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Abd El-Hameed AM, Eskandrani AA, Salah Abdel-Reheim E, Abdel Moneim A, Addaleel W. The amelioration effect of antidiabetic agents on cytokine expression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102029. [PMID: 38525262 PMCID: PMC10960149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a condition that is closely linked to diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), short for T2DM several different antidiabetic medications have been produced to regulate hyperglycemia, with indications that these therapies may have anti-inflammatory effects along with their glucose-lowering efficacy. Thus, this research was planned to explore the impact of antidiabetic agents on the cytokine expression levels -interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-37 when patients have T2DM. In this study, 168 eligible subject matter was split into two groups: 50 healthy individuals and 118 cases with T2DM, who were classified into two subgroups: 30 untreated patients and 88 patients treated with metformin-based therapy. The outcome exhibited a significant increase within HbA1c% and proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL- 6, and IL-17), whereas IL-37 decreased considerably in untreated cases with T2DM compared to those in subjects who are healthy. Furthermore, the results showed increased levels Regarding waist size, body mass index and assessment using that homeostasis model, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein levels, and heart danger elements in untreated cases with T2DM in comparison with hygienic subjects. Notably, treated patients with T2DM revealed an ameliorative impact on HbA1c, IL-6, IL-17, IL-37, IL-1β levels and lipid profile compared with untreated patients with T2DM. Antidiabetic agents may have a beneficial activity on the inflammatory status by reducing blood glucose levels, hyperlipidemia, and proinflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37 can apply a potentially effective therapeutic goal in treating T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adel Abdel Moneim
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Wessam Addaleel
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Gao Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Jiang M, Zhang Y, Ren W, Song Y, Li L, Lei Z, Wu Y, Zhu L, Li J, Li D, Li G, Luo C, Tao L. Emerging functions and therapeutic targets of IL-38 in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14550. [PMID: 38334236 PMCID: PMC10853902 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is a newly discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family, which binds various receptors (i.e., IL-36R, IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1, and IL-1R1) in the central nervous system (CNS). The hallmark physiological function of IL-38 is competitive binding to IL-36R, as does the IL-36R antagonist. Emerging research has shown that IL-38 is abnormally expressed in the serum and brain tissue of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suggesting that IL-38 may play an important role in neurological diseases. Important advances include that IL-38 alleviates neuromyelitis optica disorder (NMOD) by inhibiting Th17 expression, improves IS by protecting against atherosclerosis via regulating immune cells and inflammation, and reduces IL-1β and CXCL8 release through inhibiting human microglial activity post-ASD. In contrast, IL-38 mRNA is markedly increased and is mainly expressed in phagocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI). IL-38 ablation attenuated SCI by reducing immune cell infiltration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of IL-38 in CNS diseases remain inadequately characterized. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics, pathophysiological role, and potential mechanisms of IL-38 in CNS diseases (e.g., NMOD, Alzheimer's disease, ASD, IS, TBI, and SCI), aiming to explore the therapeutic potential of IL-38 in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwei Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yulu Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yirui Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent HealthcareChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ziguang Lei
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Youzhuang Wu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Dongya Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Zarrabi M, Gholijani N, Amirghofran Z, Sadati MS, Radanfar R. Evaluation of IL-38, a Newly-introduced Cytokine, in Sera of Vitiligo Patients and Its Relation to Clinical Features. Dermatol Pract Concept 2024; 14:dpc.1401a27. [PMID: 38364436 PMCID: PMC10868822 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1401a27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitiligo is thought to be an autoimmune disorder caused by melanocytes dysfunction and depigmentation. Among different executors of the immune system in developing the disease, the role of various cytokines has been defined. OBJECTIVES We have focused on IL-38, the tenth member of IL-1 cytokine family with a proposed anti-inflammatory role, which has not hitherto been introduced as an anti-inflammatory factor in vitiligo. METHODS Sixty-nine generalized vitiligo patients and 72-year-old- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. IL-38 level was evaluated in sera of all participants using ELISA assay. The relation of IL-38 level to patients characteristics was evaluated. RESULTS IL-38 serum level in vitiligo patients (159.5±39.7 pg/ml) was lower than the healthy controls (166.7±34.8pg/ml) (P = 0.039). A weak negative correlation between the age of male patients and their IL-38 serum levels was identified (r = 0.38, P = 0.058). Evaluation of the IL-38 serum levels relationship with patients clinical characteristics showed no correlation with disease onset, stage of depigmentation, and disease activity status. CONCLUSIONS The lower levels of IL-38 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine support the inflammatory nature of vitiligo. It indicates the difference of IL-38 in sera of vitiligo patients and healthy controls, as the first report of the lower level of this cytokine in the context of vitiligo. The reason of this difference remains to be clarified; as there are not sufficient study reports revealing the role of gender, ethnicity and inflammation on the cytokine network in the context of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarrabi
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasser Gholijani
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Immunology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Sadati
- Department of dermatology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Radanfar
- Dermatology department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wei Y, Xing J, Su X, Li X, Yan X, Zhao J, Tao H. IL-38 attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting macrophage inflammation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e898. [PMID: 37382260 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion therapy is the most effective approach to resolve coronary occlusion, but myocardial injury caused by excessive inflammation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion will also pose a new threat to health. Our prior study revealed the expression pattern of interleukin-38 (IL-38) in the peripheral blood serum of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and the role of IL-38 in acute myocardial infarction in mice. However, its role and potential mechanisms in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) remain to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS The left anterior descending artery of C57BL/6 mice was transiently ligated to induce the MIRI model. We found that MIRI induced the expression of endogenous IL-38, which was mainly produced by locally infiltrating macrophages. Overexpression of IL-38 in C57BL/6 mice attenuated inflammatory injury and decreased myocardial apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, IL-38 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation in vitro. Cardiomyocytes cocultured with the supernatant of IL-38- and troponin I-treated macrophages showed a lower rate of apoptosis than controls. CONCLUSIONS IL-38 attenuates MIRI by inhibiting macrophage inflammation. This inhibitory effect may be partially achieved by inhibiting the activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-related protein 3 inflammasome, resulting in decreased expression of inflammatory factors and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailong Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Serum interleukin-38 and -41 levels as candidate biomarkers in male infertility. