
- Sector of Mobilization and Conservation of Plant Resources of the Rice Institute of the NAAS, Plodove, Kherson Region, Kherson 74992, Ukraine
| | - Anna Filipska
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
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Rolta R, Yadav R, Salaria D, Trivedi S, Imran M, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: an approach to prevent virus assembly. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:7017-7034. [PMID: 32851912 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30484/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no specific treatment to cure COVID-19. Many medicinal plants have antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, wound healing etc. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen for potent inhibitors of N-terminal domain (NTD) of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The structure of NTD of RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS coronavirus 2 was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB 6VYO) and the structures of 100 different phytocompounds were retrieved from Pubchem. The receptor protein and ligands were prepared using Schrodinger's Protein Preparation Wizard. Molecular docking was done by using the Schrodinger's maestro 12.0 software. Drug likeness and toxicity of active phytocompounds was predicted by using Swiss adme, admetSAR and protox II online servers. Molecular dynamic simulation of the best three protein- ligand complexes (alizarin, aloe-emodin and anthrarufin) was performed to study the interaction stability. We have identified three potential active sites (named as A, B, C) on receptor protein for efficient binding of the phytocompounds. We found that, among 100 phytocompounds, emodin, aloe-emodin, anthrarufin, alizarine, and dantron of Rheum emodi showed good binding affinity at all the three active sites of RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19.The binding energies of emodin, aloe-emodin, anthrarufin, alizarine, and dantron were -8.299, -8.508, -8.456, -8.441, and -8.322 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site A), -7.714, -6.433, -6.354, -6.598, and -6.99 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site B), and -8.299, 8.508, 8.538, 8.841, and 8.322 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site C). All the active phytocompounds follows the drug likeness properties, non-carcinogenic, and non-toxic. Theses phytocompounds (alone or in combination) could be developed into effective therapy against COVID-19. From MD simulation data, we found that all three complexes of 6VYO with alizarin, aloe-emodin and anthrarufin were stable up to 50 ns. These phytocompounds can be tested further for in vitro or in vivo and used as a potential drug to cure SARS-CoV-2 infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rohitash Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Trivedi
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - David J Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
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24
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Rolta R, Yadav R, Salaria D, Trivedi S, Imran M, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: an approach to prevent virus assembly. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:7017-7034. [PMID: 32851912 PMCID: PMC7484575 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1804457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no specific treatment to cure COVID-19. Many medicinal plants have antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, wound healing etc. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen for potent inhibitors of N-terminal domain (NTD) of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The structure of NTD of RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS coronavirus 2 was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB 6VYO) and the structures of 100 different phytocompounds were retrieved from Pubchem. The receptor protein and ligands were prepared using Schrodinger's Protein Preparation Wizard. Molecular docking was done by using the Schrodinger's maestro 12.0 software. Drug likeness and toxicity of active phytocompounds was predicted by using Swiss adme, admetSAR and protox II online servers. Molecular dynamic simulation of the best three protein- ligand complexes (alizarin, aloe-emodin and anthrarufin) was performed to study the interaction stability. We have identified three potential active sites (named as A, B, C) on receptor protein for efficient binding of the phytocompounds. We found that, among 100 phytocompounds, emodin, aloe-emodin, anthrarufin, alizarine, and dantron of Rheum emodi showed good binding affinity at all the three active sites of RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19.The binding energies of emodin, aloe-emodin, anthrarufin, alizarine, and dantron were -8.299, -8.508, -8.456, -8.441, and -8.322 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site A), -7.714, -6.433, -6.354, -6.598, and -6.99 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site B), and -8.299, 8.508, 8.538, 8.841, and 8.322 Kcal mol-1 respectively (site C). All the active phytocompounds follows the drug likeness properties, non-carcinogenic, and non-toxic. Theses phytocompounds (alone or in combination) could be developed into effective therapy against COVID-19. From MD simulation data, we found that all three complexes of 6VYO with alizarin, aloe-emodin and anthrarufin were stable up to 50 ns. These phytocompounds can be tested further for in vitro or in vivo and used as a potential drug to cure SARS-CoV-2 infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rohitash Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Trivedi
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - David J. Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India,CONTACT Kamal Dev Professor, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Business Management, Solan (HP), Bajhol, 173229, India
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25
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Identification and quantification of phenolic and volatile constituents in five different Anatolian thyme species using LC–MS/MS and GC-MS, with biological activities. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Ecological and Biological Properties of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten.: Two Wild Officinal Species of Conservation Concern in Apulia (Italy). A Preliminary Survey. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091952. [PMID: 34579485 PMCID: PMC8471076 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of ecology (plant community, topography and pedology), as well as of climate, on the composition of essential oils (EOs) from two officinal wild plant species (Lamiales) from Apulia, namely Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten. Few scientific data on their chemical composition are available, due to the fact that the first has a limited distribution range and the second is endemic of southern Italy. Results for both species, never officially used in traditional medicine and/or as spices, showed that the ecological context (from a phytosociological and ecological point of view) may influence their EO composition, and hence, yield chemotypes different from those reported in the literature. S. cuneifolia and Th. spinulosus can be considered good sources of phytochemicals as natural agents in organic agriculture due to the presence of thymol and α-pinene. Overall, the obtained trend for EOs suggests a potential use of both species as food, pharmacy, cosmetics and perfumery. Hence, their cultivation and use represent a positive step to reduce the use of synthetic chemicals and to meet the increasing demand for natural and healthier products.
