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Gonciarz W, Płoszaj P, Chmiela M. Mycobacterium bovis BCG reverses deleterious effects of H. pylori components towards gastric barrier cells in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117193. [PMID: 39067167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strain used in immunotherapy of bladder cancer (onco-BCG) due to its acid tolerance can be a candidate for prevention or reversion of deleterious effects towards gastric cell barrier initiated by gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) with high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Colonization of gastric mucosa by Hp promotes oxidative stress, apoptosis resulting in the gastric barrier damage. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of onco-BCG bacilli to control the Hp driven gastric damage using the model of Cavia porcellus primary gastric epithelial cells or fibroblasts in vitro. These cells were treated with Hp surface antigens (glycine acid extract-GE or lipopolysaccharide-LPS) alone or with onco-BCG bacilli and evaluated for cell apoptosis and proliferation in conjunction with the level of soluble lipid peroxidation marker (s4HNE). The cell migration was determined by "wound healing assay", while cytokine response of cells, including interleukin (IL)-33, IL-1β, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), by the ELISA. The apoptosis of cells pulsed in vitro with Hp surface components present in GE or with LPS was reduced after exposure of cells to mycobacteria. Similarly, the cell regeneration which was diminished by Hp LPS has been improved in response to mycobacteria. This study reveals that vaccine mycobacteria may reduce gastric barrier damage induced by Hp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Płoszaj
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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2
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Wei YF, Xie SA, Zhang ST. Current research on the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and macrophages. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:497. [PMID: 38598010 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacteria with a worldwide infection rate of 50%, known to induce gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer. The interplay between H. pylori and immune cells within the gastric mucosa is pivotal in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related disease. Following H. pylori infection, there is an observed increase in gastric mucosal macrophages, which are associated with the progression of gastritis. H. pylori elicits macrophage polarization, releases cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) to promote inflammatory response and eliminate H. pylori. Meanwhile, H. pylori has developed mechanisms to evade the host immune response in order to maintain the persistent infection, including interference with macrophage phagocytosis and antigen presentation, as well as induction of macrophage apoptosis. Consequently, the interaction between H. pylori and macrophages can significantly impact the progression, pathogenesis, and resolution of H. pylori infection. Moreover, macrophages are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for H. pylori-associated gastritis. Therefore, elucidating the involvement of macrophages in H. pylori infection may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis, progression, and management of H. pylori-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Si-An Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shu-Tian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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3
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Barrett KA, Kassama FJ, Surks W, Mulholland AJ, Moulton KD, Dube DH. Helicobacter pylori glycan biosynthesis modulates host immune cell recognition and response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1377077. [PMID: 38572314 PMCID: PMC10987845 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1377077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori has evolved glycan-mediated mechanisms to evade host immune defenses. This study tests the hypothesis that genetic disruption of H. pylori glycan biosynthesis alters immune recognition and response by human gastric epithelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Methods To test this hypothesis, human cell lines were challenged with wildtype H. pylori alongside an array of H. pylori glycosylation mutants. The relative levels of immune response were measured via immature dendritic cell maturation and cytokine secretion. Results Our findings indicate that disruption of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis diminishes gastric cytokine production, without disrupting dendritic cell recognition and activation. In contrast, variable immune responses were observed in protein glycosylation mutants which prompted us to test the hypothesis that phase variation plays a role in regulating bacterial cell surface glycosylation and subsequent immune recognition. Lewis antigen presentation does not correlate with extent of immune response, while the extent of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen elaboration does. Discussion The outcomes of this study demonstrate that H. pylori glycans modulate the host immune response. This work provides a foundation to pursue immune-based tailoring of bacterial glycans towards modulating immunogenicity of microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
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4
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Yang Q, Zhou L, Tan Z, Zhu Y, Mo L, Fang C, Li J, Chen C, Luo Y, Wei H, Yin W, Huang J. TLR7 enhancing follicular helper T (Tfh) cells response in C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii NSM TLR7 mediated Tfh cells in P. yoelii infected mice. Immunology 2024; 171:413-427. [PMID: 38150744 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in inducing innate and acquired immune responses against infection. However, the effect of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) on follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in mice infected with Plasmodium is still not clear. The results showed that the splenic CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ Tfh cells were accumulated after Plasmodium yoelii NSM infection, the content of splenic Tfh cells was correlated to parasitemia and/or the red blood cells (RBCs) counts in the blood. Moreover, the expression of TLR7 was found higher than TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in splenic Tfh cells of the WT mice. TLR7 agonist R848 and the lysate of red blood cells of infected mice (iRBCs) could induce the activation and differentiation of splenic Tfh cells. Knockout of TLR7 leads to a decrease in the proportion of Tfh cells, down-regulated expression of functional molecules CD40L, IFN-γ, IL-21 and IL-10 in Tfh cells; decreased the proportion of plasma cells and antibody production and reduces the expression of STAT3 and Ikzf2 in Tfh cells. Administration of R848 could inhibit parasitemia, enhance splenic Tfh cell activation and increase STAT3 and Ikzf2 expression in Tfh cells. In summary, this study shows that TLR7 could regulate the function of Tfh cells, affecting the immune response in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii NSM-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lengshan Mo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Pachathundikandi SK, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Masking of typical TLR4 and TLR5 ligands modulates inflammation and resolution by Helicobacter pylori. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:903-915. [PMID: 37012092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of chronic bacterial infection and is associated with peptic ulceration and malignancies. H. pylori uses specific masking mechanisms to avoid canonical ligands from activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification and specific flagellin sequences that are not detected by TLR4 and TLR5, respectively. Thus, it was believed for a long time that H. pylori evades TLR recognition as a crucial strategy for immune escape and bacterial persistence. However, recent data indicate that multiple TLRs are activated by H. pylori and play a role in the pathology. Remarkably, H. pylori LPS, modified through changes in acylation and phosphorylation, is mainly sensed by other TLRs (TLR2 and TLR10) and induces both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, two structural components of the cag pathogenicity island-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS), CagL and CagY, were shown to contain TLR5-activating domains. These domains stimulate TLR5 and enhance immunity, while LPS-driven TLR10 signaling predominantly activates anti-inflammatory reactions. Here, we discuss the specific roles of these TLRs and masking mechanisms during infection. Masking of typical TLR ligands combined with evolutionary shifting to other TLRs is unique for H. pylori and has not yet been described for any other species in the bacterial kingdom. Finally, we highlight the unmasked T4SS-driven activation of TLR9 by H. pylori, which mainly triggers anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Dept. of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Sharafutdinov I, Tegtmeyer N, Linz B, Rohde M, Vieth M, Tay ACY, Lamichhane B, Tuan VP, Fauzia KA, Sticht H, Yamaoka Y, Marshall BJ, Backert S. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer development. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1345-1358.e6. [PMID: 37490912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various human genes are key factors in carcinogenesis. However, whether SNPs in bacterial pathogens are similarly crucial in cancer development is unknown. Here, we analyzed 1,043 genomes of the stomach pathogen Helicobacter pylori and pinpointed a SNP in the serine protease HtrA (position serine/leucine 171) that significantly correlates with gastric cancer. Our functional studies reveal that the 171S-to-171L mutation triggers HtrA trimer formation and enhances proteolytic activity and cleavage of epithelial junction proteins occludin and tumor-suppressor E-cadherin. 171L-type HtrA, but not 171S-HtrA-possessing H. pylori, inflicts severe epithelial damage, enhances injection of oncoprotein CagA into epithelial cells, increases NF-κB-mediated inflammation and cell proliferation through nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and promotes host DNA double-strand breaks, collectively triggering malignant changes. These findings highlight the 171S/L HtrA mutation as a unique bacterial cancer-associated SNP and as a potential biomarker for risk predictions in H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alfred Chin-Yen Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Vo Phuoc Tuan