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:47-53. [PMID: 36870420 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-38 and IL-41 are novel cytokines, but their role in male infertility (MI) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure the levels of serum IL-38 and IL-41 in patients with MI and correlate these levels with semen indexes. METHODS Eighty-two patients with MI and 45 healthy controls (HC) were recruited for this study. Semen parameters were detected using computer-aided sperm analysis, Papanicolaou staining, ELISA, flow cytometry, peroxidase staining and enzyme methods. Serum IL-38 and IL-41 levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Serum IL-38 levels were decreased (P < 0.01) in patients with MI compared with HC. Serum IL-41 levels were significantly higher in patients with MI than in HC (P < 0.0001). In patients with MI, serum IL-38 levels were positively correlated with semen white blood cell counts (r = 0.29, P = 0.009), and there was a positive correlation between semen white blood cell counts and sperm concentration (r = 0.28, P = 0.0100) and seminal plasma elastase (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of IL-38 for diagnosing MI was 0.5637 (P > 0.05), and the area under the curve of IL-41 for diagnosing MI was 0.7646 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Serum IL-38 levels were significantly lower, and serum IL-41 levels were higher in patients with MI. These results suggest that IL-38 and IL-41 may be novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of MI.
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Ma J, Wu N, Yuan Z, Chen Y, Li C, Xie W, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhong L. Prognostic value of interleukin-34 and interleukin-38 in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1072164. [PMID: 36698935 PMCID: PMC9868840 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-34 and IL-38 are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, their involvement in atrial fibrillation (AF) and AF-associated adverse events remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to investigate their association with various AF prognostic factors in a cohort study and assessed their predictive value for the prognosis of patients with AF. Methods Patients with new-onset non-valvular AF were consecutively enrolled between 2013 and 2015 at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Southwest Hospital of the Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) in Chongqing, China. The endpoints included stroke and all-cause mortality. The baseline levels of plasma IL-34, IL-38, NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and GDF-15 were measured and their correlation with AF-related adverse events were analyzed in a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. The C-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to evaluate the performance of the AF prognostic models. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical net benefit of the original and modified models. Results A total of 299 patients with new-onset AF were enrolled. During the median follow-up time of 28 (IQR: 27, 29) months, the higher levels of IL-34 were associated with a lower risk of stroke, and the higher levels of IL-38 were associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (all adjusted P < 0.05). In addition, elevated hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP concentrations were associated with a higher risk of stroke and all-cause mortality (all adjusted P < 0.05). Furthermore, the CHA2DS2-VASc score combined with IL-38 and NT-proBNP significantly improved the C-statistic, IDI, and NRI (all P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference (all P > 0.05) in the discrimination power between the preference models and the ABC (age, biomarkers, and clinical history) score for the two prognostic outcomes. Conclusion Our results suggested that IL-34 and IL-38 were independently associated with stroke and all-cause mortality in patients with AF. Moreover, adding IL-38 and NT-proBNP to the CHA2DS2-VASc score significantly improved its predictive ability of AF-related all-cause death. Finally, the preference model performed equally well as the ABC score in predicting AF prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Ma
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiquan Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanxiu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Zhihui Zhang,
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Yafei Li,
| | - Li Zhong
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Li Zhong,
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de Graaf DM, Teufel LU, de Nooijer AH, van Gammeren AJ, Ermens AAM, Gaál IO, Crișan TO, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, Joosten LAB, Arts RJW. Exploratory analysis of interleukin-38 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e712. [PMID: 36301025 PMCID: PMC9601778 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major contributor to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression and severity is a dysregulated innate and adaptive immune response. Interleukin-38 (IL-38) is an IL-1 family member with broad anti-inflammatory properties, but thus far little is known about its role in viral infections. Recent studies have shown inconsistent results, as one study finding an increase in circulating IL-38 in COVID-19 patients in comparison to healthy controls, whereas two other studies report no differences in IL-38 concentrations. METHODS Here, we present an exploratory, retrospective cohort study of circulating IL-38 concentrations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients admitted to two Dutch hospitals (discovery n = 148 and validation n = 184) and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Plasma IL-38 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, disease-related proteins by proximity extension assay, and clinical data were retrieved from hospital records. RESULTS IL-38 concentrations were stable during hospitalization and similar to those of healthy control subjects. IL-38 was not associated with rates of intensive care unit admission or mortality. Only in men in the discovery cohort, IL-38 concentrations were positively correlated with hospitalization duration. A positive correlation between IL-38 and the inflammatory biomarker d-dimer was observed in men of the validation cohort. In women of the validation cohort, IL-38 concentrations correlated negatively with thrombocyte numbers. Furthermore, plasma IL-38 concentrations in the validation cohort correlated positively with TNF, TNFRSF9, IL-10Ra, neurotrophil 3, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, CHL1, CD244, superoxide dismutase 2, and fatty acid binding protein 2, and negatively with SERPINA12 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IL-38 is not associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, moderate correlations between IL-38 concentrations and biomarkers of disease were identified in one of two cohorts. While we demonstrate that IL-38 concentrations are not indicative of COVID-19 severity, its anti-inflammatory effects may reduce COVID-19 severity and should be experimentally investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Lisa U. Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Aline H. de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ildikó O. Gaál
