1
|
Sood R, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Rudrawar S, Hall S. Neuromodulatory effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176755. [PMID: 38909933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are central to the pathophysiology of asthma and various inflammatory disorders. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) effectively treat respiratory conditions by targeting cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, CysLT1 and CysLT2 subtypes. This review explores the multifaceted effects of LTs, extending beyond bronchoconstriction. CysLT receptors are not only present in the respiratory system but are also crucial in neuronal signaling pathways. LTRAs modulate these receptors, influencing downstream signaling, calcium levels, inflammation, and oxidative stress (OS) within neurons hinting at broader implications. Recent studies identify novel molecular targets, sparking interest in repurposing LTRAs for therapeutic use. Clinical trials are investigating their potential in neuroinflammation control, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD). However, montelukast, a long-standing LTRA since 1998, raises concerns due to neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Despite widespread use, understanding montelukast's metabolism and underlying ADR mechanisms remains limited. This review comprehensively examines LTRAs' diverse biological effects, emphasizing non-bronchoconstrictive activities. It also analyses plausible mechanisms behind LTRAs' neuronal effects, offering insights into their potential as neurodegenerative disease modulators. The aim is to inform clinicians, researchers, and pharmaceutical developers about LTRAs' expanding roles, particularly in neuroinflammation control and their promising repurposing for neurodegenerative disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sood
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Santosh Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Susan Hall
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bano A, Garg A, Mumtaz, Nidhi, Ashif Khan M. The anti-seizure potential of cysteine leukotriene receptor antagonists: A systematic review of animal studies. Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107305. [PMID: 38325237 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging literature has suggested the antiepileptic activity of cysteine leukotriene receptor (CysLTR) antagonists in experimental animals of epilepsy. Leukotrienes are substances that cause inflammation and affect brain activity, blood flow, oxidation, and inflammation in the brain. These processes are related to epilepsy and its complications. CysLTR antagonists are drugs that prevent leukotrienes from working. They may be useful for treating epilepsy, especially for people who do not respond to other drugs. Therefore, the current study aims to systematically review the potential anti-seizure effect of CysLTR antagonists in experimental studies. METHOD We systematically reviewed the online databases using online databases such as Google Scholar, science direct, and PubMed until December 2022 to identify experimental studies assessing the anti-seizure activity of CysLTR antagonists. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) was used to evaluate the risk of bias (RoB) of the included studies. RESULTS Initially we identified 3823 studies. After screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 studies were finally included in the current study. All included studies, reported that CysLTR antagonists reduced the intensity of seizures in animal models of epilepsy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CysLTR antagonists could be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of epilepsy. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm their efficacy, safety, and mechanism of anti-seizure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Bano
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Aakriti Garg
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nidhi
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Ashif Khan
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ikeda Y, Fujii J. The Emerging Roles of γ-Glutamyl Peptides Produced by γ-Glutamyltransferase and the Glutathione Synthesis System. Cells 2023; 12:2831. [PMID: 38132151 PMCID: PMC10741565 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine is commonly referred to as glutathione (GSH); this ubiquitous thiol plays essential roles in animal life. Conjugation and electron donation to enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are prominent functions of GSH. Cellular glutathione balance is robustly maintained via regulated synthesis, which is catalyzed via the coordination of γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase, as well as by reductive recycling by glutathione reductase. A prevailing short supply of L-cysteine (Cys) tends to limit glutathione synthesis, which leads to the production of various other γ-glutamyl peptides due to the unique enzymatic properties of γ-GCS. Extracellular degradation of glutathione by γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a dominant source of Cys for some cells. GGT catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of the γ-glutamyl group of glutathione or transfers it to amino acids or to dipeptides outside cells. Such processes depend on an abundance of acceptor substrates. However, the physiological roles of extracellularly preserved γ-glutamyl peptides have long been unclear. The identification of γ-glutamyl peptides, such as glutathione, as allosteric modulators of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) could provide insights into the significance of the preservation of γ-glutamyl peptides. It is conceivable that GGT could generate a new class of intercellular messaging molecules in response to extracellular microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata City 990-9585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brunner SM, Schrödl F, Preishuber-Pflügl J, Runge C, Koller A, Lenzhofer M, Reitsamer HA, Trost A. Distribution of the cysteinyl leukotriene system components in the human, rat and mouse eye. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109517. [PMID: 37211287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have important functions in the regulation of inflammation and cellular stress. Blocking the CysLT receptors (CysLTRs) with specific antagonists is beneficial against progression of retinopathies (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD). However, the exact cellular localization of the CysLTRs and their endogenous ligands in the eye have not been elucidated in detail yet. It is also not known whether the expression patterns differ between humans and animal models. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of two important enzymes in CysLT biosynthesis, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), and of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in healthy human, rat and mouse eyes. Human donor eyes (n = 10) and eyes from adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5) and CD1 mice (n = 8) of both sexes were collected. The eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cross-sections were investigated by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies against 5-LOX, FLAP (human tissue only), CysLTR1 and CysLTR2. Flat-mounts of the human choroid were prepared and processed similarly. Expression patterns were assessed and semiquantitatively evaluated using a confocal fluorescence microscope (LSM710, Zeiss). We observed so far unreported expression sites for CysLT system components in various ocular tissues. Overall, we detected expression of 5-LOX, CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the human, rat and mouse cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, ciliary body, retina and choroid. Importantly, expression profiles of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 were highly similar between human and rodent eyes. FLAP was expressed in all human ocular tissues except the lens. Largely weak immunoreactivity of FLAP and 5-LOX was observed in a few, yet unidentified, cells of diverse ocular tissues, indicating low levels of CysLT biosynthesis in healthy eyes. CysLTR1 was predominantly detected in ocular epithelial cells, supporting the involvement of CysLTR1 in stress and immune responses. CysLTR2 was predominantly expressed in neuronal structures, suggesting neuromodulatory roles of CysLTR2 in the eye and revealing disparate functions of CysLTRs in ocular tissues. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive protein expression atlas of CysLT system components in the human and rodent eye. While the current study is purely descriptive and therefore does not allow significant functional conclusions yet, it represents an important basis for future studies in diseased ocular tissues in which distribution patterns or expression levels of the CysLT system might be altered. Furthermore, this is the first comprehensive study to elucidate expression patterns of CysLT system components in human and animal models that will help to identify and understand functions of the system as well as mechanisms of action of potential CysLTR ligands in the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pflügl
