Ameliorative Effect of Daidzein on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice via Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cell Death

An integrated view of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity: characteristics, common molecular mechanisms, and current clinical management

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy drug widely prescribed to treat various neoplasms. Although fundamental for the therapeutic action of the drug, its cytotoxic mechanisms trigger adverse effects in several tissues, such as the kidney, liver, and heart, which limit its clinical use. In this sense, studies point to an essential role of damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of tissue injuries. Due to the limitation of effective preventive and therapeutic measures against CP-induced toxicity, new strategies with potential cytoprotective effects have been studied. Therefore, this article is timely in reviewing the characteristics and main molecular mechanisms common to renal, hepatic, and cardiac toxicity previously described, in addition to addressing the main validated strategies for the current management of these adverse events in clinical practice. We also handle the main promising antioxidant substances recently presented in the literature to encourage the development of new research that consolidates their potential preventive and therapeutic effects against CP-induced cytotoxicity.

Daidzein nanosuspension in combination with cisplatin to enhance therapeutic efficacy against A549 non-small lung cancer cells: an in vitro evaluation

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, chemo-resistance, and toxicity limit treatment. The focus is on innovative combined phytotherapy to improve treatment outcomes. Our aim was to investigate the potential effects of daidzein nanosuspension (DZ-NS) and its combination with cisplatin (CIS) on A549 non-small lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was investigated using MTT and Chou-Talalay methods. Oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory markers were analyzed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. The IC50 value for DZ-NS was 25.23 µM for 24 h and was lower than pure DZ (IC50 = 835 µM for pure DZ). DZ-NS (at IC50x2 and IC50 values) showed synergistic cytotoxicity with CIS. The cells treated with DZ-NS had low TOS and OSI levels. However, DZ-NS failed to regulate Cas3 and TGF-β1 activation in A549 cells. MMP-9 gene expression was significantly suppressed in DZ-NS-treated cells, especially in combination therapy. DZ represents a potential combination option for the treatment of lung cancer, and its poor toxicokinetic properties limit its clinical use. To overcome these limitations, the effects of the nanosuspension formulation were tested. DZ-NS showed a cytotoxic effect on A549 cells and optimized the therapeutic effect of CIS. This in vitro synergistic effect was mediated by suppression of MMP-9 and not by oxidative stress or Cas3-activated apoptosis. This study provides the basis for an in vivo and clinical trial of DZ-NS with concurrent chemotherapy.

Mitigative Effects of l-Arginine and N-Acetyl Cysteine against Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Dysfunction and Toxicity through the Regulation of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Markers: Role of miR-155 and miR-34c Expression

Testicular dysfunction is a common adverse effect of cisplatin (CIS) administration as a chemotherapeutic drug. The current study has outlined the role of micro-RNAs (miR-155 and 34c) in CIS-induced testicular dysfunction and evaluated the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and/or l-arginine (LA). Seven groups of Albino rats were used for this study. The control (C) group received physiological saline; the CIS group was injected CIS (7 mg/kg IP, once) on day 21 of the experiment; the NAC group was administered NAC (150 mg/kg intragastric, for 28 days); and the LA group was injected LA (50 mg/kg IP, for 28 days). NAC+CIS, LA+CIS, and NAC+LA+CIS groups received the above regime. CIS significantly reduced serum testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations with decline of testicular enzyme activities. CIS caused significant elevation in testicular oxidative-stress biomarkers, inflammation-associated cytokines, and apoptosis markers, along with overexpression of miR-155 and low miR-34c expression. Additionally, marked testicular degenerative changes were observed in the examined histological section; a significant decrease in the expression of PCNA with significant increase in expressions of F4/80 and BAX was confirmed. The administration of NAC or LA upregulated testicular functions and improved histopathological and immunohistochemical changes as well as miRNA expression compared with the CIS-administered group. Rats receiving both NAC and LA showed a more significant ameliorative effect compared with groups receiving NAC or LA alone. In conclusion, NAC or LA showed an ameliorative effect against CIS-induced testicular toxicity and dysfunction through the regulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic markers and via modulating miR-155 and miR-34c expression.

Cinnamic Acid: A Low-Toxicity Natural Bidentate Ligand for Uranium Decorporation

Uranium accumulation in the kidneys and bones following internal contamination results in severe damage, emphasizing the pressing need for the discovery of actinide decorporation agents with efficient removal of uranium and low toxicity. In this work, cinnamic acid (3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, CD), a natural aromatic carboxylic acid, is investigated as a potential uranium decorporation ligand. CD demonstrates markedly lower cytotoxicity than that of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), an actinide decorporation agent approved by the FDA, and effectively removes approximately 44.5% of uranyl from NRK-52E cells. More importantly, the results of the prompt administration of the CD solution remove 48.2 and 27.3% of uranyl from the kidneys and femurs of mice, respectively. Assessments of serum renal function reveal the potential of CD to ameliorate uranyl-induced renal injury. Furthermore, the single crystal of CD and uranyl compound (C9H7O2)2·UO2 (denoted as UO2-CD) reveals the formation of uranyl dimers as secondary building units. Thermodynamic analysis of the solution shows that CD coordinates with uranyl to form a 2:1 molar ratio complex at a physiological pH of 7.4. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further show that CD exhibits a significant 7-fold heightened affinity for uranyl binding in comparison to DTPA.

A review on the traditional uses, nutritive importance, pharmacognostic features, phytochemicals, and pharmacology of Momordica cymbalaria Hook F

Momordica cymbalaria Hook F. (MC), belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, is a plant with several biological activities. This detailed, comprehensive review gathers and presents all the information related to the geographical distribution, morphology, therapeutic uses, nutritional values, pharmacognostic characters, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of MC. The available literature showed that MC fruits are utilized as a stimulant, tonic, laxative, stomachic, and to combat inflammatory disorders. The fruits are used to treat spleen and liver diseases and are applied in folk medicine to induce abortion and treat diabetes mellitus. The phytochemical screening studies report that MC fruits contain tannins, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, amino acids, vitamin C, carbohydrates, β-carotenes, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, α-eleostearic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. The fruits also contain calcium, sodium, iron, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus. Notably, momordicosides are cucurbitacin triterpenoids reported in the fruits of MC. Diverse pharmacological activities of MC, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antiangiogenic, antifertility, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic, have been reported by many investigators. M. cymbalaria methanolic extract is safe up to 2,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, no symptoms of toxicity were found. These pharmacological activities are mechanistically interpreted and described in this review. Additionally, the microscopic, powder and physiochemical characteristics of MC tubers are also highlighted. In summary, possesses remarkable medicinal values, which warrant further detailed studies to exploit its potential benefits therapeutically.

Effects of Soy Bread on Cardiovascular Risk Factor, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder with widespread synovitis. Isoflavones, the main active component of soy, have been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory effects; the previous RA animal models showed the promising effect of soy supplementation. We aimed to evaluate the effect of soy bread on inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in RA patients. The present study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. RA patients were randomly allocated to obtain soy bread (n = 22) or placebo bread (n = 22) for 8 weeks. Fasting serum levels of lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and DAS28 were checked. Findings showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in physical activity and dietary intake at the beginning of the study and the end of the study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in measured lipid profile markers, including high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein, at the end of the trial. In addition, TAC and CRP also were not significant at the end of the trial between the 2 groups (0.66 and 0.12, respectively). However, the serum levels of TNF-α reduced significantly in the soy bread group at the end of the intervention (p < 0.000) and compared with the control group (p < 0.019). Soy bread consumption only decreased circulating TNF-α serum concentration. Other outcome measures were not changed following supplementation. Future long-term, well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Trial Registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT20181021041396N1.

Modulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic stresses mediates the renoprotective effect of daidzein against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication that accompanies rhabdomyolysis. Daidzein is a dietary isoflavone that has various biological activities. This study examined the therapeutic potential of daidzein and the underlying mechanisms against AKI induced by glycerol in male rats. Animals were injected once with glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg, intramuscular) for induction of AKI and pre-treated orally with daidzein (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistopathological, and molecular parameters were assessed to evaluate the effect of daidzein. The results revealed that the model group displayed remarkable functional, molecular, and structural changes in the kidney. However, pre-administration of daidzein markedly decreased the kidney relative weight as well as the levels of urea, creatinine, K, P, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and cystatin C. Further, daidzein lessened the rhabdomyolysis-related markers [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK)]. Notably, the enhancement of the antioxidant biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH) is accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Moreover, upregulated gene expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfe212) and hemeoxygenase-1 (Hmox1) were exerted by daidzein administration. Rats who received daidzein displayed markedly lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor nuclear factor-α (TNF-α), myleoperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels together with higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) related to the model group. Remarkably, significant declines were noticed in the pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) and rises in antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) levels in the group that received daidzein. The renal histological screening validated the aforementioned biochemical and molecular alterations. Our findings support daidzein as a potential therapeutic approach against AKI-induced renal injury via suppression of muscle degradation, oxidative damage, cytokine release, and apoptosis.

Early diagnostic biomarkers for acute kidney injury using cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) caused by acute kidney injury (AKI) results rapid and reversible loss in renal function. A real-time, highly accurate, and sensitive acute kidney injury biomarker is urgently required in order to keep these patients alive and prevent end stage renal disease and related complications that include hypertension, fluid and electrolyte retention, metabolic acidosis, anemia, stroke etc. This study was designed to develop a specific and sensitive model for the early identification of renal damage in male albino rats. Using a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight) to the rats, the various duration-dependent nephrotoxic activities were compared using multiple physiological, biochemical, genomic, and histopathological markers. We looked into when renal dysfunction would start occurring after receiving a single high dose of cisplatin while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) remained normal. Following a single cisplatin injection, various measurements were taken in plasma, urine, and/or kidney tissues of rats euthanized on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. When the urine kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), interleukine 18 (IL-18), nephrin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C (Cys C) levels are greatly raised on day 3 after cisplatin treatment, BUN and sCr levels remain normal. Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is also indicated by the upregulated mRNA expression of KIM-1, IL-18, Cys C, and NGAL and downregulated expression of nephrin in kidney tissue at very initial stage. Protein expression of KIM-1, IL-18 and NGAL level of kidney tissues was upregulated indicated confirmatory results done by western blot. Utilising an array of kidney impairment indicators has emerged as an earlier, more effective, and more reliable technique to diagnose AKI when compared to the most sophisticated signs now available.

Neuroprotective effects of daidzein against ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity in male rats: role of selected inflammatory and apoptotic markers

Ifosfamide (IFO), an alkylating chemotherapy agent, is known for its association with neurotoxicity and encephalopathy. This trial was designed to evaluate the protective action of daidzein (DZN) against IFO-induced neurotoxicity in male rats by determining the difference in certain inflammatory and apoptotic markers in the brain tissue of rats. Twenty-eight Wistar rats, weighing 120-150 g, were divided into four groups of seven rats: Group 1 (Control) received no treatment; Group 2 was orally administered DZN (100 mg/kg/day) for seven days; Group 3 received a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose of IFO (500 mg/kg); Group 4 received oral DZN (100 mg/kg/day) for one week prior to a single IP dose of IFO on the seventh day. Twenty-four hours post-treatment, serum and brain tissue samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated a significant increase in serum inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and iNOS) and the anti-inflammatory marker (IL-10), along with elevated caspase-3 enzyme activity in the brain tissue of the IFO-treated group compared to the control group. Conversely, pre-treatment with DZN significantly reduced serum inflammatory markers and caspase-3 levels in tissue. The findings suggest that daidzein has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, potentially offering protection against IFO-induced neurotoxicity in rats.

Multi-omics reveals the mechanisms underlying Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8-mediated attenuation of oxidative stress in broilers challenged with dexamethasone

Oxidative stress is a common phenomenon in poultry production. Several molecules, including antioxidant genes, miRNAs, and gut microbiota metabolites, have been reported to participate in redox regulation. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) was shown to improve the antioxidant capacity of chickens, but the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, 400 broilers were allocated to 4 treatment groups: control diet (Con group), control diet + dexamethasone injection (DEX group), control diet containing 1 × 108 CFU/g P8 (P8 group), and control diet containing 1 × 108 CFU/g P8 + DEX injection (DEX_P8 group). Integrated analysis of the microbiome, metabolomics, and miRNAomics was conducted to investigate the roles of P8 in oxidative stress in broilers. Results demonstrated that P8 supplementation significantly improved growth performance, jejunal morphology, and antioxidant function in DEX-treated broilers. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed a higher abundance of Barnesiella (P = 0.01) and Erysipelatoclostridium (P = 0.05) in the DEX_P8 group than in the DEX group. Functional prediction indicated that certain pathways, including the phenylacetate degradation pathway, were enriched in the DEX_P8 group compared to the DEX group. Metabolites in the cecal contents were distinct between the groups. P8 supplementation increased the content of metabolites with antioxidant capacity, e.g., urobilinogen (P < 0.01), and decreased that of metabolites related to oxidative stress, e.g., genistein (P < 0.01). Functional prediction indicated that metabolites that differed between the DEX_P8 and DEX groups were enriched in pathways including "tryptophan metabolism" and "primary bile acid biosynthesis". The miRNAomics analysis further showed that, compared to the DEX group, several miRNAs in the jejunum, such as gga-miR-21-3p (P = 0.03), were increased, whereas gga-miR-455-3p (P = 0.02) was decreased in the DEX_P8 group. The PI3K-Akt, Ras, and Rap1 signaling pathways were enriched in the DEX_P8 group compared to the DEX group through KEGG analysis. Correlation analysis revealed potential interactions between growth performance, oxidation/antioxidation, jejunal morphology, gut microbiota, cecal content metabolites, and jejunal miRNAs. Overall, our results indicate that P8 supplementation may improve the growth performance, jejunal morphology and antioxidant capacity of DEX-treated broilers by regulating gut microbiota, its metabolites, and intestinal miRNAs.

