Maresin 1 Ameliorates Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress via Activation of the Nrf-2-Mediated HO-1 Signaling Pathway

Curculigoside Regulates Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Against Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating the Nrf-2/NQO-1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder that can lead to paralysis or death. Oxidative stress during SCI is a critical phase causing extensive nerve cell damage and apoptosis, thereby impairing spinal cord healing. Thus, a primary goal of SCI drug therapy is to mitigate oxidative stress. Curculigoside (CUR), a phenolic glucoside extracted from the dried root and rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn, possesses neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate whether CUR effectively promotes the recovery of spinal cord tissue following SCI and elucidate its mechanism. We employed a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced PC12 cell model and an SCI rat model to observe the effects of CUR on oxidation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that CUR significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Caspase-3), Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), while increasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, CUR effectively enhanced levels of antioxidants (glutathione [GSH)] and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Furthermore, CUR facilitated functional recovery through its anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects on spinal cord tissues in SCI rats. These effects were mediated via the Nrf2/NQO1 signaling pathway. Therefore, our study showed that CUR acted as an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress agent, inhibiting astrocyte activation and promoting neuronal reconstruction and functional recovery. These findings may contribute significantly to the development of SCI treatments and advance the field of SCI drug therapy.

Quercetin as a therapeutic agent activate the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway to alleviate lung ischemia-reperfusion injury

Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune system activation. The Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway is important in cellular defense against these effects. Quercetin, a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, has been investigated. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on preventing lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and the role of the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway. Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four distinct groups(n = 16). Sham, lung ischemia-reperfusion (LIR), Saline + LIR, Quercetin + LIR (30 mg/kg i.p for a week before LIR). LIR groups were subjected to 60 min of ischemia (left pulmonary artery, vein, and bronchus) and 120 min of reperfusion. Our assessment encompassed a comprehensive analysis of various factors, including the evaluation of expression Nrf2, Keap1, and Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels and NF-κB protein. Furthermore, we examined markers related to inflammation (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity), lung edema (Wet/dry lung weight ratio and total protein concentration), apoptosis (Bax and Bcl2 protein), and histopathological alterations (intra-alveolar edema, alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration). Our results show that ischemia-reperfusion results in heightened inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, lung edema, and histopathological damage. Quercetin showed preventive effects by reducing these markers, acting through modulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. This anti-inflammatory effect, complementary to the antioxidant effects of quercetin, provides a multifaceted approach to cell protection that is important for developing therapeutic strategies against ischemia-reperfusion injury and could be helpful in preventive strategies against ischemia-reperfusion.

Downregulation of HDAC6 mitigates lung ischemia/reperfusion injury depending on activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inactivation of ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION

Lung ischemia/reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a pathological process caused by the deficiency and subsequent reperfusion of oxygen and blood to the lung. Literature reports that the catalytic activity and expression of HDAC6 can be induced in response to IRI. HDAC6 inhibition confers protective effects against a series of IRI and also exerts pulmonary protection against various lung damage. The present study was formulated to investigate the functional role of HDAC6 inhibitor in LIRI and to probe into the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the protective role of HDAC6 inhibitor against LIRI.

METHODS

Lung epithelial cell line MLE-12 cells were subjected to H/R injury to construct in vitro cell culture model of LIRI. For functional experiments, MLE-12 cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of selective HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1215 (1, 5, 10 μM) to evaluate the biological role of HDAC6 in LIRI. For rescue experiments, MLE-12 cells were pre-treated with Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 (10 μM) or ERK activator LM22B-10 (50 μM) to discuss the molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

It was verified that HDAC6 inhibition repressed H/R-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction of MLE-12 cells. HDAC6 inhibition activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inactivated ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway in MLE-12 cells. The repressing effects of HDAC6 inhibition on H/R-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction of MLE-12 cells were partially abolished upon pre-treatment with Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 or ERK activator LM22B-10.

CONCLUSION

HDAC6 inhibition may mitigate H/R-induced lung epithelial cell injury depending on activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inactivation of ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Is Lipid Metabolism of Value in Cancer Research and Treatment? Part II: Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Inflammation, Infections, and Cancer

Acute inflammation is the body's first defense in response to pathogens or injury that is partially governed by a novel genus of endogenous lipid mediators that orchestrate the resolution of inflammation, coined specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs, derived from omega-3-polyunstaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), include the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived and docosahexaenoic acid-derived Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. Herein, we review their biosynthesis, structural characteristics, and therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases such as ischemia, viral infections, periodontitis, neuroinflammatory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung inflammation, herpes virus, and cancer, especially focusing on therapeutic effectiveness in respiratory inflammation and ischemia-related injuries. Resolvins are sub-nanomolar potent agonists that accelerate the resolution of inflammation by reducing excessive neutrophil infiltration, stimulating macrophage functions including phagocytosis, efferocytosis, and tissue repair. In addition to regulating neutrophils and macrophages, Resolvins control dendritic cell migration and T cell responses, and they also reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Importantly, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that Resolvins reduce tumor progression in melanoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, and liver cancer. In addition, Resolvins enhance tumor cell debris clearance by macrophages in the tumor's microenvironment. Resolvins, with their unique stereochemical structure, receptors, and biosynthetic pathways, provide a novel therapeutical approach to activating resolution mechanisms during cancer progression.

Maresins as novel anti-inflammatory actors and putative therapeutic targets in sepsis

Sepsis, a complex clinical syndrome characterized by an exaggerated host response to infection, often necessitates hospitalization and intensive care unit admission. Delayed or inaccurate diagnosis of sepsis, coupled with suboptimal treatment strategies, can result in unfavorable outcomes, including mortality. Maresins, a newly discovered family of lipid mediators synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid by macrophages, have emerged as key players in promoting inflammation resolution and the termination of inflammatory processes. Extensive evidence has unequivocally demonstrated the beneficial effects of maresins in modulating the inflammatory response associated with sepsis; however, their bioactivity and functions exhibit remarkable diversity and complexity. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent research on the role of maresins in sepsis, aiming to enhance our understanding of their effectiveness and elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying their actions in sepsis treatment. Furthermore, emerging insights into the management of patients with sepsis are also highlighted.