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Cornea Eye Bank, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Lenzhofer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujii J, Osaki T, Soma Y, Matsuda Y. Critical Roles of the Cysteine-Glutathione Axis in the Production of γ-Glutamyl Peptides in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098044. [PMID: 37175751 PMCID: PMC10179188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl moiety that is attached to the cysteine (Cys) residue in glutathione (GSH) protects it from peptidase-mediated degradation. The sulfhydryl group of the Cys residue represents most of the functions of GSH, which include electron donation to peroxidases, protection of reactive sulfhydryl in proteins via glutaredoxin, and glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics, whereas Cys-derived sulfur is also a pivotal component of some redox-responsive molecules. The amount of Cys that is available tends to restrict the capacity of GSH synthesis. In in vitro systems, cystine is the major form in the extracellular milieu, and a specific cystine transporter, xCT, is essential for survival in most lines of cells and in many primary cultivated cells as well. A reduction in the supply of Cys causes GPX4 to be inhibited due to insufficient GSH synthesis, which leads to iron-dependent necrotic cell death, ferroptosis. Cells generally cannot take up GSH without the removal of γ-glutamyl moiety by γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) on the cell surface. Meanwhile, the Cys-GSH axis is essentially common to certain types of cells; primarily, neuronal cells that contain a unique metabolic system for intercellular communication concerning γ-glutamyl peptides. After a general description of metabolic processes concerning the Cys-GSH axis, we provide an overview and discuss the significance of GSH-related compounds in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuya Soma
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye F, Wong T, Chen G, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Gan S, Gao W, Li J, Wu Z, Pan X, Du Y. Cryo‐EM structure of G‐protein‐coupled receptor GPR17 in complex with inhibitory G protein. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e159. [PMID: 36105372 PMCID: PMC9464062 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a class A orphan G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors of the central nervous system (CNS). The signalling of GPR17 occurs through the heterotrimeric Gi, but its activation mechanism is unclear. Here, we employed cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) technology to elucidate the structure of activated GPR17‐Gi complex. The 3.02 Å resolution structure, together with mutagenesis studies, revealed that the extracellular loop2 of GPR17 occupied the orthosteric binding pocket to promote its self‐activation. The active GPR17 carried several typical microswitches like other class A GPCRs. Moreover, the Gi interacted with the key residues of transmembrane helix 3 (TM3), the amphipathic helix 8 (Helix8), and intracellular loops 3 (ICL3) in GPR17 to engage in the receptor core. In summary, our results highlight the activation mechanism of GPR17 from the structural basis. Elucidating the structural and activation mechanism of GPR17 may facilitate the pharmacological intervention for acute/chronic CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Thian‐Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Zhangsong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Xin Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center Shenzhen Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Zhang W, Xu G, Zhang D, Zhang C, Qiao S, Wang Z, Wang H. Deep multilayer brain omics identifies the potential involvement of menopause molecular networks in Gliomas' disease progression. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22570. [PMID: 36165217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200427rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The risk of high-grade gliomas is lower in young females, however, its incidence enhances after menopause, suggesting potential protective roles of female sex hormones. Hormone oscillations after menopause have received attention as a possible risk factor. Little is known about risk factors for adult gliomas. We examined the association of the aging brain after menopause, determining the risk of gliomas with proteomics and the MALDI-MSI experiment. Menopause caused low neurotransmitter levels such as GABA and ACH, high inflammatory factor levels like il-1β, and increased lipid metabolism-related levels like triglycerides in the brain. Upregulated and downregulated proteins after menopause were correlated with differentially expressed glioma genes, such as ACTA2, CAMK2D, FNBPIL, ARL1, HEBP1, CAST, CLIC1, LPCAT4, MAST3, and DOCK9. Furthermore, differential gene expression analysis of monocytes showed that the downregulated gene LPCAT4 could be used as a marker to prevent menopausal gliomas in women. Our findings regarding the association of menopause with the risk of gliomas are consistent with several extensive cohort studies. In view of the available evidence, postmenopausal status is likely to represent a significant risk factor for gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guozheng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Daolai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marques CF, Marques MM, Justino GC. Leukotrienes vs. Montelukast—Activity, Metabolism, and Toxicity Hints for Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091039. [PMID: 36145259 PMCID: PMC9505853 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental distress is associated with a growing asthma incidence; no treatments are available but montelukast (MTK)—an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1—is widely used in the management of symptoms among adults and children. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and MTK has been proposed for repurposing in other therapeutic applications, with several ongoing clinical trials. The proposed applications include neuroinflammation control, which could be explored in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD and PD). However, this drug has been associated with an increasing number of reported neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Besides, and despite being on the market since 1998, MTK metabolism is still poorly understood and the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric ADRs remain unknown. We review the role of MTK as a modulator of leukotriene pathways and systematize the current knowledge about MTK metabolism. Known toxic effects of MTK are discussed, and repurposing applications are presented comprehensively, with a focus on AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo C. Justino