Prophylactic consequences of sodium salicylate nanoparticles in cisplatin-mediated hepatotoxicity

Unintended side effects linked to the antineoplastic drug cisplatin are a major drawback in its clinical application. The underlying source of these side effects include the generation of reactive oxygen species which are toxic and damaging to tissues and organs. In the present study the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of sodium salicylate was assessed against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Sodium salicylate was used as a model drug and loading into hollow structured porous silica using ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method to produce a nanoemulsion. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Dynamic Light scattering analysis were employed to assess the structural properties and stability of this model. Liver function was assessed by measuring biomarkers including ALT, AST & GGT and oxidant/antioxidant markers including MDA, NO, PON, GSH, MCP1 & AVP in serum or liver tissue. Additionally, blood leukocyte DNA damage was evaluated. Cisplatin significantly altered the normal levels of all biomarkers confirming its hepatotoxic effects. In contrast, treatment with sodium salicylate-loaded silica nanoemulsion significantly restored the levels of these markers. The finding suggests the protective effects of this model drug in preventing cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, and therefore may have implications in attenuating cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Gallic acid and/or cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by gamma-irradiation protect cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Cisplatin is one of the most significant anticancer. However, its use is associated with numerous toxicities especially nephrotoxicity. The main aim of this work was to examine the protective effect of Gallic acid (GA) and/or cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) synthesized by gamma-irradiation on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. To do that, 48 adult male albino rats were separated into eight groups and received GA (100 mg/kg orally) and/or CONPs (15 mg/kg i. p.) for 10 days before injection with a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i. p.). The findings showed that cisplatin treatment impaired kidney functioning as shown by elevated serum levels of urea and creatinine. Additionally, the oxidative stress indicators (MDA and NO), levels of NF-kB, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1-and TNF-) and pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX and caspase-3) were raised after cisplatin injection, while levels of intrinsic anti-oxidants (CAT, SOD, and GSH) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) were reduced. Moreover, renal toxicity was confirmed by alteration in normal histological architecture of the kidneys. On the other hand, pretreatment with CONPs and/or GA ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity as evidenced by improvement of renal function parameters and levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic markers in renal tissue along with the renal histopathological changes. This study clarifies how GA and CONPs protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and demonstrates any potential synergism between them. Therefore, they can be considered as promising nephroprotective agents during chemotherapy.

Visualizing the distribution of flavonoids in litchi (Litchi chinenis) seeds through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Flavonoids are one of the most important bioactive components in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) seeds and have broad-spectrum antiviral and antitumor activities. Litchi seeds have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, particularly effective against breast and liver cancers. Elucidating the distribution of flavonoids is important for understanding their physiological and biochemical functions and facilitating their efficient extraction and utilization. However, the spatial distribution patterns and expression states of flavonoids in litchi seeds remain unclear. Herein, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used for in situ detection and imaging of the distribution of flavonoids in litchi seed tissue sections for the first time. Fifteen flavonoid ion signals, including liquiritigenin, apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, dihydrokaempferol, daidzein, quercetin, taxifolin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, myricetin, catechin, quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside, baicalin, and rutin, were successfully detected and imaged in situ through MALDI-MSI in the positive ion mode using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole as a matrix. The results clearly showed the heterogeneous distribution of flavonoids, indicating the potential of litchi seeds for flavonoid compound extraction. MALDI-MS-based multi-imaging enhanced the visualization of spatial distribution and expression states of flavonoids. Thus, apart from improving our understanding of the spatial distribution of flavonoids in litchi seeds, our findings also facilitate the development of MALDI-MSI-based metabolomics as a novel effective molecular imaging tool for evaluating the spatial distribution of endogenous compounds.

Unveiling the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Facets of Daidzein: Present State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Herbal drugs have been attracting much scientific interest in the last few decades and nowadays, phytoconstituents-based research is in progress to disclose their unidentified medicinal potential. Daidzein (DAI) is the natural phytoestrogen isoflavone derived primarily from leguminous plants, such as the soybean and mung bean, and its IUPAC name is 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone. This compound has received great attention as a fascinating pharmacophore with remarkable potential for the therapeutic management of several diseases. Certain pharmacokinetic properties of DAI such as less aqueous solubility, low permeability, and poor bioavailability are major obstacles restricting the therapeutic applications. In this review, distinctive physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of DAI has been elucidated. The pharmacological applications in treatment of several disorders like oxidative stress, cancer, obesity, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, diabetes, ovariectomy, anxiety, and inflammation with their mechanism of action are explained. Furthermore, this review article comprehensively focuses to provide up-to-date information about nanotechnology-based formulations which have been investigated for DAI in preceding years which includes polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, polymer-lipid nanoparticles, nanocomplexes, polymeric micelles, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, liposomes, and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems.

Therapeutic antischizophrenic activity of prodigiosin and selenium co-supplementation against amphetamine hydrochloride-induced behavioural changes and oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic challenges in rats

Schizophrenia (SCZ), a multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder, is treated with inefficient antipsychotics and linked to poor treatment outcomes. This study, therefore, investigated the combined administration of prodigiosin (PDG) and selenium (Na₂SeO₃) against SCZ induced by amphetamine (AMPH) in rats. Animals were allocated into four groups corresponding to their respective 7-day treatments: control, AMPH (2 mg/kg), PDG (300 mg/kg) + Na₂SeO₃ (2 mg/kg), and AMPH + PDG + Na₂SeO₃. The model group exhibited biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes similar to those of the SCZ group. Contrastingly, co-administration of PDG and Na₂SeO₃ significantly increased the time for social interaction and decreased AChE and dopamine. It also downregulated the gene expression of NMDAR1 and restored neurotrophin (BDNF and NGF) levels. Further, PDG combined with Na₂SeO₃ improved the antioxidant defence of the hippocampus by boosting the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. These findings were accompanied by an increased GSH, alongside decreased MDA and NO levels. Furthermore, schizophrenic rats having received PDG and Na₂SeO₃ displayed markedly lower IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared to the model group. Interestingly, remarkable declines in the Bax (pro-apoptotic) and increases in Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) levels were observed in the SCZ group that received PDG and Na₂SeO₃. The hippocampal histological examination confirmed these changes. Collectively, these findings show that the co-administration of PDG and Na₂SeO₃ may have a promising therapeutic effect for SCZ. This is mediated by mechanisms related to the modulation of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and glutaric neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors, alongside the suppression of oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis machinery.

Protective Effects of Orexin A in a Murine Model of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various cancers, but its application is often limited due to complications such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides that modulate the sleep-wake cycle, neuroendocrine function, and the autonomic nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that orexin A (OXA) has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal models of neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. However, the effect of OXA on kidney diseases has not been examined. Here, we investigated whether OXA has a protective effect in a murine model of cisplatin-induced AKI. Intraperitoneal administration of OXA ameliorated renal dysfunction, and histological abnormalities in mice injected with cisplatin. OXA inhibited cisplatin-induced oxidative stress through the modulation of prooxidant and antioxidant enzymes. This peptide reduced apoptotic cell death by inhibiting the p53-mediated pathway in mice injected with cisplatin. OXA also alleviated cisplatin-induced cytokine production and macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys. Taken together, these results showed that OXA ameliorates cisplatin-induced AKI via antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory actions. This peptide could be a potential therapeutic agent for cisplatin-induced AKI.

Evaluation of the mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of three culinary spices in Nigeria: a comparative study

Spices are prolific sources of phytochemicals of pharmaceutical and nutritional importance. They have been employed for centuries in the treatment of various maladies, in cuisines, and as inhibitors of oxidative degradation in foods. On this premise, a comparative assessment of the quantitative mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of Xylopia aethiopica (fruits), Piper guineense (seeds), and Rhaphiostylis beninensis (roots) was done using standard protocols. Subsequently, methanol extracts of the spices were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Mineral analysis of the culinary spices revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the spices' magnesium, zinc, iron, selenium, copper, calcium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, and sodium contents. In the phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids (4.04%, 2.92%, 2.23%) predominate in X. aethiopica. Similarly, proximate analysis shows a preponderance of carbohydrates (81.24%) and proteins (4.83%) in R. beninensis and P. guineense respectively. However, values for the selenium (0.25 mg/L), saponin (0.23%), and moisture (0.71%) contents for R. beninensis were the lowest among the three spices. Results from the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen, twelve, and thirteen phytoconstituents of X. aethiopica, P. guineense, and R. beninensis respectively. Prominent among them are hydrocarbons, acids, and esters with renowned biological attributes such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. These findings indicate that the spices are notable wellsprings of bioactive components and justify their plethoric applications in Nigeria. Therefore, they could serve as lead compounds in the search for natural ingredients for drugs and nutraceuticals formulation.

Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via augmenting Nrf2, modulating NADPH oxidase-4 and mitigating inflammatory/apoptotic mediators

In the therapy of cisplatin (CP), nephrotoxicity is a main limiting issue that associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. According to many studies, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Ajwa dates are very strong, due to the unique phytochemical profile. Here, we investigated the possible mitigative effects of Ajwa dates fruits extract (ADFE) vs CP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, in addition to phytochemical profiling of its components via LC-MS/MS. Six groups were formed from forty-two male rats. G1: control, G2: ADFE 0.25 g/kg, G3: ADFE 0.5 g/kg (for 21 days), G4: CP -intoxicated group (single i.p. dose of 7.0 mg/kg b.w) on day 16th, G5: ADFE 0.25 + CP, G6: ADFE 0.5 + CP. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the tentative identification of 17 compounds of different chemical nature, including organic/phenolic acids, and flavonoids and their sulphated/glycosides derivatives. ADFE has considerable antioxidant potential (DPPH with IC₅₀ 326.65 µg/ml and FRAP= 20.91 mM FeSO₄/g extract) and total phenolic content (TPC = 35.44 mg/GAE/g extract). It (especially at dose 0.5 g/kg b.w) significantly modulated the toxicity of CP via enhancing food intake and hematobiochemical indices (renal functions, anemia, and leucopenia), increasing the renal antioxidant status (GSH, SOD, and CAT), decreasing the production of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (MDA, NO, H₂O₂, MPO, MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6), augmenting mRNA expression of Nrf2, and modulating NOX4 mRNA expression. The existence of bioactive compounds in ADFE may be responsible for their prophylactic properties, demonstrating natural usefulness in the treatment of oxidative stress, hypochromic anemia, immunodeficiency, and inflammatory complications, all of which are chemotherapy side effects.

Isoflavone daidzein ameliorates renal dysfunction and fibrosis in a postmenopausal rat model: Intermediation of angiotensin AT1 and Mas receptors and microRNAs 33a and 27a

OBJECTIVES

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), accompanied by renal dysfunction, fibrosis, and apoptosis, is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women. We tested the hypothesis that isoflavone daidzein may ameliorate renal dysfunction and fibrosis through angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and angiotensin 1-7 (MasR) receptors in association with microRNAs 33a and 27a.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two weeks before the initiation of the experiments, rats (n=84) underwent ovariectomy (OVX). Then, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was performed in OVX rats, and animals were allocated to the following groups (n=21): sham vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO 1%), UUO vehicle, UUO+17β-estradiol (E2), and UUO+daidzein. Each group encompassed three subgroups (n=7) treated with saline, A779 (MasR antagonist), or losartan (AT1R antagonist) for 15 days. The fractional urine excretion of sodium (FE_Na+) and potassium (FE_K+), renal failure index (RFI), renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF index), glomerulosclerosis, miR-33a, and miR-27a expressions and their target genes were analyzed. Apoptosis was measured via cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

UUO increased kidney weight, FE_Na+, FE_K+, urine calcium, RFI, RIF index, glomerulosclerosis, and cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, expression of renal miR-33a and miR-27a, collagen3A1 mRNA, and protein were up-regulated post-UUO. Daidzein treatment alleviated the harmful effects of UUO especially in co-treatment with losartan. They also masked the anticipated worsening effects of A779 on UUO.

CONCLUSION

Compared with E2, daidzein efficiently ameliorated renal dysfunction, fibrosis, and apoptosis through modulation of miR-33a and miR-27a expression and their crosstalk with AT1R and MasR. Therefore, daidzein might be a promising candidate for treating CKD in postmenopausal and older women.

Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Toxicity: Potential Roles of Major NAD+-Dependent Enzymes and Plant-Derived Natural Products

Cisplatin is an FDA approved anti-cancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, the severe adverse effects of cisplatin, particularly kidney toxicity, restrict its clinical and medication applications. The major mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are covered in this short review. In particular, we review the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin kidney injury in the context of NAD⁺-dependent redox enzymes including mitochondrial complex I, NAD kinase, CD38, sirtuins, poly-ADP ribosylase polymerase, and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and their potential contributing roles in the amelioration of cisplatin-induced kidney injury conferred by natural products derived from plants. We also cover general procedures used to create animal models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury involving mice and rats. We highlight the fact that more studies will be needed to dissect the role of each NAD⁺-dependent redox enzyme and its involvement in modulating cisplatin-induced kidney injury, in conjunction with intensive research in NAD⁺ redox biology and the protective effects of natural products against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.

Daidzein normalized gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in MDCK and zebrafish: Possible mechanism of nephroprotection

This study investigates the therapeutic activity of daidzein, an isoflavone that occurs naturally in plants and herbs, against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in-vitro and zebrafish model in-vivo. The in-vitro studies revealed that daidzein protected MDCK cells from gentamicin-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis. The zebrafish were divided into groups and injected with gentamicin (140 mg/mL) to induce nephrotoxic conditions. After injection, renal dysfunction, nitric oxide production, antioxidant consumption, exaggerated apoptosis, and inflammation were all observed in the zebrafish model. We also observed that during kidney inflammation in zebrafish, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are upregulated. Furthermore, daidzein treatment after gentamicin injection showed a strong protective anti-inflammatory effect. Daidzein activity was associated with an increase in antioxidant biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GSH), whereas lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) production were decreased in a dose-dependent factor. Moreover, histopathological alteration caused by gentamicin in zebrafish kidneys was normalized due to daidzein treatment. Daidzein also downregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression in gentamicin-induced kidney inflammation in zebrafish. These results revealed that daidzein could potentially prevent nephrotoxic conditions through pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibition and its antioxidant property.

Docosahexaenoic acid-acylated curcumin diester alleviates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the effect of gut microbiota on the lipopolysaccharide- and trimethylamine-N-oxide-mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice

An increasing number of studies have reported the effects of curcumin (Cur) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on alleviating acute kidney injury (AKI). In this work, we have performed a comparative investigation to determine the effect of dietary DHA-acylated Cur esters, ester derivatives of Cur, and recombination of curcumin and DHA on alleviating acute kidney injury in a mouse model induced by a single intraperitoneal injection with cisplatin (20 mg kg^-1). The results showed that the DHA-acylated Cur diesters significantly decreased the abnormally increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in serum caused by AKI. Histopathological results confirmed that DHA-acylated Cur diesters clearly reduced the degree of renal tubular injury. The renal protective effect of the DHA-acylated Cur diester was better than that of the monoester and the recombination of Cur and DHA. Notably, we found that the DHA-acylated Cur diester treatment remarkably changed the relative abundance of microbiota related to LPS and TMAO/trimethylamine (TMA) metabolism. Moreover, dietary DHA-acylated Cur diesters clearly reduced the MDA content and elevated GSH levels in the kidney of AKI mice, as well as changed the fatty acid composition in the kidney. Further mechanism studies showed that DHA-acylated Cur diesters significantly inhibited inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress by preventing the LPS and TMAO-mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. The above results indicate that DHA-acylated Cur diesters are a potentially novel candidate or targeted dietary pattern to prevent and treat drug-induced acute kidney injury.