- Department of Medical GeneticsIuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Tania O. Crișan
- Department of Medical GeneticsIuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of Medical GeneticsIuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Rob J. W. Arts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Zhang XH, Li Y, Zhou L, Tian GP. Interleukin-38 in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:86-93. [PMID: 36150521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation caused by immune cells and their mediators is a characteristic of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a member of the IL-1 family, exerts multiple anti-inflammatory effects via specific ligand-receptor interactions. Upon recognizing a specific receptor, IL-38 restrains mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NK-κB), or other inflammation-related signaling pathways in inflammatory disease. Further research has shown that IL-38 also displays anti-atherosclerotic effects and reduces the occurrence and risk of cardiovascular events. On the one hand, IL-38 can regulate innate and adaptive immunity to inhibit inflammation, reduce pathological neovascularization, and inhibit apoptosis. On the other hand, it can curb obesity, reduce hyperlipidemia, and restrain insulin resistance to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, this article expounds on the vital function of IL-38 in the development of atherosclerosis to provide a theoretical basis for further in-depth studies of IL-38 and insights on the prophylaxis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Teufel LU, de Graaf DM, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, Joosten LAB, Arts RJW. Circulating interleukin-38 concentrations in healthy adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964365. [PMID: 36016926 PMCID: PMC9396651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is the latest discovered member of the interleukin-1 family, which has anti-inflammatory properties similar to IL-36Ra. Several studies compared circulating IL-38 concentrations in healthy and diseased populations to characterize its role in both auto-immune and inflammatory pathologies, with both higher and lower concentrations being associated with certain diseases. However, in order to use IL-38 as a biomarker, a reference range in healthy adults is needed. To establish a reference IL-38 circulating concentration, accessible data from 25 eligible studies with IL-38 concentrations in healthy adults was collected. To validate the values found in literature, we measured IL-38 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in several cohorts from our own institute. Additionally, the effect of blood collection techniques, freeze thawing cycles, and hemolysis on IL-38 measurements was assessed. To evaluate the importance of the genetic background of individuals as confounding factor of IL-38 synthesis, we used publicly available eQTL databases with matched data on allele frequencies in individuals of different ethnicities. Mean IL-38 concentrations in the various studies were weighted by their corresponding sample size, resulting in a weighted mean, and weighted upper and lower limits were calculated by mean ± 2 SD. Differences of over 10.000-fold were found in the weighted means between studies, which could not be attributed to the blood collection method or assessment of IL-38 in plasma or serum. Although IL-38 concentrations were markedly higher in Chinese then in European population studies, we could not show an association with the genetic background. From our analysis, a reference range for circulating IL-38 in healthy adults could thus not yet be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa U. Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rob J. W. Arts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rob J. W. Arts,
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Li Z, Ding Y, Peng Y, Yu J, Pan C, Cai Y, Dong Q, Zhong Y, Zhu R, Yu K, Zeng Q. Effects of IL-38 on Macrophages and Myocardial Ischemic Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894002. [PMID: 35634320 PMCID: PMC9136064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in clearing necrotic myocardial tissues, myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. M1 macrophages not only participate in the inflammatory response in myocardial tissues after infarction, which causes heart damage, but also exert a protective effect on the heart during ischemia. In contrast, M2 macrophages exhibit anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties by inducing the production of high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and fibro-progenitor cells. Interleukin (IL)-38, a new member of the IL-1 family, has been reported to modulate the IL-36 signaling pathway by playing a role similar to that of the IL-36 receptor antagonist, which also affects the production and secretion of macrophage-related inflammatory factors that play an anti-inflammatory role. IL-38 can relieve myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by promoting the differentiation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages, inhibit the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. The intact recombinant IL-38 can also bind to interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL-1RAPL1) to activate the c-jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1 (JNK/AP1) pathway and increase the production of IL-6. In addition, IL-38 regulates dendritic cell-induced cardiac regulatory T cells, thereby regulating macrophage polarization and improving ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Accordingly, we speculated that IL-38 and macrophage regulation may be therapeutic targets for ameliorating myocardial ischemic injury and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. However, the specific mechanism of the IL-38 action warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kunwu Yu
- *Correspondence: Qiutang Zeng, ; Kunwu Yu,
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11
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Interleukin-38 in Health and Disease. Cytokine 2022; 152:155824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Diaz-Barreiro A, Huard A, Palmer G. Multifaceted roles of IL-38 in inflammation and cancer. Cytokine 2022; 151:155808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Bahmaie N, Nouri E, Hajkazemi MJ, Zareh Rafie M. Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12552. [PMID: 34830435 PMCID: PMC8625918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exponential growth in the usage of "cytokines" (as seroimmunobiomarkers) has facilitated more accurate prognosis, early diagnosis, novel, and efficient immunotherapeutics. Numerous studies have reported immunopathophysiological and immunopathological processes of interleukin-38 (IL-38). Therefore, in this systematic review article, the authors aimed to present an updated comprehensive overview on the immunobiological mechanisms, diagnostic, and immune gene-based therapeutic potentials of IL-38. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 216 articles were collected from several search engines and databases from the January 2012 to July 2021 time interval by using six main keywords. Physiologic or pathologic microenvironments, optimal dosage, and involved receptors affect the functionalities of IL-38. Alterations in serum levels of IL-38 play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of a wide array of immune-mediated disorders. IL-38 shows anti-inflammatory activities by reduction or inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting the therapeutic aspects of IL-38 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. According to the importance of pre-clinical studies, it seems that manipulation of the immune system by immunomodulatory properties of IL-38 can increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and decipher optimal clinical outcomes. To promote our knowledge, more collaboration is highly recommended among laboratory scientists, internal/infectious diseases specialists, oncologists, immunologists, diseases-specific biomarkers scientists, and basic medical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Immunotherapy Research & Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Pediatric Ward, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Near East University affiliated Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Serology and Immunology Ward, Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, Private Baskent Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Nouri