Tempol alleviates acute lung injury by affecting glutathione synthesis through Nrf2 and inhibiting ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells

As a life-threatening disease, acute lung injury (ALI) may progress to chronic pulmonary fibrosis. For the treatment of lung injury, Tempol is a superoxide dismutase mimetic and intracellular redox agent that can be a potential drug. This study investigated the regulatory mechanism of Tempol in the treatment of ALI. A mouse model of ALI was established, and HE staining was used to examine histomorphology. The CCK-8 assay was used to measure cell viability, and oxidative stress was assessed by corresponding kits. Flow cytometry and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining assays were used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Protein expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis and ELISA. Pulmonary vascular permeability was used to measure the lung wet/dry weight ratio. The level of oxidative stress was increased in ALI mice, and the level of ferroptosis was upregulated. Tempol inhibited this effect and alleviated ALI. The administration of Tempol alleviated the pathological changes in ALI, inhibited pulmonary vascular permeability, and improved lung injury in ALI mice. The upregulation of genes essential for glutathione (GSH) metabolism induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was inhibited by Tempol. In addition, nuclear factor-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is activated by Tempol therapy to regulate the de novo synthesis pathway of GSH, thereby alleviating LPS-induced lung epithelial cell damage. The results showed that Tempol alleviated ALI by activating the Nrf2 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Tempol alleviates ALI by inhibiting ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells through the effect of Nrf2 on GSH synthesis.

Preparation and Evaluation of Preventive Effects of Inhalational and Intraperitoneal Injection of Myrtenol Loaded Nano-Niosomes on Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

INTRODUCTION

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is directly related to forming reactive oxygen species, endothelial cell injury, increased vascular permeability, and the activation of neutrophils and cytokines. Niosomes are nanocarriers and an essential part of drug delivery systems. We aimed to investigate the effects of myrtenol's inhaled and intraperitoneal niosomal form, compared to its simple form, on lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Wistar rats were divided into ten groups. Simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol were inhaled or intraperitoneally injected daily for one week prior to LIRI. We evaluated oxidative stress, apoptotic, and inflammatory indices, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and histopathological indices.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol significantly inhibited the indices of pulmonary edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins, oxidant agents, nitric oxide, iNOS, apoptotic proteins, congestion of capillaries, neutrophil infiltration, and bleeding in the alveoli. Furthermore, myrtenol increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidants agents, eNOS, anti-apoptotic proteins and the survival time of animals. The niosomal form of myrtenol showed a more ameliorative effect than its simple form.

CONCLUSION

The results showed the superior protective effect of the inhalation of myrtenol niosomal form against LIRI compared to its simple form and systemic use.

Dexmedetomidine postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the Nrf2/Sirt3/SOD2 signaling pathway in the rats

OBJECTIVES

To observe the protective effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) postconditioning on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and to explore its potential molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

One-hundred forty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups receiving the different treatments: Sham, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), Dex, Brusatol, Dex + Brusatol. By the in vivo rat model of myocardial IRI, cardioprotective effects of Dex postconditioning were evaluated by assessing serum CK-MB and cTnI levels, myocardial HE and Tunel staining and infarct size. Furthermore, the oxidative stress-related markers including intracellular ROS level, myocardial tissue MDA level, SOD and GSH-PX activities were determined.

RESULTS

Dex postconditioning significantly alleviated myocardial IRI, decreased intracellular ROS and myocardial tissue MDA level, increased SOD and GSH-PX activities. Dex postconditioning significantly up-regulated myocardial expression of Bcl-2, down-regulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate. furthermores, Dex postconditioning promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased myocardial expression of Sirt3 and SOD2 and decreased Ac-SOD2. However, brusatol reversed cardioprotective benefits of Dex postconditioning, significantly decreased Dex-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and reduced myocardial expression of Sirt3 and SOD2.

CONCLUSIONS

Dex postconditioning can alleviate myocardial IRI by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis, and these beneficial effects are at least partly mediated by activating the Nrf2/Sirt3/SOD2 signaling pathway.

The pro-resolving lipid mediator Maresin 1 ameliorates pain responses and neuroinflammation in the spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain: A study in male and female mice

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) have recently emerged as promising therapeutic approaches for neuropathic pain (NP). We evaluated the effects of oral treatment with the SPM Maresin 1 (MaR1) on behavioral pain responses and spinal neuroinflammation in male and female C57BL/6J mice with spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced NP. MaR1, or vehicle, was administered once daily, on post-surgical days 3 to 5, by voluntary oral intake. Sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational components of pain were evaluated with von Frey and place escape/avoidance paradigm (PEAP) tests, respectively. Spinal microglial and astrocytic activation were assessed by immunofluorescence, and the spinal concentration of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were evaluated by multiplex immunoassay. MaR1 treatment reduced SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity on days 7 and 11 in both male and female mice, and appeared to ameliorate the affective component of pain in males on day 11. No definitive conclusions could be drawn about the impact of MaR1 on the affective-motivational aspects of pain in female mice, since repeated suprathreshold mechanical stimulation of the affected paw in the dark compartment did not increase the preference of vehicle-treated SNI females for the light side, during the PEAP test session (a fundamental assumption for PAEP's validity). MaR1 treatment also reduced ipsilateral spinal microglial and astrocytic activation in both sexes and marginally increased M-CSF in males, while not affecting cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in either sex. In summary, our study has shown that oral treatment with MaR1 (i) produces antinociception even in an already installed peripheral NP mouse model, and (ii) this antinociception may extend for several days beyond the treatment time-frame. These therapeutic effects are associated with attenuated microglial and astrocytic activation in both sexes, and possibly involve modulation of M-CSF action in males.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are "essential" fatty acids mainly obtained from diet sources comprising plant oils, marine blue fish, and commercially available fish oil supplements. Many epidemiological and retrospective studies suggested that ω-3 PUFA consumption decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but results of early intervention trials have not consistently confirmed this effect. In recent years, some large-scale randomized controlled trials have shed new light on the potential role of ω-3 PUFAs, particularly high-dose EPA-only formulations, in cardiovascular prevention, making them an attractive tool for the treatment of "residual" cardiovascular risk. ω-3 PUFAs' beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes go far beyond the reduction in triglyceride levels and are thought to be mediated by their broadly documented "pleiotropic" actions, most of which are directed to vascular protection. A considerable number of clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs in the regulation of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. These effects occur mostly through regulation of the vascular tone that could be mediated by both endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the results of both experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on blood pressure, highlighting the mechanisms of their action on the vascular system and their possible impact on hypertension, hypertension-related vascular damage, and, ultimately, cardiovascular outcomes.

Ursolic acid ameliorates traumatic brain injury in mice by regulating microRNA-141-mediated PDCD4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Neuronal apoptosis and inflammation are the key pathogenic features of secondary brain injury, which results in the neurological impairment that traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients experience. Ursolic Acid (UA) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties against brain damage, however, detailed mechanisms have not been fully disclosed. Research on brain-related microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened up new possibilities for the neuroprotective treatment of UA by manipulating miRNAs. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of UA on neuronal apoptosis and the inflammatory response in TBI mice.

METHODS

The mice's neurologic condition was assessed using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). Cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were utilized to examine the impact of UA on neuronal pathological damage. miR-141-3p was selected to evaluate whether UA influences miRNAs in a way that has neuroprotective benefits.