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Beet Molasses Enhance Salinity Tolerance in Thymus serpyllum-A Study under Greenhouse Condition. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091819. [PMID: 34579352 PMCID: PMC8465920 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for Thymus serpyllum biomass to produce drugs, cosmetics and spices necessitates the search for innovative methods mitigating the negative effects of environmental stressors in order to improve its yield under unfavorable conditions. Due to the exposure of plants to salinity stress (SS), we investigated the effect of sugar beet molasses (SBM) on the growth and biochemical parameters related to plants’ response to SS. Wild thyme plants were treated for 5 weeks to sodium chloride and 3% molasses solution using two modes of application (soil irrigation or foliar sprays). Plants irrigated by SBM showed slighter stem growth inhibition than control plants, high stress tolerance index and maintained a constant root water content under salt stress. Moreover plants treated with 100 mM NaCl and soil-applied SBM had lower lipid peroxidation level, showed lower POD activity, higher total soluble protein content and maintained a more even free amino acids level, compared to the control treatments. The concentration of potassium ions was higher in the case of plant roots irrigation with sugar beet molasses compared to control plants. In this experiment, most of the growth and biochemical parameters from foliar molasses-sprayed plants did not differ significantly from the control. We provided evidence that soil-applied SBM beneficially changed the plant’s biochemical response to salt stress. On the basis of the obtained results, we conclude that this soil amendment contributes to the strengthening of plant protection against this harmful environmental factor.
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Galovičová L, Borotová P, Valková V, Vukovic NL, Vukic M, Terentjeva M, Štefániková J, Ďúranová H, Kowalczewski PŁ, Kačániová M. Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071416. [PMID: 34371619 PMCID: PMC8309260 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. It was found that free-radical scavenging activity was high. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and biofilm-forming bacteria. The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. T. serpyllum should be a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants as well as antimicrobials. The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Galovičová
- Department of Fruit Sciences, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Petra Borotová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (H.Ď.)
| | - Veronika Valková
- Department of Fruit Sciences, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (H.Ď.)
| | - Nenad L. Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.L.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Milena Vukic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.L.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Jana Štefániková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (H.Ď.)
| | - Hana Ďúranová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (H.Ď.)
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Sciences, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (M.K.)
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Freeze vs. Spray Drying for Dry Wild Thyme ( Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract Formulations: The Impact of Gelatin as a Coating Material. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133933. [PMID: 34203164 PMCID: PMC8271419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze drying was compared with spray drying regarding feasibility to process wild thyme drugs in order to obtain dry formulations at laboratory scale starting from liquid extracts produced by different extraction methods: maceration and heat-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extractions. Higher total powder yield (based on the dry weight prior to extraction) was achieved by freeze than spray drying and lower loss of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) due to the drying process. Gelatin as a coating agent (5% w/w) provided better TPC recovery by 70% in case of lyophilization and higher total powder yield in case of spray drying by diminishing material deposition on the wall of the drying chamber. The resulting gelatin-free and gelatin-containing powders carried polyphenols in amount ~190 and 53–75 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of powder, respectively. Microwave-assisted extract formulation was distinguished from the others by a higher content of polyphenols, proteins and sugars, higher bulk density and lower solubility. The type of the drying process mainly affected the position of the gelatin-derived -OH and amide bands in FTIR spectra. Spray-dried formulations compared to freeze-dried expressed higher thermal stability as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and a higher diffusion coefficient; the last feature can be associated with the lower specific surface area of irregularly shaped freeze-dried particles (151–223 µm) compared to small microspheres (~8 µm) in spray-dried powder.