- School of Paramedicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran;
- Shahid Beheshti University Affiliated Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajkazemi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Maryam Zareh Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
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Neutralization of interleukin-38 exacerbates coxsackievirus B3-induced acute myocarditis in mice. Virol J 2021; 18:220. [PMID: 34775963 PMCID: PMC8590870 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-38, a novel member of the IL-1 family, has been reported to be involved in several diseases associated with viral infection. However, the expression and functional role of IL-38 in acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) have not been investigated. Methods Male BALB/c mice were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) for establishing AVMC models. On day 7 post-injection, the expression of IL-38 and IL-36R (IL-36 receptor) were measured. Mice were then treated with i.p. injection of mouse Anti-IL-38 Antibodies (Abs) for neutralization of IL-38. The survival, bodyweight loss, cardiac function, and myocarditis severity of mice were recorded. The percentages of splenic Th1 and Th17 cells, the expression levels of Th1/Th17-related master transcription factors (T-bet and RORγt) and cytokines were determined by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA, respectively. Cardiac viral replication was further detected. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-38 in myocardium and serum, as well as cardiac IL-36R mRNA levels were significantly elevated in mice with AVMC. Increased IL-38 levels were negatively correlated with the severity of AVMC. Neutralization of IL-38 exacerbated CVB3-induced AVMC, as verified by the lower survival rate, impaired cardiac function, continuous bodyweight loss, and higher values of HW/BW and cardiac pathological scores. In addition, neutralization of IL-38 suppressed Th1 cells differentiation while promoted Th17 cells differentiation, accompanied by decreased T-bet mRNA expression and increased RORγt expression. Down-regulation of IFN-γ and up-regulation of IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression levels in myocardium and serum were also observed in the IL-38 neutralization group. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-38 markedly promoted cardiac viral replication. Conclusions Neutralization of IL-38 exacerbates CVB3-induced AVMC in mice, which may be attributable to the imbalance of Th1/Th17 cells and increased CVB3 replication. Thus, IL-38 can be considered as a potential therapeutic target for AVMC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01687-w.
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Boersma B, Jiskoot W, Lowe P, Bourquin C. The interleukin-1 cytokine family members: Role in cancer pathogenesis and potential therapeutic applications in cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 62:1-14. [PMID: 34620560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family is one of the first described cytokine families and consists of eight cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ and IL-37) and three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra and IL-38). The family members are known to play an essential role in inflammation. The importance of inflammation in cancer has been well established in the past decades. This review sets out to give an overview of the role of each IL-1 family member in cancer pathogenesis and show their potential as potential anticancer drug candidates. First, the molecular structure is described. Next, both the pro- and anti-tumoral properties are highlighted. Additionally, a critical interpretation of current literature is given. To conclude, the IL-1 family is a toolbox with a collection of powerful tools that can be considered as potential drugs or drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Boersma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Lowe
- Department of Biomolecule Generation and Optimization, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Wang M. The Role of IL-37 and IL-38 in Obstetrics Abnormalities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:737084. [PMID: 34513891 PMCID: PMC8429600 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.737084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two fairly common complications during pregnancy, i.e., gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia, which are independent, but are also closely linked in prevalence in pregnant women, with potential serious adverse consequences. IL-37 and IL-38, which belong to the IL-1 superfamily, participate in anti-inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of IL-37 and IL-38 has been observed in many auto-immune diseases. IL-37 is substantially reduced in the umbilical cords and placentas of GDM subjects, but IL-37 is significantly induced in the placentas of pre-eclampsia patients, suggesting there are differential regulatory roles of IL-37 in obstetrics, despite IL-37 being an anti-inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, IL-38 is substantially increased in the umbilical cords and placentas of GDM subjects, but minimal difference is observed in the placentas from pre-eclampsia patients. These data imply that IL-38 is also regulated independently within the diseased placentas. This review provides some insight for both basic scientists and medical practitioners to manage these patients effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Zhu T, Zhao Y, Zhang P, Shao Y, He J, Xue P, Zheng W, Qu W, Jia X, Zhou Z, Lu R, He M, Zhang Y. Lead Impairs the Development of Innate Lymphoid Cells by Impeding the Differentiation of Their Progenitors. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:410-422. [PMID: 32428222 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal toxic to the immune system, yet the influence of Pb on innate lymphoid cells (ILC) remains to be defined. In this study, we found that occupationally relevant level of Pb exposure impaired ILC development at the progenitor level by activating Janus Kinase1. C57BL/6 mice treated with 1250 ppm, but not 125 ppm Pb acetic via drinking water for 8 weeks had reduced number of mature ILC, which was not caused by increased apoptosis or suppressed proliferation. Conversely, Pb increased the number of innate lymphoid cell progenitors (ILCP) in the bone marrow. The discordant observation indicated that an obstruction of ILCP differentiation into mature ILC during Pb exposure existed. Pb directly acted on ILCP to suppress their proliferation, indicating that ILCP were less activated during Pb exposure. Reciprocal ILCP transplantation assay confirmed that Pb impeded the differentiation of ILCP into mature ILC, as ILCP gave rise to fewer mature ILC in Pb-treated recipients compared with control recipients. In vitro assays suggested that the obstruction of ILCP differentiation by Pb exposure was due to increased activation of Janus Kinase1. Thus, Pb impeded ILCP differentiation into mature ILC to result in an accumulation of ILCP in the bone marrow and the resultant decreased number of mature ILC in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues in mice. Moreover, by analyses of ILC and ILCP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human subjects occupationally exposed to Pb, we revealed that Pb might also impede the development of ILC in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinyi He