The Nephroprotective Effects of α-Bisabolol in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice

Cisplatin (CP) treatment has been long associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress. α-Bisabolol (BIS), a sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from the essential oil of various plants, including chamomile, has garnered popularity lately due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Therefore, we investigated the nephroprotective effects of BIS in the murine model of CP-induced AKI and the underlying mechanism of action. BALB/c mice were given BIS orally at 25 mg/kg for 7 days. On day 7, they were given a single dose of CP at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally. BIS treatment continued for 3 more days. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment (day 11). Kidneys, plasma, and urine were collected, and subsequently, various physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were assessed. BIS has significantly normalized the alterations of water intake, urine volume, relative kidney weight, and the concentrations of urea and creatinine, as well as the creatinine clearance induced by CP treatment. BIS significantly mitigated the effects of CP-induced kidney injury by reducing kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, adiponectin, and cystatin C. Likewise, the renal concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β that were elevated in CP group were significantly reduced in mice treated with BIS and CP. A similar significant reduction was also observed in the CP-induced augmented levels of markers of oxidative stress, as well as the metabolite pteridine. Moreover, BIS significantly reduced the CP–induced renal DNA damage, and markedly lessened the acute tubular necrosis observed in kidney histology. Additionally, BIS significantly reduced the CP-induced increase in the phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in the kidney. These data strongly suggest that BIS exerts a protective action against CP-induced nephrotoxicity by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress through the inhibition of NFκB activation. No overt adverse effects were noted with BIS treatment. Additional investigations should be done to consider BIS as an efficacious nephroprotective agent against CP.

Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganoderma lucidum Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer to Cisplatin by ROS/ERK Signaling and Attenuates Chemotherapy-Related Toxicity

Although platinum-based chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin are the cornerstone of treatment for ovarian cancer, their clinical application is profoundly limited due to chemoresistance and severe adverse effects. Sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SBSGL) have been reported to possess antitumor effects. However, the function and mechanism of SBSGL and its essential composition, ganoderic acid D (GAD), in the cisplatin therapy on ovarian cancer have yet to be investigated. Here, we investigated the combined effect of SBSGL and cisplatin in an ovarian tumor xenograft model. The results showed that combining SBSGL with cisplatin reduced tumor growth and ameliorated cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and myelosuppression. We also confirmed that GAD could enhance the therapeutic effect of cisplatin in SKOV3 and cisplatin-resistant SKOV3/DDP cells by increasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, we proved that ROS-mediated ERK signaling inhibition played an important role in the chemo-sensitization effect of GAD on cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Taken together, combining SBSGL with cisplatin provides a novel therapeutic strategy against ovarian cancer.

Protective effects of recombinant human golimumab and pentoxifylline in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin

In cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, the significant role of activation of inflammatory pathways has been reported earlier. Studies indicate elevated expression and activity of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both, serum and kidneys of cisplatin-treated animals. Golimumab, an anti-TNF biologic, has been approved for the management of many inflammatory conditions. This experiment was planned and executed to evaluate the impact of golimumab on renal function, inflammation in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice, and oxidative stress. Cisplatin (22 mg/kg) as a single intraperitoneal injection was used to induce nephrotoxicity in mice. Golimumab was administered at 24 mg/kg for 7 days by subcutaneous route. Pentoxifylline (PTX) was administered for 7 days (150 mg/kg) as a reference standard. Renal functions, oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated on the seventh day. Cisplatin administration in mice caused a significant rise in serum cystatin C, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. A significant rise of urinary clusterin, kidney injury molecule-1, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase levels was also seen in cisplatin-treated animals. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation in serum and kidneys. Golimumab treatment significantly prevented the cisplatin-induced alteration in markers of renal function and renal damage. There was a significant reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation in golimumab-treated animals. Furthermore, the histopathological evaluation also revealed inverted changes in the proximal tubules after golimumab treatment in kidneys after cisplatin toxicity. The standard drug, PTX, also prevented nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin as indicated by the recovery in renal function, reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. These results indicate that golimumab was effective in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin through inhibition of oxidative stress, and inflammatory response.

NLRP3 inflammasome in rosmarinic acid-afforded attenuation of acute kidney injury in mice

Cisplatin (CP) is a well-known anticancer drug used to effectively treat various kinds of solid tumors. CP causes acute kidney injury (AKI) and unfortunately, there is no therapeutic approach in hand to prevent AKI. Several signaling pathways are responsible for inducing AKI which leads to inflammation in proximal convoluted tubule cells in the kidney. Furthermore, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the CP-induced AKI. In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) against inflammation-induced AKI. RA was orally administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg for two consecutive days after 24 h of a single injection of CP at the dose of 20 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally in Swiss albino male mice. Treatment of RA inhibited the activation of NLRP3 signaling pathway by blocking the activated caspase-1 and downstream signal molecules such as IL-1β and IL18. CP activated HMGB1-TLR4/MyD88 axis was also found to be downregulated with the RA treatment. Activation of nuclear factor-κB and elevated protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were also found to be downregulated in RA-treated animals. Alteration of early tubular injury biomarker, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), was found to be subsided in RA-treated mice. RA has been earlier reported for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our findings show that blocking a critical step of inflammasome signaling pathway by RA treatment can be a novel and beneficial approach to prevent the CP-induced AKI.

Caveolin-1 Regulates Cellular Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Kidney Disease

The kidney is an energy-consuming organ, and cellular metabolism plays an indispensable role in kidney-related diseases. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a multifunctional membrane protein, is the main component of caveolae on the plasma membrane. Caveolae are represented by tiny invaginations that are abundant on the plasma membrane and that serve as a platform to regulate cellular endocytosis, stress responses, and signal transduction. However, caveolae have received increasing attention as a metabolic platform that mediates the endocytosis of albumin, cholesterol, and glucose, participates in cellular metabolic reprogramming and is involved in the progression of kidney disease. It is worth noting that caveolae mainly depend on Cav-1 to perform the abovementioned cellular functions. Furthermore, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates cellular metabolism and participates in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we introduce the structure and function of Cav-1 and its functions in regulating cellular metabolism, autophagy, and oxidative stress, focusing on the relationship between Cav-1 in cellular metabolism and kidney disease; in addition, Cav-1 that serves as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease is also described.

Mitigation of ILβ-1, ILβ-6, TNF-α, and markers of apoptosis by ursolic acid against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats

BACKGROUND

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid that is known for its benefits under several pathological conditions. Cisplatin (CP) is among the most preferred chemotherapeutic agents; however, its nephrotoxicity limits its clinical utility.

PURPOSE

This study was aimed to determine the role of UA in the reduction of CP-induced nephrotoxicity and mitigation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in a rat model.

METHODOLOGY

Male Wistar rats were randomized into vehicle control, CP (7.5 mg/kg), UA 10 mg/kg, and CP with UA 5 and 10 mg/kg groups. Kidney and blood samples were collected for assessment of renal function, measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis markers, antioxidant activity, and tissue histology.

RESULTS

CP significantly increased the levels of serum Cr, BUN, and uric acid; it also induced histological damage reflecting the pathophysiology observed during nephrotoxicity. CP has also shown its pro-oxidant activity in kidney tissue because CP decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT; it increased the lipid peroxidation as measured by MDA content. In addition, CP significantly upregulated the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of apoptotic markers, that is, there were increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Two weeks of continuous treatment of UA showed significant recovery against CP-induced nephrotoxicity; UA decreased the levels of Cr, BUN, and uric acid and ameliorated histological damage. UA also downregulated the activities of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Furthermore, CP-induced oxidative stress that was antagonized by UA-the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT were significantly increased while MDA content was decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

UA has a protective effect against CP-induced nephrotoxicity, which may be due to its antioxidant activity and mitigation of ILβ-1, ILβ-6, TNF-α, and markers of apoptosis.