- Department of Endoscopy, Choray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan; Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia; University of Western Australia, Marshall Centre, M504, Crawley, WA, Australia; Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Zarzecka U, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Backert S. Trimer stability of Helicobacter pylori HtrA is regulated by a natural mutation in the protease domain. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023:10.1007/s00430-023-00766-9. [PMID: 37183214 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for gastric disease development. Serine protease HtrA is an important bacterial virulence factor that cleaves the cell junction proteins occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin, which causes gastric tissue damage. Using casein zymography, we discovered that HtrA trimer stability varies in clinical H. pylori strains. Subsequent sequence analyses revealed that HtrA trimer stability correlated with the presence of leucine or serine residue at position 171. The importance of these amino acids in determining trimer stability was confirmed by leucine-to-serine swapping experiments using isogenic H. pylori mutant strains as well as recombinant HtrA proteins. In addition, this sequence position displays a high sequence variability among various bacterial species, but generally exhibits a preference for hydrophilic amino acids. This natural L/S171 polymorphism in H. pylori may affect the protease activity of HtrA during infection, which could be of clinical importance and may determine gastric disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Lopes C, Almeida TC, Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Pereira C. Linking dysbiosis to precancerous stomach through inflammation: Deeper than and beyond imaging. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134785. [PMID: 37063848 PMCID: PMC10102473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is considered the gold standard for gastric lesions detection and surveillance, but it is still associated with a non-negligible rate of missing conditions. In the Era of Personalized Medicine, biomarkers could be the key to overcome missed lesions or to better predict recurrence, pushing the frontier of endoscopy to functional endoscopy. In the last decade, microbiota in gastric cancer has been extensively explored, with gastric carcinogenesis being associated with progressive dysbiosis. Helicobacter pylori infection has been considered the main causative agent of gastritis due to its interference in disrupting the acidic environment of the stomach through inflammatory mediators. Thus, does inflammation bridge the gap between gastric dysbiosis and the gastric carcinogenesis cascade and could the microbiota-inflammation axis-derived biomarkers be the answer to the unmet challenge of functional upper endoscopy? To address this question, in this review, the available evidence on the role of gastric dysbiosis and chronic inflammation in precancerous conditions of the stomach is summarized, particularly targeting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways. Additionally, the potential of liquid biopsies as a non-invasive source and the clinical utility of studied biomarkers is also explored. Overall, and although most studies offer a mechanistic perspective linking a strong proinflammatory Th1 cell response associated with, but not limited to, chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, promising data recently published highlights not only the diagnostic value of microbial biomarkers but also the potential of gastric juice as a liquid biopsy pushing forward the concept of functional endoscopy and personalized care in gastric cancer early diagnosis and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS – Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP – Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana C. Almeida
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Unilabs, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Pereira
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS – Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carina Pereira,
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9
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Khan E, Khan M, Khan S, Lohani M, Bushara NZA, Marouf HAA, Punnoose K, Ahmad IZ. Computational modeling of cyanobacterial phytoconstituents against toll-like receptors of skin cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12292-12304. [PMID: 36744519 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2174600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an extremely dangerous disease. The diagnosis and treatment of it may be difficult because of its diversity and complexity. More than 90% of the marine biomass (microflora and microalgae) constitutes the natural biodiversity reserves. TLR-related research developments indicate possible cancer therapeutic possibilities. In addition to its significant function in innate immunity, TLR activation is connected to the start of pyroptosis, apoptosis, or autophagy in malignance cells. For these reasons, TLR agonists are appealing candidates for the production of cancer medications. From the web databases, the ternary structures of the receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) and ligands are extracted. Sixty-nine compounds were subjected to a drug likeness filter, but only twenty-two were screened further for evaluating ADMET criteria, in which only seven compounds satisfied the pharmacological properties. These compounds are further analyzed for docking parameters against TLRs (TLR3 and TLR4) and molecular simulation investigation of the best cluster to evaluate the complex stability. Molecular docking methodology discovered that Scytonmein has a significant binding potential energy of -5.21 and -7.92 kcal/mol against TLR3 and TLR4, respectively, in comparison to the redock co-crystal structure (-3.98 and -4.30 kcal/mol, respectively). The simulation analysis demonstrates the significant stability of the Scytonemin and TLR4 complexes in terms of average RMSD and RMSF compared to the redock complex, while criteria like solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), gyration (Rg) and hydrogen bonding have further supported the significant interaction and stability of the conformations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhan Khan
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahvish Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nashwa Zaki Ali Bushara
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Abdul Aziz Marouf
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurian Punnoose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iffat Zareen Ahmad
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Wessler S, Posselt G. Bacterial Proteases in Helicobacter pylori Infections and Gastric Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:259-277. [PMID: 38231222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) proteases have become a major focus of research in recent years, because they not only have an important function in bacterial physiology, but also directly alter host cell functions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on extracellular H. pylori proteases that target host-derived substrates to facilitate bacterial pathogenesis. In particular, the secreted H. pylori collagenase (Hp0169), the metalloprotease Hp1012, or the serine protease High temperature requirement A (HtrA) are of great interest. Specifically, various host cell-derived substrates were identified for HtrA that directly interfere with the gastric epithelial barrier allowing full pathogenesis. In light of increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of inhibitory compounds for extracellular proteases as potential targets is an innovative field that offers alternatives to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Laboratory for Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg and Allergy-Cancer-BioNano Research Centre, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Laboratory for Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg and Allergy-Cancer-BioNano Research Centre, Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Wroblewski LE, Peek RM. Clinical Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:25-52. [PMID: 38231214 PMCID: PMC10924282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric disease and cancer, and gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death across the globe. Carcinogenic mechanisms associated with H. pylori are multifactorial and are driven by bacterial virulence constituents, host immune responses, environmental factors such as iron and salt, and the microbiota. Infection with strains that harbor the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) confer increased risk for developing more severe gastric diseases. Other important H. pylori virulence factors that augment disease progression include vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), specifically type s1m1 vacA alleles, serine protease HtrA, and the outer-membrane adhesins HopQ, BabA, SabA and OipA. Additional risk factors for gastric cancer include dietary factors such as diets that are high in salt or low in iron, H. pylori-induced perturbations of the gastric microbiome, host genetic polymorphisms, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus. This chapter discusses in detail host factors and how H. pylori virulence factors augment the risk of developing gastric cancer in human patients as well as how the Mongolian gerbil model has been used to define mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Yamaoka Y, Saruuljavkhlan B, Alfaray RI, Linz B. Pathogenomics of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:117-155. [PMID: 38231217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis, ulcers and adenocarcinoma, possesses very high genetic diversity. H. pylori has been associated with anatomically modern humans since their origins over 100,000 years ago and has co-evolved with its human host ever since. Predominantly intrafamilial and local transmission, along with genetic isolation, genetic drift, and selection have facilitated the development of distinct bacterial populations that are characteristic for large geographical areas. H. pylori utilizes a large arsenal of virulence and colonization factors to mediate the interaction with its host. Those include various adhesins, the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, urease, serine protease HtrA, the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system and its effector protein CagA, all of which contribute to disease development. While many pathogenicity-related factors are present in all strains, some belong to the auxiliary genome and are associated with specific phylogeographic populations. H. pylori is naturally competent for DNA uptake and recombination, and its genome evolution is driven by extraordinarily high recombination and mutation rates that are by far exceeding those in other bacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed that adaptation of H. pylori to individual hosts is associated with strong selection for particular protein variants that facilitate immune evasion, especially in surface-exposed and in secreted virulence factors. Recent studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H. pylori that are associated with the development of severe gastric disease, including gastric cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the pathogenomics of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Batsaikhan Saruuljavkhlan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ricky Indra Alfaray