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Attaluri S, Upadhya R, Kodali M, Madhu LN, Upadhya D, Shuai B, Shetty AK. Brain-Specific Increase in Leukotriene Signaling Accompanies Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Gulf War Illness. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853000. [PMID: 35572589 PMCID: PMC9099214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent cognitive impairment is a primary central nervous system-related symptom in veterans afflicted with chronic Gulf War Illness (GWI). Previous studies in a rat model have revealed that cognitive dysfunction in chronic GWI is associated with neuroinflammation, typified by astrocyte hypertrophy, activated microglia, and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine levels. Studies in a mouse model of GWI have also shown upregulation of several phospholipids that serve as reservoirs of arachidonic acid, a precursor of leukotrienes (LTs). However, it is unknown whether altered LT signaling is a component of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions in GWI. Therefore, this study investigated changes in LT signaling in the brain of rats displaying significant cognitive impairments six months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and moderate stress. The concentration of cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs), LTB4, and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), the synthesizing enzyme of LTs, were evaluated. CysLT and LTB4 concentrations were elevated in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, along with enhanced 5-LOX expression in neurons and microglia. Such changes were also associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Enhanced CysLT and LTB4 levels in the brain could also be gleaned from their concentrations in brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the circulating blood. The circulating blood in GWI rats displayed elevated proinflammatory cytokines with no alterations in CysLT and LTB4 concentrations. The results provide new evidence that a brain-specific increase in LT signaling is another adverse alteration that potentially contributes to the maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation in GWI. Therefore, drugs capable of modulating LT signaling may reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function in GWI. Additional findings demonstrate that altered LT levels in the brain could be tracked efficiently by analyzing brain-derived EVs in the circulating blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Drug repurposing for stroke intervention. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1974-1982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shim JS, Kim MH, Kim MH, Cho YJ, Chun EM. Risk of Neuropsychiatric Diseases According to the use of a Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Asthma: a Nationwide Population-Based Study Using Health Claims Data in Korea. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:4290-4297. [PMID: 34166842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) is an effective drug for asthma, there has been increasing concern regarding neuropsychiatric (NP) adverse reactions. However, evidence for this association is not sufficient, especially in adults. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the use of an LTRA and the risk of developing NP diseases in adults with asthma. METHODS We performed a nationwide, retrospective, cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS). We selected asthma patients with no previous use of an LTRA, and NP outcomes were defined by the registration of certain International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes (F00-F59) during follow-up. We obtained the hazard ratio (HR) for NP diseases according to the use of an LTRA. RESULTS Overall, 61,571 asthma patients without LTRA experience were enrolled, and 12,168 of them took an LTRA during the follow-up period. In the adjusted model, the HR for newly diagnosed NP diseases showed no significant difference according to use of an LTRA (HR 1.01; 95% confidence interval 0.83-1.23; P = .952). Subgroup analysis for associations between duration of LTRA use and risk of NP disease indicated no significance for all groups (<6, 6 to <12, 12 to <24, and ≥24 months). Common NP diseases included dementia (75.4% vs 76.1%), mood disorders (12.68% vs 12.80%), and panic disorders (5.63% vs 3.53%) in LTRA users and non-LTRA users, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of each NP disease in either group. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed the use or duration of LTRA exposure was not associated with the occurrence of NP diseases in Korean adult asthmatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Informatization, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Potential Effects of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Montelukast in Treatment of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115606. [PMID: 34070609 PMCID: PMC8198163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where misfolded alpha-synuclein-enriched aggregates called Lewy bodies are central in pathogenesis. No neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatments are currently available. Parkinson’s disease is considered a multifactorial disease and evidence from multiple patient studies and animal models has shown a significant immune component during the course of the disease, highlighting immunomodulation as a potential treatment strategy. The immune changes occur centrally, involving microglia and astrocytes but also peripherally with changes to the innate and adaptive immune system. Here, we review current understanding of different components of the PD immune response with a particular emphasis on the leukotriene pathway. We will also describe evidence of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, as a possible anti-inflammatory treatment for PD.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sublingual AKBA Exerts Antidepressant Effects in the Aβ-Treated Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050686. [PMID: 34063630 PMCID: PMC8170916 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) is the most active compound of Boswellia serrata proposed for treating neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized in its early phase by alteration in mood. Accordingly, we have previously demonstrated that an intracerebroventricular injection of soluble amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ) peptide evokes a depressive-like phenotype in rats. We tested the protective effects of AKBA in the mouse model of an Aβ-induced depressive-like phenotype. We evaluated the depressive-like behavior by using the tail suspension test (TST) and the splash test (ST). Behavioral analyses were accompanied by neurochemical quantifications, such as glutamate (GLU), kynurenine (KYN) and monoamines, and by biochemical measurements, such as glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), CD11b and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), in mice prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIPP). AKBA prevented the depressive-like behaviors induced by Aβ administration, since we recorded a reduction in latency to initiate self-care and total time spent to perform self-care in the ST and reduced time of immobility in the TST. Likewise, the increase in GLU and KYN levels in PFC and HIPP induced by the peptide injection were reverted by AKBA administration, as well as the displayed increase in levels of GFAP and NF-kB in both PFC and HIPP, but not in CD11b. Therefore, AKBA might represent a food supplement suitable as an adjuvant for therapy of depression in early-stage AD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mechanistic insight on the role of leukotriene receptors in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1240-1254. [PMID: 33818747 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are a class of inflammatory mediators produced by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme from arachidonic acid (AA). We discussed the various LT inhibitors and downstream pathway modulators, such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Protein Kinase C (PKC), Nitric Oxide (NO), Bradykinin, Early Growth Response-1 (Egr-1), Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), which in turn regulate various metabolic and physiological processes involving I/R injury. A systematic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature and mechanistic interventions of the leukotriene receptor modulations in ischemic injury. In the pathophysiology of I/R injuries, LT has been found to play an important role. I/R injury affects most of the vital organs and is characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis leading to morbidity and mortality. sThis present review focuses on the various LT receptors, i.e., CysLT, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, involved in developing I/R injury in organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, kidney, liver, and