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Mehanović M, Ćetković T, Hadžić M, Čakar J, Zeljković SĆ, Haverić S, Haverić A. Genotoxic and cytotoxic assessment of two endemic Lamiaceae species from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2888-2892. [PMID: 34018885 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1925275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinopodium alpinum subsp. orontium (K.Malý) Govaerts and Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Benth. are endemic Lamiaceae species in Bosnia and Herzegovina with rather limited data about their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study aimed to analyse phenolic compounds composition of C. alpinum subsp. orontium and T. bracteosus aqueous and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) extracts and their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Among 33 analytes, 17 were identified and quantified in the examined extracts with the rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids as main constituents. Genotoxic effects of extracts from both species are proven at the highest applied dose. T. bracteosus extracts and DMSO as a solvent exhibited stronger genotoxic potential that should be further investigated in tumour cell lines. Nevertheless, non-endemic species with similar phenolic composition and bioactivity should be the first choice for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Mehanović
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tamara Ćetković
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maida Hadžić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Čakar
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sanin Haverić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anja Haverić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their blends against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from episodes of sheep mastitis. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-00991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStaphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are among the major causes of mastitis in sheep. The main goal of this research was to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of several essential oils (EOs, n 30), then five of them were chosen and tested alone and in blends against staphylococci isolates. Five bacteria were isolated from episodes of ovine mastitis (two S. aureus and three S. xylosus). Biochemical and molecular methods were employed to identify the isolates and disk diffusion method was performed to determine their antimicrobial-resistance profile. The relative percentage of the main constituents in the tested essential oils and their blends was detected by GC-EIMS analysis. Antibacterial and bactericidal effectiveness of essential oils and blends were evaluated through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). All of them showed sensitivity to the used antimicrobials. The EOs with the highest antibacterial activity were those belonging to the Lamiaceae family characterized by high concentrations of thymol, carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene, together with cinnamon EO, rich in cinnamaldehyde. In terms of both MIC and MBC values, the blend composed by Thymus capitatus EO 40%, Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO 20%, Thymus serpyllum EO 20% and Satureja montana EO 20% was found to be the most effective against all the isolates. Some essential oils appear to represent, at least in vitro, a valid tool against ovine mastitis pathogens. Some blends showed a remarkable effectiveness than the single oils, highlighting a synergistic effect in relation to the phytocomplex.
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Patil SM, Ramu R, Shirahatti PS, Shivamallu C, Amachawadi RG. A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07054. [PMID: 34041399 PMCID: PMC8141878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris Linn. is a medicinal and culinary herb from the Southern European region known for its anti-infective, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities since the Egyptian era. The reported pharmacological activities of T. vulgaris L. include antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-cancerous activities. In this review, a comprehensive approach is put forth to scrutinize and report the available data on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology, and toxicology of the plant. The different extracts and essential oil obtained from the plant have been assessed and reported to treat ailments like microbial infections, inflammation, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and sexually transmitted diseases like HIV-1 and Herpes. The literature review has also indicated the use of volatile oils, phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and polysaccharides in pharmacotherapy. Applications of these compounds including antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, cardio, neuro and hepatoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, sedative, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antispasmodic, antinociceptive, gastroprotective, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, antidepressant, anti-amnesia, and anti-helminthic activities have been mentioned. Further, based on research gaps, recommendations have been provided to evaluate T. vulgaris L. systematically to develop plant-based drugs, nutraceuticals, and to evaluate their clinical efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank M. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramith Ramu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Prithvi S. Shirahatti
- Department of Biotechnology, Teresian College, Siddhartha Nagara, Mysuru, 570 011, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
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Pressurized-Liquid Extraction as an Efficient Method for Valorization of Thymus serpyllum Herbal Dust towards Sustainable Production of Antioxidants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092548. [PMID: 33925545 PMCID: PMC8123860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to valorize Thymus serpyllum herbal dust, a particular fraction distinguished as an industrial waste from filter-tea production. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was used with the aim of overcoming certain obstacles of conventional extraction techniques in terms of shortening extraction time, reducing solvent consumption and energy costs, using “green” solvents and obtaining high yield and quality products. In order to optimize PLE of T. serpyllum herbal dust, the preliminary screening of the independent variables in order to define the most influential parameters and their domain was done first. After the screening, the optimization study using the face-centered central composite experimental design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented. Additionally, taking into account the high awareness of the positive influence of antioxidants on the human health and associating it with high content of polyphenolic compounds in various members of Lamiaceae family, PLE has proven to be a great approach for antioxidants recovery from T. serpyllum herbal dust.