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Backert S, Linz B, Tegtmeyer N. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Host Cell DNA Damage and Genetics of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:185-206. [PMID: 38231219 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a very serious and deadly disease worldwide with about one million new cases every year. Most gastric cancer subtypes are associated with genetic and epigenetic aberrations caused by chromosome instability, microsatellite instability or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Another risk factor is an infection with Helicobacter pylori, which also triggers severe alterations in the host genome. This pathogen expresses an extraordinary repertoire of virulence determinants that take over control of important host cell signaling functions. In fact, H. pylori is a paradigm of persistent infection, chronic inflammation and cellular destruction. In particular, H. pylori profoundly induces chromosomal DNA damage by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) followed by genomic instability. DSBs appear in response to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory transcription during the S-phase of the epithelial cell cycle, which mainly depends on the presence of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS). This scenario is closely connected with the T4SS-mediated injection of ADP-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose) and oncoprotein CagA. While ADP-heptose links transcription factor NF-κB-induced innate immune signaling with RNA-loop-mediated DNA replication stress and introduction of DSBs, intracellular CagA targets the tumor suppressor BRCA1. The latter scenario promotes BRCAness, a disease characterized by the deficiency of effective DSB repair. In addition, genetic studies of patients demonstrated the presence of gastric cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-regulatory and other genes as well as specific pathogenic germline variants in several crucial genes involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair, all of which are connected to H. pylori infection. Here we review the molecular mechanisms leading to chromosomal DNA damage and specific genetic aberrations in the presence or absence of H. pylori infection, and discuss their importance in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Torres J, Touati E. Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease: Responses to Helicobacter pylori Metabolism and Impact in Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:53-81. [PMID: 38231215 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are major cellular organelles that play an essential role in metabolism, stress response, immunity, and cell fate. Mitochondria are organized in a network with other cellular compartments, functioning as a signaling hub to maintain cells' health. Mitochondrial dysfunctions and genome alterations are associated with diseases including cancer. Mitochondria are a preferential target for pathogens, which have developed various mechanisms to hijack cellular functions for their benefit. Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. H. pylori induces oxidative stress and chronic gastric inflammation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Its pro-apoptotic cytotoxin VacA interacts with the mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to increased permeability and decreased ATP production. Furthermore, H. pylori induces mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation, concomitant with the development of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia as observed in infected mice. In this chapter, we present diverse aspects of the role of mitochondria as energy supplier and signaling hubs and their adaptation to stress conditions. The metabolic activity of mitochondria is directly linked to biosynthetic pathways. While H. pylori virulence factors and derived metabolites are essential for gastric colonization and niche adaptation, they may also impact mitochondrial function and metabolism, and may have consequences in gastric pathogenesis. Importantly, during its long way to reach the gastric epithelium, H. pylori faces various cellular types along the gastric mucosa. We discuss how the mitochondrial response of these different cells is affected by H. pylori and impacts the colonization and bacterium niche adaptation and point to areas that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatriıa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eliette Touati
- Equipe DMic01-Infection, Génotoxicité et Cancer, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France.
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16
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Naumann M, Ferino L, Sharafutdinov I, Backert S. Gastric Epithelial Barrier Disruption, Inflammation and Oncogenic Signal Transduction by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:207-238. [PMID: 38231220 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exemplifies one of the most favourable bacterial pathogens worldwide. The bacterium colonizes the gastric mucosa in about half of the human population and constitutes a major risk factor for triggering gastric diseases such as stomach cancer. H. pylori infection represents a prime example of chronic inflammation and cancer-inducing bacterial pathogens. The microbe utilizes a remarkable set of virulence factors and strategies to control cellular checkpoints of inflammation and oncogenic signal transduction. This chapter emphasizes on the pathogenicity determinants of H. pylori such as the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system (T4SS), effector protein CagA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) metabolite ADP-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose), cytotoxin VacA, serine protease HtrA, and urease, and how they manipulate various key host cell signaling networks in the gastric epithelium. In particular, we highlight the H. pylori-induced disruption of cell-to-cell junctions, pro-inflammatory activities, as well as proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic responses. Here we review these hijacked signal transduction events and their impact on gastric disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lorena Ferino
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Dept. Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Dept. Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Biomarker Characterization and Prediction of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance from Helicobacter pylori Next Generation Sequencing Data. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050691. [PMID: 35625618 PMCID: PMC9138241 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori colonizes c.a. 50% of human stomachs worldwide and is the major risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Its high genetic variability makes it difficult to identify biomarkers of early stages of infection that can reliably predict its outcome. Moreover, the increasing antibiotic resistance found in H. pylori defies therapy, constituting a major human health problem. Here, we review H. pylori virulence factors and genes involved in antibiotic resistance, as well as the technologies currently used for their detection. Furthermore, we show that next generation sequencing may lead to faster characterization of virulence factors and prediction of the antibiotic resistance profile, thus contributing to personalized treatment and management of H. pylori-associated infections. With this new approach, more and permanent data will be generated at a lower cost, opening the future to new applications for H. pylori biomarker identification and antibiotic resistance prediction.
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18
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Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Pediatric Population from Romania: Risk Factors, Clinical and Endoscopic Features and Treatment Compliance. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092432. [PMID: 35566557 PMCID: PMC9099726 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between H. pylori positivity with specific symptoms, risk factors and endoscopic patterns among the pediatric population in northeastern Romania. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was performed in 18 months on 185 children aged 6−18 years with an indication for upper digestive endoscopy. Demographic, anamnestic, symptomatic, endoscopic and histologic data were recorded. Results: Of 116 H. pylori-positive children, the most affected group was 15−17 years. Most (65.5%) of them were girls, with a significant association (p < 0.001). The majority (66.4%) lived in a rural area and 47.4% of children had an unsafe source of water and lived in overcrowded houses with no basic sanitary comfort. The most frequent symptom was epigastric pain (56.9%), and the main endoscopic appearance was nodularity and hyperemia. Patients diagnosed with H. pylori started triple-therapy treatment for 14 days. Only 13.8% stopped the treatment, mainly because of a misunderstanding of the treatment protocol (9.5%). Conclusions: Romanian teen girls living in rural areas are at high risk for H. pylori infection. Epigastric pain and endoscopic nodularity of the gastric mucosa were associated with the infection. As the resistance of the bacteria is unknown in our country, future research is needed in order to improve the eradication rate.