Daidzein Alleviates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity, Ameliorates Depression-Like Behavior, and Partly Rectifies Circulating Cytokine Imbalance in Two Rodent Models of Depression

Depression is one very common mental health disorder which can cause morbidity and mortality if not addressed. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that depression may be accompanied by immune activation, secondary inflammatory reaction, and hyperactivity of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis. It is well-known that it takes at least 2 weeks for conventional antidepressants, especially SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to produce effects. To better understand the mechanism of antidepressant effects on depression and subsequently further elucidate the pathogenesis of depression, we selected phytestrogen daidzein (DD) to observe its effects on the depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in two different rodent models of depression which were induced by learned helplessness and chronic mild stress (CMS) and then simultaneous evaluation of the depression-like behavior, the activity of HPA axis, and circulatory cytokines. Our results showed that daidzein attenuated depression-like behaviors through alleviating HPA axis hyperactivity, decreasing the levels of stress-related hormones, and partly rectifying some inflammatory cytokines imbalance in both the rodent models of depression.

Short-term supplementation of DHA-enriched phospholipids attenuates the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin without compromising its antitumor activity in mice

Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. However, cisplatin has been associated with nephrotoxicity, which limits its application in clinical treatment. Various studies have indicated the protective effect of phospholipids against acute kidney injury. However, no study has focused on the different effects of phospholipids with different fatty acids on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and on the combined effects of phospholipids and cisplatin in tumour-bearing mice. In the present study, the potential renoprotective effects of phospholipids with different fatty acids against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity were investigated by determining the serum biochemical index, renal histopathological changes, protein expression level and oxidative stress. The results showed that docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) could alleviate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating the caspase signaling pathway, the SIRT1/PGC1α pathway, and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and by inhibiting oxidative stress. In particular, DHA-PL exhibited a better inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis compared to EPA-PL. Furthermore, DHA-PL exhibited an additional effect with cisplatin on the survival of ascitic tumor-bearing mice. These findings suggested that DHA-PL are one kind of promising supplement for the alleviation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising its antitumor activity.

Docosahexaenoic Acid-Acylated Astaxanthin Esters Exhibit Superior Renal Protective Effect to Recombination of Astaxanthin with DHA via Alleviating Oxidative Stress Coupled with Apoptosis in Vancomycin-Treated Mice with Nephrotoxicity

Prevention of acute kidney injury caused by drugs is still a clinical problem to be solved urgently. Astaxanthin (AST) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important marine-derived active ingredients, and they are reported to exhibit renal protective activity. It is noteworthy that the existing forms of AST in nature are mainly fatty acid-acylated AST monoesters and diesters, as well as unesterified AST, in which DHA is an esterified fatty acid. However, no reports focus on the different bioactivities of unesterified AST, monoesters and diesters, as well as the recombination of DHA and unesterified AST on nephrotoxicity. In the present study, vancomycin-treated mice were used to evaluate the effects of DHA-acylated AST monoesters, DHA-acylated AST diesters, unesterified AST, and the recombination of AST and DHA in alleviating nephrotoxicity by determining serum biochemical index, histopathological changes, and the enzyme activity related to oxidative stress. Results found that the intervention of DHA-acylated AST diesters significantly ameliorated kidney dysfunction by decreasing the levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine, alleviating pathological damage and oxidative stress compared to AST monoester, unesterified AST, and the recombination of AST and DHA. Further studies revealed that dietary DHA-acylated AST esters could inhibit the activation of the caspase cascade and MAPKs signaling pathway, and reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings indicated that the administration of DHA-acylated AST esters could alleviate vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity, which represented a potentially novel candidate or therapeutic adjuvant for alleviating acute kidney injury.

Amelioration of Cisplatin-induced renal inflammation by Recombinant Human Golimumab in Mice

BACKGROUND

One of the most commonly used anti-cancer agents, Cisplatin (CDDP) often causes nephrotoxicity by eliciting inflammation and oxidative stress. Golimumab, an anti-TNF biologic, is prescribed for the management of numerous inflammatory ailments like psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE

Current study has explored the effects of anti-TNF biologics golimumab on mice due to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

METHOD

Renal toxicity was caused by administration of single cisplatin injection at 25 mg/kg by intraperitoneal (i/p) route. Golimumab (24 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered consecutively for 7 days. The parameters such as renal functions, oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal damage were evaluated on the 7th day of experiments.

RESULTS

Cisplatin administration caused nephrotoxicity as shown by a significant elevation of various parameters viz; serum creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urea nitrogen (BUN), and cystatin C. There was a significant rise in urinary clusterin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations in the animals treated with cisplatin-. The markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and catalase), inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and TGF-β1), and apoptosis (caspase-3) were also altered in serum and/or kidneys of cisplatin animals. Further, cisplatin-caused histopathological changes in proximal tubular cells as observed in the H&E staining of renal tissue. Golimumab treatment reduced all markers of kidney injury and attenuated cell death. Golimumab significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL- 6, MCP-1, IL- 1β, ICAM-1, and TGF-β1 and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in cisplatin-intoxicated mice.

CONCLUSION

The study results suggest that golimumab prevented nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin- through inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death inflammatory response, thus improving renal function.

Soy and Frequent Dairy Consumption with Subsequent Equol Production Reveals Decreased Gut Health in a Cohort of Healthy Puerto Rican Women

The U.S. Hispanic female population has one of the highest breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality rates, while BC is the leading cause of cancer death in Puerto Rican women. Certain foods may predispose to carcinogenesis. Our previous studies indicate that consuming combined soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) promotes tumor metastasis possibly through increased protein synthesis activated by equol, a secondary dietary metabolite. Equol is a bacterial metabolite produced in about 20-60% of the population that harbor and exhibit specific gut microbiota capable of producing it from daidzein. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of equol production in Puerto Rican women and identify the equol producing microbiota in this understudied population. Herein, we conducted a cross-sectional characterization of equol production in a clinically based sample of eighty healthy 25-50 year old Puerto Rican women. Urine samples were collected and evaluated by GCMS for the presence of soy isoflavones and metabolites to determine the ratio of equol producers to equol non-producers. Furthermore, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota characterization on a subset of women using next generation sequencing (NGS). We report that 25% of the participants were classified as equol producers. Importantly, the gut microbiota from equol non-producers demonstrated a higher diversity. Our results suggest that healthy women with soy and high dairy consumption with subsequent equol production may result in gut dysbiosis by having reduced quantities (diversity) of healthy bacterial biomarkers, which might be associated to increased diseased outcomes (e.g., cancer, and other diseases).

Protective effects of natural products against drug-induced nephrotoxicity: A review in recent years

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a major cause of kidney damage and is associated with high mortality and morbidity, which limits the clinical use of certain therapeutic or diagnostic agents, such as antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and contrast agents. However, in recent years, a number of studies have shown that many natural products (NPs), including phytochemicals, various plants extracts, herbal formulas, and NPs derived from animals, confer protective effects against DIN through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, such as inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and necroptosis, regulation of autophagy, maintenance of cell polarity, etc., by regulating multiple signaling pathways and novel molecular targets. In this review, we summarize and discuss the protective effects and mechanisms underlying the action of NPs against DIN found in recent years, which will contribute to the development of promising renal protective agents.