intestine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dias IHK, Griffiths HR. Current and Future Directions for Targeting Lipoxin A4 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:87-90. [PMID: 33720904 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease onset and progression. Chronic neuroinflammation is initiated by amyloid-β-activated microglial cells that secrete immuno-modulatory molecules within the brain and into the vasculature. Inflammation is normally self-limiting and actively resolves by "switching off" the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators and by non-phlogistic clearance of spent cells and their debris to restore tissue homeostasis. Deficits in these anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution pathways may predispose to the development of chronic inflammation. The synthesis of endogenous lipid mediators from arachidonic acid, lipoxins via cyclooxygenase 2 and lipoxygenases, and conversion of exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, to resolvins contributes to effective, timely resolution of acute inflammation. Work by Xiuzhe et al., 2020 in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease reported that plasma level of LXA4 is related to cognitive status in ischemic stroke patients suggesting that decreased LXA4 may be a potential risk factor for post post-stroke cognitive impairment. As evident by recent clinical trials and development of drug analogues, there is recent drive to search for lipoxin analogues as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. Understanding how bioactive lipid signaling is involved in resolution will increase our understanding of controlling inflammation and may facilitate the discovery of new classes of therapeutic pro-resolution agents for evaluation in AD prevention studies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Khurana N, Pulsipher A, Ghandehari H, Alt JA. Meta-analysis of global and high throughput public gene array data for robust vascular gene expression discovery in chronic rhinosinusitis: Implications in controlled release. J Control Release 2021; 330:878-888. [PMID: 33144181 PMCID: PMC7906912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation is known to cause alterations in vascular homeostasis that directly affects blood vessel morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tissue permeability. These phenomena have been investigated and exploited for targeted drug delivery applications in the context of cancers and other disease processes. Vascular pathophysiology and its associated genes and signaling pathways, however, have not been systematically investigated in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Understanding the interplay between key vascular signaling pathways and top biomarkers associated with CRS may facilitate the development of new targeted delivery strategies and treatment paradigms. Herein, we report findings from a gene meta-analysis to identify key vascular pathways and top genes involved in CRS. METHODS Proprietary software (Illumina BaseSpace Correlation Engine) and open-access data sets were used to perform a gene meta-analysis to systematically determine significant differences between key vascular biomarkers and vascular signaling pathways expressed in sinonasal tissue biopsies of controls and patients with CRS. RESULTS Thirteen studies were initially identified, and then reduced to five after applying exclusion principle algorithms. Genes associated with vasculature development and blood vessel morphogenesis signaling pathways were identified to be overexpressed among the top 15 signaling pathways. Out of many significantly upregulated genes, the levels of pro angiogenic genes such as early growth response (EGR3), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1) and L-selectin (SELL) were particularly significant in patients with CRS compared to controls. DISCUSSION Key vascular biomarkers and signaling pathways were significantly overexpressed in patients with CRS compared to controls, suggesting a contribution of vascular dysfunction in CRS pathophysiology. Vascular dysregulation and permeability may afford opportunities to develop drug delivery systems to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity of CRS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tesfaye BA, Hailu HG, Zewdie KA, Ayza MA, Berhe DF. Montelukast: The New Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Epilepsy. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:23-31. [PMID: 33505173 PMCID: PMC7829127 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s277720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no definitive cure for epilepsy. The available medications relieve symptoms and reduce seizure attacks. The major challenge with the available antiepileptic medication is safety and affordability. The repurposing of montelukast for epilepsy can be an alternative medication with a better safety profile. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that binds to the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) receptors used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and seasonal allergies. Emerging evidence suggests that montelukast's anti-inflammatory effect can help to maintain BBB integrity. The drug has also neuroprotective and anti-oxidative activities to reduce seizure incidence and epilepsy. The present review summarizes the neuropharmacological actions of montelukast in epilepsy with an emphasis on the recent findings associated with CysLT and cell-specific effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bekalu Amare Tesfaye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Haftom Gebregergs Hailu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Altaye Ayza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Derbew Fikadu Berhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michael J, Bessa de Sousa D, Conway J, Gonzalez-Labrada E, Obeid R, Tevini J, Felder T, Hutter-Paier B, Zerbe H, Paiement N, Aigner L. Improved Bioavailability of Montelukast through a Novel Oral Mucoadhesive Film in Humans and Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E12. [PMID: 33374646 PMCID: PMC7822410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukotriene receptor antagonist Montelukast (MTK) is an approved medication for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The existing marketed tablet forms of MTK exhibit inconsistent uptake and bioavailability, which partially explains the presence of a significant proportion of MTK low- and non-responders in the population. Besides that, tablets are suboptimal formulations for patients suffering from dysphagia, for example, seen in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, a disease with increasing interest in repurposing of MTK. This, and the need for an improved bioavailability, triggered us to reformulate MTK. Our aim was to develop a mucoadhesive MTK film with good safety and improved pharmacological features, i.e., an improved bioavailability profile in humans as well as in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. We tested dissolution of the MTK mucoadhesive film and assessed pharmacoexposure and kinetics after acute and chronic oral application in mice. Furthermore, we performed a Phase I analysis in humans, which included a comparison with the marketed tablet form as well as a quantitative analysis of the MTK levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. The novel MTK film demonstrated significantly improved bioavailability compared to the marketed tablet in the clinical Phase 1a study. Furthermore, there were measurable amounts of MTK present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In mice, MTK was detected in serum and CSF after acute and chronic exposure in a dose-dependent manner. The mucoadhesive film of MTK represents a promising alternative for the tablet delivery. The oral film might lower the non-responder rate in patients with asthma and might be an interesting product for repurposing of MTK in other diseases. As we demonstrate Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) penetrance in a preclinical model, as well as in a clinical study, the oral film of MTK might find its use as a therapeutic for acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as dementias and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michael
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (J.M.); (D.B.d.S.)