RESULTS

The results showed that UA markedly decreased brain edema and neuronal mortality through oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in TBI mice. Using data from the GEO database, we found that miR-141-3p was considerably downregulated in TBI mice and that this downregulation was reversed by UA treatment. Further studies have shown that UA regulates miR-141-3p expression to exhibit its neuroprotective effect in mouse models and cell injury models. Then, miR-141-3p was discovered to directly target PDCD4 in TBI mice and neurons, a well-known PI3K/AKT pathway regulator in the neurons. Most importantly, the upregulation of phosphorylated (p)-AKT and p-PI3K provided the most compelling evidence that UA reactivated the PI3K/AKT pathway in the TBI mouse model, which was through regulating miR-141-3p.

CONCLUSION

Our findings support the notion that UA can improve TBI by modulating miR-141 mediated PDCD4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Maresin1: A multifunctional regulator in inflammatory bone diseases

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the physical response to danger signals, the elimination of toxic stimuli, and the restoration of homeostasis. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses lead to tissue damage, and chronic inflammation can disrupt osteogenic-osteoclastic homeostasis, ultimately leading to bone loss. Maresin1 (MaR1), a member of the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) family, has been found to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, pro-hemolytic, pro-healing, and pain-relieving properties. MaR1 is synthesized by macrophages (Mφs) and omega-3 fatty acids, and it may have the potential to promote bone homeostasis and treat inflammatory bone diseases. MaR1 has been found to stimulate osteoblast proliferation through leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6). It also activates Mφ phagocytosis and M2-type polarization, which helps to control the immune system. MaR1 can regulate T cells to exert anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit neutrophil infiltration and recruitment. In addition, MaR1 is involved in antioxidant signaling, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). It has also been found to promote the autophagic behavior of periodontal ligament stem cells, stimulate Mφs against pathogenic bacteria, and regulate tissue regeneration and repair. In summary, this review provides new information and a comprehensive overview of the critical roles of MaR1 in inflammatory bone diseases, indicating its potential as a therapeutic approach for managing skeletal metabolism and inflammatory bone diseases.

Association of nanoparticles and Nrf2 with various oxidative stress-mediated diseases

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regultes the cellular antioxidant defense system at the posttranscriptional level. During oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to transcribe antioxidative metabolizing/detoxifying genes. Various transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone methylation might also regulate the expression of Nrf2. Despite its protective role, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling is considered as a pharmacological target due to its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, hepatotoxicity and kidney disorders. Recently, nanomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their unique physiochemical properties and are also used in various biological applications, for example, biosensors, drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, etc. In this review, we will be discussing the functions of nanoparticles and Nrf2 as a combined therapy or sensitizing agent and their significance in various diseases such as diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress-mediated diseases.

Maresin1 can be a potential therapeutic target for nerve injury

Nerve injury significantly affects human motor and sensory function due to destruction of the integrity of nerve structure. In the wake of nerve injury, glial cells are activated, and synaptic integrity is destroyed, causing inflammation and pain hypersensitivity. Maresin1, an omega-3 fatty acid, is a derivative of docosahexaenoic acid. It has showed beneficial effects in several animal models of central and peripheral nerve injuries. In this review, we summarize the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and pain hypersensitivity effects of maresin1 in nerve injury and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of nerve injury using maresin1.

Resolution of post-lung transplant ischemia-reperfusion injury is modulated via Resolvin D1-FPR2 and Maresin 1-LGR6 signaling

BACKGROUND

Dysregulation of inflammation-resolution pathways leads to postlung transplant (LTx) ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and allograft dysfunction. Our hypothesis is that combined treatment with specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, that is, Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and Maresin-1 (MaR1), enhances inflammation-resolution of lung IR injury.

METHODS

Expression of RvD1 and MaR1 was analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients on days 0, 1, and 7 post-LTx. Lung IR injury was evaluated in C57BL/6 (WT), FPR2^-/-, and LGR6 siRNA treated mice using a hilar-ligation model with or without administration with RvD1 and/or MaR1. A donation after circulatory death and murine orthotopic lung transplantation model was used to evaluate the protection by RvD1 and MaR1 against lung IR injury. In vitro studies analyzed alveolar macrophages and type II epithelial cell activation after treatment with RvD1 or MaR1.

RESULTS

RvD1 and MaR1 expressions in BAL from post-LTx patients was significantly increased on day 7 compared to days 0 and 1. Concomitant RvD1 and MaR1 treatment significantly mitigated early pulmonary inflammation and lung IR injury in WT mice, which was regulated via FPR2 and LGR6 receptors. In the murine orthotopic donation after cardiac death LTx model, RvD1 and MaR1 treatments significantly attenuated lung IR injury and increased PaO₂ levels compared to saline-treated controls. Mechanistically, RvD1/FPR2 signaling on alveolar macrophages attenuated HMGB1 and TNF-α secretion and upregulated uptake of macrophage-dependent apoptotic neutrophils (efferocytosis), whereas MaR1/LGR6 signaling mitigated CXCL1 secretion by epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Bioactive proresolving lipid mediator-dependent signaling that is, RvD1/FPR2 and MaR1/LGR6- offers a novel therapeutic strategy in post-LTx injury.

Sevoflurane reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis in the RAW264.7 cells and mice models to ameliorate acute lung injury by eliminating oxidative damages

Objectives

Sevoflurane is identified as an effective candidate drug for acute lung injury (ALI) treatment, but its curing effects and detailed mechanisms have not been fully disclosed. The present study was designed to resolve this academic issue.

Methods

The ALI mice models were established, and Hematoxylin-eosin staining assay was performed to examine tissue morphologies. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay, and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay was used to examine cell apoptosis. The expression levels of proteins were determined by performing Western Blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining assay. ROS levels were examined by using DCFH-DA staining assay.

Results

In this study, we investigated this issue and the ALI models were respectively established by treating the BALB/c mice and the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo and in vitro, which were subsequently subjected to sevoflurane co-treatment. The results showed that sevoflurane reduced LPS-induced ALI in mice and suppressed LPS-triggered oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in the RAW264.7 cells. Interestingly, we evidenced that the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reversed LPS-induced cell apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. Then, we verified that sevoflurane suppressed oxidative damages to restrain LPS-induced apoptotic cell death in the RAW264.7 cells through activating the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Mechanistically, sevoflurane down-regulated Keap1 and upregulated Nrf2 in nucleus to activate the downstream anti-oxidant signaling cascades, which further ameliorated LPS-induced cell apoptosis and lung injury by eliminating oxidative damages.

Discussion

Taken together, our study illustrated that the sevoflurane attenuates LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death and inflammation, and the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway played an important role in this process.

