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Dutta D, Singh NS, Verma AK. Genotoxicity, acute and sub-acute toxicity profiles of methanolic Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. extract in Swiss Albino Mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118603. [PMID: 39067832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal fungus, parasitizes the intestines of lepidopteron pupae or larvae, predominantly during the winter, and undergoes fruiting in the summer or autumn. Compounds extracted from C. militaris have demonstrated a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and various others. AIM OF THE STUDY Herein, our study aimed at elucidating the acute, sub-acute toxicity, and genotoxicity profiles of C. militaris methanolic extract following oral administration in Swiss albino mice, representing the inaugural comprehensive exploration of the toxicological and safety profiles of C. militaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prior studies have predominantly focused on its biological activities rather than its toxicity. Acute oral toxicity study was conducted at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/Kg B.W. doses of C. militaris over a 14-day period. For sub-acute toxicity study, three groups of mice were administered 100, 300, and 600 mg/Kg B.W. of C. militaris extract for 28 consecutive days; one group served as a control. Mice were monitored for their body weight and behavioural changes once daily. Hematological, serum biochemical, histopathological, histomorphometric, seminal parameters, and mutagenic investigations were performed post-treatment period. RESULTS Acute oral toxicity study at 2000 mg/Kg revealed no signs of toxicity, with an LD50 value surpassing 2000 mg/Kg. No occurrences of mortality observed, and no significant changes were noted in body weight, organ weight, or behaviour. Hematological analysis illustrated a marked upsurge in RBC, Hb, HCT, PLT, MPV, and PCT, alongside minor variations in differential leucocyte count post 28-day treatment. Liver enzyme tests indicated slight elevation in ALP, while renal enzyme tests showed alterations in CRE and BUN levels. Genotoxicity profile and histopathological assessments of the liver, spleen, testis, and ovary manifested no remarkable irregularities, except for mild renal toxicity. Seminal parameters including sperm concentration, motility and testosterone levels demonstrated a noteworthy increase. CONCLUSIONS The study sheds light on the potential risks and safety considerations associated with C. militaris-based medicinal products. These findings establish a foundation for further investigations and the refinement of dosage optimization in the application of C. militaris, with the aim of mitigating any potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Dutta
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India.
| | - Namram Sushindrajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India.
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India.
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Luo J, Chen L. Status and development of spent mushroom substrate recycling: A review. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024. [PMID: 39348219 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2410447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
The edible mushroom industry is the sixth largest after grain, cotton, oil, vegetables and fruits, and the annual production of edible mushrooms in China exceeds 40 million tons. Edible mushroom cultivation produces a class of by-products consisting mainly of mycelium remnants and lignocellulosic waste, known as Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) or Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC). SMS/SMC is rich in nutrients and active ingredients and has an extremely high recycling potential. This review paper summarizes SMS recycling strategies from the perspectives of "environmental remediation" and "circular economy", and briefly discusses the legitimacy, possible challenges and future research of SMS recycling. It is hoped that this will assist researchers in related fields and promote the development of the SMS recycling industry, thereby contributing to sustainable environmental and economic development.Implication StatementThe efficient management of SMS is important for many countries around the world, particularly major mushroom producing countries. Traditional disposal methods (incineration, burial, piling) can cause serious damage to the environment and waste resources. The correct disposal method can protect the natural environment and provide certain economic benefits. This study presents the main methods of SMS processing from both an "environmental remediation" and "circular economy" perspective. In general, this paper emphasizes the importance of SMS processing, introduces the current mainstream processing methods and briefly discusses the legality of their processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Luo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gelatine Medicines Research and Development, Dong'e Ejiao Co, Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Jen CI, Lu MK, Lai MN, Ng LT. Sulfated polysaccharides of Laetiporus sulphureus fruiting bodies exhibit anti-breast cancer activity through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibiting cell migration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117546. [PMID: 38061441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Laetiporus sulphureus has long been used as an edible and medicinal mushroom in Asia, America, and Europe. Its fruiting bodies are widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer, gastric diseases, cough, and rheumatism. Polysaccharides are an important bioactive component of mushrooms. In nature, sulfated polysaccharides have never been reported in mushrooms. Furthermore, there is no information on differences in physicochemical properties and anti-breast cancer activities between polysaccharides (PS) and sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) of L. sulphureus. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of PS and SPS isolated from fruiting bodies of L. sulphureus and examine their anti-proliferative effects and mechanism(s) of action on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. METHODS Polysaccharides (PS) were isolated using hot water and ethanol precipitation methods. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) were isolated by the papain-assisted hydrolysis method. Physicochemical properties comprising sugar, protein, uronic acid, and sulfate contents, and molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural conformation were analyzed on PS and SPS. In the anti-cancer study, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (H184B5F5/M10) were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of PS and SPS, and their mechanism(s) of action. RESULTS The results showed that SPS, which had higher sulfate and protein contents and diversified monosaccharide composition, exhibited more potent anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cells than PS. Furthermore, it had a selective cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells but not the normal cells. SPS induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via down-regulating CDK4 and cyclin D1 and up-regulating p21 protein expression. Breast cancer cell apoptosis was not observed until 72 h after SPS treatment. In addition, SPS also markedly inhibited breast cancer cell migration. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that SPS exhibited selective cytotoxicity and was more potent than PS in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. The contents of sulfate and protein, and monosaccharide composition could be the main factors affecting the anti-breast cancer activity of L. sulphureus SPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Jen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Lai
- Kang Jian Biotech Co., Ltd., Nantou 54245, Taiwan
| | - Lean-Teik Ng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Guo P, Chen H, Ma J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Wei T, Gao D, Li J. Enzyme-assisted extraction, characterization, and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Potentilla anserina L. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1216572. [PMID: 37528998 PMCID: PMC10388540 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1216572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Potentilla anserina (Potentilla anserina L.), also known as ginseng fruit, is a plant that can be used as both medicine and food. Potentilla anserina L. has high medical value in Chinese medicine, such as strengthening the spleen and stomach, replenishing qi and blood, and astringing hemostasis. Methods In this study, polysaccharides of Potentilla anserina L. were extracted from the root using an enzyme-assisted extraction method. According to the principle of Box-Behnken design, response surface methodology was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the structure and appearance of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The monosaccharide composition of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activities were also studied. Results Under the optimal extraction conditions (the ratio of solid to liquid, 1:15; ratio of cellulase to pectinase, 1:2; extraction pH, 8.0; enzyme reaction temperature, 60°C), the extraction yield of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was 19.80 ± 0.01%, equal to the model prediction value 19.84%. The data of Fourier transform infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharide was a kind of α-pyran polysaccharide, mainly consisting of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The antioxidant results showed that Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides had a strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 0.367 mg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging ability (IC50 = 45.017 mg/mL), and a certain degree of total reducing ability. Discussion Enzyme-assisted extraction is an efficient method to extract Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides could have potential use in functional foods as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinpu Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongfu Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ti Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Nephropathy Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Adamska I. The Possibility of Using Sulphur Shelf Fungus ( Laetiporus sulphureus) in the Food Industry and in Medicine-A Review. Foods 2023; 12:1539. [PMID: 37048360 PMCID: PMC10093887 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulphur shelf fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus) has so far been largely underestimated as a potential raw material for the food industry. Many studies have demonstrated that the extracts obtained from this mushroom and some of their components have positive effects on human health. They have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties and regulate human metabolism and digestive processes. Water extracts also have this effect. In addition, the substances contained in this mushroom have the ability to preserve food by inhibiting the growth of undesirable microorganisms. These properties have led to the situation that in some countries, shelf sulphur fungus is legally recognized as a raw material that meets the requirements of the food and processing industries. This paper is a review of the latest information (mainly for the period 2016-2023) on the chemical composition and the possibility of using L. sulphureus in the food industry and in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Adamska
- Department of Fish, Plant and Gastronomic Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
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6