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Tegtmeyer N, Linz B, Yamaoka Y, Backert S. Unique TLR9 Activation by Helicobacter pylori Depends on the cag T4SS, But Not on VirD2 Relaxases or VirD4 Coupling Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:121. [PMID: 35239059 PMCID: PMC8894178 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori harbor multiple type-IV secretion systems (T4SSs). Here we analyzed components of three T4SSs, the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) T4SS, TFS3 and TFS4. The cag T4SS delivers the effector protein CagA and the LPS-metabolite ADP-heptose into gastric epithelial cells, which plays a pivotal role in chronic infection and development of gastric disease. In addition, the cag T4SS was reported to facilitate conjugative transport of chromosomal bacterial DNA into the host cell cytoplasm, where injected DNA activates intracellular toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and triggers anti-inflammatory signaling. Canonical DNA-delivering T4SSs in a variety of bacteria are composed of 11 VirB proteins (VirB1-11) which assemble and engage VirD2 relaxase and VirD4 coupling proteins that mediate DNA processing and guiding of the covalently bound DNA through the T4SS channel. Nevertheless, the role of the latter components in H. pylori is unclear. Here, we utilized isogenic knockout mutants of various virB (virB9 and virB10, corresponding to cagX and cagY), virD2 (rlx1 and rlx2), virD4 (cag5, traG1/2) and xerD recombinase genes in H. pylori laboratory strain P12 and studied their role in TLR9 activation by reporter assays. While inactivation of the structural cag T4SS genes cagX and cagY abolished TLR9 activation, the deletion of rlx1, rlx2, cag5, traG or xerD genes had no effect. The latter mutants activated TLR9 similar to wild-type bacteria, suggesting the presence of a unique non-canonical T4SS-dependent mechanism of TLR9 stimulation by H. pylori that is not mediated by VirD2, VirD4 and XerD proteins. These findings were confirmed by the analysis of TLR9 activation by H. pylori strains of worldwide origin that possess different sets of T4SS genes. The exact mechanism of TLR9 activation should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Li BW, Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo XQ, Wen C, Zhang F, Luo XY, Xia YP. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) promotes aortic endothelial inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis through the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β axis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21942. [PMID: 34670018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100695rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Pathophysiological similarities between chronic infections and atherosclerosis triggered interests between these conditions. The seroepidemiological study showed that Helicobacter pylori strains that express cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), an oncoprotein and a major virulence factor, was positively correlated with atherosclerosis and related clinical events. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, the seroprevalence of infection by H. pylori and by strains express CagA assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the prevalence of CagA strains rather than H. pylori in patients was positively correlated with atherogenesis. Correspondingly, we found that CagA augmented the growth of plaque of ApoE-/- mice in the early stage of atherosclerosis and promoted the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs). Mechanistically, both si-NLRP3 and si-IL-1β mitigated the promoting effect of CagA on the inflammatory activation of HAECs. In vivo, the inhibition of NLRP3 by MCC950 significantly attenuated the promoting effect of CagA on plaque growth of ApoE-/- mice. We also propose NLRP3 as a potential therapeutic target for CagA-positive H. pylori infection-related atherosclerosis and emphasize the importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Ying Luo
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Gonzalez I, Araya P, Schneider I, Lindner C, Rojas A. Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in the host response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1229-1238. [PMID: 34615380 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is highly prevalent, affecting 4.4 billion people globally. This pathogen is a risk factor in the pathogenesis of more than 75% of worldwide cases of gastric cancer. Pattern recognition receptors are essential in the innate immune response to H. pylori infection. They recognize conserved pathogen structures and myriad alarmins released by host cells in response to microbial components, cytokines or cellular stress, thus triggering a robust proinflammatory response, which is crucial in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. In this review, we intend to highlight the main pattern recognition receptors involved in the recognition and host response to H. pylori, as well as the main structures recognized and the subsequent inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Ivan Schneider
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
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22
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Hernández C, Toledo-Stuardo K, García-González P, Garrido-Tapia M, Kramm K, Rodríguez-Siza JA, Hermoso M, Ribeiro CH, Molina MC. Heat-killed Helicobacter pylori upregulates NKG2D ligands expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells via Toll-like receptor 4. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12812. [PMID: 33928707 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are paramount for immunity against infectious agents and tumors. Their cytokine and cytolytic responses can be mediated by natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), an activating receptor whose ligands (NKG2DL) expression is induced in conditions of cell stress and malignant transformation. Since sustained expression of NKG2DL MICA is related to lower survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma patients, and Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to tumorigenesis; we asked whether H. pylori stimulus could promote NKG2DL expression on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Heat-killed H. pylori (HKHP) was used to stimulate MKN45 cells before analysis of NKG2DL and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein levels by flow cytometry and transcripts by real-time PCR. LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and inhibitory peptide Pepinh MYD were used to inhibit TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway to assess its participation on NKG2DL expression. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CD107a mobilization assays. RESULTS Stimulation of MKN45 cells with HKHP increased MICA, ULBP4 (another NKG2DL), and TLR4 at the protein and transcriptional levels. MICA, but not ULBP4 expression, was upregulated in a TLR4/MyD88-dependent manner. Furthermore, the presence of NKG2DL on the surface of HKHP-stimulated MKN45 cells enabled NK cell cytotoxic activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that induction of NKG2DL expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells by H. pylori promotes an immune response that may ultimately contribute to either gastric tissue damage, as a consequence of persistent activation of immunity, or tumor immune evasion due to chronic NKG2DL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karen Toledo-Stuardo
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Macarena Garrido-Tapia
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karina Kramm
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - José Alejandro Rodríguez-Siza
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María Carmen Molina
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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23
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Ma X, Lu L, Tang Y, Luo W, Li J, Tang M. Association between Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of Helicobacter pylori infection: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25729. [PMID: 33950955 PMCID: PMC8104181 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were many case-control studies performed the association between TLRs gene polymorphisms and the correlation of Helicobactor pylori infection, these results were inconformity. Therefore, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the TLRs gene polymorphism and susceptibility to H. pylori infection. METHODS Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science, Cochrane library, CNKI, CBM, Wan Fang Database and VIP Database, all the databases were searched from inception to December 2020. OR with the corresponding 95% CI were presented as associations between certain TLR gene polymorphism and the risk of H. pylori infection, all the included data will be analyzed with the software of Review Manager 5.2 and STATA 14.2. RESULTS This study will provide a high-quality evidence to find the TLR gene polymorphisms with H. pylori infection susceptibility. CONCLUSION This study will explore which TLR genotype increase the risk of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Ma
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Liying Lu
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Tang
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Weisheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianxiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Meiwen Tang
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
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24
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Toll-like Receptor 5 Activation by the CagY Repeat Domains of Helicobacter pylori. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108159. [PMID: 32937132 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is an important human pathogen associated with gastric inflammation and neoplasia. It is commonly believed that this bacterium avoids major immune recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) because of low intrinsic activity of its flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In particular, TLR5 specifically detects flagellins in various bacterial pathogens, while Hp evolved mutations in flagellin to evade detection through TLR5. Cancerogenic Hp strains encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS core component and pilus-associated protein CagY, a large VirB10 ortholog, drives effector molecule translocation. Here, we identify CagY as a flagellin-independent TLR5 agonist. We detect five TLR5 interaction sites, promoting binding of CagY-positive Hp to TLR5-expressing cells, TLR5 stimulation, and intracellular signal transduction. Consequently, CagY constitutes a remarkable VirB10 member detected by TLR5, driving crucial innate immune responses by this human pathogen.