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Oalđe MM, Kolarević SM, Živković JC, Vuković-Gačić BS, Jovanović Marić JM, Kračun Kolarević MJ, Đorđević JZ, Alimpić Aradski AZ, Marin PD, Šavikin KP, Duletić-Laušević SN. The impact of different extracts of six Lamiaceae species on deleterious effects of oxidative stress assessed in acellular, prokaryotic and eukaryotic models in vitro. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 28:1592-1604. [PMID: 33424252 PMCID: PMC7783233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Origanum majorana L., Origanum vulgare L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Teucrium montanum L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) on the effects of free radicals using different model systems. The extracts were characterized on the basis of the contents of total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids and flavonols, and also using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Antioxidant activity in vitro was assessed using DPPH assay. The genoprotective properties were tested using plasmid relaxation assay on pUC19 E. coli XL1-Blue, while SOS/umuC assay on Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 and Comet assay on human lung fibroblasts were used to assess the antigenotoxicity of the extracts. Ethanolic extracts had the most phenolics (up to 236.20 mg GAE/g at 0.5 mg/mL), flavonoids (up to 42.47 mg QE/g at 0.5 mg/mL) and flavonols (up to 16.56 mg QE/g at 0.5 mg/mL), and they exhibited the highest DPPH activity (up to 92.16% at 0.25 mg/mL). Interestingly enough, aqueous extracts provided the best protection of plasmid DNA (the lowest IC50 value was 0.17 mg/mL). Methanolic extracts, on the other hand, most efficiently protected the prokaryotic DNA, while all the extracts had a significant impact against genomic damages inflicted on human fibroblasts. O. vulgare extracts are considered to be the most promising in preserving the overall DNA integrity against oxidative genomic damages. Moreover, HPLC-DAD analysis highlighted rosmarinic acid as the most abundant in the investigated samples (551.45 mg/mL in total in all the extracts), followed by luteolin-7-O-glucoside (150.19 mg/mL in total), while their presence correlates with most of the displayed activities. The novelty of this study is reflected in the application of a prokaryotic model for testing the antigenotoxic effects of Lamiaceae species, as no previous reports have yet been published on the genoprotective potential of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Oalđe
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoimir M Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Centre for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia.,University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena C Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr. Josif Pančić", Tadeuša Košćuška 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka S Vuković-Gačić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Centre for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana M Jovanović Marić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Centre for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia.,University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Margareta J Kračun Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Z Đorđević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Z Alimpić Aradski
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar D Marin
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina P Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr. Josif Pančić", Tadeuša Košćuška 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja N Duletić-Laušević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Studentski trg, 16, Belgrade, Serbia
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35
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Phytocompounds of Rheum emodi, Thymus serpyllum, and Artemisia annua Inhibit Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Binding to ACE2 Receptor: In Silico Approach. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 7:135-149. [PMID: 34306988 PMCID: PMC8279807 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as a global pandemic. Traditional medicinal plants have long history to treat viral infections. Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors. Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively. Molecular docking study of phytocompounds and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed by using AutoDock/Vina software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50ns. Among all the phytocompounds, molecular docking studies revealed lowest binding energy of artemisinin with 6VXX and 6VYB, with Etotal -10.5 KJ mol-1 and -10.3 KJ mol-1 respectively. Emodin showed the best binding affinity with 6VYB with Etotal -8.8 KJ mol-1and SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant (7NXA) with binding energy of -6.4KJ mol-1. Emodin showed best interactions with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -7.1 and -7.3 KJ mol-1 respectively, whereas artemisinin interacts with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -6.9 and -7.4 KJ mol-1 respectively. All the phytocompounds were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. MD simulation showed that artemisinin has more stable interaction with 6VYB as compared to 6VXX, and hence proposed as potential phytochemical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4.