Vincamine protects against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/ IFN-γ/CD44 cells inflammatory cascade

Cisplatin is a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the high incidence of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity largely restricts its clinical efficacy in absence of both preventive and treatment options to combat its serious and life-threatening effects. Therefore, the current study investigated the reno-protective molecular mechanisms of vincamine against cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Vincamine (40 mg/kg P.O.) was given for 7 days, cisplatin was injected as single dose (10 mg/kg i.p.) at the seven day of the experiments. Animals were sacrificed after 72 h of cisplatin injection to allow nephrotoxicity. Vincamine pretreatment improved kidney functions and decreased kidney function tests as urea, creatinine and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), as well as it exhibited antioxidant properties by restoring balance between pro and anti-oxidants of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, vincamine hindered the inflammatory cascade via mediating Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)- interferon gamma (IFNγ)-CD44 cells pathway and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1). Additionally, vincamine retained DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, vincamine represents a promising intervention in limiting cisplatin nephrotoxicity by its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic mechanistic activities. Therefore, vincamine can be used as adjunct therapy with cisplatin to mitigate cisplatin-induced-AKI.

Amphora algae with low-level ionizing radiation exposure ameliorate D-galactosamine-induced inflammatory impairment in rat kidney

d-Galactosamine (d-GalN) is a well-known toxin that causes many metabolic and morphological abnormalities resulting in advanced renal failure and liver damage. Occupational exposure to low-level ionizing radiation (<1 Gy) was shown to enhance cell protection via attenuating an established inflammatory process. The present study was therefore aimed to investigate the protective impact of Amphora coffaeiformis extract and low dose gamma radiation against d-GalN induced renal damage in rats. Forty-eight adult male Swiss albino rats were distributed equally into eight groups. The measurements included antioxidants activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) as well as lipid peroxidation level in kidney tissue. Also, kidney function tests and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) were measured. Additionally, relative quantification of kidney nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) gene was estimated. Histopathological examination was also performed in kidney tissue. The results revealed decreases in antioxidant activities and downregulation of Nrf-2 expression accompanied by increases in lipid peroxidation level, kidney function tests and inflammatory markers in d-GaIN group. The treatment with Amphora algal extract and low dose gamma radiation ameliorated the previous measurements which were harmony with histopathological findings. In conclusion, A coffaeiformis extract and low dose gamma radiation provided marked functional and histological effects in the treating acute renal damage induced by d-GalN in rats.

The protective role of daidzein in intestinal health of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed soybean meal-based diets

Soybean meal-induced enteropathy (SBMIE) is prevalent in aquaculture. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of daidzein on SBMIE of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) by feeding with fish meal diet (FM), soybean meal diet (SBM, 40% fish meal protein in FM replaced by soybean meal protein) and daidzein diet (DAID, 40 mg/kg daidzein supplemented to SBM) for 12 weeks. We found that daidzein supplementation elevated the gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β, decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and signal molecules p38, JNK and NF-κB. SBM up-regulated the genes expression related to oxidative stress and apoptosis, but dietary daidzein restored it to the similar level with that in FM group. Moreover, dietary daidzein up-regulated gene expression of tight junction protein, and modified the intestinal microbial profiles with boosted relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus, genera Sphingomonas and Thermus, species Lactococcus lactis, and decreased abundance of some potential pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, dietary daidzein could ameliorate SBM-induced intestinal inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mucosal barrier injury and microbiota community disorder of turbot. Moreover, p38, JNK and NF-κB signaling might be involved in the anti-inflammatory process of daidzein, and daidzein itself might act as an antioxidant to resist SBM-induced oxidative damage.

Daidzein Pro-cognitive Effects Coincided with Changes of Brain Neurotensin1 Receptor and Interleukin-10 Expression Levels in Obese Hamsters

At present, concerns are pointing to "tasteful" high-fat diets as a cause of conditioning physical-social states that through alterations of some key emotional- and nutritional-related limbic circuits such as hypothalamic and amygdalar areas lead to obesity states. Feeding and energetic homeostatic molecular mechanisms are part of a complex neuronal circuit accounting for this metabolic disorder. In an attempt to exclude conventional drugs for treating obesity, daidzein, a natural glycosidic isoflavone, which mimics estrogenic neuroprotective properties against increased body weight, is beginning to be preferred. In this study, evident anxiolytic-like behaviors were detected following treatment of high-fat diet hamsters with daidzein as shown by extremely evident (p < 0.001) exploration tendencies in novel object recognition test and a notably greater amount of time spent (p < 0.01) in open arms of elevated plus maze. Moreover, the isoflavone promoted a protective role against neurodegeneration processes as shown by few, if any, amino cupric silver granules in amygdalar, hypothalamic and hippocampal neuronal fields when compared with obese hamsters. Interestingly, elevated expression levels of the anorexic neuropeptide receptor neurotensin1 in the above limbic areas of obese hamsters were extremely reduced by daidzein, especially during recovery of cognitive events. Contextually, such effects were strongly paralleled by increased levels of the anti-neuroinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. Our results corroborate a neuroprotective ability of this natural glycosidic isoflavone, which through its interaction with the receptor neurotensin1 and interleukin-10 pathways is correlated not only to improved feeding states, and subsequently obesity conditions, but above all to cognitive performances.

Protection against chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced side effects: A review based on the mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities of phytochemicals

BACKGROUND

Although great achievements have been made in the field of cancer therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the mainstay cancer therapeutic modalities. However, they are associated with various side effects, including cardiocytotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, mucositis, and alopecia, which severely affect the quality of life of cancer patients. Plants harbor a great chemical diversity and flexible biological properties that are well-compatible with their use as adjuvant therapy in reducing the side effects of cancer therapy.

PURPOSE

This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the molecular mechanisms by which phytochemicals ameliorate the side effects of cancer therapies and their potential clinical applications.

METHODS

We obtained information from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google scholar, and introduced the molecular mechanisms by which chemotherapeutic drugs and irradiation induce toxic side effects. Accordingly, we summarized the underlying mechanisms of representative phytochemicals in reducing these side effects.

RESULTS

Representative phytochemicals exhibit a great potential in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to their broad range of biological activities, including antioxidation, antimutagenesis, anti-inflammation, myeloprotection, and immunomodulation. However, since a majority of the phytochemicals have only been subjected to preclinical studies, clinical trials are imperative to comprehensively evaluate their therapeutic values.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights that phytochemicals have interesting properties in relieving the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Future studies are required to explore the clinical benefits of these phytochemicals for exploitation in chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

The protective efficacy of vitamin E and cod liver oil against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

Cisplatin (CP) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent against neoplasms, but its clinical utility is limited due to the side effects of its dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. Vitamin E (Vit E) and cod liver oil (CLO) are natural substances with chemoprotective effects. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Vit E and/or CLO for CP-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. This study involved 40 mature male Wistar albino rats that were equally allocated into eight groups: Veh, Vit E, CLO, Vit E + CLO, CP, Vit E + CP, CLO + CP, and Vit E + CLO + CP. The co-administration of Vit E and CLO significantly ameliorated CP-induced elevations in serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin- 6 (IL-6). Further, rats that received Vit E and/or CLO showed significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels in renal tissues, compared to CP-intoxicated rats. Additionally, the treatment restored the normal histological architecture (except for few cast formations) and upregulated the immunostaining area% of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and downregulated the immunostaining area% of Bcl2 associated X protein (BAX) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The observed effects were stronger in the combination treatment group. The obtained data revealed that Vit E and CLO co-administration protects against the CP-induced AKI more than monotherapy with Vit E or CLO.