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25
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Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Pelaez D, Musleh M, Bustamante M, Stambuk J, Pisano R, Valladares H, Lanzarini E, Chiong H, Suazo J, Quiñones LA, Varela NM, Castro VG, Jara L, Berger Z. NOD1 rs2075820 (p.E266K) polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer among individuals infected with cagPAI-positive H. pylori. Biol Res 2021; 54:13. [PMID: 33879265 PMCID: PMC8056668 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori is detected by pathogen recognition receptors including toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, eliciting an innate immune response against this bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess if polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1 and NOD2 genes are associated with gastric cancer, in particular in individuals infected with H. pylori. Results A case-control study of 297 gastric cancer patients and 300 controls was performed to assess the association of 17 polymorphisms. Analyses performed under the allele model did not find association with gastric cancer. However, NOD1 rs2075820 (p.E266K) showed association with intestinal-type gastric cancer among H. pylori infected subjects (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.41–5.13, p = 0.0026). The association was not statistically significant in diffuse-type gastric cancer cases (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.63–2.52, p = 0.51). When the analyses were performed in patients carrying H. pylori strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), we noticed significant association with NOD1 rs2075820 (OR = 4.90, 95% CI 1.80–3.36, p = 0.0019), in particular for intestinal-type gastric cancer cases (OR = 7.16, 95% CI 2.40–21.33, p = 4.1 × 10− 4) but not among diffuse-type gastric cancer cases (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.13–0.10, p = 0.03). Conclusions NOD1 rs2075820 increases the risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer among individuals infected with H. pylori, particularly in those harboring the cagPAI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-021-00336-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Diana Pelaez
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maher Musleh
- Department of Surgery, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380456, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Bustamante
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine at Eastern Campus, University of Chile, 7500922, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Stambuk
- Department of Surgery, San Juan de Dios Hospital, 8350488, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Pisano
- Department of Surgery, San Juan de Dios Hospital, 8350488, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Valladares
- Department of Surgery, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380456, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Lanzarini
- Department of Surgery, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380456, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Chiong
- Department of Surgery, Barros Luco Hospital, 8900085, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Suazo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Quiñones
- Department of Basic-Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.,Latin American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nelson M Varela
- Department of Basic-Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.,Latin American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Gonzalo Castro
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Jara
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zoltan Berger
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, 8380456, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Murine Models for the Investigation of Colonization Resistance and Innate Immune Responses in Campylobacter Jejuni Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:233-263. [PMID: 33620654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human infections with the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni are progressively increasing worldwide and constitute a significant socioeconomic burden to mankind. Intestinal campylobacteriosis in humans is characterized by bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and severe malaise. Some individuals develop chronic post-infectious sequelae including neurological and autoimmune diseases such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Studies unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis and post-infectious sequelae have been hampered by the scarcity of appropriate experimental in vivo models. Particularly, conventional laboratory mice are protected from C. jejuni infection due to the physiological colonization resistance exerted by the murine gut microbiota composition. Additionally, as compared to humans, mice are up to 10,000 times more resistant to C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS) constituting a major pathogenicity factor responsible for the immunopathological host responses during campylobacteriosis. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in overcoming these fundamental obstacles in Campylobacter research in mice. Modification of the murine host-specific gut microbiota composition and sensitization of the mice to C. jejuni LOS by deletion of genes encoding interleukin-10 or a single IL-1 receptor-related molecule as well as by dietary zinc depletion have yielded reliable murine infection models resembling key features of human campylobacteriosis. These substantial improvements pave the way for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen-host interactions. The ongoing validation and standardization of these novel murine infection models will provide the basis for the development of innovative treatment and prevention strategies to combat human campylobacteriosis and collateral damages of C. jejuni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents one of the most widespread bacterial infections globally. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The pioneering discovery of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren in the early 1980s has initiated fervent research into H. pylori as a pathogen ever since. This chapter aims to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infection and its management, with a focus on current options for diagnosis, the challenges associated with H. pylori eradication, and the need for alternative therapeutic strategies based on furthering our understanding of host: H. pylori interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinéad M Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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28
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Algood HMS. T Cell Cytokines Impact Epithelial Cell Responses during Helicobacter pylori Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1421-1428. [PMID: 32152211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this Brief Review is to highlight literature that demonstrates how cytokines made by T lymphocytes impact the gastric epithelium, especially during Helicobacter pylori infection. These cytokines effect many of the diverse functions of the epithelium and the epithelium's interactions with H. pylori The focal point of this Brief Review will be on how T cell cytokines impact antimicrobial function and barrier function and how T cell cytokines influence the development and progression of cancer. Furthermore, the modulation of epithelial-derived chemokines by H. pylori infection will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, TN 37212; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
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29
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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30
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Sukhan DS, Vernygorodskyi SV, Haidukov NV, Ludkevich HP. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Helicobacter pylori Interaction with Cells of Gastric Mucosa. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Pachathundikandi SK, Blaser N, Bruns H, Backert S. Helicobacter pylori Avoids the Critical Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Production of Oncogenic Mature IL-1β in Human Immune Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E803. [PMID: 32230726 PMCID: PMC7226495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes the human stomach, and is associated with inflammation-induced gastric cancer. Bacterial crosstalk with the host immune system produces various inflammatory mediators and subsequent reactions in the host, but not bacterial clearance. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is implicated in gastric cancer development and certain gene polymorphisms play a role in this scenario. Mature IL-1β production depends on inflammasome activation, and the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major driver in H. pylori-infected mice, while recent studies demonstrated the down-regulation of NLRP3 expression in human immune cells, indicating a differential NLRP3 regulation in human vs. mice. In addition to the formation of mature IL-1β or IL-18, inflammasome activation induces pyroptotic death in cells. We demonstrate that H. pylori infection indeed upregulated the expression of pro-IL-1β in human immune cells, but secreted only very low amounts of mature IL-1β. However, application of exogenous control activators such as Nigericin or ATP to infected cells readily induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and secretion of high amounts of mature IL-1β. This suggests that chronic H. pylori infection in humans manipulates inflammasome activation and pyroptosis for bacterial persistence. This inflammasome deregulation during H. pylori infection, however, is prone to external stimulation by microbial, environmental or host molecules of inflammasome activators for the production of high amounts of mature IL-1β and signaling-mediated gastric tumorigenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Nicole Blaser
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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32
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The oncogenic roles of bacterial infections in development of cancer. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:104019. [PMID: 32006638 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of cancer is interconnected with different factors like infections. It has been estimated that infections, particularly viruses, participate in about 20% of all cancers. Bacteria as the most common infectious agents are also reported to be emerging players in the establishment of malignant cells. Microbial infections are able to modulate host cell transformation for promoting malignant features through the production of carcinogenic metabolites participating in inflammation responses, disruption of cell metabolism, and integrity and also genomic or epigenetic manipulations. It seems that the best example of the role of bacteria in cancer promotion is Helicobacter pylori infection, which is related to gastric cancer. World Health Organization (WHO) describes bacterium as class I carcinogens. Several bacterial infections have been reported in association with prevalent cancers. In this review, we will summarize the role of known bacterial infections in the initiation of the main common cancers, which show high mortality in the world. Examining the microbiomes in cancer patients is important and necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and also to plan therapeutic interventions.