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Shanghai Chemical Industry Park Medical Center, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Zare Rafie M, Esmaeilzadeh A, Ghoreishi A, Tahmasebi S, Faghihzadeh E, Elahi R. IL-38 as an early predictor of the ischemic stroke prognosis. Cytokine 2021; 146:155626. [PMID: 34157522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is caused by a sudden neurological defect following a vascular occlusion and elicits a local and systemic inflammation in brain tissue. Interleukin-38 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine associated with ischemic and inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to analyze the effect of tPA therapy on interleukin-38 serum level changes and the serum level of IL-38 in the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients in the next three months. METHODS We enrolled 29 ischemic stroke patients confirmed by a neurologist based on radiologic and clinical manifestation between 2019 September to 2020 February. The patients who had NIHSS more than 6 with no underlying inflammatory diseases were selected for tPA therapy. On admission and 24 h after tPA therapy, the IL-38 serum level was measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS The results showed that serum levels of IL-38 were significantly increased after tPA therapy (P < 0.001). A remarkable relationship was observed between the modified Rankin Score (mRS) and IL-38 serum changes in response to tPA therapy (P < 0.001). Besides, IL-38 serum changes following tPA were dramatically related to NIHSS at hospitalization (P = 0.007). Also, our analysis posed a positive relation between NIHSS at hospitalization and mRs criteria (P = 0.023). No notable relation has been observed between IL-38 serum levels before and after tPA and mRs (P = 0.601 and P = 0.074, respectively). Furthermore, there was no evidence for the relation between NIHSS at hospitalization and IL-38 levels before and after tPA (P = 0.457 and P = 0.105, respectively). CONCLUSION The results indicate that tPA could meaningfully increase the IL-38 serum level. Also, a negative correlation has been found between IL-38 serum changes in response to tPA and mRS. Since the lower changes in IL-38 serum level result in a poorer prognosis, we conclude that IL-38 serum changes might be a novel early predictor factor for ischemic stroke prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zare Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Ghoreishi
- Stroke Research Group, Head of Stroke Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Faghihzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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19
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Xia HS, Liu Y, Fu Y, Li M, Wu YQ. Biology of interleukin-38 and its role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107528. [PMID: 33725637 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is the tenth member of the IL-1 cytokine family. IL-38 shares high similarity with IL-36Ra and IL-1Ra and can bind to their receptors, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. Despite the lack of a signal peptide, IL-38 can be released from several cell types, but its maturation process remains obscure. The role of IL-38 in numerous inflammatory diseases, especially in autoimmune diseases, has been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the characteristics, biological functions and pathways of IL-38, as well as its role in several chronic inflammatory diseases. Better understanding the role of IL-38 will pave the way for clinical treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Song Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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20
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de Graaf DM, Jaeger M, van den Munckhof ICL, Ter Horst R, Schraa K, Zwaag J, Kox M, Fujita M, Yamauchi T, Mercurio L, Madonna S, Rutten JHW, de Graaf J, Riksen NP, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Dinarello CA. Reduced concentrations of the B cell cytokine interleukin 38 are associated with cardiovascular disease risk in overweight subjects. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:662-671. [PMID: 33125159 PMCID: PMC7983920 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The IL‐1 family member IL‐38 (IL1F10) suppresses inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Here, we report that plasma concentrations of IL‐38 in 288 healthy Europeans correlate positively with circulating memory B cells and plasmablasts. IL‐38 correlated negatively with age (p = 0.02) and was stable in 48 subjects for 1 year. In comparison with primary keratinocytes, IL1F10 expression in CD19+ B cells from PBMC was lower, whereas cell‐associated IL‐38 expression was comparable. In vitro, IL‐38 is released from CD19+ B cells after stimulation with rituximab. Intravenous LPS in humans failed to induce circulating IL‐38, compared to 100‐fold induction of IL‐6 and IL‐1 receptor antagonist. In a cohort of 296 subjects with body mass index > 27 at high risk for cardiovascular disease, IL‐38 plasma concentrations were significantly lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001), and lowest in those with metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). IL‐38 also correlated inversely with high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (p < 0.01), IL‐6, IL‐1Ra, and leptin (p < 0.05). We conclude that a relative deficiency of the B cell product IL‐38 is associated with increased systemic inflammation in aging, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and is consistent with IL‐38 as an anti‐inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M de Graaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge C L van den Munckhof
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Schraa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Zwaag
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Mercurio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi M. Monti, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi M. Monti, Rome, Italy
| | - Joost H W Rutten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Interleukin-36 Cytokine/Receptor Signaling: A New Target for Tissue Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186458. [PMID: 32899668 PMCID: PMC7556029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a major unresolved medical problem, which impairs the function of various systems. The molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood, which hinders the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence from recent studies indicates that interleukin 36 (IL-36) and the corresponding receptor (IL-36R), a newly-characterized cytokine/receptor signaling complex involved in immune-inflammation, play an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in multiple tissues. This review focuses on recent experimental findings, which implicate IL-36R and its associated cytokines in different forms of organ fibrosis. Specifically, it outlines the molecular basis and biological function of IL-36R in normal cells and sums up the pathological role in the development of fibrosis in the lung, kidney, heart, intestine, and pancreas. We also summarize the new progress in the IL-36/IL-36R-related mechanisms involved in tissue fibrosis and enclose the potential of IL-36R inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to combat pro-fibrotic pathologies. Given its high association with disease, gaining new insight into the immuno-mechanisms that contribute to tissue fibrosis could have a significant impact on human health.