The effects of soy supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Soy products contain several compounds with anti-inflammatory properties like genistein and daidzein which reported to act through different pathways. Present study conducted considering the inconsistent results and lack of any comprehensive review regarding randomized controlled trials which assess the effect of soy products on inflammatory markers.

METHODS

Following electronic databases were searched up to March 2020: PubMed, Scopus, ISI web of science, and Cochrane Library All randomized trials which assessed the effect of soy product supplementation on c-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were included for last analysis. Treatment effects were expressed as mean difference (MD) and the standard deviation (SD) of outcomes. To estimate the overall effect the random-effects model was employed.

RESULTS

Finally, 51 randomized trial were included for present study. Last analysis showed that soy product supplementation lead to significant reduction in CRP (MD -0.27 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.02, p = 0.028) but it did not affect IL-6 (MD 0.0 pg/ml; 95% CI: -0.06, 0.06, p = 0.970) and TNF-α (MD = -0.04 pg/ml; 95% CI: -0.11, 0.03, p = 0.252). Subgroup analysis showed that soy supplementation had a significant impact on decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels when studies had a long-term intervention (≥12 weeks) and used low dose isoflavone (<100 mg/day).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, present systematic review and meta-analysis found a significant reduction in CRP levels after soy supplementation whiles IL-6 and TNF-α did not affect.

L-Carnitine Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Disorganization of Cytoskeleton Intermediate Filaments in Cisplatin-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Rats

Cisplatin (CP) is one of the most active medications in cancer treatment and has some adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The present research was planned to determine the protective effects of L-carnitine (LC) against CP-induced hepato-renal oxidative stress in rats, via investigating of some serum biochemical and tissue oxidative/antioxidant parameters, histological alterations, and immunohistochemical expressions of two different intermediate filaments (IFs) proteins; vimentin (VIM) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups (7 rats each). Groups I and II were orally administered saline and LC (100 mg/kg body weight), respectively, once daily for 30 consecutive days. Group III received saline orally once daily and a single dose of CP on the 27th day of the experiment [7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)]. Group IV received both LC and CP. Injection of CP significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine and urea levels, while serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased. In addition, CP induced a dramatic increase in the Malondialdehyde (MDA) level along with a substantial decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in the hepato-renal tissues. Histologically, both liver and kidney of the CP treated group revealed marked degenerative changes. Moreover, overexpression of both VIM and CK18 in hepato-renal tissues were noted after CP injection. On the other hand, the administration of LC in the CP injected group (Group IV) restored the biochemical parameters, histological, and immunohistochemical pictures toward the normalcy. In conclusion, LC may be supplemented for chemotherapy with CP to ameliorate its oxidative stress and restore the normal organization of IFs, especially VIM and CK18 within the CP intoxicated hepato-renal cells.

Dietary Flavonoids in p53-Mediated Immune Dysfunctions Linking to Cancer Prevention

The p53 protein plays a central role in mediating immune functioning and determines the fate of the cells. Its role as a tumor suppressor, and in transcriptional regulation and cytokine activity under stress conditions, is well defined. The wild type (WT) p53 functions as a guardian for the genome, while the mutant p53 has oncogenic roles. One of the ways that p53 combats carcinogenesis is by reducing inflammation. WT p53 functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule via cross-talk activity with multiple immunological pathways, such as the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) associated pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and immune checkpoints. Due to the multifarious roles of p53 in cancer, it is a potent target for cancer immunotherapy. Plant flavonoids have been gaining recognition over the last two decades to use as a potential therapeutic regimen in ameliorating diseases. Recent studies have shown the ability of flavonoids to suppress chronic inflammation, specifically by modulating p53 responses. Further, the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway could play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, leading to a reduction of chronic inflammation linked to the prevention of cancer. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological properties of plant flavonoids in response to various oxidative stresses and immune dysfunctions and analyzes the cross-talk between flavonoid-rich dietary intake for potential disease prevention.

The influence of phytoestrogens on different physiological and pathological processes: An overview

Functional foods have nutritional properties and organic functions, which are beneficial to health. Certain types of functional food components are so-called phytoestrogens, non-steroidal compounds derived from the metabolism of precursors contained in plants, which originate secondary metabotypes known to induce biological responses and by mimicry or modulating the action of endogenous estrogen. These molecules are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to reproduction, bone remodeling, skin, cardiovascular, nervous, immune systems, and metabolism. This review aimed to present an overview of phytoestrogens regarding their chemical structure, actions, and effects in the organism given several pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated beneficial phytoestrogen actions, such as lipid profile improvement, cognitive function, menopause, oxidative stress, among others. Phytoestrogens effects are not completely elucidated, being necessary future research to understand the exact action mechanisms, whether they are via estrogen receptor or whether other hidden mechanisms produce these effects. Thus, this review makes a general approach to the phytoestrogen actions, beneficial effects, risk and limitations. However, the complexities of biological effects after ingestion of phytoestrogens and the differences in their metabolism and bioavailability indicate that interpretation of either risk or benefits needs to be made with caution.

Modulation of NADPH oxidase and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by vanillin in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the protective effect of vanillin in cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and elucidate the role of nrf-2 and its downstream antioxidant molecules.

METHODS

Rats received vanillin (100 mg/kg orally) for 10 constitutive days and CP (7.5 mg/kg, once, ip) on day 6 of vanillin administration.

KEY FINDINGS

Cisplatin suppressed body weight gain, increased serum urea and creatinine and renal malondialdehyde and nitric oxide while decreased renal total antioxidant capacity. Up-regulation of NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) was marked in renal tissue of CP-treated rats along with down-regulation of the antioxidant genes (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2 (NRF2) and haem oxygenase-1(HO-1)). Increased tumour necrosis factor-α and decreased interleukin-10 with increased myeloperoxidase activity were apparent in renal tissue of CP-treated rats along with marked tubular injury, neutrophil infiltration and increased apoptosis (caspase-3) and some degree of interstitial fibrosis. Vanillin prophylactic administration prevented the deterioration of kidney function, oxidative and nitrosative stress. It also suppressed NOX-4 and up-regulated NRF2 and HO-1 expression in renal tissue. Inflammation, apoptosis and tubular injury were also inhibited by vanillin.

CONCLUSIONS

The antioxidant mechanism by which vanillin protected against CP-induced nephrotoxicity involved the inhibition of NOX-4 along with the stimulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. These in turn inhibited inflammation and apoptosis.

Protective effects of dendropanoxide isolated from Dendropanax morbifera against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of dendropanoxide (DPx) isolated from Dendropanax morbifera against cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity in NRK-52E cells and in Sprague-Dawley rats. DPx was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days, 24 h after intraperitoneal injection with CDDP (6 mg/kg). All rats were euthanized 24 h after the last DPx administration, and histopathological damage, acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damages were evaluated. DPx (5 and 10 μg/mL) was found to protect against CDDP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death in NRK-52E cells. CDDP-induced serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (sCr), and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were significantly ameliorated by DPx in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, excretion of kidney injury molecules (KIM-1), selenium binding protein-1 (SBP-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine was significantly reduced in response to DPx administration in CDDP-treated rats. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels were markedly altered in the kidney of CDDP-treated rats in response to DPx administration. Serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were dramatically suppressed by DPx in CDDP-treated rats. DPx also restored renal-cell apoptosis via regulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling in CDDP-treated rats. Our results clearly suggest that DPx ameliorates CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Overall, our data demonstrates that DPx may serve as a therapeutic agent in patients with solid tumors to prevent CDDP-induced AKI.