| | - Diana Bessa de Sousa
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (J.M.); (D.B.d.S.)
| | - Justin Conway
- IntelgenX Corp., Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1Y2, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.-L.); (R.O.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Rodolphe Obeid
- IntelgenX Corp., Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1Y2, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.-L.); (R.O.); (H.Z.)
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (J.T.); (T.F.)
| | - Thomas Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (J.T.); (T.F.)
| | | | - Horst Zerbe
- IntelgenX Corp., Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1Y2, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.-L.); (R.O.); (H.Z.)
| | - Nadine Paiement
- IntelgenX Corp., Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1Y2, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.-L.); (R.O.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (J.M.); (D.B.d.S.)
- QPS Neuropharmacology, 8074 Grambach/Graz, Austria;
- Austrian Cluster of Tissue Regeneration Affiliation, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Elarjani T, Altewerki M, Alsuwaidan A, Alhuthayl M, Hassounah M. Molecular Association of Medulloblastoma and Sarcoidosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2020; 145:290-294. [PMID: 33010513 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), and sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of many organ systems, commonly affecting the lungs. No association between MB and sarcoidosis was described in the literature. MB and sarcoidosis have mutual molecular and signaling pathways that may predispose patients with sarcoidosis to develop MB. We describe a patient with sarcoidosis who developed MB. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient is a 36-year-old diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis presented with ataxia, bilateral horizontal nystagmus, diplopia, and bilateral upper limb dysmetria was found to have a cerebellar mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He was initially treated with corticosteroids as a case of neurosarcoidosis. The patient's symptoms worsened, and repeat MRI showed an increase in the tumor size with hydrocephalus. External ventricular drain insertion plus midline suboccipital craniotomy and resection of the tumor was performed. Pathology revealed MB classic type, sonic hedgehog-activated. There was no cerebrospinal fluid dissemination. He received craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy. Follow-up 20 months after radiation revealed residual neurologic symptoms and no recurrence on MRI brain. CONCLUSIONS The exceedingly rare coexistence of adult MB and sarcoidosis may have a causal relationship based on specific common molecules. Leukotrienes, stimulation of astrocytes and Purkinje neurons, and the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway can be considered. Further genetic and molecular studies are merited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turki Elarjani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Malak Altewerki
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsuwaidan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari Alhuthayl
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Hassounah
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chaudhary A, Singh V, Varadwaj PK, Mani A. Screening natural inhibitors against upregulated G-protein coupled receptors as potential therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:673-684. [PMID: 32900274 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1817784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches have been helpful in high throughput screening of drug libraries and designing ligands against receptors. Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurological disorder, which causes dementia. In this disease neurons are damaged due to formation of Amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which along with some other factors contributes to disease development and progression. The objective of this study was to predict tertiary structures of five G-protein coulped neurotransmitter receptors; CHRM5, CYSLTR2, DRD5, GALR1 and HTR2C, that are upregulated in Alzheimer's disease, and to screen potential inhibitors for against these receptors. In this study, Comparative modelling, molecular docking, MMGBSA analysis, ADMET screening and molecular dynamics simulation were performed. Tertiary structures of the five GPCRs were predicted and further subjected to molecular docking against natural compounds. Pharmacokinetic studies of natural compounds were also conducted for assessing drug-likeness properties. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the structural stability and binding affinities of each complex. Finally, the results suggested that ZINC04098704, ZINC31170017, ZINC05998597, ZINC67911229, and ZINC67910690 had better binding affinity with CHRM5, CYSLTR2, DRD5, GALR1, and HTR2C (5-HT2C) proteins, respectively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Devghat, Jhalwa Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Devghat, Jhalwa Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Michael J, Unger MS, Poupardin R, Schernthaner P, Mrowetz H, Attems J, Aigner L. Microglia depletion diminishes key elements of the leukotriene pathway in the brain of Alzheimer's Disease mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:129. [PMID: 32771067 PMCID: PMC7414992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) contribute to the neuropathology of chronic neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), where they mediate neuroinflammation and neuronal cell-death. In consequence, blocking the action of Leukotrienes (LTs) ameliorates pathologies and improves cognitive function in animal models of neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, the source of Leukotrienes (LTs) in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we identified the Leukotriene (LT) synthesis rate-limiting enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) primarily in neurons and to a lesser extent in a subpopulation of microglia in human Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) hippocampus brain sections and in brains of APP Swedish PS1 dE9 (APP-PS1) mice, a transgenic model for Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) pathology. The 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activating protein (FLAP), which anchors 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) to the membrane and mediates the contact to the substrate arachidonic acid, was confined exclusively to microglia with the entire microglia population expressing 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP). To define the contribution of microglia in the Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway, we ablated microglia using the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 in wildtype (WT) and APP-PS1 mice. Microglia ablation not only diminished the expression of FLAP and of the Leukotriene (LT) receptor Cysteinylleukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1), as expected based on their microglia cell type-specific expression, but also drastically reduced 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) mRNA expression in the brain and its protein expression in neurons, in particular in wildtype (WT) mice. In conclusion i) microglia are key in Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis, and ii) they regulate neuronal 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) expression implying a yet unknown signaling mechanism between neurons and microglia.