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36
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Rolta R, Salaria D, Sharma P, Sharma B, Kumar V, Rathi B, Verma M, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. Phytocompounds of Rheum emodi, Thymus serpyllum, and Artemisia annua Inhibit Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Binding to ACE2 Receptor: In Silico Approach. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 7:135-149. [PMID: 34306988 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30938/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as a global pandemic. Traditional medicinal plants have long history to treat viral infections. Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors. Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively. Molecular docking study of phytocompounds and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed by using AutoDock/Vina software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50ns. Among all the phytocompounds, molecular docking studies revealed lowest binding energy of artemisinin with 6VXX and 6VYB, with Etotal -10.5 KJ mol-1 and -10.3 KJ mol-1 respectively. Emodin showed the best binding affinity with 6VYB with Etotal -8.8 KJ mol-1and SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant (7NXA) with binding energy of -6.4KJ mol-1. Emodin showed best interactions with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -7.1 and -7.3 KJ mol-1 respectively, whereas artemisinin interacts with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -6.9 and -7.4 KJ mol-1 respectively. All the phytocompounds were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. MD simulation showed that artemisinin has more stable interaction with 6VYB as compared to 6VXX, and hence proposed as potential phytochemical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - PremPrakash Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Bhanu Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Mansi Verma
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - David J Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
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Talib WH, AL-ataby IA, Mahmod AI, Jawarneh S, Al Kury LT, AL-Yasari IH. The Impact of Herbal Infusion Consumption on Oxidative Stress and Cancer: The Good, the Bad, the Misunderstood. Molecules 2020; 25:E4207. [PMID: 32937891 PMCID: PMC7570648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is associated with the development of many ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The causal link between oxidative stress and cancer is well established and antioxidants are suggested as a protective mechanism against cancer development. Recently, an increase in the consumption of antioxidant supplements was observed globally. The main sources of these antioxidants include fruits, vegetables, and beverage. Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily for different reasons. Studies showed the potent antioxidant effects of plants used in the preparation of some herbal infusions. Such herbal infusions represent an important source of antioxidants and can be used as a dietary protection against cancer. However, uncontrolled consumption of herbal infusions may cause toxicity and reduced antioxidant activity. In this review, eleven widely consumed herbal infusions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities, anticancer potential and possible toxicity. These herbal infusions are highly popular and consumed as daily drinks in different countries. Studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for researchers to have better understanding of the use of herbal infusions to reduce oxidative stress and as protective supplements against cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan; (I.A.A.); (A.I.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Israa A. AL-ataby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan; (I.A.A.); (A.I.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan; (I.A.A.); (A.I.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Sajidah Jawarneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan; (I.A.A.); (A.I.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Lina T. Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, UAE;
| | - Intisar Hadi AL-Yasari
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 00964, Iraq;
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Bottoni M, Milani F, Colombo L, Nallio K, Colombo PS, Giuliani C, Bruschi P, Fico G. Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184144. [PMID: 32927742 PMCID: PMC7570945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Caspoggio (Valmalenco, SO, Italy) with the purpose of investigating the traditional uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, a bibliographic research meant to validate or refute the uses, focusing on the potentially responsible compounds, was performed. Fifty-nine species, attributable to 30 families (Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Malvaceae, and Lamiaceae the most cited), were mentioned. Arnica montana, anti-inflammatory for traumas and musculoskeletal pains; Pinus mugo, expectorant; Malva sylvestris, anti-inflammatory and soothing; Achillea moschata, digestive. The compounds, responsible for the therapeutic activities, are often polyphenols and terpenoids: helenanin in A. montana, α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene in P. mugo, gossypin and malvin in M. sylvestris, luteolin and apigenin in A. moschata. Scientific evidence for at least one of the traditional activities described was found for 50 species but only in 26 out of 196 works consulted, it is possible to make a comparison between investigated extracts and traditional preparations. This study is thus a stimulus to new phytochemical investigations, mimicking as much as possible the traditional preparations. This work is part of the European Interreg Italy-Switzerland B-ICE project, aimed at creating a management model for the ongoing climate change and searching for new sources of territory valorization as attractions for tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bottoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Milani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kevin Nallio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Sira Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Piero Bruschi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, Food and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
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Salvaneschi S, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Vallone L. Thymus vulgaris L. as a possible effective substitute for nitrates in meat products. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:7739. [PMID: 32913719 PMCID: PMC7459759 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrates are chemicals found naturally in some foods such as fruit and vegetables or added to others, especially meats, as a preservative. Their use as additives is regulated by European Commission to avoid any risk for human health. In order to reduce or replace the use of these compounds, we investigated the bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. against Listeria innocua, a nonpathogenic microorganism with the same morpho-cultural traits of L. monocytogenes. The study was carried out in vitro and in vivo on processed meat products, i.e. mature salami, by using thyme essential oil. Although the results are preliminary, the antilisterial activity of the thyme essential oil was shown to be similar to that of nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan.,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Firenze
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan.,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Firenze
| | - Lisa Vallone
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Milan State University, Milan, Italy
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40
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Bukvicki D, Gottardi D, Prasad S, Novakovic M, Marin PD, Tyagi AK. The Healing Effects of Spices in Chronic Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4401-4420. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180831145800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spices are not only just herbs used in culinary for improving the taste of dishes,
they are also sources of a numerous bioactive compounds significantly beneficial for health.