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Li Y, Mei J, Wang J, Liu H. Effects of dandelion (Taraxacum sp.,) supplements on lactation performance, antioxidative activity, and plasma metabolome in primiparous dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:229-237. [PMID: 36108692 PMCID: PMC9834724 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of dandelion supplements on lactation performance, circulating antioxidative activity and plasma metabolomics in primiparous dairy cows. METHODS A total of 60 mid-lactation dairy cows (milk yield = 34.29±0.34 kg/d; days in milk = 151.72±2.36 days) were divided into 4 treatment groups randomly, comprising the addition of dandelion at 0, 100, 200, 400 g/d per head. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks with an extra 10 days' pre-feeding period. Milk and blood samples were collected, and plasma samples were selected to perform metabolomics analysis. RESULTS Supplementing 200 g/d of dandelion increased the yield of milk and lactose (p≤ 0.05). The milk somatic cell counts (p≤0.05) were lower in all dandelion groups than those in the control group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (p≤0.05) and superoxide dismutase (p≤0.05) were increased and plasma malondialdehyde (p = 0.01) was decreased when cows were fed 200 g/d dandelion. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that 23 hub differential metabolites were identified in the 200 g/d dandelion group. These metabolites such as ribose, glutamic acid, valine, and phenylalanine were enriched in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (p = 0.06, impact value = 1), phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (p = 0.05, impact value = 0.5), and starch and sucrose metabolism (p = 0.21, impact value = 0.13). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that circulating ribose, mannose, and glutamic acid were positively related to milk yield. CONCLUSION Dandelion supplementation could improve lactation performance and elevate the plasma carbohydrate and amino acids metabolism and antioxidative activity. Supplementation of 200 g/d dandelion is recommended for lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China,Corresponding Author: Hongyun Liu, Tel: +86-571-8898-2965, Fax: +86-571-8898-2930, E-mail:
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Han Y, Zee S, Cho KH. Beeswax Alcohol and Fermented Black Rice Bran Synergistically Ameliorated Hepatic Injury and Dyslipidemia to Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Ethanol-Supplemented Zebrafish. Biomolecules 2023; 13:136. [PMID: 36671520 PMCID: PMC9855622 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse, a global health problem, is closely associated with many pathological processes, such as dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In particular, excessive alcohol consumption promotes dyslipidemia and liver damage, such as hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Beeswax alcohol (BWA) is a natural product used for its antioxidant properties that has not been evaluated for its efficacy in alcohol-induced liver injury. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1% ethanol with supplementation of 10% fermented black rice bran (BRB-F), 10% BWA, or 10% mixtures of BWA+BRB-F (MIX). The BRB-F, BWA, and MIX supplementation increased the survival rate dramatically without affecting the body weight changes. In histology of hepatic tissue, alcoholic foamy degeneration was ameliorated by the BWA or MIX supplements. Moreover, dihydroethidium (DHE) and immunohistochemistry staining suggested that the MIX supplement decreased the hepatic ROS production and interleukin-6 expression significantly owing to the enhanced antioxidant properties, such as paraoxonase. Furthermore, the MIX supplement improved alcohol-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. The BWA and MIX groups showed lower blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels with higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) than the alcohol-alone group. The MIX group showed the highest HDL-C/TC ratio and HDL-C/TG ratio with the lowest low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C/HDL-C ratio. In conclusion, BWA and BRB-F showed efficacy to treat alcohol-related metabolic disorders, but the MIX supplement was more effective in ameliorating the liver damage and dyslipidemia, which agrees with an enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by BWA/BRB-F in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Han
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggeun Zee
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Bioactive components of Laetiporus species and their pharmacological effects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5929-5944. [PMID: 36063176 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Laetiporus species are brown rot fungi belonging to the order Polyporales in the division Basidiomycota. These species produce a variety of metabolites and provide a great source of natural material for the screening of medicinally active natural products or their derivatives. This review summarizes the research progress on bioactive metabolites of Laetiporus species up to April 2022, including biological macromolecules, for instance, polysaccharides and lectins, as well as 80 reported small molecule chemical components (15 sterols, 29 triterpenes, 10 sesquiterpenes, 5 polyenes, 10 volatile compounds, and 11 other compounds). These metabolites exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Genome mining predicted 23 terpene synthases, 7 polyketide synthases, and 9 non-ribosomal peptide synthases involved in bioactive metabolites biosynthesis, which were analyzed by antiSMASH in L. sulphureus genome. This review will provide a basis for the biosynthesis of active components in Laetiporus species and a reference for the research of medical precursors. KEY POINTS: • The mini-review summarized 80 secondary metabolites of Laetiporus spp. • The main pharmacological activities of Laetiporus spp. were summarized. • Biosynthetic genes of terpenoids, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides were also summarized.