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33
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Chaiwiang N, Poyomtip T. Microbial dysbiosis and microbiota-gut-retina axis: The lesson from brain neurodegenerative diseases to primary open-angle glaucoma pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:541-558. [PMID: 31786943 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, microbiota-associated neurodegenerative diseases have been exploited and provided new insight into disease pathogenesis. However, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), known as a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting from retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve damage, can cause irreversible blindness and visual field loss. POAG, which shares several similarities with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), has limited studies and slow progression in the understanding of pathogenesis when compared to PD and AD. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of POAG and commensal microbiota, combined with several lines of evidence in PD and AD to propose a possible hypothesis for POAG pathogenesis: microorganisms cause glaucoma via gut-retina axis, resulting in autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells that lead to autoimmunity. Furthermore, dual-hit hypothesis, an example of a commensal pathogen that causes PD, was partially exported in POAG. Finally, future perspectives are suggested to expand understanding of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teera Poyomtip
- 1 Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
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34
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Walduck AK, Raghavan S. Immunity and Vaccine Development Against Helicobacter pylori. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:257-275. [PMID: 31016627 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly-adapted gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and the immunology of this chronic infection is extremely complex. Despite the availability of antibiotic therapy, the global incidence of H. pylori infection remains high, particularly in low to middle-income nations. Failure of therapy and the spread of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria are significant problems and provide impetus for the development of new therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. The expansion of knowledge on gastric conventional and regulatory T cell responses, and the role of TH17 in chronic gastritis from studies in mouse models and patients have provided valuable insights into how gastritis is initiated and maintained. The development of human challenge models for testing candidate vaccines has meant a unique opportunity to study acute infection, but the field of vaccine development has not progressed as rapidly as anticipated. One clear lesson learned from previous studies is that we need a better understanding of the immune suppressive mechanisms in vivo to be able to design vaccine strategies. There is still an urgent need to identify practical surrogate markers of protection that could be deployed in future field vaccine trials. Important developments in our understanding of the chronic inflammatory response, progress and problems arising from human studies, and an outlook for the future of clinical vaccine trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Blaser N, Backert S, Pachathundikandi SK. Immune Cell Signaling by Helicobacter pylori: Impact on Gastric Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:77-106. [PMID: 31049845 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori represents a highly successful colonizer of the human stomach. Infections with this Gram-negative bacterium can persist lifelong, and although in the majority of cases colonization is asymptomatic, it can trigger pathologies ranging from chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration to gastric cancer. The interaction of the bacteria with the human host modulates immune responses in different ways to enable bacterial survival and persistence. H. pylori uses various pathogenicity-associated factors such as VacA, NapA, CGT, GGT, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, heptose 1,7-bisphosphate, ADP-heptose, cholesterol glucosides, urease and a type IV secretion system for controlling immune signaling and cellular functions. It appears that H. pylori manipulates multiple extracellular immune receptors such as integrin-β2 (CD18), EGFR, CD74, CD300E, DC-SIGN, MINCLE, TRPM2, T-cell and Toll-like receptors as well as a number of intracellular receptors including NLRP3, NOD1, NOD2, TIFA and ALPK1. Consequently, downstream signaling pathways are hijacked, inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells, inhibiting effector T cell responses and changing the gastrointestinal microbiota. Here, we discuss in detail the interplay of bacterial factors with multiple immuno-regulatory cells and summarize the main immune evasion and persistence strategies employed by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaser
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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36
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Kasurinen A, Hagström J, Laitinen A, Kokkola A, Böckelman C, Haglund C. Evaluation of toll-like receptors as prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer: high tissue TLR5 predicts a better outcome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12553. [PMID: 31467388 PMCID: PMC6715705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key proteins in innate immunity, appear to contribute to the inflammatory environment in carcinogenesis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the tissue expressions of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 as potential prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer. We applied immunohistochemistry to study tissue samples from 313 patients operated on for gastric adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2009 at the Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. A high expression of each TLR studied associated with the high expression of each other and with the intestinal-type histology (p < 0.001 for all). Five-year disease-specific survival among patients with a high TLR5 was 53.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 43.4–63.4), whereas among patients with a low TLR5 it was 37.6% (95% CI 30.0–45.2; p = 0.014). A high TLR5 expression functioned as a marker of a better prognosis, particularly among those with a stage II disease (hazard ratio [HR] 0.33; 0.13–0.83; p = 0.019) or an intestinal-type cancer (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.34–0.98; p = 0.043). In this study we show, for the first time, that a high TLR5 tissue expression may identify gastric cancer patients with a better prognosis, particularly among those with a stage II disease or an intestinal-type cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro Kasurinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology and Oral Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Laitinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Kokkola
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Böckelman
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with tumor growth and immunosuppression, as well as apoptosis and immune system activation. TLRs can activate apoptosis and innate and adaptive immunity pathways, which can be pharmacologically targeted for the development of anticancer oncotherapies. Several studies and clinical trials indicate that TLR agonists are promising adjuvants or elements of novel therapies, particularly when used in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. An increasing number of studies suggest that the activation of TLRs in various cancer types is related to oncotherapy; however, before this finding can be applied to clinical practice, additional studies are required. Research suggests that TLR agonists may have potential applications in cancer therapy; nevertheless, because TLR signaling can also promote tumorigenesis, a critical and comprehensive evaluation of TLR action is warranted. This review focuses on recent studies that have assessed the strengths and weaknesses of utilizing TLR agonists as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Ci Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Pain, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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38
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Association of TLR4 Polymorphisms, Expression, and Vitamin D with Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9010002. [PMID: 30641993 PMCID: PMC6463146 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the strongest recognized risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Since previous observations have shown that polymorphisms in innate immune system genes, as well as vitamin D (VitD) levels, could modify the risk of infection with Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori), we analyzed the relation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4) CD14, RUNX3 and VitD levels with H. pylori infection. A case-control study on four hundred sixty Lebanese individuals was conducted. Eleven SNPs in total were genotyped and gene expression analysis using real-time PCR was performed in white blood cells of a subsample of eight individuals. A total of 49% of the participants were affected. Although no direct association was found between the SNPs and H. pylori infection, rs4986790G>A and rs4986791T>C in TLR4 were negatively associated with VitD levels (β = −0.371, p = 5 × 10−3 and β = −0.4, p = 2 × 10−3, respectively), which was negatively associated with H. pylori infection (OR = 0.01, p < 1 × 10−3). TLR4 expression was 3× lower in individuals with H. pylori compared with non-infected (p = 0.01). TLR4 polymorphisms, expression, and VitD could be implicated in H. pylori infection and further development of gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Genetic Polymorphisms in Inflammatory and Other Regulators in Gastric Cancer: Risks and Clinical Consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:53-76. [PMID: 31123885 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of a chronic inflammatory response, which may induce peptic ulcers, gastric cancer (GC), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Chronic H. pylori infection promotes the genetic instability of gastric epithelial cells and interferes with the DNA repair systems in host cells. Colonization of the stomach with H. pylori is an important cause of non-cardia GC and gastric MALT lymphoma. The reduction of GC development in patients who underwent anti-H. pylori eradication schemes has also been well described. Individual susceptibility to GC development depends on the host's genetic predisposition, H. pylori virulence factors, environmental conditions, and geographical determinants. Biological determinants are urgently sought to predict the clinical course of infection in individuals with confirmed H. pylori infection. Possible candidates for such biomarkers include genetic aberrations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in various cytokines/growth factors (e.g., IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A/B, IFN-γ, TNF, TGF-β) and their receptors (IL-RN, TGFR), innate immunity receptors (TLR2, TLR4, CD14, NOD1, NOD2), enzymes involved in signal transduction cascades (PLCE1, PKLR, PRKAA1) as well as glycoproteins (MUC1, PSCA), and DNA repair enzymes (ERCC2, XRCC1, XRCC3). Bacterial determinants related to GC development include infection with CagA-positive (particularly with a high number of EPIYA-C phosphorylation motifs) and VacA-positive isolates (in particular s1/m1 allele strains). The combined genotyping of bacterial and host determinants suggests that the accumulation of polymorphisms favoring host and bacterial features increases the risk for precancerous and cancerous lesions in patients.