They have been used since ancient times because of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory
and carminative properties. Several scientific studies have suggested their protective role
against chronic diseases. In fact, their active compounds may help in arthritis, neurodegenerative
disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
etc.), diabetes, sore muscles, gastrointestinal problems and many more. In the present study,
possible roles of spices and their active components, in chronic diseases (cancer, arthritis,
cardiovascular diseases, etc.) along with their mechanism of action have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Bukvicki
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Davide Gottardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Miroslav Novakovic
- University of Belgrade, National Institute, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar D. Marin
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amit Kumar Tyagi
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, United States
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Benomari FZ, Djabou N, Moumani M, Hassani F, Muselli A, Costa J. Chemical variability of essential oils of three subspecies of Thymus munbyanus Boiss. & Reut. from Western Algeria. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1772134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Benomari
- Laboratoire De Chimie Organique Substances Naturelles Et Analyses (COSNA), Université De Tlemcen , Tlemcen, Algérie
| | - Nassim Djabou
- Laboratoire De Chimie Organique Substances Naturelles Et Analyses (COSNA), Université De Tlemcen , Tlemcen, Algérie
| | | | - Fayçal Hassani
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Et Gestion Des Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université De Tlemcen , Tlemcen, Algérie
| | - Alain Muselli
- Laboratoire Chimie Des Produits Naturels (CPN), Université De Corse , Corte, France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire Chimie Des Produits Naturels (CPN), Université De Corse , Corte, France
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Musa Z, Ma J, Egamberdieva D, Abdelshafy Mohamad OA, Abaydulla G, Liu Y, Li WJ, Li L. Diversity and Antimicrobial Potential of Cultivable Endophytic Actinobacteria Associated With the Medicinal Plant Thymus roseus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:191. [PMID: 32226412 PMCID: PMC7080825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the isolation of endophytic actinobacteria associated with wild populations of the Chinese medicinal herb Thymus roseus Schipcz obtained from the arid land in Ili and Tacheng of the Xinjiang Province, China. Strains were isolated by special pretreatment of plant tissues and identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, and their antimicrobial activities in vitro were evaluated. A total of 126 endophytic actinobacteria belonging to two classes, eight orders, 14 families, and 24 genera were isolated from different organs at the Ili and Tacheng sites. In addition, the diversity of culturable endophytic actinobacteria genera was higher at Tacheng site (n = 71, 56.35%) than the Ili site (n = 55, 43.65%). A neighbor-joining tree of 126 isolated actinobacteria showing the phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the genus Streptomyces was the most dominant isolate. The number of endophytic actinobacteria genera obtained from root tissues (n = 54, 42.86%) was higher compared to stem (n = 35, 27.78%) and leaf tissue (n = 37, 29.36%). Among 126 endophytic actinobacteria, 54 strains were antagonistic against at least one or more indicator organisms in vitro. Notably, most strains of Streptomyces proved antagonistic activities. For example, strain T4SB028, namely Streptomyces polyantibioticus, showed the highest inhibition ratio reached 67.06, 64.20, and 70.55% against Alternaria solani, Valsa malicola, and Valsa mali, respectively. The results demonstrate that about 30.95%, 23.01% of the tested endophytic actinobacteria were capable of producing siderophores and chitinase, respectively. Additionally, the results of the amplification of biosynthetic genes polyketide synthetase (PKS-I) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) indicated that at least one antibiotic biosynthetic gene was detected in 27 (50%) of the tested strains. Our result emphasizes that the endophytic actinobacteria communities are different based on the plant tissues and the geographical environment of the sampled area. Thus, we conclude that T. roseus Schipcz. provided a rich source of endophytic actinobacteria that exhibited a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulpiya Musa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China.,Department of Medicine, College of Kashgar Vocational Technology, Kashgar, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China.,Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China.,Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish, Egypt
| | - Gulsumay Abaydulla
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Resources Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China
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Phytochemical Study of Eight Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family Traditionally Used as Tea in the Sharri Mountains Region of the Balkans. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:4182064. [PMID: 32148465 PMCID: PMC7049868 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4182064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, eight plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family were identified as ingredients for herbal teas in the region of Sharri Mountains: Thymus serpyllum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Mentha longifolia, Ocimum basilicum, Teucrium chamaedrys, and Sideritis scardica, respectively. Chemical composition of essential oils obtained from these species was analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID with the aim of examining their volatile compound profiles, responsible for their respective flavors and fragrance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with the aim of grouping plant species under study on the basis of their chemical composition. Experimental data revealed the typical volatile constituent pattern for the Lamiaceae family. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, responsible for flavor and medicinal use of these plants, were the most abundant groups of the volatile constituents. PCA data analysis resulted in the grouping of these analyzed species in four principal clusters.