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Xin X, Han M, Wu Y, Dong Y, Miao Z, Zhang J, Song X, Jia R, Su Y, Liu C, Bai R, Li J. Dietary Supplemental Chromium Yeast Improved the Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity and Liver Health in Broilers under High Stocking Density. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172216. [PMID: 36077936 PMCID: PMC9454686 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of yeast chromium on growth performance, organ index, antioxidant capacity, immune performance and liver health of broilers under high stocking density. A total of 684 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were selected and fed a common diet from 1 to 22 days of age. At the end of 22 days, broilers with similar weight were randomly divided into six treatments, with six replications in each treatment. The broilers in control groups were fed with a control diet and raised at low stocking density of broilers (14 broilers/m2, LSD) and high stocking density (20 broilers/m2, HSD). The broilers in treatment groups were fed with diets supplemented with 200, 400, 800 and 1600 µg Cr/kg chromium yeast (Cr-yeast) under HSD, respectively. The experimental period was 23~42 days. Compared with the LSD group, the HSD group significantly decreased the liver index (ratio of liver weight to live weight of broilers) of broilers (p < 0.05), the HSD group significantly increased the content of corticosterone (CORT) and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decreased the prealbumin (PA) level in the serum (p < 0.05). HSD decreased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) contents in the serum, liver and breast, serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, breast total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities and liver catalase (CAT) activities of broilers (p < 0.05). The HSD group significantly increased the total histopathological score (p < 0.05). Compared with the HSD group, adding 200, 400, and 1600 Cr-yeast significantly increased the liver index of broilers (p < 0.05), all HSD + Cr-yeast groups decreased the ALT activities (p < 0.05), and the HSD + 800 group significantly decreased the CORT contents and the ALP activities of the serum (p < 0.05); the HSD + 400, 800 and 1600 groups increased the PA contents of the serum (p < 0.05); HSD + 800 group significantly reduced the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) contents of the serum (p < 0.05); moreover, the HSD + 400 group increased the GSH-Px activities of the serum (p < 0.05), the T-AOC and the T-SOD activities of the breast (p < 0.05) and the T-AOC and CAT activities of the liver (p < 0.05). Adding 800 Cr-yeast significantly decreased the total histopathological score (degree of hepatocyte edema and inflammatory cell infiltration) under HSD (p < 0.05). In summary, Cr-yeast can improve the antioxidant capacity and immune traits, and liver health of broilers under HSD. Based on the results of the linear regression analysis, the optimal supplementation of Cr-yeast in antioxidant capacity, immunity ability and liver health were at the range of 425.00−665.00, 319.30−961.00, and 800.00−1531.60 µg Cr/kg, respectively.
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Liu J, Wang Y, Wu J, Georgiev MI, Xu B, Wong KH, Bai W, Tian L. Isolation, Structural Properties, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms Termitomyces: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:21-33. [PMID: 34936332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Termitomyces are well-known wild edible and medicinal basidiomycete mushrooms. The frequent consumption of Termitomyces stimulated studies on their health-promoting properties. Numerous health benefits of Termitomyces are associated with the main categories of components in Termitomyces, polysaccharides. Although the homopolysaccharides β-glucans are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of Termitomyces, other heteropolysaccharides also possess biological activities. In this review, the extraction methods, chemical structures, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Termitomyces were thoroughly reviewed. The polysaccharides from different species of Termitomyces differ in molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and linkages of constituent sugars. The health-promoting effects, including antioxidation, ulcer-healing and analgesic properties, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects, and antidiabetic properties of Termitomyces polysaccharides were summarized and discussed. Further studies were needed for a better understanding of the relationship between the fine chemical structure and health-promoting properties. This review provides a theoretical overview for future studies and utilization of Termitomyces polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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Yadav D, Negi PS. Bioactive components of mushrooms: Processing effects and health benefits. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110599. [PMID: 34507744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms have been recognized for their culinary attributes for long and were relished in the most influential civilizations in history. Currently, they are the focus of renewed research because of their therapeutic abilities. Nutritional benefits from mushrooms are in the form of a significant source of essential proteins, dietary non-digestible carbohydrates, unsaturated fats, minerals, as well as various vitamins, which have enhanced its consumption, and also resulted in the development of various processed mushroom products. Mushrooms are also a crucial ingredient in traditional medicine for their healing potential and curative properties. The literature on the nutritional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic potential of mushrooms, and their use as functional foods for the maintenance of health was reviewed, and the available literature indicates the enormous potential of the bioactive compounds present in mushrooms. Future research should be focused on the development of processes to retain the mushroom bioactive components, and valorization of waste generated during processing. Further, the mechanisms of action of mushroom bioactive components should be studied in detail to delineate their diverse roles and functions in the prevention and treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Yadav