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22
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Interleukin-38 is elevated in inflammatory bowel diseases and suppresses intestinal inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 127:154963. [PMID: 31927461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been no report investigating the role of IL-38 in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therefore, we investigated the expression of IL-38 in IBD patients and its role in regulating intestinal inflammation. The levels of IL-38 were significantly elevated in the intestine of IBD patients and DSS-induced colitis mice. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that B cell, not macrophage or T cell, was the source of IL-38 in the intestine. We found that rIL-38 treatment significantly attenuated DSS-induced colitis, including alleviation of weight loss, disease activity index, macroscopic changes and histological damage of colon, along with lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. In vitro, rIL-38 significantly decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and BMDM. This is the first study suggesting that IL-38 may have a protective effect in IBD, which inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages. IL-38 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in IBD.
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Wei Y, Lan Y, Zhong Y, Yu K, Xu W, Zhu R, Sun H, Ding Y, Wang Y, Zeng Q. Interleukin-38 alleviates cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:371-384. [PMID: 31746138 PMCID: PMC6933378 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive immune‐mediated inflammatory reaction plays a deleterious role in ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). Interleukin (IL)‐38 is a newly characterized cytokine of the IL‐1 family and has been reported to exert a protective effect in some autoimmune diseases. However, its role in cardiac remodelling post‐MI remains unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of IL‐38 was increased in infarcted heart after MI induced in C57BL/6 mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery. In addition, our data showed that ventricular remodelling after MI was significantly ameliorated after recombinant IL‐38 injection in mice. This amelioration was demonstrated by better cardiac function, restricted inflammatory response, attenuated myocardial injury and decreased myocardial fibrosis. Our results in vitro revealed that IL‐38 affects the phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs) and IL‐38 plus troponin I (TNI)‐treated tolerogenic DCs dampened adaptive immune response when co‐cultured with CD4+T cells. In conclusion, IL‐38 plays a protective effect in ventricular remodelling post‐MI, one possibility by influencing DCs to attenuate inflammatory response. Therefore, targeting IL‐38 may hold a new therapeutic potential in treating MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wei
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Lan
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucheng Zhong
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunwu Yu
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
The natural history of heart failure (HF) is not linear, because changes in the heart structure and function start long before the disease becomes clinically evident. Many different cytokines originating from intracardiac tissues (cardiomyocytes, cardiac endothelial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiac infiltrated immune cells) or extracardiac tissues (adipose tissue, gut, and lymphoid organs) have been identified in HF. Because the levels of circulating cytokines correlate with the development and severity of HF, these mediators may have both pathophysiological importance, through their ability to modulate inflammation, myocyte stress/stretch, myocyte injury and apoptosis, fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix remodeling, and utility as clinical predictive biomarkers. A greater understanding of the mechanisms mediated by the multifaceted network of cytokines, leading to distinct HF phenotypes (HF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction), is urgently needed for the development of new treatment strategies. In this chapter, all these issues were thoroughly discussed, pointing on the practical considerations concerning the clinical use of the cytokines as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Elena Stanciu
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology, Institute of Oncology Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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Xie L, Huang Z, Li H, Liu X, Zheng S, Su W. IL-38: A New Player in Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080345. [PMID: 31387327 PMCID: PMC6723600 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38, a newly discovered IL-1 family cytokine, is expressed in several tissues and secreted by various cells. IL-38 has recently been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory function by binding to several receptors, including interleukin-36 receptor (IL-36R), interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL-1RAPL1), and interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) to block binding with other pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit subsequent signaling pathways; thereby regulating the differentiation and function of T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Inflammatory autoimmune diseases, which are common immune-mediated inflammatory syndromes, are characterized by an imbalance between T helper cells (Ths), especially Th1s and Th17s, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Recent findings have shown that abnormal expression of IL-38 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjogren’s syndrome, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, ankylosing spondylitis, and glaucoma, involves Th1s, Th17s, and Tregs. In this review, the expression, regulation, and biological function of IL-38 are discussed, as are the roles of IL-38 in various inflammatory autoimmune disorders. Current data support that the IL-38/IL-36R and/or IL-38/IL-1RAPL1 axis primarily play an anti-inflammatory role in the development and resolution of inflammatory autoimmune diseases and indicate a possible therapeutic benefit of IL-38 in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Zhaohao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Songguo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