Sinomenine pretreatment alleviates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway

INTRODUCTION

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is induced by an interrupted blood flow and succeeding blood restoration, which is common in the operation of liver transplantation. Serious IR injury is a major reason leading to transplant failure. Hepatic IR is featured by excessive inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Sinomenine (SIN) is derived from the herb Sinomeniumacutum and shows properties of anti-inflammation and antiapoptosis in multiple IR-induced organ injuries. However, the effect of SIN in hepatic IR has not been investigated.

METHODS

This study aims to investigate impacts of SIN on hepatic IR and the involved signaling pathway. An in vivo rat model of syngeneic orthotopic liver transplantation was constructed to induce the hepatic IR injury.

RESULTS

Results showed that SIN pretreatment provided a significant prevention against IR-induced hepatic injury as manifested by the downregulated activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, the alleviatedoxidative stress as shown by increased activities of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased serum level of malondialdehyde, the suppressed inflammatory responses as shown by downregulated serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 levels, and upregulated IL-10 level, as well as attenuated apoptosis as shown by decreased protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and -9. In line with these results, SIN pretreatment also alleviatedthe hepatic histopathological changes in IR rats and induced Nrf-2/HO-1 activation. The use of brusatol, a selective inhibitor for Nrf-2, effectively reversed SIN-induced above effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, our results demonstrate that SIN might be a useful therapeutic drug for preventing hepatic IR-induced injury during clinical liver transplantation.

MCTR1 inhibits ferroptosis by promoting NRF2 expression to attenuate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) can lead to poor prognosis in patients undergoing liver transplantation or extensive liver resection. Maresin conjugate in tissue regeneration 1 (MCTR1) exerts a protective effect in several inflammatory disease models, but its role in HIRI remains unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of MCTR1 on HIRI and its underlying mechanism. HIRI mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) AML12 cell models were used to evaluate the effects of MCTR1 at different doses on HIRI. Histological changes, inflammatory mediators, and ferroptosis-associated markers including iron content, oxidative stress and antioxidant activity, cell death marker (LDH), and the expression of Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) were analyzed. The results showed that MCTR1 treatment significantly ameliorated liver tissue damage and AST/ALT levels in HIRI mice. It also ameliorated ferroptosis in both HIRI mice and OGD/R AML12 cells, including a decrease in iron content, serum LDH release levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA, IL-1β levels, and COX2 and transferrin receptor (TFRC) expression. In addition, it increased the levels of IL-10, the antioxidant stress markers SOD and GSH, and the expression of GPX4. With respect to the underlying mechanism, the expression of NRF2 in HIRI mice and OGD/R AML12 cells was significantly inhibited. MCTR1 treatment restored the inhibition of NRF2 expression caused by ischemia-reperfusion, and NRF2 inhibitors significantly inhibited nuclear aggregation of NRF2 promoted by MCTR1. In conclusion, the MCTR1 ameliorates ferroptosis-induced hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting NRF2 expression and may represent a therapeutic strategy for treating HIRI.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MCTR1 exerts a protective effect in several inflammatory disease models, but its role in hepatic HIRI remains unknown. We confirm that the MCTR1 ameliorates ferroptosis-induced hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting NRF2 expression. Our study illustrates the mechanism that MCTR1 protects from HIRI and identifies a therapeutic target for liver transplantation ischemia-reperfusion injury from the perspective of ferroptosis.

The different facets of heme-oxygenase 1 in innate and adaptive immunity

Heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes are responsible for the main oxidative step in heme degradation, generating equimolar amounts of free iron, biliverdin and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is induced as a crucial stress response protein, playing protective roles in physiologic and pathological conditions, due to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanisms behind HO-1-mediated protection are being explored by different studies, affecting cell fate through multiple ways, such as reduction in intracellular levels of heme and ROS, transcriptional regulation, and through its byproducts generation. In this review we focus on the interplay between HO-1 and immune-related signaling pathways, which culminate in the activation of transcription factors important in immune responses and inflammation. We also discuss the dual interaction of HO-1 and inflammatory mediators that govern resolution and tissue damage. We highlight the dichotomy of HO-1 in innate and adaptive immune cells development and activation in different disease contexts. Finally, we address different known anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals that are now being described to modulate HO-1, and the possible contribution of HO-1 in their anti-inflammatory effects.

Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Derived from N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Role in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Complications

Significance: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence continues to grow and represents a serious public health issue worldwide. This multifactorial condition carries the risk of hastening the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Another troubling aspect of MetS is the requirement of poly-pharmacological therapy not devoid of side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for prospecting alternative nutraceuticals as effective therapeutic agents for MetS. Recent Advances: Currently, there is an increased interest in understanding the regulation of metabolic derangements by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), especially those derived from the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Critical Issues: The SPMs are recognized as efficient modulators that are capable of inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, blocking neutrophil activation/recruitment, and inducing non-phlogistic (anti-inflammatory) activation of macrophage engulfment and removal of apoptotic inflammatory cells and debris. The aim of the present review is precisely to first underline key concepts relative to SPM functions before focusing on their status and actions on MetS components (e.g., obesity, glucose dysmetabolism, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and complications such as T2D, NAFLD, and CVD. Future Directions: Valuable data from preclinical and clinical investigations have emphasized the SPM functions and influence on oxidative stress- and inflammation-related MetS. Despite these promising findings obtained without compromising host defense, additional efforts are needed to evaluate their potential therapeutic applications and further develop practical tools to monitor their bioavailability to cope with cardiometabolic disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 54-83.

Maresin-1 and Its Receptors RORα/LGR6 as Potential Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases

Maresin-1 is one of the representative specialized pro-resolving mediators that has shown beneficial effects in inflammatory disease models. Recently, two distinct types of receptor molecules were discovered as the targets of maresin-1, further revealing the pro-resolution mechanism of maresin-1. One is retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) and the another one is leucine-rich repeat domain-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6). In this review, we summarized the detailed role of maresin-1 and its two different receptors in respiratory diseases. RORα and LGR6 are potential targets for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Future basic research and clinical trials on MaR1 and its receptors should provide useful information for the treatment of respiratory diseases.

Oridonin attenuates hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Oridonin (Ori), extracted from Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) H.Hara, is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicinal product that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the main pathophysiological mechanisms in hindlimb IR injury. However, whether Ori has a protective effect on hind limb IR injury is unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to determine the effect of Ori on hindlimb IR injury and its relationship with oxidative stress and inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The hind limb IR injury model in mice was used to evaluate the protective effect and related mechanisms of Ori. Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice (n = 12 per group) were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group; IR group; IR + Ori (10 mg/kg) group and IR + Ori (20 mg/kg) group. Mice in the IR and IR + Ori groups were subjected to hindlimb IR injury, while mice in the Sham group were subjected to no hindlimb IR injury. HE staining, Masson's staining, TTC staining, DHE staining, TUNEL staining, western blotting analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were employed to explore the mechanisms by which Ori exerts a protective effect on a classical hindlimb IR model in mice.