- Department of Fruit and Vegetables Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Negi
- Department of Fruit and Vegetables Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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Wu YL, Huang SH, He CM, Qiu B, Liu JJ, Li J, Lin Y, Yu SL, Wang HF, Zhang GF. Dendrobium officinale Flower Extraction Mitigates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice: Role of Antisteatosis, Antioxidative, and Anti-Inflammatory. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1421853. [PMID: 33149748 PMCID: PMC7603571 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1421853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Dendrobium officinale flower extraction (DOFE) on alcohol-induced liver injury and its probable mechanisms in mice. The chemical composition of DOFE was performed via UPLC/MS. Male Kunming mice were used to establish alcohol-induced liver injury models by oral gavage of 56% alcohol. Results showed that DOFE dramatically attenuated the increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and triacylglycerol (TG). Meanwhile, hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining showed that DOFE attenuated degeneration, inflammatory infiltration, and lipid droplet accumulation. DOFE was also found to suppress the activity of malonaldehyde (MDA) and enhanced the level of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the liver. The protection of DOFE against oxidative stress was associated with the downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase l (NQO1). Additionally, DOFE suppressed inflammation via downregulating Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor kappa-B P65 (NF-κB P65). Thus, DOFE exhibited a significant protective effect against alcohol-induced liver injury through its antisteatosis, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Si-Han Huang
- Medical College of Jiaying University, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Chun-Mei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Medical College of Jiaying University, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Sheng-Lu Yu
- Liannan Yao Autonomous County Xinshengtang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511500, China
| | - Hong-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Gui-Fang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
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13
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Xia ZH, Zhang SY, Chen YS, Li K, Chen WB, Liu YQ. Curcumin anti-diabetic effect mainly correlates with its anti-apoptotic actions and PI3K/Akt signal pathway regulation in the liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111803. [PMID: 33035629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of curcumin on type 2 diabetes and its underlying mechanisms. A type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model was established by providing high-fat diet and low doses of streptozotocin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus rats were treated with low dose and high dose of curcumin for 8 weeks. The results showed that high-dose curcumin significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase, liver coefficient, and malondialdehyde levels, and BCL2-Associated X expression in the type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. High-dose curcumin increased the levels of liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione; as well as the expression of liver B-cell lymphoma-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and phosphorylated protein kinase B in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Furthermore, it ameliorated the histological structure of the liver and pancreas in diabetes mellitus model rats. However, low-dose curcumin had no significant effect on diabetes mellitus model rats. The results suggest that adequate doses of curcumin controls type 2 diabetes mellitus development as well as the mechanism involved in its anti-apoptotic actions and phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase/protein kinase B signal pathway regulation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sai-Ya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wen-Bo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Ye X, An Q, Chen S, Liu X, Wang N, Li X, Zhao M, Han Y, Zhao Z, Ouyang K, Wang W. The structural characteristics, antioxidant and hepatoprotection activities of polysaccharides from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1520-1529. [PMID: 31783077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the structural characteristics, antioxidant activities and hepatoprotection effect of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves polysaccharides (COP) on alcohol-induced oxidative damage in mice. Physical and chemical analysis showed that COP contained four monosaccharides including arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man), glucose (Glu) and galactose (Gal), with mass percentages of 26.6%, 5.1%, 32.2% and 36.0%, respectively, which was a heteropolysaccharide with both α- and β- configurations. In vivo experiments indicated that oral administration COP significantly reduced the levels of ALT, AST and MDA in serum, and significantly increased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px. Mice pretreated with COP had a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver and lower content of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the liver and serum when compared with alcohol exposure. In addition, the liver histopathological changes induced by alcohol returned to normal in the COP pretreatment group. These results suggest that COP has a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Ye
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qi An
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yi Han