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Tomorou attenuates progression of rheumatoid arthritis through alteration in ULK-1 independent autophagy pathway in collagen induced arthritis mice model. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:142. [PMID: 31728208 PMCID: PMC6838101 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease which is complicated by apoptosis resistance. Autophagy is one of the key mechanisms which are involved in the development of resistance to apoptosis as well as to the standard therapies against RA. Aberration in autophagy and apoptosis homeostasis results in the development of oxidative stress thus complicates the pathogenesis of RA. In the given study, tomorou, an indigenous herb of Hunza-Nagar Valley, has been evaluated for its pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatic activity. Several major classes of bioactive phytochemicals including steroids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, and essential oils have been detected in the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of tomorou through phytochemical analysis. Plant extracts depicted enhanced free radical scavenging activity through di-phenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay and ameliorated the symptoms of arthritis in collagen induced arthritic (CIA) mice model. Moreover, the 6 week extract treatment resulted in the reduction of IL-6 serum levels thus making it an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Upregulation of microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3b (LC3b) and downregulation of UNC51-like kinase 1 (ULK-1) in arthritic mice proposed a ULK-1 independent non-canonical autophagy pathway. Treatment with extracts upregulated the expression of caspase 3 which in turn inhibited the activity of LC3b thus altering the autophagy pathway. However, ULK-1 expression was restored to normal in aqueous extract treated group whereas it was upregulated in ethyl acetate extract treated group. On the other hand, a novel LC3b-independent autophagy pathway was observed in mice treated with ethyl acetate extract due to ULK-1 upregulation. Despite of significantly high IL-6 levels, the arthritic symptoms waned off which suggested the participation of IL-6 in LC3b-independent autophagy pathway in the extract prepared in ethyl acetate. Conclusively, the study established pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic activity of tomorou and suggested an intricate autophagy pathway shift.
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Hmidani A, Bouhlali EDT, Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Filali-Zegzouti Y, Alem C, Benlyas M. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of three Thymus species grown in southeastern Morocco. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Thyme has been used for centuries in southeastern Morocco to treat a wide range of diseases such as inflammation disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine and to compare in vitro the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticoagulant activities of three thyme species grown in southeastern Morocco.
Results
Data showed that all studied species possess an important antioxidant activity: Thymus atlanticus (IC50 = 16.59 μg/mL), Thymus zygis (IC50 = 15.43 μg/mL), and Thymus satureioides (IC50 = 14.65 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, the highest effect was depicted in Thymus atlanticus followed by Thymus zygis and Thymus satureioides. With regard to the anticoagulant activity, the aqueous extract of these species prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion
Our results provide evidence that thymus extract exhibits marked antioxidant, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory effects, thus justifying the popular uses of these plants to treat some inflammatory and cardiovascular illnesses.