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Zhang XY, He T, Ling JY, Hu XF, Wen Y, Wei J, Lu HL. [Serum levels of interleukin-38 and interleukin-1β in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:543-548. [PMID: 30022755 PMCID: PMC7389205 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of serum cytokines, interleukin-38 (IL-38) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children and the association of IL-38 and IL-1β with inflammatory response in the acute phase and the development of coronary artery lesion (CAL). METHODS A total of 40 children with KD who were hospitalized in the hospital between July 2015 and June 2016 were enrolled, with 21 children in the CAL group and 19 in the non-CAL (NCAL) group. Thirty healthy children and 19 children with infection and pyrexia, who were matched for sex and age, were enrolled as healthy control group and pyrexia control group respectively. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of IL-38 and IL-1β in the 40 children in the acute phase of KD. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlations of IL-1β and IL-38 with interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). RESULTS The serum level of IL-38 in the children in the acute phase of KD was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly higher than that in the pyrexia control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of IL-38 between the CAL and NCAL groups (P>0.05). The children in the acute phase of KD had a significantly higher level of IL-1β than the healthy control group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between this group and the pyrexia control group (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the level of IL-1β between the CAL and NCAL groups (P>0.05). Serum IL-1β and IL-38 levels were not correlated with serum levels of CRP, ESR, PCT, IL-6, and NT-ProBNP or blood lipids (TG and TC) (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-38 is involved in an inflammatory response in the acute phase of KD and may exert an anti-inflammatory effect, which is opposite to the effect of IL-1β to promote inflammatory response. However, there is no significant correlation between these two cytokines and the development of CAL in KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
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Garraud T, Harel M, Boutet MA, Le Goff B, Blanchard F. The enigmatic role of IL-38 in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:26-35. [PMID: 29366546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-38 is the most recently discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family and is considered a potential inhibitor of the IL-1 and Toll-like receptor families. IL-38 exerts anti-inflammatory properties, especially on macrophages, by inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to reduced T-lymphocyte TH17 maturation. IL-38 has been studied most extensively in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly arthritis, where it is considered an attractive new drug candidate. IL-38 research has entered a new phase, with the realization that IL-38 is important in the pathophysiology of TH17 dependent-diseases (psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis). In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of several controversial issues concerning IL-38 function and regulation. There is effectively contrasting data regarding IL-38: it is produced in conditions such as apoptosis, necrosis or inflammation, but data is lacking regarding IL-38 processing and biological function. Furthermore, the receptor for IL-38 has yet to be identified, although three candidate receptors - IL-1R1, IL-36R and IL-1RAPL1-have been proposed. Future studies will hopefully uncover new aspects of this enigmatic cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garraud
- INSERM UMR1238, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | - Benoit Le Goff
- INSERM UMR1238, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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28
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Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines and receptors is unique in immunology because the IL-1 family and Toll-like receptor (TLR) families share similar functions. More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family is primarily associated with innate immunity. More than 95% of living organisms use innate immune mechanisms for survival whereas less than 5% depend on T- and B-cell functions. Innate immunity is manifested by inflammation, which can function as a mechanism of host defense but when uncontrolled is detrimental to survival. Each member of the IL-1 receptor and TLR family contains the cytoplasmic Toll-IL-1-Receptor (TIR) domain. The 50 amino acid TIR domains are highly homologous with the Toll protein in Drosophila. The TIR domain is nearly the same and present in each TLR and each IL-1 receptor family. Whereas IL-1 family cytokine members trigger innate inflammation via IL-1 family of receptors, TLRs trigger inflammation via bacteria, microbial products, viruses, nucleic acids, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In fact, IL-1 family member IL-1a and IL-33 also function as DAMPs. Although the inflammatory properties of the IL-1 family dominate in innate immunity, IL-1 family member can play a role in acquired immunity. This overview is a condensed update of the IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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van de Veerdonk FL, de Graaf DM, Joosten LAB, Dinarello CA. Biology of IL-38 and its role in disease. Immunol Rev 2017; 281:191-196. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI); Radboudumc The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
| | - Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI); Radboudumc The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
| | - Leo AB Joosten
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI); Radboudumc The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI); Radboudumc The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
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30
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Cytokines of the IL-1 family: recognized targets in chronic inflammation underrated in organ transplantations. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2241-2256. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) family is a group of cytokines with multiple local and systemic effects, which regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. Generally, most IL-1 family cytokines express prevailing pro-inflammatory activities (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36 α, β, γ), whereas others are anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), IL-36Ra, IL-38, IL-37). In addition to their immunomodulatory roles, some of them are also involved in the physiological modulation of homeostatic processes and directly affect mRNA transcription. IL-1 family cytokines bind to specific receptors composed of a ligand-binding chain and an accessory chain. The pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1 family cytokines are regulated on the level of transcription, enzymatic processing of precursors, release of soluble antagonists, and expression of decoy receptors. Members of the IL-1 family regulate the recruitment and activation of effector cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, but they are also involved in the pathogenesis of chronic disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and various autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. There are only limited data regarding the role of IL-1 cytokines in transplantation. In recent years, targeted therapeutics affecting IL-1 have been used in multiple clinical studies. In addition to the recombinant IL-1Ra, anakinra (highly effective in autoinflammatory diseases and tested for other chronic diseases), the monoclonal antibodies canakinumab, gevokizumab, and rilonacept (a long-acting IL-1 receptor fusion protein) provide further options to block IL-1 activity. Furthermore, new inhibitors of IL-18 (GSK 1070806, ABT-325, rIL-18BP (IL-18 binding protein)) and IL-33 (CNTO-7160) are presently under clinical studies and other molecules are being developed to target IL-1 family cytokines.