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pluimer BR, Colt M, Zhao Z. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Mammalian Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:139. [PMID: 32581715 PMCID: PMC7283493 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neurovascular unit (NVU) is comprised of neurons, glia, and vascular cells. The NVU is the nexus between the cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS). The central component of the NVU is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which consists of a monolayer of tightly connected endothelial cells covered by pericytes and further surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. In addition to preventing the diffusion of toxic species into the CNS, the BBB endothelium serves as a dynamic regulatory system facilitating the transport of molecules from the bloodstream to the brain and vis versa. The structural integrity and transport functions of the BBB are maintained, in part, by an orchestra of membrane receptors and transporters including members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we provide an overview of GPCRs known to regulate mammalian BBB structure and function and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways plays a role in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brock R. Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Antagonism of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors as a neuroinflammatory target in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2081-2093. [PMID: 32281039 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles leading to progressive dementia and death in aged adult population. Recent emerging research has highlighted a potential pharmacological role of 5-lipoxyenase-cysteinyl leukotriene pathway in molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE Although cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors have a major clinical role in chronic respiratory inflammation, their roles in chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease need a detailed and careful exploration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review article highlights a novel role of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in order to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. In addition, it summarizes the recent advances in various pre-clinical and clinical strategies used to modulate this pathway for therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao Y, Gan Y, Xu G, Yin G, Liu D. MSCs-Derived Exosomes Attenuate Acute Brain Injury and Inhibit Microglial Inflammation by Reversing CysLT2R-ERK1/2 Mediated Microglia M1 Polarization. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1180-1190. [PMID: 32112178 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a major role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) have important anti-inflammatory effects on the treatment of organ injury. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and furtherly investigate the potential mechanism of MSC-exos on acute cerebral ischemia. MSC-exos were isolated by ultracentrifugation, characterized by transmission electron microscopy and FACS. Rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery were administered MSC-exos through the tail vein. In vitro, microglia exposed to oxygen- and glucose-deprivation (OGD) and leukotrienes were used to study the protective mechanism of exosomes against ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation. The intake of exosomes into microglia was visualized through immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that MSC-exos treatment significantly improved motor, learning and memory abilities of MCAO/R rats 7 days later. The production of pro-inflammatory factors decreased, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors increased both in the cortex and hippocampus of ischemic hemisphere as well as in the culture supernatant of microglia treated with OGD and NMLTC4. MSC-exos treatment also significantly inhibited M1 microglia polarization and increased M2 microglia cells. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that CysLT2R expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were downregulated both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, MSC-exos attenuated brain injury and inhibited microglial inflammation by reversing CysLT2R-ERK1/2 mediated microglia M1 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Zhao
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gewei Xu
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoli Yin
- Shcool of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Shcool of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lecca D, Raffaele S, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1957-1967. [PMID: 32086854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, namely, the formation of new myelin sheaths around denuded axons, counteracts axonal degeneration and restores neuronal function. Considerable advances have been made in understanding this regenerative process that often fails in diseases like multiple sclerosis, leaving axons demyelinated and vulnerable to damage, thus contributing to disease progression. The identification of the membrane receptor GPR17 on a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which mediate remyelination in the adult central nervous system (CNS), has led to a huge amount of evidence that validated this receptor as a new attractive target for remyelinating therapies. Here, we summarize the role of GPR17 in OPC function, myelination and remyelination, describing its atypical pharmacology, its downstream signaling, and the genetic and epigenetic factors modulating its activity. We also highlight crucial insights into GPR17 pathophysiology coming from the demonstration that oligodendrocyte injury, associated with inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, is invariably characterized by abnormal and persistent GPR17 upregulation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a block of OPCs at immature premyelinating stages. Finally, we discuss the current literature in light of the potential exploitment of GPR17 as a therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Modulation of neuroinflammation by cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors: implications for cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 87:1-10. [PMID: 31986345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process and has been known to play an important role in age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent inflammatory lipid mediators that exhibit actions mainly through activating type 1 and type 2 CysLT receptors (CysLT1 and CysLT2). Accumulating evidence shows that CysLT1 and CysLT2 are activated at different stages of pathological process in various cell types in the brain such as vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in response to insults. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of CysLT1 and CysLT2 in regulating the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease are not fully understood. In this article, we focus on current advances that link activation of CysLT1 and CysLT2 to the pathological process during brain ischemia and neurodegeneration and discuss mechanisms by which CysLT1 and CysLT2 mediate inflammatory process and brain injury. Multitarget anti-inflammatory potentials of CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonism for neuroinflammation and brain injury will also be reviewed.