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Nikolić B, Matović M, Mladenović K, Todosijević M, Stanković J, Đorđević I, Marin PD, Tešević V. Volatiles of Thymus serpyllum Obtained by Three Different Methods. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19856254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milić Matović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Serbia
| | | | | | - Jovana Stanković
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iris Đorđević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar D. Marin
- Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vele Tešević
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Loaded Thymus serpyllum on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Damage. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5142518. [PMID: 30956670 PMCID: PMC6431441 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5142518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the protective effects of Thymus serpyllum (TS) extract and nanoparticle-loaded TS on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy confirmed the spectrum of active components in the extract. Out of the three different extracts, the hexane extract showed significant free radical scavenging activity. Treatment of MSCs with H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) significantly increased intracellular cell death; however, pretreatment with TS extract and nanoparticle-loaded TS (200 μg/ml) suppressed H2O2-induced elevation of Cyt-c and MMP13 and increased the survival rates of MSCs. H2O2-induced (0.1 mM) changes in cytokines were attenuated in the extract and nanoparticles by pretreatment and cotreatment at two time points (p < 0.05). H2O2 increased cell apoptosis. In contrast, treatment with nanoparticle-loaded TS suppressed the percentage of apoptosis considerably (p < 0.05). Therefore, TS may be considered as a potential candidate for enhancing the effectiveness of MSC transplantation in cell therapy.
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Zuzarte M, Alves-Silva JM, Alves M, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Cruz MT. New insights on the anti-inflammatory potential and safety profile of Thymus carnosus and Thymus camphoratus essential oils and their main compounds. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 225:10-17. [PMID: 29933014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus camphoratus and T. carnosus are widely used in Portugal for the treatment of inflammatory-related conditions, such as inflammation of the respiratory tract, being the later also used as an antitussive. AIM OF THE STUDY Bearing in mind the lack of scientific studies focused on the pharmacological activity of Thymus camphoratus and T. carnosus, this work was designed to validate the anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to these traditional species and concomitantly to unveil both the putative molecular mechanisms behind their bioactivity as well as the safety profile of their essential oils and major compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the essential oils was assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The nitric oxide (NO) scavenging potential of the oils was tested using S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) as NO donor. The anti-inflammatory potential of the essential oils and their major compounds was evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as well as the expression of the pro-inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Importantly, and in an attempt to assess the safety profile of the oils and respective major compounds, their effect on macrophages and hepatocytes viability was also determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS T. carnosus essential oil was characterized by high amounts of borneol and camphene whereas T. camphoratus oil was rich in 1,8-cineole and borneol. The later presented higher pharmacological activity showing inhibitory effects towards NO production at lower concentrations (0.16 µL/mL) and concomitantly inhibiting the expression of two crucial pro-inflammatory proteins, iNOS and COX-2 (at 0.32 µL/mL). Since no NO scavenging activity was achieved, it is reasonable to conclude that the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils occurs upstream of iNOS expression, probably through inhibition of relevant pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways. Importantly, at bioactive concentrations, the essential oils were devoid of toxicity towards macrophages and hepatocytes. The activity of the isolated compounds was far from that observed for the essential oils, thus suggesting that the anti-inflammatory activity is due to a synergic effect between several compounds in the mixture. CONCLUSION Overall, the results herein presented sustain and strengthen the anti-inflammatory properties traditionally ascribed to T. carnosus and T. camphoratus. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms associated to their pharmacological activity were highlighted, opening new avenues for the development of effective anti-inflammatory herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Zuzarte
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge M Alves-Silva
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Melissa Alves
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chirikova NK, Olennikov DN. Phenolic Compounds from Siberian Species Thymus baicalensis and T. sibiricus. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Boutaoui N, Zaiter L, Benayache F, Benayache S, Carradori S, Cesa S, Giusti AM, Campestre C, Menghini L, Innosa D, Locatelli M. Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Different Extracts from Thymus algeriensis Aerial Parts. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020463. [PMID: 29461498 PMCID: PMC6017170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the metabolite recovery from different extraction methods applied to Thymus algeriensis aerial parts. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using photodiode array detector with gradient elution has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of different phenolic compounds in the extracts and in their corresponding purified fractions. The experimental results show that microwave-assisted aqueous extraction for 15 min at 100 °C gave the most phenolics-enriched extract, reducing extraction time without degradation effects on bioactives. Sixteen compounds were identified in this extract, 11 phenolic compounds and five flavonoids, all known for their biological activities. Color analysis and determination of chlorophylls and carotenoids implemented the knowledge of the chemical profile of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Boutaoui
- Unité de recherche Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Route d'Aïn El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Lahcene Zaiter
- Unité de recherche Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Route d'Aïn El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Fadila Benayache
- Unité de recherche Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Route d'Aïn El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Samir Benayache
- Unité de recherche Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Route d'Aïn El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie.
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Denise Innosa
- Facoltà di Bioscienze e tecnologie agro-alimentari e ambientali, Università di Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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