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Reyes VE, Peniche AG. Helicobacter pylori Deregulates T and B Cell Signaling to Trigger Immune Evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:229-265. [PMID: 31123892 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent human pathogen that successfully establishes chronic infection, which leads to clinically significant gastric diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastric cancer (GC). H. pylori is able to produce a persistent infection due in large part to its ability to hijack the host immune response. The host adaptive immune response is activated to strategically and specifically attack pathogens and normally clears them from the infected host. Since B and T lymphocytes are central mediators of adaptive immunity, in this chapter we review their development and the fundamental mechanisms regulating their activation in order to understand how some of the normal processes are subverted by H. pylori. In this review, we place particular emphasis on the CD4+ T cell responses, their subtypes, and regulatory mechanisms because of the expanding literature in this area related to H. pylori. T lymphocyte differentiation and function are finely orchestrated through a series of cell-cell interactions, which include immune checkpoint receptors. Among the immune checkpoint receptor family, there are some with inhibitory properties that are exploited by tumor cells to facilitate their immune evasion. Gastric epithelial cells (GECs), which act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the gastric mucosa, are induced by H. pylori to express immune checkpoint receptors known to sway T lymphocyte function and thus circumvent effective T effector lymphocyte responses. This chapter reviews these and other mechanisms used by H. pylori to interfere with host immunity in order to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Alex G Peniche
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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Mechanisms of Inflammasome Signaling, microRNA Induction and Resolution of Inflammation by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:267-302. [PMID: 31123893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome-controlled transcription and subsequent cleavage-mediated activation of mature IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines exemplify a crucial innate immune mechanism to combat intruding pathogens. Helicobacter pylori represents a predominant persistent infection in humans, affecting approximately half of the population worldwide, and is associated with the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β plays a central role in gastric tumorigenesis. Infection by H. pylori was recently reported to stimulate the inflammasome both in cells of the mouse and human immune systems. Using mouse models and in vitro cultured cell systems, the bacterial pathogenicity factors and molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation have been analyzed. On the one hand, it appears that H. pylori-stimulated IL-1β production is triggered by engagement of the immune receptors TLR2 and NLRP3, and caspase-1. On the other hand, microRNA hsa-miR-223-3p is induced by the bacteria, which controls the expression of NLRP3. This regulating effect by H. pylori on microRNA expression was also described for more than 60 additionally identified microRNAs, indicating a prominent role for inflammatory and other responses. Besides TLR2, TLR9 becomes activated by H. pylori DNA and further TLR10 stimulated by the bacteria induce the secretion of IL-8 and TNF, respectively. Interestingly, TLR-dependent pathways can accelerate both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during H. pylori infection. Balancing from a pro-inflammation to anti-inflammation phenotype results in a reduction in immune attack, allowing H. pylori to persistently colonize and to survive in the gastric niche. In this chapter, we will pinpoint the role of H. pylori in TLR- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent signaling together with the differential functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the impact of microRNAs on H. pylori-host interaction will be discussed, and its role in resolution of infection versus chronic infection, as well as in gastric disease development.
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Nagashima H, Yamaoka Y. Importance of Toll-like Receptors in Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Responses by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:139-158. [PMID: 31123888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been paramount among the threats to human health and survival throughout evolutionary history. Bacterial cell-surface molecules are key factors in the microorganism-host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The best-studied PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs). Because TLRs play an important key role in host defense, they have received increasing interest in the evolutionary and population genetics literature, and their variation represents a potential target of adaptive evolution. Helicobacter pylori is one of the commensal bacteria in our body and can have pathogenic properties in a subset of infected people. The history of H. pylori research indicated that humans and bacteria co-evolved during evolution. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) has opened the way for investigating the genomic evolution of bacterial pathogens during the colonization and infection of humans. Recent GWAS research emphasized the importance of TLRs, especially TLR10 during pathogenesis in H. pylori infection. We demonstrated that TLR10, whose ligand was unknown for a long time, can recognize H. pylori LPS. Our results of H. pylori research suggest that TLR10 might play an important role to also recognize other commensal bacteria. In this review, we discuss the importance of TLRs in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses by H. pylori infection. Especially, we highlight the TLR10 interaction with H. pylori infection, providing new insights about TLR10 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Zhang X, Liu CJ. Immune response and immune escape mechanism in Helicobacter pylori infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1832-1842. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i31.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium which is parasitic on the surface of the gastric mucosa, and it is a causative agent in the development of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and lymphoid tissue lymphoma associated with the gastric mucosa. After H. pylori infection, the bacterium is first recognized by the pattern recognition receptors of immune cells, which in turn causes the innate immune and adaptive immune responses, but these responses are usually insufficient to eliminate bacterial infections. H. pylori can evade the identification and clearance by the immune system by modifying and attenuating the immunogenicity of its pathogen-associated molecular patterns, regulating the immune responses of innate immune cells and T cells, and leading to persistent infection. A thorough understanding of the immune response and immune escape mechanism in H. pylori infection is of great significance for eliminating H. pylori infection and controlling the occurrence of H. pylori infection-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, the Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China,Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chun-Jie Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Mirkamandar E, Nemati M, Hayatbakhsh MM, Bassagh A, Khosravimashizi A, Jafarzadeh A. Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TLR2 gene (rs3804099), but not in the TLR4 gene (rs4986790), with Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 29:283-291. [PMID: 29755012 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2 and TLR4, take part in elicitation of immune responses against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs3804099 in the TLR2 gene and rs4986790 in the TLR4 gene with H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer (PU). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood specimens were obtained from 350 individuals, including 100 H. pylori-infected patients with PU, 125 H. pylori-infected asymptomatic subjects (AS), and 125 non-infected healthy subjects (NHS). The DNA was extracted, and the SNPs were determined using ARMS-PCR method. RESULTS The frequency of CT genotype at TLR2 SNP rs3804099 in both the PU and AS groups was significantly higher than in the NHS group (p<0.05). In total H. pylori-infected individuals (PU+AS), the frequency of the CT genotype at rs3804099 was also significantly higher than in the NHS group (p<0.005). The frequency of the CC genotype at rs3804099 in PU+AS was markedly lower than in the NHS group (p=0.066). PU patients carried CT genotype more frequently than total healthy individuals (AS+NHS) (p<0.03). The distribution of the TT genotype was lower, whereas the frequency of the CT genotype was higher in AS individuals infected with CagA+ strains than those infected with CagA- strains (p<0.03). No significant differences were found among the PU, AS, and NHS groups regarding the genetic differences at rs4986790 in the TLR4 gene. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence regarding the association of the rs3804099 in the TLR2 gene with H. pylori infection and PU. The rs3804099 may affect vulnerability to H. pylori infection, particularly to CagA+ strains of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mirkamandar
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Kerman, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Para-Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Hayatbakhsh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arezu Bassagh
- Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arezu Khosravimashizi
- Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Kerman, Iran; Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Karkhah A, Ebrahimpour S, Rostamtabar M, Koppolu V, Darvish S, Vasigala VKR, Validi M, Nouri HR. Helicobacter pylori evasion strategies of the host innate and adaptive immune responses to survive and develop gastrointestinal diseases. Microbiol Res 2018; 218:49-57. [PMID: 30454658 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen that resides in more than half of the human population and has co-evolved with humans for more than 58,000 years. This bacterium is orally transmitted during childhood and is a key cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and two malignant cancers including MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Despite the strong innate and adaptive immune responses, H. pylori has a long-term survival in the gastric mucosa. In addition to the virulence factors, survival of H. pylori is strongly influenced by the ability of bacteria to escape, disrupt and manipulate the host immune system. This bacterium can escape from recognition by innate immune receptors via altering its surface molecules. Moreover, H. pylori subverts adaptive immune response by modulation of effector T cell. In this review, we discuss the immune-pathogenicity of H. pylori by focusing on its ability to manipulate the innate and acquired immune responses to increase its survival in the gastric mucosa, leading up to gastrointestinal disorders. We also highlight the mechanisms that resulted to the persistence of H. pylori in gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Rostamtabar
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist Biopharmaceutical Development Medimmune Gaithersburg, MD, 20878 USA
| | - Sorena Darvish
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Majid Validi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Vaziri F, Tarashi S, Fateh A, Siadat SD. New insights of Helicobacter pylori host-pathogen interactions: The triangle of virulence factors, epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:64-73. [PMID: 29774218 PMCID: PMC5955730 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i5.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a model organism for understanding host-pathogen interactions and infection-mediated carcinogenesis. Gastric cancer and H. pylori colonization indicates the strong correlation. The progression and exacerbation of H. pylori infection are influenced by some factors of pathogen and host. Several virulence factors involved in the proper adherence and attenuation of immune defense to contribute the risk of emerging gastric cancer, therefore analysis of them is very important. H. pylori also modulates inflammatory and autophagy process to intensify its pathogenicity. From the host regard, different genetic factors particularly affect the development of gastric cancer. Indeed, epigenetic modifications, MicroRNA and long non-coding RNA received more attention. Generally, various factors related to pathogen and host that modulate gastric cancer development in response to H. pylori need more attention due to develop an efficacious therapeutic intervention. Therefore, this paper will present a brief overview of host-pathogen interaction especially emphases on bacterial virulence factors, interruption of host cellular signaling, the role of epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzam Vaziri
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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Production and delivery of Helicobacter pylori NapA in Lactococcus lactis and its protective efficacy and immune modulatory activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6435. [PMID: 29691472 PMCID: PMC5915382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein A subunit (NapA) has been identified as a virulence factor, a protective antigen and a potent immunomodulator. NapA shows unique application potentials for anti-H. pylori vaccines and treatment strategies of certain allergic diseases and carcinomas. However, appropriate production and utilization modes of NapA still remain uncertain to date. This work has established a novel efficient production and utilization mode of NapA by using L. lactis as an expression host and delivery vector, and demonstrated immune protective efficacy and immune modulatory activity of the engineered L. lactis by oral vaccination of mice. It was observed for the first time that H. pylori NapA promotes both polarized Th17 and Th1 responses, which may greatly affect the clinical application of NapA. This report offers a promising anti-H. pylori oral vaccine candidate and a potent mucosal immune modulatory agent. Meanwhile, it uncovers a way to produce and deliver the oral vaccine and immunomodulator by fermentation of food like milk, which might have striking effects on control of H. pylori infection, gastrointestinal cancers, and Th2 bias allergic diseases, including many food allergies.
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48
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Albrecht N, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Skórko-Glonek J, Backert S. Amino-Terminal Processing of Helicobacter pylori Serine Protease HtrA: Role in Oligomerization and Activity Regulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:642. [PMID: 29713313 PMCID: PMC5911493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA family of serine proteases is found in most bacteria, and plays an essential role in the virulence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Secreted H. pylori HtrA (HtrA Hp ) cleaves various junctional proteins such as E-cadherin disrupting the epithelial barrier, which is crucial for bacterial transmigration across the polarized epithelium. Recent studies indicated the presence of two characteristic HtrA Hp forms of 55 and 52 kDa (termed p55 and p52, respectively), in worldwide strains. In addition, p55 and p52 were produced by recombinant HtrA Hp , indicating auto-cleavage. However, the cleavage sites and their functional importance are yet unclear. Here, we determined the amino-terminal ends of p55 and p52 by Edman sequencing. Two proteolytic cleavage sites were identified (H46/D47 and K50/D51). Remarkably, the cleavage site sequences are conserved in HtrA Hp from worldwide isolates, but not in other Gram-negative pathogens, suggesting a highly specific assignment in H. pylori. We analyzed the role of the amino-terminal cleavage sites on activity, secretion and function of HtrA Hp . Three-dimensional modeling suggested a trimeric structure and a role of amino-terminal processing in oligomerization and regulation of proteolytic activity of HtrA Hp . Furthermore, point and deletion mutants of these processing sites were generated in the recently reported Campylobacter jejuni ΔhtrA/htrAHp genetic complementation system and the minimal sequence requirements for processing were determined. Polarized Caco-2 epithelial cells were infected with these strains and analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that HtrA Hp processing strongly affected the ability of the protease to disrupt the E-cadherin-based cell-to-cell junctions. Casein zymography confirmed that the amino-terminal region is required for maintaining the proteolytic activity of HtrA Hp . Furthermore, we demonstrated that this cleavage influences the secretion of HtrA Hp in the extracellular space as an important prerequisite for its virulence activity. Taken together, our data demonstrate that amino-terminal cleavage of HtrA Hp is conserved in this pathogen and affects oligomerization and thus, secretion and regulatory activities, suggesting an important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Albrecht
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skórko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
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50
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Chavarría-Velázquez CO, Torres-Martínez AC, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. TLR2 activation induced by H. pylori LPS promotes the differential expression of claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 via either STAT3 and ERK1/2 in AGS cells. Immunobiology 2017; 223:38-48. [PMID: 29031421 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinogenesis has been associated to H. pylori virulence factors that induce a chronic inflammation process. Lipopolysaccharides play a role in chronic inflammatory responses via TLR2- and TLR4-dependent signaling pathways. Similarly, cellular invasiveness, metastatic potential and prognosis are usually associated to claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 expression in gastric carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if H. pylori LPS exerts an influence on carcinogenesis-related claudin expression and if it was directly regulated through the TLR2 pathway. Human antrum gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells exposed or not to H. pylori LPS were used. Polyclonal anti-claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9, anti-TLR2, anti-pERK1/2 as well as rabbit monoclonal anti-pNFκB p65 and mouse monoclonal anti-CdX2 were used. ERK1/2 inhibitor UO126 and STAT3 inhibitor Stattic were also used. Western blot, immunofluorescence and confocal experiments were performed in whole cells as well as total protein, nuclear and cell membrane fractions. The results showed that H. pylori LPS increased the expression of TLR2 in a time dependent bi-phasic manner (<12 and >12h exposure). Immunofluorescence using AGS monolayers corroborated the double phase TLR2 expression mainly on the cell membrane but a detectable signal was also determined in the cytoplasm of the cells. Activation of NFkB was downstream and depended on TLR2 expression as a statistically significant increase in pNFkB, that followed a pattern highly similar to the TLR2 expression was observed on the cell membrane fraction. The increase in TLR2 expression was accompanied by dramatically increased claudin-4 expression in cultures exposed from 30m to 8h to LPS. Increased expression of claudin-6, -7 and -9 also increases in >12h LPS exposure times. The increase in claudins expression was also dependent on NFkB activation. The results also showed an increase in pSTAT3 that followed a bi-phasic pattern that began 30min after stimulation and was compatible with the increase in TLR2 expression. The expression of the claudin-4 related CDX2 transcription factor did not followed the biphasic pattern. The results also showed that claudin-4 expression was STAT3 dependent whereas claudin-6, 7 and 9 expressions was ERK1/2 dependent. Our results suggest that H. pylori LPS induces TLR2 expression in the AGS cells, and that the longer the exposure to LPS, the greater the expression of TLR2 in the cell membrane. Consequently the expression of claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 also increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Torres-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Luis F Montaño
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Erika P Rendón-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
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