Collapse
|
30
|
First report on BaltCRP, a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) from Bothrops alternatus venom: Effects on potassium channels and inflammatory processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:556-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Biringer RG. The Role of Eicosanoids in Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142560. [PMID: 31323750 PMCID: PMC6678666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders known. Estimates from the Alzheimer's Association suggest that there are currently 5.8 million Americans living with the disease and that this will rise to 14 million by 2050. Research over the decades has revealed that AD pathology is complex and involves a number of cellular processes. In addition to the well-studied amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage to lipids and inflammation are also intimately involved. One aspect all these processes share is eicosanoid signaling. Eicosanoids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means and serve as short-lived autocrine or paracrine agents. Some of these eicosanoids serve to exacerbate AD pathology while others serve to remediate AD pathology. A thorough understanding of eicosanoid signaling is paramount for understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing potential treatments for AD. In this review, eicosanoid metabolism is examined in terms of in vivo production, sites of production, receptor signaling, non-AD biological functions, and known participation in AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd., Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou L, Sun X, Shi Y, Liu J, Luan G, Yang Y. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 antagonist montelukast protects against injury of blood-brain barrier. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:933-940. [PMID: 31313075 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by tightly connected cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Injury of human brain endothelial cells can cause disruption of the BBB and severe injury to brain tissue. Signals mediated cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and their receptors are involved in a variety of pathological conditions. In the current study, our results show that oxygen glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced the expression of leukotriene receptor type 1 (cysLT1R) in brain endothelial cells. Blockage of cysLT1R by its specific antagonist montelukast suppressed OGD/R-induced altered permeability of the human brain endothelial cell (EC) monolayer. Mechanistically, montelukast treatment reversed OGD/R-induced reduction of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Montelukast also ameliorated OGD/R-induced reduction of inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), such as TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. On the other hand, montelukast suppressed the expression and production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines including MMP-2, MMP-9, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Using a murine middle cerebral artery occlusion brain injury model, we demonstrated that the administration of montelukast improved the surgery-induced brain injury and protected against disruption of brain endothelial junction proteins such as occludin and ZO-1. Collectively, our data suggest that montelukast might confer protective roles against injury in brain endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Luan
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, No. 5, Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Feldman JM, Zeigler AE, Nelson K, Morales-Raveendran E, Pelletier T, Roizen G, Ren Z, Jerschow E. Depression symptoms and quality of life among individuals with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Asthma 2019; 56:731-738. [PMID: 29972652 PMCID: PMC6467719 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2018.1490754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) have high disease burden due to the severity of asthma and sinonasal symptoms. There is limited research on the psychological well-being and subjective experiences of patients with AERD. This study examined levels of depression symptoms, asthma-related quality of life and asthma control among AERD patients. METHODS Thirty-two adults with AERD and 39 patients without AERD (asthma-only) were recruited from outpatient asthma/allergy clinics. The sample was largely comprised of ethnic minority, inner-city patients who ranged in age from 19 to 84 years old. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini AQLQ), a self-report rating of asthma severity and spirometry testing. Asthma control and severity were determined following national guidelines. RESULTS AERD patients reported lower levels of depression symptoms (p = 0.049), better overall asthma-related quality of life (p < 0.001), and perceived their asthma to be less severe (p = 0.01) compared to asthma-only patients. However, clinician ratings of asthma severity were more severe for AERD than asthma-only patients (p = 0.006). No significant differences were found between the groups on asthma controller medications or oral corticosteroid bursts for asthma. CONCLUSIONS AERD patients may be resilient given their low levels of depression symptoms and positive views of asthma-related impairment despite higher clinician-rated asthma severity. The adult onset nature of asthma in AERD might be a protective factor on mental health. Future studies should explore mechanisms linking AERD and positive psychological health outcomes and subjective perception of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Feldman
- a Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology , Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA
- b Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Ariel E Zeigler
- a Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology , Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Krista Nelson
- a Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology , Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA
| | | | | | - Gigia Roizen
- b Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- d Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Elina Jerschow
- b Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The mercapturomic profile of health and non-communicable diseases. High Throughput 2019; 8:ht8020010. [PMID: 31018482 PMCID: PMC6630208 DOI: 10.3390/ht8020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mercapturate pathway is a unique metabolic circuitry that detoxifies electrophiles upon adducts formation with glutathione. Since its discovery over a century ago, most of the knowledge on the mercapturate pathway has been provided from biomonitoring studies on environmental exposure to toxicants. However, the mercapturate pathway-related metabolites that is formed in humans—the mercapturomic profile—in health and disease is yet to be established. In this paper, we put forward the hypothesis that these metabolites are key pathophysiologic factors behind the onset and development of non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases. This review goes from the evidence in the formation of endogenous metabolites undergoing the mercapturate pathway to the methodologies for their assessment and their association with cancer and respiratory, neurologic and cardiometabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gelosa P, Bonfanti E, Castiglioni L, Delgado-Garcia JM, Gruart A, Fontana L, Gotti M, Tremoli E, Lecca D, Fumagalli M, Cimino M, Aigner L, Abbracchio MP, Sironi L. Improvement of fiber connectivity and functional recovery after stroke by montelukast, an available and safe anti-asthmatic drug. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:223-236. [PMID: 30818044 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of death, neurological dysfunctions or disability in elderly. Neuroprotective drugs have been proposed to improve long-term recovery after stroke, but failed to reach clinical effectiveness. Hence, recent studies suggested that restorative therapies should combine neuroprotection and remyelination. Montelukast, an anti-asthmatic drug, was shown to exert neuroprotection in animal models of CNS injuries, but its ability to affect oligodendrocytes, restoring fiber connectivity, remains to be determined. In this study, we evaluated whether montelukast induces long-term repair by promoting fiber connectivity up to 8 weeks after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), using different experimental approaches such as in vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrophysiological techniques, ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based fiber tracking and immunohistochemistry. We found that, in parallel with a reduced evolution of ischemic lesion and atrophy, montelukast increased the DTI-derived axial diffusivity and number of myelin fibers, the density of myelin binding protein (MBP) and the number of GSTpi+ mature oligodendrocytes. Together with the rescue of MCAo-induced impairments of local field potentials in ischemic cortex, the data suggest that montelukast may improve fibers reorganization. Thus, to ascertain whether this effect involved changes of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) activation and maturation, we used the reporter GPR17iCreERT2:CAG-eGreen florescent protein (GFP) mice that allowed us to trace the fate of OPCs throughout animal's life. Our results showed that montelukast enhanced the OPC recruitment and proliferation at acute phase, and increased their differentiation to mature oligodendrocytes at chronic phase after MCAo. Considering the crosstalk between OPCs and microglia has been widely reported in the context of demyelinating insults, we also assessed microglia activation. We observed that montelukast influenced the phenotype of microglial cells, increasing the number of M2 polarized microglia/macrophages, over the M1 phenotype, at acute phase after MCAo. In conclusion, we demonstrated that montelukast improves fiber re-organization and long-term functional recovery after brain ischemia, enhancing recruitment and maturation of OPCs. The present data suggest that montelukast, an already approved drug, could be "repositioned "as a protective drug in stroke acting also on fiber re-organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gelosa
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonfanti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Castiglioni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Lucia Fontana
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gotti
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Cimino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Michael J, Marschallinger J, Aigner L. The leukotriene signaling pathway: a druggable target in Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:505-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
37
|
Rahman SO, Singh RK, Hussain S, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. A novel therapeutic potential of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors modulation in the neurological complications associated with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:208-220. [PMID: 30389631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are member of eicosanoid inflammatory lipid mediators family produced by oxidation of arachidonic acid by action of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). 5-LOX is activated by enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), which further lead to production of cysLTs i.e. leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4). CysLTs then produce their potent inflammatory actions by activating CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors. Inhibitors of cysLTs are indicated in asthma, allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory disorders. Earlier studies have associated cysLTs and their receptors in several neurodegenerative disorders diseases like, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These inflammatory lipid mediators have previously shown effects on various aggravating factors of AD. However, not much data has been elucidated to test their role against AD clinically. Herein, through this review, we have provided the current and emerging information on the role of cysLTs and their receptors in various neurological complications responsible for the development of AD. In addition, literature evidences for the effect of cysLT inhibitors on distinct aspects of abnormalities in AD has also been reviewed. Promising advancement in understanding on the role of cysLTs on the various neuromodulatory processes and mechanisms may contribute to the development of newer and safer therapy for the treatment of AD in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna-Palwal Road, Sohna, Gurgaon 122013, Haryana, India.
| | - Salman Hussain
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abdеlaziz RR, Еlmahdy MK, Suddek GM. Flavocoxid attenuates airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:15-23. [PMID: 29986831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common airways inflammatory disease. This study provides evidence on the efficacy of flavocoxid against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airways inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Airway inflammation was induced by intrapеritonеal injection of 10 mg ovalbumin (OVA) on day zero and day 7 followed by OVA challenge starting from 14th day to 16th day. Beclomethasone; a standard anti-inflammatory agent was selected as a drug in asthma. Flavocoxid (20 mg/kg, i. p.) was administered on day zero till 16th day followed by OVA challenge. At the end of the study, lung weight index, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) content of total and differential WBCs, interleukin-13(IL-13), in addition to lung tissue nitrate/nitrite (NO) and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured. Also, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted. Daily i. p. injection of flavocoxid (20 mg/kg) significantly improved airway inflammation. Inflammatory cells in BALF, malondialdehyde (MDA), NO and IL-13 significantly declined with concomitant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Histopathological examination and immunohistochеmical staining of mast cells were correlated with observed biochemical improvements. Collectively, these results demonstrate that flavocoxid mitigates the allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin through attenuation of IL-13, NO expressions and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania R Abdеlaziz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohammеd Kh Еlmahdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Song W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ma T, Hao L, Wang K. Antagonism of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (cysLTR1) by montelukast suppresses cell senescence of chondrocytes. Cytokine 2018; 103:83-89. [PMID: 29331588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is closely associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Although its underlying mechanisms remain unknown, cellular senescence in chondrocytes has become an important therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (cysLTRs) mediate the pathobiological function of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). However, the roles of cysLTRs in the pathogenesis of OA have not been reported before. In the current study, we found that cysLTR1 but not cysLTR2 is expressed in human primary chondrocytes. In addition, stimulation with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) resulted in a significant increase in the expression of cysLTR1. Interestingly, montelukast, a specific cysLTR1 antagonist, attenuated TNF-α-induced up-regulation of the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). In addition, TNF-α led to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, which was prevented by treatment with montelukast. Notably, montelukast reduced expression of the senescence markers p53, p21 and PAI-1. In addition, montelukast ameliorated TNF-α-induced K382 acetylation of p53 by promoting the expression of SIRT1. Silencing of SIRT1 using SIRT1 siRNA broke the inhibitory effects of montelukast on K382 acetylation of p53. Importantly, silencing of cysLTR1 reversed the reduction of SIRT1 expression as well as the K382 acetylation of p53. Our findings strongly implicate that cysLTR1 has the capacity to regulate cellular senescence in chondrocytes. It is suggested that montelukast may be a potential therapeutic agent for chondro-protective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Linjie Hao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| |
Collapse
|