RESULTS

We found that Ori pretreatment prevented muscle damage and decreased cell apoptosis levels compared with the vehicle control. Moreover, the SOD2, CAT, MDA and ROS levels in muscle showed that Ori could significantly reduce oxidative stress in hindlimb IR mice, while the IL-1β and TNF-α levels in muscle showed that Ori could significantly attenuate IR-induced inflammation. We also found that Ori could increase the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream protein HO-1 and inhibit the expression levels of NLRP3-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1) in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested that Ori has a protective effect on hindlimb IR injury, which may be related to Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation.

Specialized Proresolving Lipid Meditators Agonistic to Formyl Peptide Receptor Type 2 Attenuate Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rat Lung

BACKGROUND

Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a form of acute lung injury characterized by nonspecific alveolar damage and lung edema due to robust inflammation. Little is known about the roles of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) in lung IRI. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes in endogenous SPMs during the initiation and resolution of lung IRI and to determine the effects of SPM supplementation on lung IRI.

METHODS

We used a rat left hilar clamp model with 90 min of ischemia, followed by reperfusion. Dynamic changes in endogenous SPMs were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Endogenous SPMs in the left lung showed a decreasing trend after 1 h of reperfusion. Oxygenation improved between 3 and 7 d following reperfusion; however, the level of endogenous SPMs remained low compared with that in the naïve lung. Among SPM receptors, only formyl peptide receptor type 2 (ALX/FPR2) gene expression in the left lung was increased 3 h after reperfusion, and the inflammatory cells were immunohistochemically positive for ALX/FPR2. Administration of aspirin-triggered (AT) resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) and AT lipoxin A4 (AT-LXA4), which are agonistic to ALX/FPR2, immediately after reperfusion improved lung function, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, attenuated lung edema, and decreased neutrophil infiltration 3 h after reperfusion. The effects of AT-RvD1 and AT-LXA4 were not observed after pretreatment with the ALX/FPR2 antagonist.

CONCLUSIONS

The level of intrapulmonary endogenous SPMs decreased during lung IRI process and the administration of AT-RvD1 and AT-LXA4 prevented the exacerbation of lung injury via ALX/FPR2.

Molecular Pharmacology of Inflammation Resolution in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems of modern medicine as it is the leading cause of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. The key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is the imbalance between the activation of inflammation in the vascular wall and the mechanisms of its control. The resolution of inflammation is the most important physiological mechanism that is impaired in atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation has complex, not fully known mechanisms, in which lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) represent a group of substances that carry out inflammation resolution and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. SPMs include lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed from PUFAs and regulate many processes related to the active resolution of inflammation. Given the physiological importance of these substances, studies examining the possibility of pharmacological effects on inflammation resolution are of interest.

Catalpol alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

PURPOSE

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is a major problem in the clinical treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy, and its specific underlying mechanisms are complicated and still unclear. A number of studies have indicated that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxidase-1(HO-1) signaling pathway might serve as an important target for the management of MI/RI. Catalpol is a kind of iridoid glucoside that has been found to exhibit diverse anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was aimed at investigating the role of Catalpol in targeting MI/RI and its related mechanisms in an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro and a preclinical ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model.

METHODS

This study using both in vitro and in vivo models investigated the possible role and underlying mechanisms used by Catalpol for modulating of MI/RI. The potential effects of Catalpol on the viability of cardiomyocytes were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. The phenotypes of myocardial injury, oxidative stress and inflammation markers were measured by western blot, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) etc. Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was detected by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis.

RESULTS

We found that Catalpol significantly suppressed the process of MI/RI and protected OGD/R-treated cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the various markers of inflammation and suppressing oxidative stress. Additionally, mechanistically it was also demonstrated that Catalpol could effectively activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to suppress the damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in MI/RI.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the findings suggest that Catalpol exerted significant cardioprotective effects following myocardial ischemia, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Maresin-1 and Inflammatory Disease

Inflammation is an essential action to protect the host human body from external, harmful antigens and microorganisms. However, an excessive inflammation reaction sometimes exceeds tissue damage and can disrupt organ functions. Therefore, anti-inflammatory action and resolution mechanisms need to be clarified. Dietary foods are an essential daily lifestyle that influences various human physiological processes and pathological conditions. Especially, omega-3 fatty acids in the diet ameliorate chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Recent studies have identified that omega-3 fatty acid derivatives, such as the resolvin series, showed strong anti-inflammatory actions in various inflammatory diseases. Maresin-1 is a derivative of one of the representative omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and has shown beneficial action in inflammatory disease models. In this review, we summarize the detailed actions of maresin-1 in immune cells and inflammatory diseases.

Curculigoside mitigates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway

Curculigoside has been shown to decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in many disorders, but its effects during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remain unknown. This research aims to determine the protective role and the potential mechanism of action of curculigoside in hepatic IRI. Here, a well-established rat model of partial warm IRI was constructed; serum ALT/AST and H&E staining were employed to assay the extent of liver injury; the superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, IL-6, and TNF-α contents were determined using the corresponding kits; the apoptosis index was evaluated by TUNEL staining; and the expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, and apoptosis-associated proteins was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that curculigoside pretreatment effectively mitigated hepatic IRI, as demonstrated by decreases in the levels of serum aminotransferases, hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis, oxidative stress markers, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 was greatly suppressed by hepatic IRI and reactivated by curculigoside. Furthermore, cotreatment with ML-385, an inhibitor of Nrf-2, counteracted the protective effect of curculigoside against hepatic IRI. The results of our study show that curculigoside plays a protective role in hepatic IRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and that its effects may be associated with activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration-1 suppresses ferroptosis in septic acute kidney injury

Background

Ferroptosis is unique among different types of regulated cell death and closely related to organ injury. Whether ferroptosis occurs in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is not clear. Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is crucial to the regulation of ferroptosis. We and others have shown that Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (MCTR1) or other members of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) can actively regulate inflammation resolution and protect organs against injury in inflammatory diseases by activating the Nrf2 signaling. The aim of this study was to determine whether ferroptosis occurs in SA-AKI. Furthermore, we investigated the potential role and mechanism of MCTR1 in the regulation of ferroptosis in SA-AKI, which mainly focus on the Nrf2 signaling.

Results

We demonstrated for the first time that ferroptosis is present in SA-AKI. Moreover, MCTR1 effectively suppressed ferroptosis in SA-AKI. Meanwhile, MCTR1 upregulated the expression of Nrf2 in the kidney of septic mice. Nrf2 inhibitor ML-385 reversed MCTR1-regulated ferroptosis and AKI, implying that Nrf2 is involved in the inhibitory effects of MCTR1 on ferroptosis in SA-AKI. Further, MCTR1 inhibited ferroptosis and elevated the expression of Nrf2 in LPS-induced HK-2 cells. However, Nrf2 siRNA offset the effect of MCTR1 on ferroptosis. Finally, we observed that MCTR1 ameliorates multi-organ injury and improves survival in animal models of sepsis.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that MCTR1 suppresses ferroptosis in SA-AKI through the Nrf2 signaling. Our study enriches the pathophysiological mechanism of SA-AKI and provides new therapeutic ideas and potential intervention targets for SA-AKI.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00734-x.