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Natural Products and Functional Foods of Jiangxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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15
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Ye X, An Q, Chen S, Liu X, Wang N, Li X, Zhao M, Han Y, Zhao Z, Ouyang K, Wang W. The structural characteristics, antioxidant and hepatoprotection activities of polysaccharides from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2020. [DOI: https://doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang Y, Ji J, Di L, Li J, Hu L, Qiao H, Wang L, Feng Y. Resource, chemical structure and activity of natural polysaccharides against alcoholic liver damages. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116355. [PMID: 32507196 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many natural polysaccharides from bio-resources hold advantages of multi-functions, high efficiency, non-toxicity or low side effect, and have strong potentials in protection against alcoholic liver damages. This review summarized the bio-resources, chemical and structural characteristics of natural polysaccharides with potentials in inhibition against alcoholic liver damages, and also emphasized knowledge on correlations between their chemical structure and function. Approximately 95 species were confirmed in generation of hepatoprotective polysaccharides. Products as crude polysaccharides originated from 17 species were sum up despite the indetermination of their accurate structure. Additional four polysaccharides were described for their known chemical structures. Possible roles of hepatoprotective polysaccharides were provided with evidence on antioxidant promotion, lipids regulation, apoptosis inhibition and anti-inflammation, as well as confirmations in immune enhancement, iron removal and anti-fibrosis when currently treated against the alcoholic liver damages. To sum up, this overview could serve to guide development and utilization of natural hepatoprotective polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Liuqing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Junsong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Lihong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Lingchong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China; School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Wang L, Yang Y, Tan HY, Li S, Feng Y. Protective Actions of Acidic Hydrolysates of Polysaccharide Extracted From Mactra veneriformis Against Chemical-Induced Acute Liver Damage. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:446. [PMID: 32390833 PMCID: PMC7194112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the hepatoprotective effects of acidic hydrolysates of polysaccharide extracted from the marine clam M. veneriformis (Ah-MVPS) against ethanol- and CCl4-induced liver damage. Moreover, we also seek to probe the mechanism associated with the liver protection effect of Ah-MVPS. A series of animal and cell experiments were executed to detect suitable serological and histological indicators in hepatic tissues. Ah-MVPS can significantly reduce liver damage by means of an increase in hepatocyte superoxidase dismutase and inhibition of leakages of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase, as well as through alleviation of malondialdehyde excalation. Ah-MVPS inhibited steatosis and water-like hepatic deterioration in histological examination. They can suppress membrane destruction in boundaries and the collapse of reticular scaffolds of injured mouse hepatocytes and can substantially reduce the inflammatory extent of liver tissue aroused by excessive intake of ethanol or CCl4. In cell assays, Ah-MVPS markedly elevated the viability of L-02 cells exposed to an intoxication of ethanol or H2O2. The beneficial effect of Ah-MVPS might arise, at least in part, because of the amelioration of peroxidation or oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings reveal that Ah-MVPS have potential for development as protective agents to attenuate acute liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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18
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Jiri P. Will the sulphur polypore (laetiporus sulphureus) become a new functional food? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-5282.000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhao H, Lai Q, Zhang J, Huang C, Jia L. Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Effects of Acidic-Extractable Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris on Type 2 Diabetes Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9150807. [PMID: 30595798 PMCID: PMC6286747 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9150807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work was performed to evaluate the effect of acidic-extractable polysaccharides (AE-PS) from fruit bodies of Cordyceps militaris on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its structural characteristics. The T2DM mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) were administered with 100 and 400 mg/kg AE-PS for 4 weeks. Our work proved that AE-PS decreased the levels of serum lipid, lipid peroxidation, and blood glucose; improved glucose and insulin resistance; enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities; and attenuated the injuries of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in T2DM mice. These results might offer references for the exploitation of AE-PS as functional foods or natural drug source for preventing and treating HFD- and STZ-induced T2DM. Moreover, gas chromatography (GC) results revealed that AE-PS was heterogeneous and composed of fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose with mass percentages of 1.23%, 0.57%, 0.29%, 2.12%, 2.73%, 4.66%, and 88.4%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicated that AE-PS was a pyran-type polysaccharide with α- and β-configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lai
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le Jia
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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