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31
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Boutet MA, Najm A, Bart G, Brion R, Touchais S, Trichet V, Layrolle P, Gabay C, Palmer G, Blanchard F, Le Goff B. IL-38 overexpression induces anti-inflammatory effects in mice arthritis models and in human macrophages in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1304-1312. [PMID: 28288964 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL)-38 is a newly characterised cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. This cytokine is expressed in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue and IL-38 deficient mice have exacerbated arthritis. Here, we analysed the effect of IL-38 overexpression in the joints of arthritic mice, in human macrophages and synovial fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS Articular injections of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8 encoding IL-38 were performed in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in mice. The effect of IL-38 overexpression was evaluated through clinical scores, immunohistochemistry, microCT, Luminex and RT-qPCR analysis. THP-1 macrophages were transduced with a lentiviral vector to overexpress IL-38. RESULTS Clinical inflammatory scores were significantly decreased after AAV IL-38 injection in joints of mice with CIA and STIA, but not AIA. This decrease was accompanied by reduced macrophage infiltration and a decreased expression of Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-23, IL-22) and TNFα. However, IL-38 overexpression had no effect on cartilage or bone destruction. In vitro, the THP-1 monocytic cell line expressed less IL-6, TNFα and IL-23 after IL-38 overexpression. Conditioned media from these cells, containing released IL-38, also exert an anti-inflammatory effect on human primary macrophages and synovial fibroblasts from patients with RA. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that IL-38 overexpression attenuates the severity of experimental arthritis. IL-38 may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and synovial fibroblasts. This effect can lead to the development of novel treatment strategies in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Boutet
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Najm
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Géraldine Bart
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Touchais
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Trichet
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Cem Gabay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Blanchard
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Le Goff
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of novel cytokine IL-38 in Murphy Roths Large (MRL)/lpr mice. Immunobiology 2016; 222:483-493. [PMID: 27769564 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The newly named interleukin (IL)-36 subfamily member IL-38 has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of IL-38 was poorly investigated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have investigated the expression of CD4+IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 and CD3+CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) T cells and the related immunopathological mechanisms in female MRL/lpr mice model of spontaneous lupus-like disease, with or without IL-38 treatment. Intravenous administration of murine recombinant IL-38 into MRL/lpr mice can ameliorate the lupus-like clinical symptoms including proteinuria, leukocyteuria and skin lesions. A remission of histopathology characteristics of skin and nephritis was also observed upon IL-38 treatment. Accordingly, IL-38 receptor was expressed on the cell surface of both CD4+ Th and CD19+ B lymphocytes. The splenic Th17 and DN T lymphocytes, the average mRNA level of epigenetically regulated gene expression of Th17 cells, and serum concentrations of IL-17 and IL-22 were significantly decreased upon the treatment of IL-38 (all p<0.05). The in vivo results suggest that IL-38 can ameliorate skin inflammation and nephritis in SLE mice probably via suppressing the formation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22, and pathogenic DN T cells. These findings may provide a biochemical basis for further investigation of the therapeutic mechanisms of IL-38 for the treatment of autoimmune-mediated inflammation.
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33
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Chu M, Chu IMT, Yung ECM, Lam CWK, Leung TF, Wong GWK, Wong CK. Aberrant Expression of Novel Cytokine IL-38 and Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Childhood Asthma. Molecules 2016; 21:E933. [PMID: 27438823 PMCID: PMC6274345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of novel anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-38 and regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes in childhood asthma patients. The protein and mRNA expression level of IL-38, periostin, peripheral CD4⁺CD25⁺CD134⁺ T lymphocytes as well as CD4⁺CD25(high)FoxP3⁺ and CD4⁺CD25(high)CD127(-) Treg lymphocytes from 40 asthmatic patients and 20 normal control (NC) subjects were studied using ELISA, qPCR and flow cytometry. Serum and supernatant cytokines/chemokines were determined by multiplex assay. Serum IL-38, IL-5, IL-17, IL-6, interferon-γ, periostin, IL-1β and IL-13 concentrations were significantly higher in asthmatic patients with or without steroid treatment than those in controls (all p < 0.05). The percentages of both CD4⁺CD25(high)FoxP3⁺ and CD4⁺CD25(high)CD127(-) Treg lymphocytes were markedly decreased in asthmatic patients with and without steroid treatment than those in controls (all p < 0.05). The elevated IL-38 concentration negatively correlated with the percentage of Treg lymphocytes in asthmatic patients with high level (>40 ng/mL) of periostin (p < 0.05). Although the comparable mRNA levels of IL-38 and its receptor IL-36R were found between patients and controls, the mRNA level of IL-38 positively correlated with IL-36R and negatively correlated with IL-10 in all asthmatic patients (both p < 0.05). The percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD134⁺ activated T lymphocytes was also significantly higher in asthmatic patients with steroid treatment than those in controls (p < 0.05). This cross-sectional study demonstrated that the overexpression of circulating IL-38 may play a role in the immunopathogenesis in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518057 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ida M T Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518057 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Edmund C M Yung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Christopher W K Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Ting F Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gary W K Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518057 Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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