Anti-Inflammatory Function of Fatty Acids and Involvement of Their Metabolites in the Resolution of Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Lipid metabolism plays an important role in many lung functions. Disorders of lipid metabolism are part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lipids are involved in numerous cross-linkages with inflammation. Recent studies strongly support the involvement of fatty acids as participants in inflammation. They are involved in the initiation and resolution of inflammation, including acting as a substrate for the formation of lipid mediators of inflammation resolution. Specialized pro-inflammatory mediators (SPMs) belonging to the classes of lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed enzymatically from unsaturated fatty acids, are now described. Disorders of their production and function are part of the pathogenesis of COPD. SPMs are currently the subject of active research in order to find new drugs. Short-chain fatty acids are another important participant in metabolic and immune processes, and their role in the pathogenesis of COPD is of great clinical interest.

NETosis in ischemic/reperfusion injuries: An organ-based review

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NETosis), the web-like structures induced by neutrophil death, is an important inflammatory mechanism of the immune system leading to reactive oxygen species production/coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. NETosis exerts its role through different mechanisms such as triggering Toll-like receptors, inflammatory cytokines, platelet aggregation, neutrophil activation/infiltration, and vascular impairment. NETosis plays a key role in the prognosis of coronary artery disease, ischemic injury of kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscles. In this review, we explored the molecular mechanisms involved in NETosis, and ischemic/reperfusion injuries in body organs.

Apoptotic cell-derived metabolites in efferocytosis-mediated resolution of inflammation

The resolution of inflammation, as part of standard host defense mechanism, is the process to guarantee timely termination of inflammatory responses and eventual restoration of tissue homeostasis . It is mainly achieved via efferocytosis, during which pro-resolving macrophages clear apoptotic neutrophils at the inflammatory site. Unfortunately, impaired resolution can be the leading cause of chronic inflammatory disorders and some autoimmune diseases. Existing studies have provided relatively comprehensive understandings about the recognition and uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages during early phases of efferocytosis. However, lack of information concerns macrophage metabolism of apoptotic cell-derived metabolites after being released from phagolysosomes or the relationship between such metabolism and efferocytosis. Notwithstanding, three recent studies have revealed macrophage metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids and arginine, as well as their respective functions in the context of inflammation-resolution. This review provides an overview of the resolution of inflammation, efferocytosis and the key players involved, followed by a focus on the metabolism of apoptotic cell-derived metabolites within efferocytes. Hypotheses of more potential apoptotic cell-derived metabolites and their possible roles in the resolution are also formulated. Understanding the effect of these metabolites further advances the concept that apoptotic cells act as active players to regulate resolution, and also suggests novel therapeutic strategies for diseases driven by defective resolution and even cancer that may be treated through enhanced efferocytosis.

Parecoxib mitigates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and up-regulating HO-1 expression

Purpose:

To investigate the protective effect of parecoxib against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) in rats and the mechanism.

Methods:

Thirty rats were divided into sham-operated, LIRI and LIRI+parecoxib groups. LIRI model (ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 120 min) was constructed in LIRI and LIRI+parecoxib groups. In LIRI+parecoxib group, 10 mg/kg parecoxib was given via femoral vein 15 min before ischemia beginning. At the end of the reperfusion, blood gas analysis, lung wet to dry mass ratio measurement, lung tissue biochemical determination and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression determination were performed.

Results:

Compared with LIRI group, in LIRI+parecoxib group the oxygenation index was significantly increased, the alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference was significantly decreased, the lung wet to dry mass ratio was significantly decreased, the lung tissue malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased, the lung tissue superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly increased, the lung tissue tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β levels were significantly decreased, and the lung tissue HO-1 protein expression level was significantly increased (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Parecoxib pretreatment can mitigate the LIRI in rats by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory response and up-regulating HO-1 expression in lung tissue.

Recent Approaches to Targeting Canonical NFκB Signaling in the Early Inflammatory Response to Renal IRI

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of in-hospital AKI and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. IRI is associated with an early phase of inflammation primarily regulated by the canonical NFκB signaling pathway. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IRI, few therapeutic strategies have emerged. The purpose of this manuscript is to review interventions targeting NFκB after IRI.

Maresin 1 activates LGR6 signaling to inhibit smooth muscle cell activation and attenuate murine abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

The specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator maresin 1 (MaR1) is involved in the resolution phase of tissue inflammation. It was hypothesized that exogenous administration of MaR1 would attenuate abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth in a cytokine-dependent manner via LGR6 receptor signaling and macrophage-dependent efferocytosis of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). AAAs were induced in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and smooth muscle cell specific TGF-β2 receptor knockout (SMC-TGFβr2-/- ) mice using a topical elastase AAA model. MaR1 treatment significantly attenuated AAA growth as well as increased aortic SMC α-actin and TGF-β2 expressions in WT mice, but not SMC-TGFβr2-/- mice, compared to vehicle-treated mice. In vivo inhibition of LGR6 receptors obliterated MaR1-dependent protection in AAA formation and SMC α-actin expression. Furthermore, MaR1 upregulated macrophage-dependent efferocytosis of apoptotic SMCs in murine aortic tissue during AAA formation. In vitro studies demonstrate that MaR1-LGR6 interaction upregulates TGF-β2 expression and decreases MMP2 activity during crosstalk of macrophage-apoptotic SMCs. In summary, these results demonstrate that MaR1 activates LGR6 receptors to upregulate macrophage-dependent efferocytosis, increases TGF-β expression, preserves aortic wall remodeling and attenuate AAA formation. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of MaR1-LGR6-mediated mitigation of vascular remodeling through increased efferocytosis of apoptotic SMCs via TGF-β2 to attenuate AAA formation.

Dynamic regulation of anti-oxidation following donation repairing after circulatory determined death renal transplantation with prolonged non-heart-beating time

Donation after circulatory-determined death (DCD) is an important part of renal transplantation. Therefore, DCD renal transplantation animal model should be established to study the mechanism of organ injury. Here, we established a stable DCD rat renal transplantation model and investigated the dynamic regulation of graft self-repairing and antioxidant capacities with different non-heart-beating times (NHBTs). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with the NHBT of the donors from 0 to 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Recipients in long NHBT groups had a significantly lower survival rate and poorer graft function than those in short NHBT groups. Grafts from the 15-minute and 30-minute NHBT groups showed light and severe injury respectively at an early stage after transplantation and recovered within 7 days after transplantation, whereas the self-repairing of the grafts in the 45-minute NHBT group was delayed. The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were dependent on NHBT. The expression of antioxidant proteins paralleled graft recovery. In conclusion, the recipients can up-regulate antioxidant capacity to enhance graft self-repairing in DCD renal transplantation. Prolonged NHBT can delay the self-repairing and antioxidation of grafts.

Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology and Diseases

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Unresolved inflammation plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases development. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs), derived from long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), enhances the host defense, by resolving the inflammation and tissue repair. In addition, SPMs also have anti-inflammatory properties. These physiological effects depend on the availability of LCPUFAs precursors and cellular metabolic balance. Most of the studies have focused on the impact of SPMs in adult cardiovascular health and diseases. In this review, we discuss LCPUFAs metabolism, SPMs, and their potential effect on cardiovascular health and diseases primarily focusing in neonates. A better understanding of the role of these SPMs in cardiovascular health and diseases in neonates could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular dysfunction.

Etomidate attenuates hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of etomidate on hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice, particularly on the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway. Fifty specific pathogen-free mice were randomly divided into the blank control, model, high oxygen exposure + low etomidate dose (0.3 mg·kg^-1), a high oxygen exposure + moderate etomidate dose (3 mg·kg^-1), and a high oxygen exposure + high etomidate dose (10 mg·kg^-1) groups, with ten mice allotted per group. After 72 h, the mice were sacrificed and the lung tissues were harvested, and the wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio of the tissues was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissues, and the lung injury score (LIS) was calculated. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were measured. The malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were also measured, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10 concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. At low and moderate doses, etomidate decreased pathological damage in the lung tissue, decreased the LIS and W/D ratio, upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression, decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations, increased MPO activity and IL-10 levels, suppressed the production of the oxidation product MDA, and enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD. Within a certain dose range, etomidate enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in mice, thereby decreasing lung injury induced by the chronic inhalation of oxygen at high concentrations. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism may be associate with the upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Versatile Roles in Blood Pressure Regulation

Significance: Hypertension is characterized as the imbalance of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Hypertension is influenced by genetic variation and environmental risk factors, such as unhealthy diet. Clinical trial results suggest that increasing intake of foods rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is beneficial for hypertension. Recent Advances: We summarized recent clinical trials regarding supplementation with n-3 PUFAs to reduce blood pressure (BP) in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects and systematically discussed the antihypertension mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs/n-3 oxylipins, including reducing oxidative stress, altering functions of membrane-related proteins, and competing with n-6 PUFAs/n-6 oxylipins in regulating vasodilator release. Critical Issues: Previous studies considered n-3 PUFAs as single molecules with beneficial roles in hypertension. Recently, researchers have paid more attention to the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs and explored molecular mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs and oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs in hypertension interventions. Future Directions: Based on the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs/n-3 oxylipins and mechanisms in BP control, we suggested that supplementation of n-3 PUFAs combined with agents targeting PUFA metabolism or the related signal pathways may amplify their effects to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 800-810.

Maresin 1 protects the liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury via the ALXR/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can be a major complication following liver surgery contributing to post-operative liver dysfunction. Maresin 1 (MaR1), a pro-resolving lipid mediator, has been shown to suppress I/R injury. However, the mechanisms that account for the protective effects of MaR1 in I/R injury remain unknown.

METHODS

WT (C57BL/6J) mice were subjected to partial hepatic warm ischemia for 60mins followed by reperfusion. Mice were treated with MaR1 (5-20 ng/mouse), Boc2 (Lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist), LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) or corresponding controls just prior to liver I/R or at the beginning of reperfusion. Blood and liver samples were collected at 6 h post-reperfusion. Serum aminotransferase, histopathologic changes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress were analyzed to evaluate liver injury. Signaling pathways were also investigated in vitro using primary mouse hepatocyte (HC) cultures to identify underlying mechanisms for MaR1 in liver I/R injury.

RESULTS

MaR1 treatment significantly reduced ALT and AST levels, diminished necrotic areas, suppressed inflammatory responses, attenuated oxidative stress and decreased hepatocyte apoptosis in liver after I/R. Akt signaling was significantly increased in the MaR1-treated liver I/R group compared with controls. The protective effect of MaR1 was abrogated by pretreatment with Boc2, which together with MaR1-induced Akt activation. MaR1-mediated liver protection was reversed by inhibition of Akt.

CONCLUSIONS

MaR1 protects the liver against hepatic I/R injury via an ALXR/Akt signaling pathway. MaR1 may represent a novel therapeutic agent to mitigate the detrimental effects of I/R-induced liver injury.

Untangling Local Pro-Inflammatory, Reparative, and Regulatory Damage-Associated Molecular-Patterns (DAMPs) Pathways to Improve Transplant Outcomes

Detrimental inflammatory responses after solid organ transplantation are initiated when immune cells sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released or exposed during transplant-associated processes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), surgical trauma, and recipient conditioning. These inflammatory responses initiate and propagate anti-alloantigen (AlloAg) responses and targeting DAMPs and PAMPs, or the signaling cascades they activate, reduce alloimmunity, and contribute to improved outcomes after allogeneic solid organ transplantation in experimental studies. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in initiating essential anti-inflammatory and reparative functions of specific immune cells, particularly Treg and macrophages. Interestingly, DAMP signaling is also involved in local and systemic homeostasis. Herein, we describe the emerging literature defining how poor outcomes after transplantation may result, not from just an over-abundance of DAMP-driven inflammation, but instead an inadequate presence of a subset of DAMPs or related molecules needed to repair tissue successfully or re-establish tissue homeostasis. Adverse outcomes may also arise when these homeostatic or reparative signals become dysregulated or hijacked by alloreactive immune cells in transplant niches. A complete understanding of the critical pathways controlling tissue repair and homeostasis, and how alloimmune responses or transplant-related processes disrupt these will lead to new immunotherapeutics that can prevent or reverse the tissue pathology leading to lost grafts due to chronic rejection.

Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Attenuates Tumor Oxidative Stress and Promotes Apoptosis in an Intermittent Hypoxia Mouse Model

Objective:

Intermittent hypoxia, a significant feature of obstructive sleep apnea, has pro-tumorigenic effects. Here, we investigated the effect of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate on oxidative stress and apoptosis in a mouse model of Lewis lung carcinoma with intermittent hypoxia.

Methods:

Mice were randomly assigned to normoxia (control), normoxia plus sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (control + sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate), intermittent hypoxia, and intermittent hypoxia + sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate groups. Intermittent hypoxia administration lasted 5 weeks in the intermittent hypoxia groups. Lewis lung carcinoma cells were injected into the right flank of each mouse after 1 week of intermittent hypoxia exposure. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate was injected intraperitoneally in the control + sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate and intermittent hypoxia + sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate groups. Tumor oxidative stress was evaluated by detection of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. The apoptosis of tumor cells was evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay as well as by Western blot analysis of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Additionally, the expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and nuclear factor kappa B was also evaluated by Western blot.

Results:

Compared with the control group, the intermittent hypoxia treatment significantly increased Lewis lung carcinoma tumor growth and oxidative stress (serum malondialdehyde) but decreased serum levels of SOD and pro-apoptotic markers (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, and cleaved caspase-3). These changes were significantly attenuated by intraperitoneal injection of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate. Lower nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and higher nuclear factor kappa B levels in the intermittent hypoxia group were clearly reversed by sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate treatment. In addition, sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate administration decreased the high expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α induced by intermittent hypoxia.

Conclusion:

Intermittent hypoxia treatment resulted in high oxidative stress and low apoptosis in Lewis lung carcinoma–implanted mice, which could be attenuated by sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate administration possibly through a mechanism mediated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.

Inhibition of p38 MAPK Mitigates Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Reducing Blood-Air Barrier Hyperpermeability

Background: Lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a complex pathophysiological process activated by lung transplantation and acute lung injury. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in breakdown of the endothelial barrier during LIRI, but the mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the function of p38 MAPK in LIRI in vivo and in vitro.

Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to ischemia reperfusion with or without pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Lung injury was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and pulmonary blood–air barrier permeability was evaluated using Evans blue staining. A rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line was infected with lentiviral expressing short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting p38 MAPK and then cells were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Markers of endothelial destruction were measured by western blot and immunofluorescence.

Results:In vivo LIRI models showed structural changes indicative of lung injury and hyperpermeability of the blood–air barrier. Inhibiting p38 MAPK mitigated these effects. Oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation promoted hyperpermeability of the endothelial barrier in vitro, but knockdown of p38 MAPK attenuated cell injury; maintained endothelial barrier integrity; and partially reversed injury-induced downregulation of permeability protein AQP1, endothelial protective protein eNOS, and junction proteins ZO-1 and VE-cadherin while downregulating ICAM-1, a protein involved in destroying the endothelial barrier, and ET-1, a protein involved in endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusion: Inhibition of p38 MAPK alleviates LIRI by decreasing blood–air hyperpermeability. Blocking p38 MAPK may be an effective treatment against acute lung injury.

Therapeutic Effects of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipids Mediators on Cardiac Fibrosis via NRF2 Activation

Heart disease is the number one mortality disease in the world. In particular, cardiac fibrosis is considered as a major factor causing myocardial infarction and heart failure. In particular, oxidative stress is a major cause of heart fibrosis. In order to control such oxidative stress, the importance of nuclear factor erythropoietin 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) has recently been highlighted. In this review, we will discuss the activation of NRF2 by docosahexanoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from polyunsaturated lipids, including DHA and EPA. Additionally, we will discuss their effects on cardiac fibrosis via NRF2 activation.

Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and their interplay in neuropathic pain: Focus on specialized pro-resolving mediators and NADPH oxidase inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic condition that results from a lesion or disease of the nervous system, greatly impacting patients' quality of life. Current pharmacotherapy options deliver inadequate and/or insufficient responses and thus a significant unmet clinical need remains for alternative treatments in NP. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and their reciprocal relationship are critically involved in NP pathophysiology. In this context, new pharmacological approaches, aiming at enhancing the resolution phase of inflammation and/or restoring redox balance by targeting specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources, are emerging as potential therapeutic strategies for NP, with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Several reports have demonstrated that administration of exogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) ameliorates NP pathophysiology. Likewise, deletion or inhibition of the ROS-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX), particularly its isoforms 2 and 4, results in beneficial effects in NP models. Notably, SPMs also modulate oxidative stress and NOX also regulates neuroinflammation. By targeting neuroinflammatory and oxidative pathways, both SPMs analogues and isoform-specific NOX inhibitors are promising therapeutic strategies for NP.

Preconditioning with rHMGB1 ameliorates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting alveolar macrophage pyroptosis via the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a complex pathophysiological process that can lead to poor patient outcomes. Inflammasome-dependent macrophage pyroptosis contributes to organ damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes also play an important role in LIRI. In this study, we conducted experiments to investigate whether and how preconditioning with rHMGB1 could ameliorate LIRI in a mouse model.

METHODS

Adult male BALB/c mice were anesthetized, the left hilus pulmonis was clamped, and reperfusion was performed. rHMGB1 was administered via intraperitoneal injection before anesthesia, and brusatol was given intraperitoneally every other day before surgery. We measured pathohistological lung tissue damage, wet/dry mass ratios of pulmonary tissue, and levels of inflammatory mediators to assess the extent of lung injury. Alveolar macrophage pyroptosis was evaluated by measuring release of lactate dehydrogenase, caspase-1 expression was assessed using flow cytometry, and gasdermin-D expression was analyzed using immunofluorescent staining. Levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Preconditioning with rHMGB1 significantly ameliorated lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion, based on measurements of morphology, wet/dry mass ratios, as well as expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, and HMGB1 in lung tissues. It also alleviated alveolar macrophage pyroptosis, reduced oxidative stress and restored the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These beneficial effects were mediated at least in part by the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, since they were reversed by the pathway inhibitor brusatol.

CONCLUSIONS

Preconditioning with rHMGB1 may protect against LIRI by suppressing alveolar macrophage pyroptosis. This appears to involve reduction of oxidative stress and promotion of antioxidant enzyme activity via the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Specialized pro-resolving mediators: It's anti-oxidant stress role in multiple disease models

Oxidative stress-related injury is a negative state caused by the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant effects in the internal environment of the body. Oxidative stress has been confirmed to be an important factor in aging and a variety of diseases and the inhibition of inappropriate oxidative stress responses are important for maintaining normal physiological functions. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on specialized pro-resolving mediators(SPMs). SPMs are endogenous mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have multiple protective effects such as anti-inflammation, pro-resolution, and promoting tissue damage repair, etc. Moreover, the role of SPMs on oxidative stress has been extensively researched and provides a possible treatment method. In the current study, we review the positive role of SPMs in oxidative stress-related disease and outline the possible involved mechanism, thus providing the theoretical support for a better understanding of the roles of SPMs in oxidative stress and the theoretical basis for finding targets for the oxidative stress-related diseases.

The Role of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Inflammation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies

Inflammation is a recognized hallmark of cancer that contributes to the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anti-inflammatory drugs currently used for the treatment of CRC show many adverse side effects that prompted researchers to propose the polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as promoters of resolution of cancer-associated inflammation. SPMs were found to inhibit the CRC-associated pro-inflammatory milieu via specific G-coupled protein receptors, although clinical data are still lacking. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art in this field, ultimately providing insights for the development of innovative anti-CRC therapies that promote the endogenous lipid-mediated resolution of CRC-associated inflammation.